Jackson Township (part 14 of 19)

The production of pur plant is one million brick per month. We are equipped with a 260-H. P. boiler and engine, one Champion crusher, two 9-foot Stevenson pans, piano*wire screens, Freese pug mill and brick machine, rotary cutter, two Eagle represses, and other necessary machines. The double-decked drier, possibly one of two of this type in the United States, consists of 12 tunnel tracks. It is equipped with two hydraulic elevators to raise and lower the wet and dry brick and is operated with waste heat drawn from our kilns by large fans. We have eight rectangular kilns, 18 feet wide and 86 feet 6 inches long, with a capacity of 115,000 brick per kiln. These are filled and drawn once every twenty-five to twenty-eight daj's and they have been very satisfactory. For fuel in burning we use coal that is shipped by way of Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad from Blackfork, Carbondale, and Canaanville. All of these coals have given us satisfactory results.

Our brick have been tested and used in l^e following cities: Chicago, 111.; Dayton, Chillicothe, Columbus, Toledo, Cincinnati, Portsmouth, Ironton, Ohio; Huntington, Welch, W. Va.; Louisville, Covington, Newport, Bellview, Maysville, Ashland, Lexington, Winchester, Ky.; Memphis, Tenn.; Albany, Jeffersonville, Ind.; Norfolk, Roanoke, Suffolk, Va.; New Bern, N. C; and Detroit, Kalamazoo, Mich. We have had numerous tests made of our ware and on several occasions offered to furnish a rattler so that each car load could be tested separately. We shipped 1,100,000 brick to New Bern, N. C, and furnished a rattler to test each car load if desired. We did the same last year at Winchester, Ky., where we furnished 500,000 brick. We are now shipping brick to Sidney, Ohio, under the same conditions, and our rattler is testing each car load or as often as the engineer cares. Our brick are usually sold under a guarantee of less than 18 per cent loss in the old standard rattler, and of less than 21 per cent loss in the new standard rattler. The city of Roanoke, Va., made a test in 1906 in which our brick lost 13.73 in the old test. NcT^port, Ky., made a test in 1908 in which

B. - Sciotoville clay with the overlying Anthony coal expoeed in the cut of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad near Gephart, Scioto County. The Sharon conglomerate at this place lies just below the clay.

the average of two tests was 13.8. The city of Dajrton, in 1908, made two tests in which the average was 13.68. In 1909, John Minwegan, Chairman of the Paving Conmiittee of the city of Chicago, stated, ''Carlyle paving brick shipped to Chicago are of the best quality in this country. Have highest and most severe rattler test. Will answer any further inquiries." In 1905, we furnished the city of Kalamazoo, Mich., with enough brick to lay a street, and we asked them what the condition of the brick was on May 20, 1911. Their reply was as follows: ''Yours of recent date received. Would say that your brick are very satisfactory and that they stood up as well as any that we have used.'' In 1910, Mr. Wetherford, City Engineer of Memphis, Tenn., made two tests on the old standard rattler which gave him 11 per cent loss on one test and 13 per cent on the other.

In a general way we regard the shale used in the Portsmouth district equivalent 'to any material used in the United States for the manufacture of paving brick. With a reasonable amount of care the best tests, and the most durable pavements, can be secured and we believe the plants in the Portsmouth district can show more miles of good paving than any other one when the output is taken into consideration.

The Scioto Fire Brick Company operates a paving brick plant as a separate department to their fire brick works. The following report on the paving brick plant was kindly furnished by A. M. Turner, general manager and treasurer of the company:

The plant is located on the Ohio River at Sciotoville. The materials used are Portsmouth shale from the base of the hill just west of the plant, and plastic clay on the Sciotoville clay horizon from near the top of the hill. The materia are mined both by surface working, and by drifting. The power at the factory is furnished by a lOO-H. P. boiler and«.engine. The dry pan, pug null, presses, and tunnel drier have a capacity of 16,000 brick per day. The brick are dried in the tunnels by waste heat from the kilns, or by heat from steam coils with induced circulation by fans. The burning is done in seven rectangular down-draft kilns with a capacity of 40,000 brick each. The fuel used at present is natural gas, but the kilns are equipped also for coal. The annual capacity of the plant is 3,000,000 brick. The numerous tests on our brick rank them with the very best made in the United States.

Two firms manufacture both filler and line wire-cut building brick from the Portsmouth shale. They use a large per cent of the surface or weathered shale with the unweathered which gives a suitable working mixtiu-e. The burned ware has good structure and color. G. H. Heinisch, Portsmouth, Ohio, who uses this shale reports as follows:

The plant is situated on Gallia street in the east end of Portsmouth. It was built in 1910 by Heinisch and King, but is owned at present by G. H. Heinisch. The material used is Portsmouth shale, both weathered and unweathered. The plant is equipped with a 75-H. P. engine/ 150-H. P. boiler, Stevenson dry pan, Freese pug mill, and brick machine. Exhaust steam is used in drying the ware, which is then burned in five up-draft kilns. The capacity of the plant is about 2,000,000 common building brick per year, most of which are used locally, but some are shipped by the Baltimore <fe Ohio Southwestern or Norfolk & Western railroads to points in Ohio, Kentucky, and West Virginia.

The other plant using this shale is the East End Brick Yard, operated by C. E. King. The yard is located at Gallia street and Mabert road, Portsmouth, and the material used is the blue and gray or weathered shales. The brick are manufactured by the stiflf-mud process, with machinery , made by the C. W. Raymond Company, Dayton, Ohio. The drying of the ware is done inv4 tunnels, using hot air for the expulsion of the moisture, while the burning is done in both up-draft and down-draft kilns. The daily capacity ot the plant is 12,000 building brick.

This shale has not been used for sewer pipe, although its working and burning properties are well suited for the manufacture of this ware. The shale may be lacking somewhat in plasticity, but this can be supplied by mixing with it a small quantity of plastic clay or weathered shale from the Sciotoville clay horizon which is found on the main ridges above the shale deposits. The ware dries easily without checking, and it is sufficiently strong to withstand factory handling in the green state. It bums to a good dense body with low shrinkage, an(J takes a salt glaze readily. The proximity to the fuel supply, and to the shipping facilities are also favorable for success in this industry.

The Logan formation in southern Ohio has been subdivided by Hyde into 3 members, which are Byer, Allensville, and Vinton. In the territory under discussion Logan rocks extend in a general way eastward from the Scioto River to a few miles east of the Little Scioto River. Along the Ohio River they are found well towards the summits of the main ridges at Portsmouth, but, owing to the dip of the strata south and east, they disappear below drainage near the eastern boundary of Green Township. The Logan formation is made up primarily of sandstones and shales, although in local areas it also contains thin beds of conglomerates, and iron ores. As a whole, the rocks of this formation are not especially important, yet some layers of the sandstones are used for minor purposes.

The rocks of the Maxville limestone are the youngest in the Mississippian system and lie directly below the Sharon conglomerate of the Pennsylvanian system or below the base of the true coal formations. This formation is represented only by isolated patches or pockets of limestone. The Maxville beds were laid down on the floor of the Logan and were then cut away from the top, which action left only small isolated areas that stand out like islands in the ocean. The evidence tends to show an extended period of erosion at the close of Maxville time. Pebbles of Maxville limestone, altered to chert, are abundantly present in the basal beds of the Coal Measures, especially where the Maxville has been removed by pre-Pennsylvanian erosion.

the top of the Logan, especially in the regions where the Maxville limestone is not present. As the Maxville deposits are small and widely scattered it is hard to study the base of the beds, but the similarity of the chemical analyses of the upper layers, when followed from Olive Hill, Ky., to Ironton, Ohio, and then to the McGugin and Harper deposits along the Lawrence-Scioto Coimty line, with the change in elevation seen on Woods Ridge, and at other places, indicate either a basal disconformity or a variation in the thickness of the beds in different localities. The disconformity at the top of the Maxville has been shown by W. C. Morse in his report on the Maxville limestone.'

The Harrison ore, which commonly overlies the Maxville, and is there very intimately associated with it, is believed to be rather the basal member of the Pottsville, and is so treated. It is not improbable however, that the top of the Maxville limestone has been altered to an ore by iron-bearing solutions subsequent to the deposition of the Pottsville, in which case the ore bed is not a stratigraphic bed, but the altered top of the Maxville. This is referred to again in the description of the Harrison ore bed.

Clay Township. - Both the Maxville limestone and Harrison ore are found in local areas in Clay Township. From here the formation passes southward into Kentucky, where, on Tygert's Creek, and at other places the * limestone has excellent volume and purity. In the vicinity of Olive Hill and Lawton Station the limestone is approximately 90 feet in thickness. North of Portsmouth, Ohio, in sections 3 and 4, Clay Township, 3 small areas of Maxville limestone are fourd near the summits of high knobs. These deposits are about on the level of the Sciotoville clay found one-half mile east. On the Jesse Weimer farm, near the head of Munn Run, in Section 26, is found a small pocket of limestone which is also represented by scattered nodules of flint and limestone on 2 high hills just southwest of his property. This nodular zone lies a few feet below a heavy sandstone, which about 1 mile north forms the roof of the Sciotoville clay. In Section 22, on the property of Ernest Cline, both the Sciotoville clay and Maxville limestone were seen on the outcrop. The thickness of the limestone, which is flinty in character, was not obtained. The interval reported by Mr. Cline from the clay to the limestone is from 8 to 12 feet.

Harrison Township. - Isolated patches of Maxville limestone were found only on Woods Ridge, in Hiirrison Township, but the brecciated flinty ore is far more widely distributed. In the northwest comer of Section 24 a few small areas of Maxville limestone are found near the summit of the ridge in the vicinity of deposits of Sciotoville clay.

Both deposits appear to be on the same level^ but no section showing the relation of the two beds was obtained. Just east of this the Sciotoville clay is well developed, and it lies directly below a heavy sandstone, as IB shown by the following section taken at the "Old Egypt" workings on the land of the Scioto Fire Brick Company:

In the eastern part of Section 24, on the Woods farm, the Maxville limestone is separated from this sandstone by an impure clay which may represent the Scioto ville member. The section follows:

On the Henry Rider farm, in Section 20, one mile southeast of the Woods deposit, the intervals between the Sciotoville clay and Maxville limestone, and the Sciotoville clay and the heavy overlying sandstone, are greatly increased as shown by the section given below

All that remains of the original deposits of the Maxville limestone in Scioto County is thus a few scattered remnants of limestone. If the normal Maxville limestone had a thickness represented by that found at Ironton^ where the strata measure 97 feet^ then the period of erosion at the close of Mississippian time was of considerable duration. Further, at least a part of the erosion of the rocks in the upper part of the Logan formation, which has been noted under this heading, took place during this period. This disconformity is pronounced throughout most of the eastern part of the county.

The Maxville limestone in Scioto County, except on the Joseph Harper farm, is thin, and the areas of the deposits small. It has but little value except locally for road making, although it was used in a small way for a flux by Harrison Furnace. In the Harper deposit there is at least 36 feet of good stone, but the area is unknown. A test, drilled or the Adam Brandt farm one-half mile north, failed to find the limestone, but south of this, near Olive Furnace, in Lawrence County, a record furnished by William McGugin shows 36 feet 9 inches of limestone. This deposit probably covers a considerable area, and in the future may be important. The quality of the limestone is shown by the following analysis of a sample from the upper part of the stratum in the Harper shaft. Analyst, Paul Overmeyer:

The qualitj' of the stone is shown by the above analysis to be very high-grade, and to be well suited for the manufacture of cement, for iron and steel furnace fluxes, for agricultural lime, and for other uses demanding a lime low in silica, clay, magnesium, sulphur, and phosphorus. The stone is dense, and makes good road ballast. The deposits are valuable and well worth thorough prospecting by people desiring high-grade material.

The Pennsylvanian system is divided into 4 formations, only 2 of which, Pottsville and Allegheny, appear in Scioto County. The full thickness of the Pottsville formation is present, but only the lower part of the Allegheny is represented. The Pottsville rocks extend from the Scioto River to the eastern boundary of the county, but the Allegheny rocks occur only in Bloom, Vernon, and Green townships.

The Pottsville formation embraces the rocks from the Maxville limestone to the Brookville coal of the Allegheny formation and consists of conglomerates, coals, clays, shales, thin limestones,- sandstones, and iron ores. In a general way, these rocks just cap the highest knobs of the main ridges east of the Scioto River, and then, owing to the dip eastward, they gradually descend and pass below cover in Lawrence County east of the Lawrence-Scioto County line. When all the members are present the formation is about 400 feet thick, but, owing to the irregularities of the lower members, often it is represented bv not more than 300 feet of strata. The Pottsville formation is sub- divided into a number of members, which are shown in the general section, and which will be taken up in the order of their age, beginning with the oldest.

Harrison Ore

There is commonly an ore bed immediately over the Maxville limestone which is usually so intimately associated with, and welded onto the limestone, that it might readily be interpreted as the top bed of the Maxville. Orton so regarded it, and called it the Maxville ore,^ but Morse has shown that a similar ore in the Jonathan Creek region of Muskingum County is undoubtedly post Maxville, and almost surely basal Pennsylvanian.' In southern Ohio the apparent continuation of this ore bed is found not only over the isolated pockets of Maxville limestone but extensively at the base of the Coal Measures where the Maxville is missing by erosion, and its occurrence in every way indicates that it is the basal bed of the Pennsylvanian. The name Harrison ore is proposed for this member from Harrison Township, Scioto County.

Where the Maxville limestone is absent the Harrison ore is usually composed of a brecciated mass of flinty material derived from the Maxville, quartz pebbles and weathered sandstones, which are cemented by iron oxides and argillaceous components. In this form it is probably a sedimentary member, but it is not impossible that in some places this ore horizon is merely the iron-cemented basal conglomerate of the Sharon and not a true stratum. Where the ore rests on the Maxville limestone it is much more homogeneous, and the brecciated or conglomeratic character is absent. In this form it is commonly welded to the Maxville limestone in such a way as to suggest that it really belongs to and is a part of the Maxville. It is not impossible that the ore in some of these occurrences at least, is due to replacement or infiltration of the top of the limestone by iron from solutions ^rculating in the overlying porous sandstones and conglomerates, the iron derived from the higher iron-rich beds of the Pottsville. While this possibility must be kept in mind, Morse found that, even where the top of the Maxville limestone beds appeared to be altered in this way, the ore bed was equally developed where it rested on the shale beds of the Maxville and quite distinct from them. This indicates that the ore bed where it rests on limestone is a true sedimentary stratum belonging at the base of the Pennsylvanian.

The material of the Harrison ore, thus, varies greatly from place to place. From the evidence it is probable that it is a stratigraphic horizon throughout most of its extent, but it is possible that in places it is due to local alteration of previously existing beds, especially where

Harrison Township. - ^The Harrison ore, which is somewhat fossiliferous, was found at the forks of the road, on Niner Ridge, in Section 20. The measurement of the strata along this road is as follows:

Id Section 12, on the Samuel ^lonroe farm, near the Little Scioto River, an ore was fonnerly mined for use at Harrison Furnace. This ore is probably on the Harrison horizon, but as only small fragments were seen its position was not definitely determined. It may be Sharon ore, the position of which is above the Sharon coal. On the Harrison horizon a deposit of ore ami cherty material, hnng only a few fett below a heavy sandstone, was noticed on the high knobs of the main ridge just north of Long Run, and along the line of sections 5 and 6. Loose flinty ffaterial was also observed at other places on the ridge.

Madison Township. - The Mawille limestone was not foimd in Madison To^\Tlship, but the ore is present in several localities. In the eastern part of the area, where the Sharon conglomerate is present this breeeiatul mass of flint and ore occurs directlv below the base of the conglomerate, although it is not persistent by any means. The relation of the Harrison ore to other well recognized beds is sho\i"n in the following composite measurement, taken on the knd of Samuel Shoemaker, in Section 26:

Jetferson Township. - In Jefferson Township the brecciated Harrison ore is well represented near the summits of the main ridges, and is often from 2 to 3 feet in thickness. It is found at the base of a thick sandstone, which is evidently the equivalent of the Sharon conglomerate. No sections were taken showing the relation of the ore to well known beds, for only the Sciotoville clay is present in the areas, and this is confined to a few small isolated patches. The Maxville limestone was not found.

Valley Township. - The Harrison ore deposits extend westward along the main ridges from Jefferson Township into Valley, and have much the same character. The Maxville limestone is wanting.

Porter Township. - In that part of Porter Township west of the Little Scioto River the Maxville limestone was not found, while the brecciated Harrison ore is present in only a few localities. In the part east of the above mentioned stream the ore was observed more frequently, but the limestone was not seen at any place. On the hill at the mouth of Sugar Run, on the farm of Joseph Jenkins, in Section 14, the following members were measured:

The Sharon ore in the above section is remarkably fossiliferous, while the Harrison ore contains only a few poorly preserved remains. In the bed of Lick Run, on the farm of John Sweinberger, the Harrison ore lies at the base of a thick sandstone, which is the equivalent of the Sharon conglomerate. This section is given on page 485.

Green Township. - The Maxville limestone has not been found. The Harrison ore here has much the same general character as it has in the townships considered, but at a few places it has exceptional

In this localit^"^ the brecciated material should hardi\' be called an ore, as it is only a conglomerate mass of flint, ore, and clay, in which the iron oxides constitute only a small part of the whole.

Harrison Furnace used the Harrison ore to a limited extent. The deposits are uncertain, but often have good thickness, although the quality of the ore is generally poor, as it is siliceous or is admixed with cherty material. The ore is of no importance at present.

Sharon Conglomerate

The deposits of Sharon conglomerate vary from a true conglomerate carrying large quantities of coarse pebbles to a medium-grained sandstone with but few, if any pebbles. In Scioto County it is best developed along the Little Scioto River from the Pike County line to Harrison Mills, and thence south to Section 1, Porter Township. It lies in a basin the main axis of which is nearly due north an:l south. Both the upper and lower surfac(S are very irregular. The erosion at the end of Mississippian time was quite extensive, as the uppei members of these rocks are cut away from the top, leaving isolated knobs and ridges, and in places deep channels, which may represent old river valleys. The irregularity of the lower surface of the conglomerate is caused by its being deposited on this uneven floor, and the greatest thickness of the bed is in these shallow channels. The irregularity of the upper surface of the conglomerate appears to be due largely to the action of the currents that deposited it, and not to that of later modifying agcQcies. However, certain features indicate that after deposition the bed in local areas became a land mass and was changed to a slight extent. The conglomeratic sandstone found above the Sharon coal, imd the pebbles noted in the Guinea Fowl ore, appear to have been derived from this source. The bed in Scioto, Jackson, and Pike counties usually ends somewhat abruptly, which would not- be the case if acted upon for any considerable length of time by the leveling agencies of erosion, as it should then thin gradually, and should finally fade out in the other deposits. A bed 30 or 40 feet thick may go out in less than 100 yards by thinning from the top, or from both the top and bottom. It thus appears to have been laid down by strong currents on the greatly eroded floor of the Mississippian rocks, and to have been but httle disturbed by later agencies.

Clay Township. - The Sharon conglomerate was not found in good development in Clay Township, but thin irregular masses of sandstones, which evidently represent the member, occur at a few places. In most of the area the Sciotoville clay lies close to the Logan.

Porter Township. - In Porter Township, the Sharon conglomerate, although somewhat better defined than in Clay Township, lacks continuity and characteristic development. It is usually a sandstone containing but few, if any, pebbles, and the deposits, confined to local areas, often mere patches, are outliers from the main body of the conglomerate found in northern Scioto, western Jackson, and central Pike counties. A few sections will be given in order to show the relation of the Sharon conglomerate to other members. On Lick Run, on the farm of Joseph Sweinberger, in Section 20, the following strata were measured :

Just north of this, in Riepenhoff Hollow, the Anthony coal and Guinea Fowl ore were found lying close to the underlying Sharon conglomerate, but the beds were not definitely fixed by measurements. The conglomerate, or rather the sandstone, phase of the member, is present at a few places along Pine Creek, in Porter and Green townships. The relation of the Sharon conglomerate to the Anthony coal is illustrated in the following record, taken on the farm of Caroline Gleim, in Section 22:

Green Township. - ^The Sharon conglomerate in Green Township is represented only by scattered patches of sandstones, with occasional pockets of pebbles. The deposits are found in a few localitirs on Pine

Creek and along the Ohio Valley. A composite section, taken on lands of M. Eakins and H. Miller, on Patton's Run, shows the relation of the Sciotoville clay and Harrison ore to the Sharon conglomerate. The measurements obtained follow:

A thin stratum of Sharon conglomerate was seen on the land of H. C. Feurt, on the top of the hilLjust south of Franklin Furnace. Here the bed lies only a short distance below the Sciotoville clay, as shown by the record given below:

The horizon of the Sharon conglomerate passes below the flood plain of the Ohio River, north of the village of Haverhill. This member is below drainage in Vernon Towmship.

Harrison Township. - In Harrison Township, west of the old California Valley, only small . scattered pockets of Sharon conglomerate are found, but east of this valley, especially along the Little Scioto River, many massive cliffs of this rock are exposed. Some of the best exposures are on Plum Fork, in Section 36, at the mouth of Frederick Creek, in Section 13, and near Wallace Mills, in Section 1.

The rocks exposed in the cut of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad, in Section 36, show the Sciotoville clay lying directly on the Sharon conglomerate, which is massively developed. The section follows:

Bloom Township. - The Sharon conglomerate is found above drainage cnly in the western part of Bloom Township. The bed is well developed along Frederick Creek, in sections 17 and 18, and along the Little Scioto River, especially in parts of Section 6.

Madison Township. - The thickest deposits of Sharon conglomerate in Scioto County are found in Madison Township. Although wanting in some localities,, the member is quite persistent in most of the area, but variable in thickness and in composition. A few sections will be given in order to show its thickness and to show its relation to other members. On the property of John Alexpnder, in the western part of Section 15, the rocks measured are as follows:

South of Whitf* Gravel Church, in Section 11, on the land of Francis Warren, the recorded section shows about the normal relation of the lower members of the Pottsville formation:

Valley and Jefferson Townships. - Excepting a few thin deposits of coarse-grained sandstone which represent the member, the Sharon conglomerate is wanting in Valley and Jefferson to^vnships. ^ The rocks cf the Logan formation lie close to the horizon of the Sciotoville clay of the Pottsville formation.

The Sharon conglomerate, when composed largely of pebbles, makes a good material for roads where the traffic is not heavy. It takes some time to pack, but when this is accomplished it produces a solid bed that lasts for several years. It has been extensively used in Madison Township for this purpose, and is reported to be very satisfactory. Along Millstone Run, where best represented, the deposit which varies in thickness from 20 to 70 feet is composed of loosely cemented sand and gravel. The pebbles having sizes from one to oneeighth inch make up from 30 to 70 per cent of the mass. The gravel is mainly quartz pebbles, which, if crushed, washed, and sized, would produce good abrasive material for sand-blasts and similar uses. The cost of mining and preparing limits somewhat its use for concrete and tor other common purposes.

Sharon, Jackson Shaft, Or No Coal

The Sharon is the lowest coal bed of any importance in this State. Since its position is just above the Sharon conglomerate this stratum was appropriately designated Sharon coal by the geologists of Pennsylvania. When both conglomerate and coal are present, the interval separating the two beds is at most only a few feet, while in some places no intervening space exists, as the coal lies directly on the conglomerate rocks. The Sharon coal is represented only at a few places in Scioto

County, although the horizon of the bed extends from the Scioto River to a few miles east of the Little Scioto River, and east of the Ohio from Wheelersbiirg to Haverhill. In this area the member is above drainage in all the townships except Vernon. A number of measurements of the rocks will be given in order to show the relation of the Sharon coal to other important members, and to show its areal extent.

Clay Township. - Although the Sciotoville clay, the position of which is above the Sharon coal, is present at a number of places along the main ridges in Clay Township, the coal bed was not observed. Here the clay stratum lies very close to the Maxville or Logan rocks; hence the conditions appear to show that the Sharon coal was not deposited, or, if the bed were laid down, that it was eroded before the deposition of later coal formation rocks.

Porter Township. - The Sharon coal is poorly represented in Porter Township. Thin beds of dark carbonaceous shales, which appear to mark the horizon, are present at a few places on Lick Run and on Pine Creek. Deposits of good coal were not found in this township.

Green Township. - No coal of value was noted on the Sharon coal horizon in Green Township, although black shales with thin coal bands, lying only a short distance below the Sciotoville clay, are present in a few localities. The usual relation observed is shown in the following section, taken on the land of Conrad Gerlach, which is located one and one-half miles north of Franklin Furnace: ,

Harrison Township. - Thin impure deposits of coal and carbonaceous shale on the Sharon coal horizon were noted in several localities in Harrison Township east of the preglacial California Valley, but the member is scarcely represented in that part of the township west of this old waterway. This bony *coal lies on the Sharon conglomerate, which, locally, is massively developed in this eastern area. The deposits here have no economic value.

coal is above drainage along Frederick Creek to the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad, along Bearwallow Hollow in the western part of Section 7, along Laurel Lick Run to near the village of Pinkerman and along Bear Run to the central part of Section 4. The member is poorly developed, but is of interest on account of its relation to the Sciotoville clay, which has excellent volume and continuity in western Bloom Township. A record taken on the land of William Tripp, in the soutliwestern part of Section 7, shows the relation of the Sharon coal to other important members higher in the geological column, and is given below:

In Bearwallow Hollow, Section 7, the Sharon coal was mined at one time for house use, and is reported to be about 2 feet in thickness. Near the Baptist Church, in Section 5, the horizon of the member is marked by black shales, the position of which is shown in the following section:

Madison Township. - In Madison Township there are scattered patches of Sharon coal which have sufficient thickness for drift mining in a small way. The stratum lies close to the underlying Sharon conglomerate where this is present. A few sections will be given in order to trace the extension of the member northward to the important field of this coal in Jackson County. In Section 26, on the farm of Samuel Shoemaker, the Sharon coal has been prospected to determine its value. The bed consists of a thin layer of coal with carbonaceous shales. Sciotoville Mint clay of excellent quality is exposed on the hill above the coal bed, while the Harrison ore was formerly mined below the coal. The record obtained at this place follows:

The Sharon coal has been prospected along the outcrop at other places in this locality. West of the Salem School the blossom of the member, with associated black shale and siliceous clay, was exposed in the road near the home of J. J. Bonzo. This coal has been mined by drifting on the Ace May property, near Wallace Mills, in Section 36. The deposit is reported to be made up of a layer of good coal 1 foot in thickness, underlaid with a layer of Tcannel coal of about the same thickness. The blossom of the Sharon coal with an ore above was seen at two places in Section 24. West of this, in Section 23, on the property of William Kronk, the Scioto ville clay, with the Sharon coal only a few feet below, was exposed. The section taken at this place follows:

1 foot 8 inches in thickness. In the same section, on the farm of John Alexander, this coal has been mined for local needs by drifting, and is reported to be from 2 feet to 2 feet 2 inches thick. In the northern part of Section 15, near the head of Higgins Run, a small area of Sharon coal is present, which has been mined by drifting for a number of years. The following section was taken on land of Harvey Odle:

2 feet 2 inches, and^the clay below varies from a few inches to 2 feet. The bed has also been mined on the land of Wayne Hicfkman, in Section 16, and is 1 foot 8 inches in thickness. South of White Gravel Church,.

The blossom of the Sharon coal was exposed in Section 12, on land of Jasper Gulp. The following section shows the interval to the Scioto- ^^"^ clay: p^ ^^

On the ridge north of Dry Run, in Section 2, the blossom of the Sharon coal lying close to the conglomerate was noted at a few places. In Madison Township the Sharon coal is quite persistent in the area in which the Sharon conglomerate is present, but it seldom thickens to over a few inches, except in a few localities. It is usually marked by black bony shales with thin coal bands.

Jefferson Township. - The Sharon coal is wanting in Jefferson Township, except in a few localities where it is represented by a few inches of coal with black shales or clays. A section taken on the land of Joseph R. Keller, in Section 22, follows: p^ j^

The area of Sharon coal in Scioto County, exceeding 18 inches in thickness, is confined to a few square miles. In Madison Township a small quantity is mined for local use. The bed is uncertain in thickness and composition as it may pinch out in a short distance, or be replaced by carbonaceous shales and clays. In sections 15 and 16, Madison Township, where the member is best developed, the coal is reported to be of very good quality for domestic use. It is hard, bright, and quite free from shale bands or sulphur nodules. The mining of the coal is both difficult and costly, as the coal lying close to the uneven surface of the Shpron conglomerate is subject to dips and rolls. The value of the Sharon coal in Scioto County at present is small.

Sharon Ore

A kidney ore, the position of which is above that of the Sharon coal, and below that of the Sciotoville clay, was observed at a few places in Scioto County. Usually the ore lies on the coal, or within 15 feet of it. This member was found also in Jackson County, where the deposit has been mined in a few localities. The Sharon ore is generally wanting, but, when present, may have a thickness of 10 inches or more. Three exposures of the ore were noticed along the roadside' in Section 24, Madison Township. Its position was just above the thin blossom of the Sharon coal, and the stratum measured 6 inchei in thickness. A composite section on the land of George Winteri, Section 22, is as follows:

The ore has been mined on lands of George Winter?, Samuel Kronk, and James Coburn, and is reported to be from 6 to 10 inches in thickness. On the Francis Warren property, in Section 11, the relation of the ore to the Sharon coal and to the Sciotoville clay is sbnw^ by thft record given below:

On the farm of Joseph Jenkins, at the mouth of Sugar Creek, Section 14, Porter Township, the Sharon ore is well developed, and is very fossiliferous. The ore affords good collecting, as the fossils are well preserved and easily obtained. The measurements taken at this place follow:

The Sharon ore was noted at other places in this locality, and it also appears, but in a less developed state, in restricted areas along the Pine Creek Valley. The chief value of the Sharon ore in Scioto County is for stratigraphic work, as it is an aid in correlating the members near the base of the Pottsville formation. The fossils found in it are of special interest, as they show the character of the marine life that flourished at the beginning of coal formation time. Otherwise, the ore has but little value, as it is too siliceous to be used to advantage, at present, for metallurgical purposes. The Sharon ore was mined at a few places, however, for use in the old charcoal furnaces. Under deep cover the ore is of the usual carbonate or coal formation type, but along the outcrop, owing to the influence of weathering agencies, it belongs to the limonite class. It is usually somewhat siliceous in character, and, j udging from appearance, has a low content of iron. At present the Sharon ore is of interest mainly for its paleontologic and stratigraphic features.

The Sciotoville clay, which is one of the most important coal formation rocks in Scioto County, and which has been the basis of the important fire brick industry in this locality since 1864, has excellent volume and high purity in Clay, Porter, Harrison, Bloom, and Madison toi;\Tiships, and is found also, but to a more limited extent, in Green, Vernon, and Jefferson. As the member passes northward into Jackson, Pike, and Vinton counties it becomes patchy and more impure. However, in its extension southward into Kentucky the clay again has good continuity and volume, especially in what is known as the Olive Hill field, where it is also the basis of extensive fire brick operations. As the stratigraphic positions of the Sharon coal, Sciotoville clay, Anthony coal, and Quakertown coal have been somewhat confused, these members will be traced hurriedly from the Ohio River, in Scioto County, to the eastern part of Pike County and to the central part of Jackson County, where the Sharon and the Quakertown coals have good volume and excellent quality, and where the Anthony coal was first described by Prof. E. B. Andrews.

As the Sciotoville bed is variable both in composition and in structure, a brief , description of the deposit will be given in order that the following pages may be more readily imderstood. On the Sciotoville horizon there is found a variety of clays which are called flint, semiflint, plastic, and "pink eye." The flint clay is hard, homogeneous, non-plastic, and breaks with a conchoidal fracture. The semi-flint clay has much the same characteristics as the flint clay, except that it is somewhat plastic, and is marked with slicken-sides. As the name suggests the chief property of the plastic clay is plasticity. The "pink eye" clay is only a plastic clay which is colored with iron oxide pigments. These clays may be bedded in almost any order, although when all the varieties are present the usual arrangement in ascending order is "pink eye," semi-flint, flint, and plastic. However, the four kinds are seldom present at one place, but almost any combination of the four may be expected.

Where the Sciotoville member is made up of a number of beds or layers of clays, often there may be several coal strata on the horizon, any one of which may thicken locally. Thus a coal stratum found in one locality may not be exactly on the same stratigraphic level as another found not far distant, but both were laid down during a period when the general depositive conditions were the same; hence they are considered correlative. The term Anthony coal in this bulletin is applied to the best developed bed associated with the Sciotoville clay. It may rest on the flint clay when no plastic clay is present, but on or in the plastic clay when this is found.

As the Sciotoville clay has excellent continuity and development in large areas in Scioto County, especially in the region north of the town of Portsmouth, and along the valley of the Little Scioto River, this county affords a good place from which to trace the stratigraphy of the Sciotoville clay, and that of other members in the lower part of the Pottsville formation. However, in this area the Sharon and Quakertown coals are poorly defined, but the Anthony coal, in some state of development, is, with few exceptions, present with the Sciotoville clay. From Scioto County the members will be traced northward into Pike County and into Jackson.

town coals are scarcely represented. Where present in this township the Sciotoville clay lies very close to the Sharon conglomerate, or to the Logan rocks when the conglomerate is absent. On the lands of H. C. Feurt and A. J. Hyland, one-half mile southeast of Franklin Furnace, there is present a small area of flint clay, which is the most southern deposit found in Scioto County. The Anthony coal, the Guinea Fowl ore, and what appears tg represent the Quakertown coal, are present above the clay. The following record shows the relations of the members exposed for measurement: p^ j^

Near the head of Pattons Run, on the lands of M. Eakins and H. Miller, another pocket of high-grade flint clay occurs. It lies close to a heavy sandstone which is the equivalent of the Sharon conglomerate. A composite Section obtained at this place shows the relations of the members exposed, and is as follows: p^ j^

Porter Township. - No high-grade clay belonging to the Sciotoville member was foimd on Pine Creek or on Lick Rim, but the Anthony coal, although usually thin and impure, is present at a number of places. On the farm of Joseph Miller, in Section 12, the Anthony coal, with" siliceous Sciotoville clay below it, lies close to the Sharon conglomerate which here is represented by a coarse-grained sandstone. The measurements secured follow:

Just north of the above section the Sharon conglomerate is thick and pebbly. In the western part of Porter Township the Sciotoville clay lies very close to the Logan rocks. In most of the area the Sharon conglomerate is wanting, and the conditions are much the same 8« they are in Clay Township.

The thickness of the Sciotoville clay in this section is above normal, and the quality inferior to that found in the hills to the north. In Section 36, Porter Township, the relation is shown by the following section:

Clay Township. - From Woods Ridge southward to the Ohio River near Portsmouth, in Clay Township, the deposits of Maxville limestone and Sciotoville clay are in places apparently on the same horizon, or are separated by an interval of only a few feet, the clay lying above the limestone. This is much the same condition as is found at Olive Hill, Ky., where the limestone is approximately 90 feet in thickness, and where the clay, which has good volume, lies either directly on or only a few 'feet above the limestone. The heavy sandstone found above the clay and limestone in Clay Township evidently correlates with that which lies above the clay in the Olive Hill region.

stone are about on the same level. The clay, which has excellent thickness and purity, is overlain by a thick sandstone, which is the same stratum as that found in Clay Township, and probably at Olive Hill, Kentuckj'. These relations will be brought out by a few sections taken along the ridge. In the western part of Section 24, the Maxville limestone nd Sciotoville clay are near the same level. Near the middle of i is section the clay is shown as follows:

On the Woods farm, in the eastern part of Section 24, the Maxville limestone is found just below the sandstone that forms the ^oof of the clay in the above section. The rock strata are as follows:

In this region the Sciotoville clay is often many feet in thickness, and is made up of layers of semi-flint and flint clay with plastic clay above. The Maxville limestone is shown 23 feet below the Sciotoville cla}'^, while on Woods Ridge, one mile north, it is practically on the same level as the clay. In this locality the overlying sandstone is also separated from the Sciotoville clay by about 20 feet of shales. On the property of the Scioto Fire Brick Company, in Section 32, the clay bed in local areas has a shaly sandstone for a roof, which is a continuation of "that seen on Woods Ridge. The Anthony coal is usually found above the clay, but it seldom thickens to more than a few inches. In parts of this section the sandstone phase of the Sharon conglomerate was noted, and at a few places the brecciated Harrison ore was exposed below the conglomerate. The record obtained gives the following relations :

The Sharon conglomerate found in this locality is very pebbly, and may be traced from here with but few breaks northward across Harrison and Madison townships, where the deposits reach a thickness. of 55 feet or more; thence across Scioto Township, Jackson County, to Liberty Township, where cliffs of conglomerate 150 feet in thickness are exposed, and where the Sharon coal above has good volume; thence eastward across this township tO Lick, where both the Sharon and Quakertown coals are well developed, and were first mined in, southern Ohio. Also from Liberty Township it may be traced eastward into Coal Township, where the Quakertown coal has been mined extensively, or northward across Jackson Township into Vinton County. In the above section the SciotoviUe clay lies directly on the Sharon conglomerate, but north of this, in the same county, and also in Jackson, the two members are usually separated by an interval of many feet.

Near the above section, the rocks exposed along the road south of Perry Loutherback^s house show the brecciated zone at the contact between the Logan and Pottsville rock. The section measured follows :

The conglomerate below the base of the Sharon here has the same position as that found at many places west of the Little Scioto River, and it represents the erosion products from the Maxville limestone. This relation places with certainty the Maxville limestone below the Sharon conglomerate. The same relation . of the two conglomerate beds was noticed at other places north of this also. The Anthony stone are about on the same level. The clay, which has excellent thickness and purity, is overlain by a thick sandstone, which is the same stratum as that found in Clay Township, and probably at Olive Hill, Kentuck)^ These relations will be brought out by a few sections taken along the ridge. In the western part of Section 24, the Maxville limestone nd Sciotoville clay are near the same level. Near the middle of v is section the clay is shown as folio w^s:

On the Woods farm, in the eastern part of Section 24, the Maxville limestone is found just below the sandstone that forms the roof of the clay in the above section. The rock strata are as follows:

In this region the Sciotoville clay is often many feet in thickness, and is made up of layers of semi-flint and flint clay with plastic clay above. The Maxville limestone is shown 23 feet below the Sciotoville clay, while on Woods Ridge, one mile north, it is practically on the same level as the clay. In this locality the overlying sandstone is also separated from the Sciotoville clay by about 20 feet of shales. On the property of the Scioto Fire Brick Company, in Section 32, the clay bed in local areas has a shaly sandstone for a roof, which is a continuation of 'that seen on Woods Ridge. The Anthony coal is usually found above the clay, but it seldom thickens to more than a few inches. In parts of this section the sandstone phase of the Sharon conglomerate was noted, and at a few places the brecciated Harrison ore was exposed below the conglomerate. The record obtained gives the following relations :

E.Vstern Half Of Scioto County 499

The Sharon conglomerate found in this locality is very pebbly, and may be traced from here with but few breaks northward across Harrison and Madison townships, where the deposits reach a thickness. of 55 feet or more; thence across Scioto Township, Jackson County, to Liberty Township, where cliffs of conglomerate 150 feet in thickness are exposed, and where the Sharon coal above has good volume; thence eastward across this township tO Lick, where both the Sharon and Quakertown coals are well developed, and were first mined in ^southern Ohio. Also from Liberty Township it may be traced eastward into Coal Township, where the Quakertown coal has been mined extensively, or northward across Jackson Township into Vinton County. In the above section the SciotoviUe clay lies directly on the Sharon conglomerate, but north of this, in the same coimty, and also in Jackson, the two members are usually separated by an interval of many feet.

Near the above section, the rocks exposed along the road south of Perry Loutherback's house show the brecciated zone at the contact between the Logan and Pottsville rock. The section measured follows :

The conglomerate below the base of the Sharon here has the same position as that found at many places west of the Little Scioto River, and it represents the erosion products from the Maxville limestone. This relation places with certainty the Maxville limestone below the Sharon conglomerate. The same relation . of the two conglomerate beds was noticed at other places north of this also. The Anthony

Bloom Township. - In western Bloom Township the Sciotoville clay is quite steady, and has good volume and high purity. The Anthony coal, although thin and usually impure, is as persistent as the clay, and is foxmd lying directly above it. Still higher in the geological column another coal bed is present in the vicinity of Scioto Furnace. This coal has the same stratigraphic position as the known Quakertown coal in the Jackson County fields, and is evidently correlative with it. At a few places, also, a thin impure coal is found lying directly above the Sharon conglomerate. The relation of the coal to the conglomerate is the same as that found in Jackson County, where this coal bed has long been known as the Sharon coal. These various relations will be given in more detail by adding a few sections of the rocks in the westerii part of this township.

In Section 20, just north of the clay mill of the Harbison- Walker Refractories Company, the Bear Run coal, which is later discussed, was mined for local use at Scioto Furnace. The thickness of the bed is reported by Ollie Downing to be from 1 foot 3 inches to 4 feet. This coal from this place to the town of Jackson is more persistent and better developed than the Quakertown coal; hence it is an important aid in* determining the positions of other members. The section obtained is recorded below:

In Section 21 a coal bed, which is called with some confidence Quakertown, has been mined in a small way. At this place the interval from the Sciotoville clay to the overlying coal is nearly the same as it is in sections 6 and 7, Coal Township, Jackson County. Measurements made on the land of Henry Moore follow:

In Section 16, Bloom Township, a composite section from a drill record made near the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad, and from measurements taken north of this' on the William Tripp property, is as follows:

The above section is of interest, as it shows 4 important members between the Sciotoville clay and the Lower Mercer ore, and as it shows approximately the normal intervals of separation of the beds as they occur in eastern Scioto County. The upper members are of aid often in establishing the positions of members below.

On the William Tripp property, in the southwestern part of Section 7, the Sciotoville clay has good volume and high purity. Above the clay a coal bed, which is the same as that mined on the Moore land near Scioto Furnace, has been prospected, while below the clay another stratum of coal was exposed in the bed of a small stream. This lower coal, which lies directly above the Sharon conglomerate, correlates with the Sharon coal of Jackson County. If this placing of the beds is correct, then the position of the Sciotoville clay is between the Sharon and Quakertown coals. The section obtained on the Tripp land follows :

One mile north of the above locality the Sharon coal has been opened and a small amount mined. The Sciotoville clay was not found at this place, so no good section was obtained. Near the Baptist Church, on Bear Run, in Section 5, Bloom Township, the rocks exposed measured as follows:

As the members are traced northward, the interval separating the' Sharon conglomerate and Sciotoville clay expands. In the above section the interval is 58 feet, while in the record on the Tripp property, in Section 7, it is 32 feet. As previously shown, at Gephart Station, the Sciotoville clay lies directly on the Sharon conglomerate, and even the quartz pebbles are present in the clay. This pronounced irregularity of the members at the base of the Pottsville formation extends from the Ohio River northward into Vinton County, where the present survey work ended.

On Bear Run, one-half mile east of the Baptist Church, in Section 4, Bloom Township, on the William Tripp property (William Kinker tract) the following rocks were measured: locality, extends into the Pottsville formation to the horizon of the Bear Run coal. The intervals to the Quakertown and Bear Run coals are slightly above normal, but both coals in areas adjacent to that where the record just given was obtained are quite well developed, and have been mined for local needs. One-half mile east of the above section, the Bear Run coal has been worked in a small way for years. A section taken on the William Tripp property shows the following relation of this coal to the Sciotoville clay:

As the Sciotoville clay in the territory covered by the preceding sections is quite persistent and readily identified wherever found, the positions of the various members present are established with confidence. From here northward, the deposits of Sciotoville clay are more scattered, but the member may be followed with a degree of certainty by exposures noted in Madison Township, Scioto County, and in Hamilton and Scioto townships, Jackson County, to the Sharon and Quakertown coal fields in Liberty, Lick, and Coal townships.

In Section 3, on the H. H. Stevenson property, the Bear Run coal was exposed for measurement. As this coal is somewhat steady from this locality to the town of Jackson, and as the fossiliferous shales above it also aid in stratigraphic work, this member will be frequently used; hence the following section is given to show the character of the coal bed and the associated shales:

Madison Township. - In Madison Township the Sciotoville clay is well develoj)cd only in local areas, but where present it is flint or semi-flint clay of the best qualities. The Sharon coal, however, begins to appear in better character than in the townships previously considered, while the Sharon conglomerate, especially in the eastern part of the area, forms massive cliffs along the courses of the streams. A few measurements will be given in order to show the various relations of the beds under consideration. In Section 26 the upper part of the rocks exposed on the land of Samuel Shoemaker, is recorded below:

In Section 11, south of the White Gravel Church, on land of Francis Warren, the record obtained shows the Sharon ore, coal, and conglomerate, the Sciotoville clay, and the Anthony coal. The measurements are given below:

In Section 6, on the land of Charles Phleger, the Sciotoville clay has good volume and high purity, while the Sharon conglomerate is quite thick and characteristically pebbly. A thin coal bed, which was noted also at other places in this vicinity, lies close above the conglomerate, and it is considered correlative with the thick deposits of

Jefferson Township. - The Sciotoville clay is present on only a few of the high knobs on the main ridges in Jefferson Township, and as a general thing it lies close to the Logan rocks below. In some localities a sandy phase of the Sharon conglomerate occurs, but the Sharon coal was not found at any place in good development, although dark carbonaceous shales, which mark the horizon, were seen in a few localities. A record taken on the land of Joseph R. Keller, in Section 26, illustrates relations somewhat similar to those found in Madison Township:

In its extension northward, from Scioto County into Pike, the Sciotoville member becomes more patchy, but the bed is at once recognized by the marked characteristics of the clay. The Sharon conglomerate in eastern Pike County is massively developed, often exceeding 100 feet in thickness, and is distinctive on account of the high percentage of quartz pebbles. Farther in this area the Sharon coal begins to appear in force, and it extends with but few wants from the eastern part of Pike County to the town of Jackson. Owing to the rise of the rocks to the west, the Quakertown coal, which is highly developed in Jackson County, passes above the summits of the highest hills in the area under discussion. Records obtained in Pike Countv will be given in order to show the extent of the Sciotoville clay and its relations to the Sharon coal and conglomerate.

the Sharon coal is confined to high knobs in Union Township.- The Sharon coal has been mined for local needs in Section 19, and is reported to be about 2 feet in thickness. In this locality this coal bed lies on thie thick Sharon conglomerate, parts of which are composed largely of quartz pebbles. The following record, taken on the Jacob Frazer property, in Section 19, marks the position of the Sciotoville clay with reference to the Sharon coal and conglomerate:

Jackson Township. - The position of the Sharon coal witK reference to the Sharon conglomerate in eastern Pike County is well illustrated by measurements taken on the land of J. W. Overly, in Section 2, and given below:

The massive Sharon conglomerate extends in an unbroken sheet over a large area in Jackson To^vnship, and the Sharon coal is somewhat steady. Near Allen Chapel, in Section 2, the bed which has been mined is overlaid by a conglomerate sandstone, above which the Sciotoville clay is found only a short distance north of the mines This relation places the Sciotoville clay above the Sharon coal, but the exact interval separating the two beds was not obtained.

Although only scattered pockets of high-grade flint clay are found in Jackson County, these are sufficiently continuous to show that they are fragments of the Sciotoville member. The Sharon conglomerate is very thick in the western part of the county, especially in Liberty To\\Tiship, where the deposits often measure between 100 and 200 feet in thickness. Just above this bed the Sharon coal is found, and it has good volume and continuity over a large area. From Scioto and Pike counties this coal may be traced with few wants to the original Sharon coal field under the town of Jackson, just north of which the Quakertown coal appears in force, and extends northward in an unbroken sheet to Vinton County. The Bear Run coal, somewhat steady, but usually thin, is also present in the vicinity of Jackson. By this overlapping of the beds their stratigraphic positions may be determined with confidence; hence records obtained in Jackson County will be given in order to bring out these relations in detail.

Hamilton Township. - The Sciotoville clay is found at a few places in Hamilton Township, but the Sharon and Quakertown coals are scarcely represented. However, the Bear Run coal has good volume in the southern part of the township, and may be used for a bench mark in stratigraphic work. In the Dever Valley, the Sciotoville clay was found at three places, and it lies about 80 feet below the Bear Run coal. The Sciotoville clay, with the Anthony coal above it, was noted along the road near the head of Little Bucklick Creek, in Section 4. This coal was exposed also along the streams in the vicinity of the village of Mabee. It is from 1 to 2 feet in thickness.

Scioto Township. - The conditions of the members near the base of the Pottsville formation in Scioto Township are much the same as they are in Hamilton. Near Grahamsville, in Section 27, the flint clay was exposed in the bed of a tributary of Sugarcamp Creek, while above it, plastic claj'^s with thin impure coal beds were also uncovered. The positions of the Sharon conglomerate, Sciotoville clay, Anthony coal, and other members higher in the geological column are shown in the following section obtained at this place:

In Section 9, th^ Sciotoville member, represented by a hard flint clay of excellent quality, has been mined on the property of Fred Flaker, and the Sharon coal opened on that of William B. Pratt. The positions of these members are shown in the record given below:

As these beds extend northward across the preglacial California Valley the Sharon coal becomes more steady, but the Sciotoville clay continues patchy; further, the Sharon conglomerate is very constant. On the Sawyer propertj^, in Section 7, the Sciotoville member is marked by a thick deposit of plastic and ''pink eye*' clay, while the Sharon coal and conglomerate have the characteristic development of the regions northward and described under Pike County. The measurements taken on the Sawyer farm are given below:

The Sciotoville clay and Sharon coal are both well developed on the Robert Lamb property, in Section 6, where the following record was obtained :

In this locality the Sharon coal has been mined for years, and from here it may be traced with but few wants to the Jackson field, where it has its maximum development in southern Ohio. This section further establishes the position of the Sciotoville clay with regard to that of the Sharon coal. The section on the Lamb property was practically duplicated by another taken on the land of Joseph West, in the eastern part of the same section.

development in Liberty Township, while the overlying Sharon coa has excellent volume and continuity. The Sciotoville clay is poorly represented, and only outliers of Quakertown coal, which extends as far west as the eastern part of Section 10, are found. The relations of the deposits here, however, fix with certainty the stratigraphic positions of the members near the base of the Pottsville formation. In Section 13, on the land of Louis Ray, the Sharon and Quakertown coals have both been mined and have normal development. The Sciotoville clay is found in the interval between the two coal beds, but at this place it lies closer to the Sharon coal, than where noted in Scioto Township. The Sharon conglomerate is massively developed also in this locality; hence the Sharon conglomerate, Sharon coal, Sciotoville clay, and Quakertown coal are all foimd in the same section, the measurements of which are given below: p^ j^

The Sharon coal has been mined here by the Star Furnace Company, and it is reported to be 3 feet in thickness and very irregularly bedded; that is, it is subject to rolls and dips. The Sciotoville clay is reported to form the roof of the coal in parts of the mine.

In the eastern part of this section, on the land of David Nicholls, both the Sharon and Quakertown coals in good development are found in the same hill. Both beds have been mined, and have about normal thickness. The interval separating the coals here is slightly greater, approximately 10 feet, .than it is on the Ray farm. This may be due, however, to the fact that the Sharon coal conforms to the irregularity of the upper surface of the underlying conglomerate, which is everywhere more or less undulating. The section is important, for it extends the Sharon coal close to the original field under Jackson and the Quakertown coal to a place where it may be traced with certainty to the great field extending from Jackson to north of Wellston. The Sharon conglomerate is also present in force. The record obtained follows:

In the northern part of Liberty Township, in the vicinity of the Pine School, the Quakertown coal is found in the high knobs on the main ridge. The Sharon coal is poorly developed, but its position just above the Sharon conglomerate is still marked by a few inches of bony coal. About midway in the interval between these coal beds a siliceous flinty clay, which is evidently correlative with the Sciotoville member, occurs, and is overlaid by a ferruginous pebbly sandstone which appears to represent a very siliceous phase of the Guinea Fowl ore. The measurements taken on the property of D. D. Eklwards, in Section 2, show the position of the beds, and are given below:

Coal Township. - The best part of the original field of Quakertown coal was in Coal Township. Although poorly developed the Sharon coal is sufficiently well marked by patches of coal so that the horizon may be followed with some degree of certainty, while in the localities where due the Sharon conglomerate is present in force. The Sciotoville bed is defined by small isolated areas of high-grade flint clay. Further, the Anthony coal was first described from observations made on the Samuel Anthony land, in Section 6. Important relations of these members in this township will now be considered in more detail.

Near the village of BierIyto\\^l, in Section 7, on the land of Arthur Howe, both the Quakertown coal and Sciotoville clay have normal volume. The position of the Sharon coal is marked by black carbonaceous shales w^th thin coal bands. The record measured at this place, and given below, places the Sciotoville clay between the two coal deposits :

East of the above, on the farm of Louis Mapes, the two coals and the clay were also exposed. The Sciotoville clay, which was seen on the outcrop, is reported to be 3 feet in thickness under cover. It is a high-grade flint clay, and in every respect it is similar to the flint clay found in the Sciotoville and OliVe Hill fields. The section, although duplicating in the main that given above, will be recorded, as it extends the members into the region where the Quakertown coal exists as a continuous sheet to the Wellston field.

A deposit of high-grade flint clay was exposed along the road in Section 6. Above' it there is also present the blossom of a coal, which has been mined in a small way. Concerning these E. B. Andrews said:*

On the land of Charles McKinniss, near the southeast corner of Section 6, Coal (formerly Lick) Township, is a seam of coal which I am led to believe is the equivalent of the ''Anthony" seam. The seam is 3 feet thick, with a reported stratum of coal 14 inches thick underneath, separated by 4 inches clay slate. The coal seen is of very superior quality. The lower part is not mined, being considered very slaty.

The coal of the above section is Anthony, and the clay belongs to the Sciotoville. On the hill above this clay and coal the Quakerto\\ai bed has ])een worked by railroad mines. The section was remeasured by the writer in order to obtain the interval to the Qi^akertown coal. The measurements found are given below:

Lick Township. - High-grade flint clay was not foimd in Lick Township, but in places siliceous plastic clays were exposed, which mark the horizon. The noted field of Sharon coal in southern Ohio is in the basin under the town of Jackson, while north of this large areas of Quakertown coal have been mined. The Bear Run coal with fissile ore and shale also appears northeast of Jackson. The intervals separating the Sharon and Quakertown coals in this locality are about the same as noted elsewhere. As the Sciotoville clay was not found in characteristic development, no sections showing the relation of beds will be given. However, the Bear Run coal will be considered as it is of interest on account of its aid in determining the stratigraphic positions of the Sciotoville clay and of other members on Holland Fork, in southern Jackson County, and on Bear Run, in northern Scioto County. The following record, which was about the average of a number of measurements, was taken at the Crescent mine, in Section 16:

The fossils in the ore are Lingnla iiahti, or the same as seen in the shale directly above the Bear Run coal on Bear Run, in Scioto County, and on Holland Fork, in southern Jackson County.

In a review of the sections given it is shown that the Sciotoville member, which carries the characteristic flint clay, not easily confused with other types, extends from the Ohio River in Scioto County to the Sharon and Quakertown coal fields of Jackson County. Although the flint clay is found only in pockets in Jackson County, the character and quality of the clay, the association of the plastic and ''pink eye'' clays, the relation of the conglomeratic Guinea Fowl ore, and the elevation of the beds, establish the identity of this bed with that found in the Sciotoville region, from where it can also be traced to the Olive Hill, Ken- tucky, flint clay fields. The Sciotoville member in Jackson County is also represented in many places only by plastic clays, but, owing to their similarity to plastic clays on other horizons, these clays were not considered in the preceding correlation. These sections establish the position of the Sciotoville clay, when the interval is normally developed, to be about midway between the Sharon coal and the Quakertown.

The position of the Anthony coal, which is quite persistent, but poorly developed, except in small isolated areas, is also defined. It lies either directly on or only a few feet above the Sciotoville clay, but it is not a sharply defined bed. The many sections given of this interval show that during the deposition of the clays small basins existed in which the conditions were favorable for the preservation of carbonaceous matter as coal. The Sciotoville member in some cases is made up of several benches of clays, separated by coal bands, which vary in thickness from a pencil mark to many inches, or, by black carbonaceous shales, which change to coal in other localities. The thickest coal is generally found near the top of the clay deposit. If the flint clay forms the upper layer of the deposit, the best developed coal lies on this, but if plastic clays are found above the flint, the thick coal lies either on these beds or between them. The best developed coal bed is called Anthony.

The recorded measurements show that the interval from the Sciotoville clay to the underlying Sharon coal is quite variable, owing largely to the fact that the coal lies, with few exceptions, on the Sharon conglomerate, the upper surface of which is subject to many irregularities. Further, they show that all of the Pottsville rocks below the Sciotoville clay, as they extend southward to the Ohio River, thin erratically, and in some places disappear completely. The Sharon coal in one locality is shown to lie either directly or only a few feet below the Sciotoville member, while this coal at another place is 70 feet below the clay. The average interval separating the beds, however, is about 40 feet. This variation in the interval, as previously stated, is due in the main to the influence of the Sharon conglomerate, above which the coal is bedded.

The Sharon conglomerate was deposited in a roll, and apparently it underwent either a depression in Jackson County, where the clay is usually found far above it, or an elevation in Scioto County, where in plac( s, for example, in the vicinity of Gephart Station, the clay lies directly on the conglomerate bed. The evidence points to an elevation of the Sharon in Scioto County. The disconformity between the Mississippian and Pennsylvanian rocks is also illustrateel by the sections. On Woods Ridge, in Scioto County, the Sciotoville clay is found at about the same elevation as the Maxville limestone, but north of this, in Pike and Jackson counties, the clay may be separated from the Logan rocks by as much as 150 feet'. The lapse of time was equal at least to that required to deposit the Sharon conglomerate, Sharon clay and coal, and the 40 feet of sandstones and shale between the Sharon coal and the Sciotoville clay.

The sections show that the Quakertown coal lies above the Sciotoville clay. The interval varies from 35 to 59 feet, but averages about 43 feet. This coal bed is very thin where exposed in Scioto Coiinty, except near Scioto Furnace, in which locality it expands to a thickmss of 1 foot 10 inches. In Jackson County it is prominent only in the area north of Jackson, where it attains the maximum thickness found in Ohio. In this field are found several pockets of flint clay, which thus definitely fixes the horizon at about 43 feet above the Sciotoville clay, and only a few feet less than this above the Anthony coal.'

The area of high-grade Sciotoville clay in Scioto County is large. The deposits, however, are somewhat uncertain, as they may disappear at any time, or change to low-grade impure materials. In the eastern part of CIlay Township this member is found on the main ridges at elevations from 900 to more than 1,000 feet; hence the area of good clay is small. The elevation of the Sciotoville cla}'' in the western part of

Porter Township is from 850 to 1,000 feet, which restricts the deposits to a small area. The clay, however, is practically continuous on the ridges, and is of good quality. In the eastern part of the township two pockets of good clay are found at an elevation of about 700 feet, one on the isolated hills immediately east of Sciotoville, and the other in the extreme northeastern corner of the same township. See Map VIII.

This member is above drainage in all of Harrison Township, but with the exception of a few scattered pockets the good clay is confined to the southern half. In the western part of the township, from Woods Ridge south, to the Ohio River, exceptionally high-grade flint clay, which is seldom wanting, is found on this horizon. The elevation of the deposits on \\^oods Ridge is about 1,000 feet, while that of the beds along the western edge of the California Valley is about 800 feet. In the southeastern part of the township, along the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad, and near the mouth of Frederick Creek, this member, represented by some good clay, is found at an elevation of about 700 feet above tide. In the western part of the township, north of Woods Ridge, onl}^ scattered pockets of flint clay are found on this horizon, the elevation of which is from 900 to 1,000 feet. In the northeastern part of the township, in the group of hills between the Little Scioto River and the old California Valley, the Sciotoville member, with an elevation of about 750 feet, is represented in a few places by good flint clay. In Vernon Township the Sciotoville clay is under cover. No drill records showing the character of the clay were obtained, but, as good clay is found both to the west and north, it is reasonable to expect at least some good material in this region.

The western part of Bloom Township is the center of the greatest activity in clay mining in the county. In fact, practically the whole supply of flint and semi-flint clays used by the three local firms is taken from this region. The area is large, the deposits are thick, and the clays are of most excellent quality. Along the western boundary the Sciotoville clay is found at an elevation of about 700 feet above tide. Dipping eastward it goes under cover near Gephart on the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad, near Scioto Furnace on Frederick Creek, in Section 9 on Skull Creek, at Pinkerman on Laurel Lick Run, and in Section 4 on Bear Run. East of the outcrop, under heavy cover, but little is knowTi of the character of these deposits. A drill hole, in which the clay is reported wanting, was piit down at South Webster. In a well drilled in Section 29, on the Adam Brandt farm, 2 feet 10 inches of flint clay was found. From near South Webster to below Gephart, where the clay passes under cover, the deposit is thick and continuous and the strata are regular, which indicates that this is not the eastern edge of the field, but that it extends eastward imder heavy cover. No prospecting has been done in the hills to the east of these places, or along the Pine Creek Valley.

From surface exposures noted, there is a clay field of some importance in Madison Township east of the C'alifomia Valley. The deposits are found at an elevation of about 800 feet. Although the stratunr is not continuous, and the member in only a part of the area is represented by flint clay of a good quality, the indicated yield of high-grade material is amply sufficient to support ceramic industries. In Jefferson Township the clay was found on a few isolated knobs on the main ridges that extend northward across the central part of the township and have an elevation of about 1,050 feet. The total area is small and unimportant. The Sciotoville clay was not observed in Valley Township.

The relations of the Sciotoville clay to the members below and above have been given in the general statement and correlation, but the relations of the different clays forming this member will here be treated more in detail. These separate clays differ in both their physical and chemical properties. The order, thickness, and composition of the different layers vary greatly from place to place. A pure flint clay, several feet in thickness, may go out completely in a few rods, or change to a very siliceous clay, or be replaced by plastic or semi-flint clay. In some localities the flint clay forms the upper layer of the deposit, while in other regions it is overlaid by severa,l feet of plastic or semi-flint clay.

As previously stated, the position of the Sciotoville clay is about midway between the Sharon and Quakertown coals when the various rock strata in the interval have normal development. Further, the clay is overlaid by the Anthony coal, to which it bears the same relation as the Lower Kittanning clay bears to the Lower Kittanning coal. The horizon of the Sciotoville clay extends over most of that part of Scioto County east of the Scioto River, but the productive field is confined to lin.ited areas in this territory, which will be considered now in a n:ore definite way.

Clay Township. - In Clay Township the Sciotoville member is found near the summits of the highest knobs and ridges in sections 13, 14, 15, 22, 23, 26, 27, 28, 34, 35, 2, 3, 10, and 11. Although the clay areas are usually small, this field contributed for many years large quantities of most excellent material for the fire brick plants at Portsmouth and Sciotoville, but at present it is abandoned, owing to the fact that the best clay is largely exhausted, anel that clay may be obtained n'ore cheaply from other fields. A small productive area of Sciotoville clay is reported on the lands of the Peebles Paving Brick Company, in Section 11, where the following recorel was obtained:

The clay observed at other exposures in this locality is a true hard flint, quite free from detrimental siliceous and ferruginous impurities. On the main ridge in Section 13, the member was formerly worked by both drifting and stripping. A record obtained on the land of Isaac Ruby is given below:

In Clay Towpship, north of the above, and west of Munn and Long rims, the Sciotoville clay is confined to a few isolated hills on the main ridges, but east of these runs the stratum is generally present near the summits of the main ridges. In Section 22, on land of Ernest Cline, the Sciotoville clay anei flinty Maxville limestone were s?en on the outcrop. Mr. Cline reports the clay from 3 to 4 feet in thickness, and the interval to the underlying limesteme from 8 to 12 feet. In this towrship the clay lies close to the Maxville or Logan rocks

Porter Township. - In Porter To\\T.ship the Sciotoville member is well developed along the main rielgcs in sections 1, 6, and 36. The quality of the material is usually excellent. The eleposits in this locality were among the first openeel after the establishment of the brick industry 0864) in Scioto County, ami have yieldeel a large quantity of highgrade material, but at present they are near exhaustion. The thickness of the bed varies from 1 foot to 14 feet, but the usual measurement is about 3 or 4 feet. The quality of the material is also variable, as it changes from hard pure flint and semi-flint clays to the siliceous anel ferruginous types. Plastic and ''pink eye" clays are not so well developed in this field as in that in Bloom Township. The member lies close to the underlying Logan sandstones and shales. The following record, taken in Section 36, shows the general structure of the bed:

The Sciotoville clay has bee^n worked for years in the isolated group of hills cast of Sciotoville in sections 4 and 5. The plastic clay from this locality is of excellent quality. In the eastern part of the township the member is wanting or poorly developed, except at a few

Green Township. - The Sciotoville clay is poorly represented in Green Township, for flint clay of good quality was observed only at two places, which are at the head of Pattons Run and in the hollow south of Franklin Furnace. However, plastic and siliceous clays are more widely distributed, but are too impure or thin to be of special worth. The following measurements were made of the rocks exposed on Pattons Run on the land of H. Miller:

The clay in this hollow is reported to vary in thickness from 1 to 4 feet. It is a hard clay and is quite free from deleterious material. The quality of the Sciotoville clay near Franklin Furnace, on the H. C. Feurt and A. J. Hyland properties, is somewhat variable, as a part of the bed is quite siliceous. In patches the high-grade flint clay is reported to expand to 4 feet, while the overlying plastic clay is stated to thicken to 7 feet. The section obtained at this place on the outcrop is recorded below:

Harrison Township. - The field of Sciotoville clay in the western part of Harrison Township was the main reliance for high-grade refractory materials used by the Sciotoville fire brick plants for many years. This field is not exhausted, but the best deposits have been largely worked out. The most important regions were Woods Ridge and the ridge extending from Niner Hill southeast to the Little Scioto River, in the southwestern part of Section 33. On Woods Ridge, in the western part of Section 24, the clay is of very fine quality, and the (Ufosit usually quite thick. A section exposed is as follows:

In this region the flint clay has a maximum thickness of about 6 or 7 feet, but the deposits have been drawn upon for many years; hence the quantity of clay yet available is not large. On the Henry Rider farm, in Section 30, the following record, which shows the interval from the Sciotoville clay to the Maxville limestone, was obtained:

In this locality the clay deposit, which is very thick in places, consists of semi-flint, flint, and plastic clay* The bed has been worked extensively by drift mines, which have fallen so that no section was obtained under heavy cover. On the lands of Albert Frazier and William Werner, in Section 18, about 3 feet of good clay was exposed on the outcrop. North on this ridge heavy beds of plastic clays were found, but not measured. East of the California Valley, on the farm of Frank Cole, in Section 2, flint and '*pink eye'' clays of the Sciotoville member outcrop along the side of the hill, but they were not favorably exposed for measurement. Near Harrison Mills, on the Samuel Monroe property, in Section 12, this member was again noted. At this place the clay lies only about 22 feet above an iron ore, which probably represents the Harrison ore on the line of disconformity separating the Pennsylvanian and Mississippian series. The measurements obtained follow:

At present the important field of Sciotoville clay in Scioto C'ounty is that east of the Little vScioto River, in the extreme eastern part of Harrison Towi^ship, and in the western part of Bloom.

On Plum Fork, in Section 36, from the Webster pike to the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad, the clay outcrops in a number of i)Iac( s, but is generally siliceous. East of the creek the clay has been mined, and is reported by Jacob Bower to have good thickness and to be of good quality. He states that the maximum thickness of flint and semi-flint clay is 11 feet, but that the average measurement is much loss than this.

Just east of Isaac Graham's residence, in the cut of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad, the Sciotoville clay was well exposed for measurement. The following record was obtained at this place:

This bed has also been opened near Mr. Dill's house, and is reported by him to contain from 5 to 6 feet, with a maximum of 10 feet of flint and semi-flint clay. Further, he states, that the clay west of the railroad is patchy. This condition is indicated by a disconformity observed in the creek bed below John Neimer's house. In .Section 25, on land of William Tripp (Meade farm), the Sciotoville clay has been mined more or less for several years. The area is large, and the thickness reported for the flint and semi-flint clay is from 2 to 6 feet.

Madison Township. - In Madison Township there is an undeveloped field of Sciotoville clay, which from the surface exposures noted is quite promising. The clay is of excellent quality, but the deposits are somewhat scattered. Thorough prospecting may show areas of sufficient size to justify the. establishment of brick plants. On lands of William Tripp, in sections 29 and 32, the Sciotoville clay has been opened at, several places. The deposits are from 2 to 8 feet in thickness and the clay is of good quality. On the farm of John Magnet, in Section 25, fine qufi^lity clay is exposed. There is a good outcrop of the clay on the hillside near the house, bat this appears to have slipped from above, as the clay on the same hill east of this exposure is about 35 feet higher. The rocks exposed are given below:

Another exposure was seen on the hill to the north of this, but the thickness was not measured. This member is exposed again on the farm of Samuel Shoemaker, in Section 26, where the strata seen are as follows :

Surface exposures of the Sciotoville clay were noted in Section 19, on the land of Mrs. John N. Dever. In Section 24, on the property of George Mouga, the member was found as follows:

This clay extends eastward also on land of Frank Debo. A thick deposit of highly colored *'pink eye" clay was observed on the land of J. J. Shoemaker, in Section 18. No flint clay was found. Hard clay of excellent quality outcrops on the property of Mary Kronk, in Section 13, but it was not well exposed for measurement. In the northern part of the same section, on land of Oliver Powell, the following rocks were exposed:

The surface exposures of clay in this locality indicate a heavy deposit, the upper part of which is quite pure, while the lower part contains some siliceous material. Along the road on the line of sections 12 and 13, near the home of E. H. Lyons, the Sciotoville clay was again noted. The record follows:

A surface exposure of good clay was also found east of the above on the land of Delmer Kronk. In Section 14, on the land of Jacob Seth, pieces of high-grade flint clay were observed on the outcrop 86 feet below the high knob near his home. In Section 12, north of Mill-

Across the hollow west of the above, flint clay was noted on the SciotoviUe clay horizon. In Section 10, on the property of William Lyons, the following section was measured:

In the same section, just north of the above, the clay is exposed on the hill north of George M. Font's house. The strata recorded ere as given below:

Owing: to the ease of weathering, the Sciotoville clay is found on the outcrop only under favorable conditions; hence the limits of the deposits from surface indications alone cannot be well defined. The exposures in Madison Township indicate areas of some size. The deposits have good thickness, and the clay is of excellent quality. The region is well worth thorough testing.

Jefferson Township. - In Jefferson Township the Sciotoville clays occur at elevations from about 1,050 to 1,100 feet above sea, which thus restricts the areas to isolated knobs on the main ridges. In the southern part of the township the clay has been mined on two knobs in Section 10. On land of Charles B. Gillen the clay is of excellent quality, and the stratum lies close to the Logan shales. Flint clay of good quality was also noted on the high hill on the land of R. B. Grimshaw, in Section 27. This deposit was mined at one time for the fire brick yards at Portsmouth. In the northern part of Section 26, on the land of Benjamin Grimshaw, the outcrop of the clay was also noticed. Exposures of Sciotoville clay were noted in Section 22, on lands of Joseph R. Keller and Marion Ward. The section exposed along the road at this place is as follows:

East of the above exposure, on the Keller land, the flint clay is reported to be somewhat thicker, and was worked at one time. On Ward's land a light plastic and a few feet of "pink eye*' clay were seen . below the flint. Near Diffen Hill, in Section 11, the Sciotoville clay occurs on the land of Lima Conkle and along the to\^Tiship road. A section taken at this place is as follows:

In Section 3, on the land of D. McLaughlire, the member is made up of ''pink eye," with a few inches of flint clay. The deposit is 17 feet above the Logan sandstone. The Sciotoville clay was not seen in Valley Township.

Bloom Township. - The deposits of Sciotoville clay in the western part of Blocm Township furnish the main supply of high-grade clays used by the fire brick plants now in operation in Scioto County. One of the important regions is near Gephart, where the Scioto Fire Brick Company and the Harbison- Walker Refractories Company have mined this clay for a number of years. The Pyro Clay Products Company of Oak Hill has also recently opened a shaft mine here. In sections 30 and 31, Bloom Township, the member has good thickness and volume, and has been worked for a number of years. F. M. Colgrove reports the clay on his property, where tested, to be 4 feet in thickness. Sections taken under heavy cover in the Herman Heldt mine, operated by the Scioto Fire Brick Company, are given in order to show the variability and character of the member. Section in the main entry: p^

Another important operation in the Gephart district is that of the Cook mine of the Harbison-Walker Refractories Company, in which the Sciotoville clay has excellent volume, but is somewhat variable in structure and character, as the proportions of flint and semi-flint clays change from place to place in the mine. In order to show^ these changes, and to show what may be expected in mining this bed, records taken at various places in the mine are given below.

From this district, also, the Pyro Clay Products Company of Oak Hill obtains its supply of clay, which is taken from a shaft mine about 80 feet in depth. "*rhe area was thoroughly prospected by the drill, and the quantity of clay available is amply sufficient to last for many years. The average of the drill records shows that the usual thickness of the deposit, which is made up of flint and semi-flint clays, is from 5 to 8 feet. Further analyses of the clay cores from the drill show that the material is of the highest grade. The clay along the main entry, which at present has not been driven far, is largely flint, and is about 5 feet in thickness.