Jackson Township (part 6 of 19)

On the land of E. G. Swan, just north of the above, where the coal has also been worked, the bed is reported 30 inches in thickness In Section 25, west, the Sharon coal is thin or wanting, and in Section 31 the exposures noted indicate the same conditions. The blossom of the coal was seen at a few points in Section 30, but the surface exposures indicate that the deposit is made up largely of bony shales. The following section was taken on land of David Hively near the head of Buckeye Creek:

The coal is also reported near Bethel Church on land of D. N. Rutledge. On land of J. W. Apple, in Section 32, the bed has been opened, but is reported shaly. An expbsure along the road i i the northern part of Section .29 shows the character of the Sharon coal here, and its relation to other members. The following measurements were taken :

In the eastern part of the same section the coal is of good quality and is worked for local use. A section taken on land of David C. Jones is as follows:

Here the bed shows irregularity of deposition as it dips some 15 feet in a short distance and then rises again to about the original level. The coal has much the same thickness throughout, but is generally somewhat heavier in the trough. Coal is mined for local use on land of Oscar Behem in Section 28. The bed is reported thick, but part somewhat shaly. At the mines of the Jackson Decatur Coal Company the section obtained is as given below:

One-half mile north of the above, but just east of Salt Creek, on the land of Edward Smith, the Sharon coal is mined at present (1914). A section here is as follows:

Just east of this, on the property of David Nicholls, the Sharon coal has been worked just below his house, and the Quakertown on the knob to the northeast. A section here is as follows:

This section is important as both coals, separated by an interval of 81 feet, and the Sharon conglomerate below, are shown. At the Armstrong mine in Section 26 the strata measured are as follows:

A roll or sudden dip of about 21 feet of the Sharon coal occurs at this place. East of this line the coal is thick and has been mined, while west of this it is shaly and thin. The next section in the hollow to the south of Hammertown mine, where the Sharon coal is represented by a thin black shale with a few inches of coal, thus shows this condition. A section from the coal to the Jackson Sand Block ore, on the point just north of the Kom mine, is as follows:

In the hollow just west of Pleasant Grove Church, Section 26, the coal has been mined, but no section was obtained. East of this a section, taken along the road from the property of John Scurlock to the church, is as follows: p^ j^^

The line of dip from the Hammertown mine passes through this point and was seen in the creek bed southwest of the house. At the abandoned Decatur No. 2 mine the following strata were seen and measured: p^^ in^

111 Section 13, on land of Louis Ray, both the Sharon and Quakertown eoals were exposed in the same hill. The Sharon coal here was formerly mined by the Star Furnace (.'ompany, and is reported to have a thickness varying from 2 feet 10 inches on the north pide of the hill to 4 feet on the south side. The Quakertown coal, lying close to the summit of the hill, is reported, where opened, to be 2 feet 6 inches in thickness. At the point where the section was taken tlie Sciotoville clay lies on the Sharon coal, but at another point there was 5 feet of shale and sandstone intervening. Miners reported that in some places in the mines the clay lies directly on the coal. The Sharon coal here is reported to be irregularly deposited showing many dii)s and rolls. The section measured is as given below:

At the Sunshine mine, in Section 23, the Sharon coal is reported to have an average thickness of 2 feet 6 inches and to be quite steady in volume. The bed lies close to the underlj'^ing Sharon conglomerate and has shales for the roof material. The Sharon coal was not found in good thickness in Section 14, and in part of th(^ region it appears to be completely wanting. It has been worked in a small way at a few places in S(»ction 22. On land of John Cogar tlie following rocks were exposed :

On land of Washington Johnson coal is mined for local use. The bed is reported by Mr. Johnson to average about 2 fe(^t 3 inches in thickness, and the fuel to be of good quality. In the northeastern comer of the section, on land of W. M. Overly, the deposit has excellent thickness, ranging from 2 feet 6 inches to 4 feet, and the quality of the coal is very good. The section measured is as given below:

North of this, on land of T. L. Bennett, the coal has been opened by entry. Mr. White reports the thickness of the bed where opeaed to be 1 toot 8 inches. Here below the coal there is a s^jiiceous, flinty clay, much resembling that on the Sciotoville clay horizon. On land of James Bryan mines have been operated for many years. The coal is of exceptionally good quality and has excellent thickness, but lies somewhat irregular. A section taken near the head of the entry with measurements of the strata below the coal, which were exposed on the hill to the west, is as follows:

This deposit has also been mined in a small way in the northeastern part of the section on land of William Yerian and Margaret Coyl. On the Yerian property the coal is reported to vary in thickness, from 2 feet 4 inches to 3 feet and to average about 2 feet 6 inches, while on the Coyl property it is reported to vary from 2 feet 4 inches to 3 feet 6 inches and to average more than 2 feet 6 inches. A section taken at the mouth of an old mine is as follows:

North of this in Section 16 the coal has been opened in a few localities. It appears to thin somewhat in its extension northward, but to be quite persistent. The following measurements were made near the mouth of a new mine on land of Albert Harper:

The coal i n this locality has been mined for local use. It has also been mined at a number of places in Section 17, where it generally has good thickness. In the eastern part of the section, on land of W. S. Greene, the thickness of the deposit near the outcrop is sho\^Ti by the following measurements taken at the mouth of a new mine:

North of this the coal is worked for local use on land of Wm. Landrum. The bed varies in thickness from 3 to 4 feet, but is reported to average 3 feet 4 inches. It is irregularly bedded as it conforms to the wavy surface of the conglomerate below. The section taken here follows :

At this place, as sho^vn above, the coarse-grained sandstone lies on the coal, while at the other mine there is 2 feet 6 inches of shale intervening. In the southern part of the same section, on land of John S. Grover, the coal, seen on the outcrop, and the associated rocks are as follows:

In the northern part of the section, on the property of Walter Coy, the Sharon coal was at one time nuned ih a small way for local use. The thickness reported is from 2 feet 6 inches to 2 feet 8 inches. The section taken there follows:

From surface indications the Sharon coal in Section 19 is generally thin and in places wanting. In Section 18 it is somewhat thicker, but rather uncertain. A composite section which shows the relation of the coal to the rocks above and below was taken along the road in the southwestern part of the section, and is as follows:

In the central part of the section, on property of Herbert Vance, the Sharon coal was exposed for measurement. The section recorded is as given below:

Wm. Ragland reports that on his property 2 feet of coal was found when digging a well. The coal lies close to the conglomerate, about 90 feet of which is exposed. The following measurements were obtained on land of Belle Weese in the eastern part of the section:

From surface indications the Sharon coal is wanting or thin in most of Section 24, west. On land of Christopher Rapp the coal has been prospected and is reported to be about 1 foot in thickness. In

Section 13, west on the property of Rush Hartley, a section showing the coal, which is mined at present (1914), and the conglomerate, very thick and pebbly, is as follows:

On the main ridge in Section 1, west, the Sharon coal appears to be somewhat local. It was opened at one time on land of Neal Austin who reported the thickness to be about 3 feet 7 inches. The section taken at the mouth of the old mine is as given below:

The coal areas in sections 6 and 7 are small, confined to a few high hills. In the southwestern part of Section 6 Sharon coal was formerly mined on land of W. M. Baihs. The section there follows:

In the same section, just west of Pigeon Creek, coal was mined for local use on land of Green Bailis. The rocks exposed there gave the follo^ving measurements:

The surface exposures indicate that the coal is wanting or generally thin is Section 5. On property of J. M. Vance, on the main ridge in Section 8, coal is mined for local use. The section taken there follows:

In sections 4 and 9 the coal is wanting or generally thin. In the central part of Section 4, on land of CUfiford Mercer, the bed was formerly mined for local use. It is reported to be 1 foot 8 inches in thickness.

In the southern part of Section 10, on land of B. Stevenson, the coal has been mined along the outcrop by stripping. It lies close to the conglomerate, which on the hill west measured 90 feet in thickness. The thickness of the deposit is reported to be 1 foot 6 inches. In the eastern part of the section the surface exposure shows the coal to be thin and shaly. On land of John Crossin the following measurements were made:

From the evidence observed the Sharon coal is also thin or wanting in Section 11. Near the old Pine Hill School, on land of W. B. Steffy, the interval from the Sharon to the QuakertowTi coal was obtained. The measured section follows:

The Sharon coal was not seen in any considerable thickness in Section 2. The interval from the Sharon coal to the Quakertown bed was also obtained here on land of D. D. Edwards. The record follows:

Where seen in sections 12 and 1 the Sharon coal was shaly or thin. In Section 12, on land of Isaiah Burnett, the following rocks were exposed:

Lick Township. - In Lick Township the Sharon coal reaches its maximum thickness in the basin imder Jackson where it has been worked for 60 years. The following section was taken at the mine of the Jackson Iron & Steel Company:

At the head of the west entry the thickness is 31 inches, and at the head of the north entry 33 inches. The dip east, according to the mine foreman, is 19 feet in 2,300 feet, or about 44 feet to the mile. Near the mouth of the shaft the coal suddenly dips eastward at a high angle, but, as the old works were filled with water, the amount of this was not obtained. From this mine the roll runs northward and then eastward to

Salt Creek. Core drill records, kindly furnished by this company, showHhat westward from the shaft the coal holds good thickness, as it was from 3 feet to 3 feet 3 inches. In Section 31, south of this, a test made on the ridge near John Mapes' house shows the coal to be wanting. In the hollow just east of the furnace a section of an air shaft, on the land of the Jackson Iron & Steel Company, and of the hill to the north, is as given below^: ^

The sandstone rises to the coal in places. In the isolated hill just north of this the coal rises fast and thins or goes out in the sandstone, as it is not foimd in the northern part, but has been worked in the southern part facing the Booth mine. This is a continuation of the roll noted at the mine of the Jackson Iron & Steel Company. The sandstone on this hill continues westward into 4;he northern part of Section 25, Liberty Township, but here also no coal is found above it. Boone Rock, and the sandstone cliffs east of Salt Creek, are evidently a part of the same formation. In a small territory here the coal is thin or wanting, but appears to the west in Section 24, Liberty Township, on the land of the Star Furnace Company, and north in Section 13, Liberty, on the lands of Edward Smith and David Nicholls, sections of which have been given. In Section 20, Lick To\\Tiship, on the land of S. G. McKittrick, the Sharon coal, although thin, is again found. This coal lies directly above a heavy sandstone that can be followed directly to Boone Rock just north of Salt Creek. The sandstone below the coal south of Salt Creek is evidently a continuation of this, as it agrees in texture and appearance, and it is seen also in the bed of the stream, thus apparently crossing the valley. The section on S. G. McKittrick's land is as follows:

It thus appears that the roll noted at the shaft of the Jackson Iron & Steel Company continues northward and crosses Salt Creek in this vicinity, and agrees with that found by Orton and Andrews, which is as follows:^

On the land of Mr. McKittrick, lot 44, Lick Township, we find a seam of coal which is evidently the same as the lowest seen at the "Pine Tree Hill" on Charles Walden's land, not far from Buffalo-Skull Creek. It rests upon a coarse white sand-rock, with well marked conglomerate at the top. This rock constitutes the ledge seen a half mile north of Orange Furnace. This ledge is forty feet in height. So far as we could learn, no seam of coal has ever been found below the white sand-rock. Mr. McKittrick once opened a bank and mined a little of his coal,which he reports to be 1 foot 4 inches in thickness of seam. About 200 yards from the opening spoken of, and in a northwest direction, we found another old coal entry, the elevation of which showed that the dip of the coal seam in that short difitance is 10 feet. No sample of the McKittrick coal could be obtained for examination, but I have no doubt that it is the geological equivalent of the "Shaft seam." The rapid dip seen between the two points on the MclCittrick's land would take the seam below the surface of the valley at the town of Jackson. Bj' examining an exposure of the strata along the bank of Salt Creek, between the bridge on the Chillicothe road and the "old mill" in the town, it is found that the shales, including a very thin seam of coal, all dip uniformly in a southern direction. If the data given us respecting the depth of the shaft coal near the bridge obtained by boring, and at the "old mill,'' in the shaft, are to be relied upon, the coal has dipped about 15 feet towards the latter point. The reports give the increase of thickness of the coal seam from 1 foot 8 inches at the bridge to 3 feet 4 inches at the mill.

In Section 17, on the side of the pike just south of Mrs. J. G. McKittrick's house, was seen the thin blossom of a coal with some bluish clay below, which is on about the same level as that on the S. G. McKittrick farm, and thus on the Sharon horizon. The Quakertown coal here has been mined on the hill, and the interval between the two beds is about the same as that on the Nicholls land in Section 13, Liberty Township. The section seen is as given below:

The Sharon coal horizon can be traced northward from the S. G. McKittrick farm into the southeast comer of Section 18, where the thin stain wdth clays below may be found in a number of places along the pike. The main basin of the Sharon deposit is under Jackson, but the available coal here has been practically all taken out. The thickness of the bed in the old slope, and three shafts formerly worked, is taken from the early reports.^

Qeoioqy Of Southebn Ohio

Exline, it has been opened and worked for local use. The bank had fallen in when visited, but the thickness of the coal is reported as follows:

Just north of this, on the land of Louis Mapes, it is present also, and on the hill to the west both the Sciotoville clay, a true flint of good quality, and the Quakertown coal were found. A measured section is as given below:

At this place the two coals are separated by the Sciotoville clay, which is found above the Sharon coal in the western part of Liberty and Scioto townships. On the hill just south of Bierlytown, on the land of Arthur Howe, the following strata were seen:

The horizon of the Sharon coal is above drainage along the stream courses in the western part of sections 6 and 7, along that of Pigeon Creek, north of Coalton, and possibly in the northwostern part of Section 30, Coal Township. T\liere exposed the deposit is thin, or it is made up of bony coal and dark carbonaceous shales. In Section 6, on land of C. W. Haslett, 2 feet 6 inches of dark carbonaceous clay shales, representing the Sharon coal, were found in the bed of the small stream. There is a roll of some 32 feet in the Sharon conglomerate here and these shales lie in the trough of the roll. Near the mouth of the hollow the conglomerate is about 70 feet in thickness. At one place above it dark carbonaceous shales were also observed.

A composite section taken from the hill just west of Jacob Sell's home, in Section 32, to the bed of the stream west, shows the intervals from the Lower Mercer limestone to the Quakertown coal, and from this to the Sharon coal. The section measured follows:

Washington Township - InWashington Township the horizon of the Sharon coal is above drainage along the valley of Pigeon Creek, and for some distance up the valleys of its main tributaries. In a part of this region both the Sharon coal and Sharon conglomerate are wanting; the heavy sandstone above the coal horizon lies directly on the Logan sandstone below. At Glen Nell and near Primrose School small local pockets exist in which the coal is of workable thickness. In other localities a thin or shaly blossom of the member was seen. At the old Glen Nell mines, in Section 20, the following record was obtained:

Mr. 0. C. Sells, who operated the mines here, reports that the coal varies in thickness from 2 feet 8 inches to 5 feet, and that in places part of the bed was cannel which had a maximum thickness of 2 feet 6 inches. He reports the thickest coal at this place is worked out, but that there is yet an area of thin coal.

to the point near the Town House, near the line of sections 21-22, gives an idea of the relation of some of the important members. The section follows : '

The Sharon coal has been mined for local use on land of W. M. Muncy in Section 16. The Sharon conglomerate is wanting here, hence the coal lies close to the Logan sandstones. The section obtained follows :

Near Primrose School, on land of J. L. Goodrich, the Sharon coal has also been opened and worked in a small way. The structure of the bed seen at the mouth of an old mine is as follows:

In the vicinity of Byer and Richland Furnace no trace of the Sharon coal was found, for the Logan sandstone rises close to the horizon of the Sciotoville clay.

Jackson Township, - In Jackson Township, although the Sharon coal is due on nearly all of the high hills and ridges in the township^ coal of workable thickness is found only in a few localities. In a part of the area it is entirely wanting, while in other parts it is represented by black, carbonaceous shale or thin, bony coals. In Section 36 the Quakertown coal is well developed, but the Sharon bed, where seen, is made up of dark, carbonaceous shales. The following section taken at the mine of Wm. McKinniss shows the relation observed:

There is a roll at this place in the conglomerate of about 25 feet, but the blossom of the coal was found at the highest part of this, the coal conforming to the irregularity of the surface of the conglomerate. On

Near the head of the hollow the horizon is represented by black shales. The interval from these to the Quakertown coal on the ridge to the west is approximately as given below: ^^ ^

In this locality also there is a disconformity below the coal. The Sharon coal was open on land of Reuben Meacham in Section 26. The following section gives the thickness reported: ^ ^

On land of Thomas Jones, in Section 34, the coal was opened at one time, but no measurements were obtained. There is a large area in Section 27 above this horizon, but at no place was the coal found in any thickness. The coal areas in sections 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, and 33 are confined to small tracts on the high ridges and knobs. No coal of any importance was found. The coal is present with variable thickness in a few localities on the main ridge in Section 21, west. It was worked in a small way for local use on land of James Bryan. The section obtained there is given below:

' The coal is wanting or confined to small areas on isolated knobs and ridges in sections 17, 18, 20, west, 19 and 20, easd/. In Section 21 the rocks exposed along the road that leads from Little Salt Creek to the hill east are as given below:

The Sharon coal was not found in Section 16. On land of John Temiant, in Section 22, the structure of the coal, with its associated rocks, is given in the following section:

In Section 15, on the property of A. A. Cooper, the impure deposit of Sharon coal was on the outcrop 1 foot 2 inches in thickness. The coal which lay close to the underlying conglomerate had a few feet of shale and a heavy sandstone for the roof. The following section

The Sharon conglomerate is wanting here and the coal horizon lies close to the sandstones of the Logan. The deposit has been opened at a few places in Section 23. A heavy blossom of the coal was seen below a massive sandstone on land of C. D. Harper. In the central part of the section under a thick sandstone, on land of J. M. Ray, the coal was fomid as follows:

The coal from this place dips rapidly to the north and the partings vary greatly in thickness. Just north of the above, C. D. Harper reports that he found 2 feet 4 inches of coal when digging his well. In the eastern part of the section, on land of J. M. Ray, coal is mined for local use. The structure of the deposit shown near the outcrop is given by the following record taken:

In Section 14, from surface exposures, the Sharon coal appears to be wanting in most places, and the conglomerate is also thin or wanting. The coal was not found in any considerable thickness in Section 24. Dark, carbonaceous shales, representing the horizon, were seen at a few places in Section 13. On land of Clinton Harper the following rocks were exposed:

In sections 1 and 12 both the Sharon coal and conglomerate ar3 seldom present. The horizon of the Sciotoville clay lies close to b'i3 Logan sandstones below. Along the road that leads from Ray to t'i3 ridge in the northern part of Section 12, several members or their equiv^jilents are represented. The section taken there follows:

Potisuille formation. Ft lo. Sandstone, highly cross-bedded, coarse-grained, with fine pebbles, red-colored. Same as seen at Richland Furnace,

The Sharon coal was not fomid in sections 3, 4, 9, and 10. In fact, both coal and conglomerate are largely wanting. In Section 8 about 23 feet of conglomerate was exposed on the high ridge in the southwestern part, but no coal was seen above it. Along the main ridge in Section 5 from 30 to 50 feet of conglomerate were found, but the coal, at least

The position of the Sharon coal is thus seen to be close above the Sharon conglomerate. It is laid down in irregular beds, which in a general way, conform to the uneven surface of the underlying conglomerate. This is especially noticeable north and west of Jackson where the coal follows the abrupt dip of the conglomerate which amounts to from 15 to 25 or more feet. In the southern part of the comity the bed is either wanting or occasionally represented only by thin coals or bony shales. This condition appears to be due to parts of the Sharon conglomerate existing at that time as a land mass from which the pebbles in strata above the horizon of the coal were derived, and to parts of the submerged region being under conditions unfavorable for the formation or preservation of thick coal deposits, but conducive to the deposition of bony shales with occasional thin bands of coal and of peculiar darkcolored clay. The deposit is of workable thickness only in local areas, which are confined principally to Lick, Liberty, southern Jackson, and Coal townships. The Sharon coal is normally from 30 to 50 feet below the Sciotoville clay, while the Quakerto^^^l coal is from 25 to 40 feet above this bed. Thus the two coal deposits are separated bj^ an average interval of from 70 to 90 feet, which is made up largely of sandstones and shales^ with the well-marked Sciotoville clay intervening. Consequently they cannot be one and the same deposit as claimed by some.

The Sharon coal, which is dry-burning and low in sulphur, was discovered during the active period of the charcoal iron industry; hence it was immediately used for the smelting of iron, and thus has been of great value in maintaining this industry, especially in the Jackson region where large quantities are still used by the three blast furnaces now in operation. This bed also supplies a part of the fuel used locally for steaming and domestic purposes. The amount shij^ped at present to outside markets is small, as only a few mines are o))erated for this purpose.

It is a hard, bright, lumpy coal, ^nth a more or less laminated structure, due mainly to very thin shaly partings. The sulphur averages low, seldom exceeding one per cent. It is a dry-burning, short-flamed coal with good heating value. The ash, usually white and non-clinkering, varies in amount from a few per cent to a high percentage, or, in fact, to the point where the material should not be classed as a coal, but as a carbonaceous shale. The moisture in the coal is high, which materially decreases its heating value. In the better grades of this coal the fixed carbon is high, exceeding that of the other main coals of the state, while the volatile matter is thus proportionately low.

The coal breaks down on weathering by partmg along the bedding planes, and consequently is npt well suited for long storage. The shipping qualities are good when freshly mined. All things considered it is as good as the other coals of the state. In Jackson County the Sharon coal has its maximum thickness and quality in the territory under Jackson, which at present is almost worked out. The quality of the Sharon coal is very good, as shown by the analyses given below; *Two samples of the coal have been analyzed by Professor Wormley. No. 1 was taken from the Fulton shaft and No. 2 from the Star shaft.

The coal from the mine of Charles Booth, just west of the corporation line, is of excellent quality, and is a fair representative of that taken originally from the basin directly under Jackson. It is used for steaming coal at the Jackson Light Plant and for local domestic purposes.

Mr. J. F. Morgan, secretary of the Jackson Iron & Steel Company, reports as follows concerning their mine and the quahty of the Sharon coal:

This coal is reached by a shaft about 60 feet deep. The equipment consists of a tip house, hoist engine, screens, boilers, pumps and cars for mule haidage. Circulation of air in the mine is produced by fans. The double entry system of nuning is used while the coal is mined by pick exclusively. The bed, known as the No. 1, varies in thickness from 2} to 4 feet. As a general thing the thinner the deposit the better the quality of the coal. The amount mined per year is about 24,000 tons, providing the furnace is in operation, as it is used exclusively for furnace purposes. The quality of the coal is excellent for smelting purposes, owing to its low sulphur content. The comparatively high ash is not detrimental for furnace work, as high silicon iron is made. The analyses given below show the range and average composition of the coal :

James B. Paine has lately (1913) opened a slope to the Sharon coal. Most of the output is used locally, but some is loaded for railroad shipment as the mine is located on the Detroit, Toledo & Ironton Railway. Concerning the mine Mr. Paine reports as follows:

The mine is equipped with boUer, engine, and drum for hoisting the coal, and pumpe for removing the water. The maximum thickness of the bed is 4 feet 2 inches -nd the minimum about 3 feet, with an average of close to 3 feet 6 inches. There is a lajrer of bone coal in the lower part of the stratum. The roof is a thick shale with sandstone above. The bed is rather irregular with a big dip just south of the opening. The analysis of the coal is as follows:

The number of men employed depends somewhat on the season of the year, but the average is about five. The coal is well liked for domestic and steaming purposes.

The coal we are mining is the No, 1 bed. Our syetem of mining is by double entry and by cutting with electrical machines. The main haul is done by electric locomotive, but the gathering is done by mule power. We produce on an average 200 tons lump coal per day. As our blast furnace was only in blast three months the amount mined last year was only 10,480 tons. All the lump coal mined by this company is used in our blast furnace for smelting purposes, and the fine coal is used for boiler purposes, both at the mines and at our blast furnace. On account of the coal being open biuning, non-cementing, and low in sulphur, we find it valuable for blast furnace purposes. In fact, it is the only coal that we know of in this state that can be used as such. The average analysis is approximately as follows:

In Jackson County the known area of the Sharon or No. 1 coal field, in which the deposit is of workable thickness or in which it may be present in workable thickness, approximates closely 25 square miles. Owing to wants, thin places, shaly conditions, and weathered outcrop, not to exceed 50 per cent of this is workable. Of this area that near Jackson and along the line of the Detroit, Toledo & Ironton Railway west of Jackson is rapidly nearing exhaustion. There are some ver>' good small areas yet in Liberty TowTiship, which will supply the future local demands for many years. Coal for railroad shipment is mined by the Sun Coal Mining Company, Wood Coal Company, and Armstrong Coal Company.

Sharon Iron Ore

The horizon of the Sharon iron ore is close above that of the Sharon coal. In some cases the ore lies directly on the coal, while at other places it may be 15 or 20 feet above. The member is very uncertain and is found only in a few localities in Jackson County. A9 a usual thing the ore is fossiliferous, which character is thus of some aid in the correlation of the members near the base of the Pottsville. In a local area, west of Jackson, a black band ore is found on this horizon. In Section 28, Liberty Township, at the Decatur No. 1 mine, on the N. B. Wood property, the section obtained shows this ore and the relation to the coal below. The record follows:

At the old Glen Nell mine, in Section 20, Washington Township, the Sharon ore lies close to the Sharon coal, as shown by the following section :

In some parts of the mine the ore is reported to lie on the coal while in other parts it is a foot or two above. It is also reported very uncertain. The relation of the ore to the coal below is shown in a section taken on land of J. L. Goodrich in Section 16, Washington Township. The section is given below :

The Sharon ore was found, along the road that leads from Ray to the ridge m the northern part of Section 12, Jackson Township. The ore and its relation to other members is shown in the following section:

The Sharon iron ore has been worked at only a few places in Jackson County. The old charcoal furnaces obtained small amounts of ore from this horizon, and the present furnaces have used some obtained as a secondary product from coal mines. The ore is low in iron, usually siliceous, and variable in composition. A partial analysis of the black band ore from the mines of the Star Furnace Company was furnished by Mr. H. L. Clay, and is as follows:

Tiio supply of these ores is limited, but small amounts may be obtained in the future in restricted areas as a secondary product from mining the vSharon coal.

Shale And Sandstone Above The Sharon Coal

Above the Sharon coal is a shale deposit, rich in fossils of coal formation plants, which evidently belongs to the same general time cycle rts the coal below. The line of contact with the materials above is \isually well marked, as this is either a massive sandstone, which in places is only a few feet above the coal, or a siliceous clay carrying a thin coal stain. The thickness of the deposit varies from 4 to as much as 30 feet, but the usual range is from 10 to 20 feet. It has a gray color due partially to organic matter, and a coarse texture compared to that of the ordinary shale. On exposure to the weather, it breaks down to a mud with medium plasticity. It is a siliceous shale, low in fluxes and from general appearance well adapted for the manufacture of ceramic products. No tests were made by the Survey, but the nature of the material suggests its fitness for the manufacture of paving brick or sewer pipe. No use has been made of this shale in Jackson County.

The massive sandstone, containing more or less quartz pebbles, found above the horizon of the Sharon coal in Pike County, and described in that report, is also prominently developed in Jackson County. In many localities the sandstone lies directly oh the coal, L e., it forms the roof of the bed, while in other localities the sandstone and coal are separated by shales, the thickness of which is quite variable, ranging from 1 foot to 20 or 30 feet. There is no well defined unconformity at the base of this sandstone. It does not gradate into shales in this region at least, but is often broken into layers with shales intervening. In some localities the sandstohe is wanting also, and in a general way the shales thicken in passing southeastward. The association and g(^neral structure of the deposits rather suggest that both materials were brought in by the same general currents, but that the shal( s were laid down in protected or quiet spots. Shifting of the line of current action would give the interbedding noticed in some localities. The large quartz pebbles may have been derived entirely or in part from land areas of Sharon conglomerate, for they are very similar to the pebbles in this member. There are other sandstones above this that are coarse-grained, and contain some fine pebbles, which would thus indicate a common origin. This sandstone may correlate with that of the Lower Connoquenessing of Pennsjdvania, since it has much the same general character and position. It has iio special economic value, but has been worked for sand at a few places.

Sciotoville Clay And Anthony Coal

The Sciotoville clay and Anthony coal are found above drainage in the western part of Jackson County, in a belt extending northward from the Scioto-Jackson line in Hamilton Township to the Jackson- Vinton line in Jackson and Washington townships. Neither the clay nor the coal is persistent, as many wants are found in the belt. Only small areas of high-grade flint clay are found on the Sciotoville horizon, and in a few places only is the Anthony coal of sufficient thickness or quality to be worthy of consideration.

The Anthony coal is found directly associated with the Sciotoville day. During the deposition of these members many local variations of level, or changes of conditions, took place, as will be noticed by an examination of the sections recorded. Thus, on account of the variable nature of the interval, it is hard to state definitely the position of the coal with reference to any particular bed on the clay horizon, as these change rapidly, and as the interval is often made up of a series of clays, very similar in appearance, separated by the coals or carbonaceous shales. In some cases the heaviest coal deposit lies directly on the flint clay; then again, it may be separated from this by several feet of plastic clay> or by a series of plastic clays, with thin coals or black shales intervening. In this bulletin the coal stratum d maximtun thickness, found on this general horizon, has been designated the Anthony coal, although that found in one locality may not have been laid down at exactly the same time as that found in another, but both were deposited during the Same general swamp conditions.

Hamilton Township. - The Sciotoville clay and Anthony coal extend across Hamilton Township, but the areas above drainage, in which the deposits have good thickness and quality, are somewhat local. High-grade flint clay is less common than the plastic clay. No information in regard to the extent of the beds below cover w^as obtained.

In Section 28, on the land of R. A. Dever, both the Anthony coal and underlying Sciotoville clay are found with good thickness. An entry has been driven into the hill and some coal mined. The mouth of the mine is just across the line in Scioto County, where the strata exposed are as follows* where the coal is thiiii but on the other side, where the coal is thick it is absent, or at least not exposed. On the land of F. M. Dever in the eastern part of Section 28, the deposit has been opened, and some flint clay, which is of good quality, mined for brick making. No section was obtained. In Section 27, at the Valley School, the Sciotoville clay has been mined on the land of Delmer Dever, while the Bear Run coal is worked on the hill north of this on the land of S. B. Gilliland. The clay mine has fallen, so no good exposure was obtained. The clay mined was a hard flint of good quality. A section taken here is as follows:

The Sciotoville clay and Anthony coal go under cover near the eastern line of Section 27. The Sciotoville clay is exposed in Section 21 near F. M. Dever's house, but no section was taken. It is a flint clay of good quality. In Section 14, on the land of Philip Meldick, the rocks exposed just south of the bridge that crosses Little Scioto River are as follows:

In the eastern part of Section 11, on the land of Vinton McCoy the Anthony coal has been mined in the bed of the stream just east of his house, and also in the bed of the small stream north of the house. The section east of the house is as follows:

This coal comes to the surface again farther up the creek on the land of J. W. Davis, in Section 12, where it has been benched in the bed of the stream. A measurement made on the lands of J. W. Davis and Hugh Gilliland is as follows:

In Section 16, on land of Philip Flaker, on Bucklick Creek, a series of plastic clays with intervening carbonaceous shales and thin coals is present, a section of which is given below:

The clay or coal on this horizon is found in several places farther up Bucklick Creek, but neither is of much value. In Section 4, near the cross-roads, on land of George W. Karn, the following section was taken:

In the southeast comer of Section 28, on land of Adam A. Gahm, the horizon is represented by carbonaceous shales and plastic clay. The sfjction taken follows:

In the northern part of the same section, on land of Harvey Gahm, the flint clay is exposed in the bed of a small stream. Mr. Gahm, who dug through the stratum, reports it to be as follows: and Eliza J. Pierce. East of this, on the land of Martin Wastier, the Jackson Sand Block ore has been worked. The section here, as near as could be obtained, is as given below:

These members are also present just west of Petersburg, but are of no importance. Near the head of Sugarcamp Creek, south of the Fairview School, the upper part of this horizon was noted in the bed of the stream on land of Fred Yingler. A section taken from here to the school is as follows:

In sections 9 and 16, on the isolated knob west of Wm. B. Pratt's house, high-grade flint clay occurs at this horizon on lands of Mr. Pratt and Fred Flaker. The clay bed was not exposed. A section is given below:

In the northwest cprner of Section 6, on the Robert Lamb property, high-grade flint clay occurs at this horizon. Measurements made on this farm follow:

In Section 6, Scioto Township, on land of Joseph West, high-grade flint clay was exposed at the surface on the knob near Mountain Ridge Cemettry. Below this the Sharon coal has been opened, but here it is very bony, while to the west, on the Lamb property, it is of good quaUty. The coal lies on the Sharon conglomerate, which to the west or south is found very massive and pebbly. The section measured follows :

South of this, in Section 5, on the land of J. T. Rhea, excellent quality of flint clay was seen on the outcrop, but its relation to other members could not be determined, as the rocks were largely covered. The Same quality of clay was also observed on land of Margaret Moles in S( ction 8.

found only in Section 14, but plastic clay was noted at several places in the eastern part of the area. A few sections of the rocks will be given in order to show the general relations of these beds to other well recognized strata. On land of Martha Lake, Section 23, Liberty Township, the following rocks were exposed along the roadside:

In Section 14, on the property of Simon David, a flint clay of good quality was exposed on the outcrop. From general appearance it is the Scioto ville clay. The section follows:

Lick Township. - On a branch of Buffalo Skull Creek, near the crossing of the Jackson and Chillicothe road, a section was taken on the land of Charles Walden, Section 18, Lick Township. It is as follows^ :

Coal Township. - In Coal Township the Sciotoville clay and Anthony coal are best represented in the southwestern part in sections 6 and 7. The horizon is above drainage along the valley of Pigeon Creek in the northwestern, part also, but the members are seldom present. In Section 7, on land of Arthur Howe, the Sciotoville clay, part flint of good quality, the Quakertown coal, and black shale on the Sharon coal horizon are found. The section measured here is as given below:

On the Charles McKinniss land, in Section 6, the clay is exposed by the side of the road near the foot of the hill. The section exposed is as follows: '

Jackson Township. - ^The only locality in Jackson Township where the Sciotoville clay and the Anthony coal show normal development is along Pigeon Creek, in the vicinity of the village of Ray. In local areas here the clay is of good thickness and quality, while the coal has sufficient volume to be mined for local use. Along the road that leads

Mr. Harf>''r nports that the overlN-ing sandstone replaces the coal, and that the bed is not regular. North of this, in Section 2, on the land of Amos Linton, the roeks exjx^se^l were as follows:

Jackson Ootjmtt 85

In Section 2, Jackson Township, on the land of A. Speakman, the Anthony coal has also been opened and worked in a small way. The coal was not seen when the region was visited, but it is reported to be 1 foot 8 inches in thickness. The section obtained is as follows:

In Section 1, north of Pigeon Creek, on land of the Chillicothe Brick & Coal Company, the Sciotoville clay has been mined for shipment. The clay is of good quality, but the bed was reported to be uncertain. In this region the Anthony coal, which thickens in places to as much as I foot 8 inches, has been mined for local use. The structure of the clay deposit reported is as follows:

The flint clay in this locality lies in pockets, which are quite local. About 100 feet west of the clay mine the structure of the deposit observed in an old opening is as follows:

The Sciotoville clay was formerly mined on the Richland Furnace land in Section 4, Richland Township, Vinton County. The record obtained here will also be given:

The Sciotoville clay was found at two places in Vinton County north of Richland Furnace and is thus shown to extend across Jackson County, entering from Scioto to the south and passing into Vinton to the north. It is not persistent, as in many places it is wanting, being replaced usually by heavy sandstones. The variability of the structure of the deposit is also pronounced. In some places it is made up of a number of strata of clays varying in quality and texture, while at other places it may be represented by a single stratum. In Jackson County only small areas of the hard flint clay, characteristic of the deposit in Scioto are found, but in these the clay is generally of excellent quality. The strata of plastic clay vary in thickness from place to place, and the clays vary in quality, from the impure, irony "pink eye" and siliceous types to the light pure grades.

The Anthony coal associated with the Sciotoville clay is thus found to be thin or shaly, except in a few small local areas where it reaches some thickness and a high state of purity. Coal on this horizon is as constant as the clay below. The irregularity in the structure of these members can be accounted for only by a succession of local changes in the swamp conditions during the period of depositioin. A study of the recorded sections suggests that a mere shifting or a slight changing of conditions only is necessary for the deposition of clay in one case or coal in another.

Th(» value of this clay for the manufacture of high-grade refractory wan* has been treated in the report on Scioto County, where this deposit forms the basis of the long established and prosperous fire brick industry. Tlie high-grade flint clay of this member in Jackson County is rcHiric^tcd to comparatively small isolated pockets, which should bi' thoroughly prospected by the drill before the establishment of brick works. Counting 60 ])er cent available in mining, one acre of clay when* tin* clrf)()Hit averages 3 feet in thickness "will mine a little more th/in 0,()(K) toJiH. It takes 4 tons of clay to make 1,000 brick, so a j)I/int with a diiily capacity of 15,000, running 300 days per year, will rrqiiin* about 1S,0(K) tons of clay, or the clay from 3 acres of land, and for a 20 years' run the actual acreage of good clay 3 feet thick should be at least 60. From the exposures noted the most promising fields are in the southern part of Scioto Township and in the southwestern part of Coal.

The amoimt of plastic clay on this horizon greatly exceeds that of the flint, as the beds are usually much thicker and far more persistent, but for high-grade refractory ware the soft clays are inferior to the hard flints. These highly aluminous plastic clays may be utilized in the manufacture of a special grade of metallurgical ware, in which great density and resistance to the action of slags or gases, and in which only moderate refractoriness are required. The best of these plastic clays, often as low in fluxes as the flints, withstand safely a temperature of 3,000° F. before fusion, but vitrification sets in much earlier.

Buff and iron mottled building brick, very durable and attractive, are easily made from these plastic clays. When burned at moderate temperatures, the clay, on account of the high alumina vnth the small amount of iron oxides, goes to a bright golden buff, and when burned harder it changes to the brownish tint and then to the iron mottled shades. The ''pink eye" clays, or those with the high iron content, under hard firing, give blacks, but when diluted with other clays they give the large black blotches on a lighter background which is quite pleasing to the eye. These clays, especially where part of the deposit is semiflint, are well fitted for the manufacture of the highest grades of building brick. Under these conditions the working qualities are very good throughout the whole operation, and the ware is dried and burned safely with only a small loss.

The problem of winning the material is that of mining by drifting, but the conditions usually are good, as the roof materials are either tough shales or sandstones. Owing to the character of the material and the thickness of the deposits clay is mined much cheaper than coal. Ordinarily the cost runs between,25 and 50 cents per ton.

The quality of the Sciotoville clay'in Jackson County is shown by the following tests. An analysis of the McKinniss fire clay is first given:*

The above are analyses of flint clays, and compare favorably with those from this horizon in Scioto County, or near Olive Hill, Kentucky. The total fluxing components are under 5 per cent, and the silica-alumina ratio indicates high refractoriness. They are hard flint clays, similar in every respect to the typical clay in the Sciotoville region.

These beds in Jackson County have scarcely been touched. Near the Valley School, in Section 27, Hamilton Township, a small amount of clay was mined by benching and drifting, and was hauled by wagon to a brick plant at South Webster, in Scioto County. A few cars of clay were mined by stripping on the Flaker and Pratt properties in sections 9 and 16, Scioto Township. This was shipped to the brick works at Sciotoville, along with a small amount taken from the Lamb property in Section 6. The clay on the Howe land, Section 7, Coal Township, has been worked along the outcrop on the point of the hill. The deposits near Ray, in Section 1, Jackson Township, were worked in a small way also.

Future prospecting may show several fields in Jackson County where the clay has good volume and quality, and where the acreage is amply sufficient to warrant the establishment of brick plants. The proximate relations of coal and clay in this region are favorable conditions for manufacture. These clay deposits are worthy of careful examination and testing.

In Jackson County the Anthony coal is of more interest for its stratigraphic relation than for its economic value, as it adds but Uttle to the mineral wealth of the county. The best value is obtained when the Sciotoville clay below is of good quality, and both may be mined from the same entry. At only a few places is the bed of sufficient thickness to be mined, and at these it exists as local pockets of limited ' areas. At present it furnishes a small amount of house coal, dug usually by benching in the beds ot the streams, or along their banks where the cover is shallow. In quality it varies from very pure coal to bone coal and to carbonaceous shales.

In Section 28, Hamilton Township, on land of R. A. Dever, the deposit is 3 feet thick, and has been mined from a short entry, but only a small amount of coal was removed. It has been benched from the bed of the creek on land of Vinton McCoy, in Section 11, and on that of J. M. Davis, in Section 12. Here the bed varies from 1 to 3 feet in thickness and the coal is of good quality. Near the McCoy Church it has been worked also, but the stratum is only 11 inches in thickness. In Section 4, on George W. Kam's land, the bed is divided into two benches, with a total thickness of 20 inches. This has been worked for local use. North of this, on Sugarcamp Creek, the deposit is represented by carbonaceous shales with thin coal bands. The next place of any considerable thickness is in Section 7, Coal Township, on the Samuel Anthony land. The thickness reported is 3 feet 6 inches, while that on the McKinniss land, in Section 6, is about 3 feet. It has been mined in a small way for local use in Sections 1, 2, and 12, Jackson Township.

Guinea Fowl Qbe

The Guinea Fowl ore is found on the same general horizon as the Sciotoville clay and Anthony coal, and the sections showing the relation of these members give the position of the ore, hence they will not be repeated here. The ore lies either directly or only a few feet above these members, and is only moderately persistent, as many wants are noted. In thickness it varies from a few inches to 2 or 3 feet, but averages 6 or 8 inches. Under heavy cover the iron is in the form of the carbonate, while along the outcrop or under shallow cover this has weathered to the hydrated oxides. The general characteristic of the ore is the high content of phosphoric acid and silica. In some samples the latter, in the form of quartz sand or quartz pebbles, or both, makes up a large part of the total volume. The composition, size and shape of the pebbles suggest that they were derived from the Sharon conglomerate, parts of which existed as land masses during the period of deposition of the ore. On account of its lean^ siliceous nature^ the ore was used but little by the charcoal furnaces. Compared to the high-grade Lake ores its value is low, but it may be used to some advantage where special grades of high phosphorus iron are desired.

In northwestern Scioto and southwestern Liberty townships, in some localities, there is a sandstone which is quite poor, varying in thickness from 10 to 30 feet, and occurring near the horizon of the Sciotoville clay. It is light colored, except where stained with iron oxides from surface weathering, and quite free from clay, mica, or other impurities. It is usually fine-grained. The quality approaches that of glass sand, and in the futiu-e the deposit may have some value.

The maximum development of the now known Ohio deposits of Quakertown coal is in Jackson County, where it has been worked since 1872. This bed has proved to be one of the county's most valuable assets, adding much to the wealth and activity of the region. The original field is largely worked out, but the production at present is of importance as the coal is of excellent quality, and thus commands the highest market prices. The area of the field is much larger than that of the Sharon, and the deposit is more regular and persistent. It is foimd at its best near Wellston and Coalton, where the stratum often reaches a thickness of 4 feet. This coal, free burning and low in ash^ is quite generally recognized as superior for domestic purposes to any other found in this state.

The Quakertown coal lies from 80 to 100 feet above the Sharon coal, while the average interval separating the two is about 90 feet. Its position above the Sciotoville clay is from 30 to 50 feet, with an average of about 40 feet. The interval from the Quakertown to the Bear Rim coal above is from 20 to 30 feet, and to the Lower Mercer limestone almost 102 feet. When the full thickness of the Sharon conglomerate is considered, the Quakertown coal lies near the middle of the Pottsville formation.

The area of the known workable field of Quakertown coal in Jackson Coimty approximates closely 40 square miles. In Lick Township the Quakertown coal is found near the summits of the highest knobs in the western part of Section 18. It extends eastward through sections 17, 16, and the parts of 21, and 15 north of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad. The coal, thin and bony, goes under cover near Young America Furnace, where it is present in the bed of the stream^

In Liberty Township the most western exposures noted are just west of the old Pine School, in Section 11, and north of this in Section 2. At these places the horizon of the coal is near the summits of the highest knobs, at an altitude of about 880 feet. The bed is also exposed at a number of places in sections 1 and 12. In Jackson Township the Quakertown coal was not found west of the deposit exposed near Canter's Caves, in sections 25 and 36. The deposits in this locality are from 860 to 900 feet above sea, and confined to the high knobs and ridges. From here the Quakertown coal extends eastward across Coal Township to Milton. It goes below drainage in the hollow east of Davisville, west of Altoona, in Section 34, and in the southwest part of Section 27. In Washington Township it is wanting or very thin west of Pigeon Creek, while east of this it is also poorly represented. On Glen Nell, at an elevation of about 780 feet, the coal is somewhat thinned and broken by the heavy overlying sandstone. Near the head of the hollow, east of Primrose School, in Section 16, the blossom exposed indicates a thin, bony bed, while along the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad, in sections 10 and 15, thfe stratum is generally thin and uncertain, although it has been mined at a few places. On Sand Run, on the land of S. H. Ogier, it is found just above drainage, but was not observed east of this. In Milton Township the coal is reached by shafting only. In the old Marietta River Valley, near Wellston, the rock cover, excepting the fluvial deposits, is quite thin, but going eastward the dip of the strata soon carries the coal far below drainage. The existing workable area, from the present information obtained by drill records, is confined to the northern half of the township, and in a part of this the coal is unstead3^

The Quakertown coal is due above drainage in southern Lick, eastern Scioto, western Franklin, and eastern Hamilton townships, but here it is either completely wanting or represented only by a few inches of coal or bony shales.

The structure and regularity of a coal bed, the character of the roof and floor, and the utility of the associated materials, are all important in determining the value of a deposit. The Quakertown or Jackson Hill coal, in the main part of the field, is made up of a solid bench with no partings, but near the edge of the field the structure and character change. In the productive area the thickness of the stratum is quite regular. It is subject to local variations where rolls or arches in the floor are encountered, but no wants are found. The roof of the bed is tough shale, except in a few localities where this is replaced by sandstones, and the floor material is either a siliceous clay or a clay-bond sandstone. The associated materials have no exceptional value. The general relation of the Quakertown coal to other important members has been outlined above, but a more detailed report of the interval will be shown by numerous sections taken throughout the area.

Lick Township - In Section 18, Lick Township, on the property of David Nicholls, the Quakertown coal has been mined near the summit of the hill, and the Sharon just below his house. The following section shows the various strata exposed for measiurement:

In the same section, east of the above, a small area of Quakertown coal has been mined on the land of C. Mapes, where the bed is 2 feet 6 inches thick. In the northern part of the section, on the property of John M. Simpson, the following rocks were observed :

On a branch of Buffalo Skull Creek, Section 18, near the crossing of the Jackson and Chillicothe road, on land of Charles Walden, the strata were measured by Professor E. B. Andrews, and reportedfas follows:"

On the property of Mrs. J. G. McKittrick, in Section 17, the Quakertown coal has been mined on the hill north of the house, and a blossom^ of what apparently represents the Sharon coal, is present on the road level near the house. Just north of this, on the property of Jonathan Cahorn, the Quakertown coal measured 2 feet 5 inches.

South of the above, and east of the main ridge, on the Simon L. David property, in Section 21, the Quakertown coal, only one foot in thickness, and the Bear Run coal were both exposed in the same hollow. The section recorded follows:

In Lick Township, south of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad, the Quakertown coal disappears completely, or thins to a stain, but the Bear Run coal, with the black band ore and bone shale, is present in several localities. North of Young America Furnace, in Section 15, the Quakertown coal was seen in the bed of the stream near the residence of Mrs. J. Butts, and the Bear Run coal on the hill about 20 feet above. The Bear Run coal was also uncovered at several places farther up the stream. . A composite section here is as follows:

The Quakertown coal is due in the comer of Lick Township southwest of Jackson, and what appears to mark its horizon is a thin layer of bone shales, with some cannel coal in places. A section taken just east of the furnace, on lands of the Jackson Iron & Steel Company and of Charles Rav, in Section 30, is as given below:

In the eastern part of the same section, on land of J. J. McClung, the Bear Run coal has been mined in a small way, while the blossom of the Quakertown is seen in the hollow to the south. The section taken is as given below:

This cannel coal goes under cover near the southern boundary of the township, but the Bear Run and Vandusen coals above are found in a number of localities. No section was obtained, however, showing the three coals in the same interval.

Scioto Township. - In Scioto To\vTiship the Quakertown coal, represented by a few inches of a bony cannel coal, was observed 'at a few points. On the property of T. A. Henderson, in Section 1, the rocks exposed are recorded below:

The blossom of coal on this horizon was seen in a few other localities in Scioto Township, but nowhere was the deposit found to have any considerable thickness. In Hamilton Township also, only thin .^stains representing the Quakertown coal were observed, while in much [ofj^the territory even these are wanting. iJ!^

Liberty Township. - In Liberty Township the Quakertown coal is found in good thickness near the summits of the high hills and ridges in the northeastern part. In Section 13, on the land of Louis Ray, both the Quakertown and Sharon coals have been mined, and the Sciotoville clay, lying close above the Sharon coal, is also found. A section measured here follows:

On the land of Elmer Richard, in Section 12, the blossoms of both the Quakertown and Sharon coals were exposed with thicknesses of 3 and 2 feet respectively, and are separated by an interval of 70 feet. Along the ridge in the northwestern part of this section Quakertown coal is mined for local use. On the farm of Alfred Poe it measured 3 feet 4i inches in thickness. The Quakertown coal is also mined on land of Samuel Montgomery, in Section 11, for a local supply. The coal is of excellent quality, and .Mr. Moi;itgomery reports that the stratimi in this locality measures from 2 feet 6 inches to 2 feet 8 inches, but in places thickens to nearly 4 feet. The blossom of the Quakertown coal was uncovered in the road near the old Pine School, and below, on land of W. B. Ste£Fy, the bony blossom of the Sharon coal, lying on the massive conglomerate, was exposed in the bed of a small stream. The section measured gave the following relations:

Oeolooy Op Southern Ohio

In Section 1, on the property of James Wilson, the Quakertown coal is mined for local use, and measured 3 feet 1 inch. In the same section, east of Little Salt Creek, the Quakertown coal is present on the main ridges, but no good exposures were found.

Jackson Township. - In Jackson Township the Quakertown coal is confined principally to the high ridges and hills in sections 25 and 36. The deposit in this locality has good thickness and the coal is of excellent quality. In Section 36, on land of William McKinniss, coal is mined for local use. The record obtained here shows the following rocks:

In Section 25, on land of John Spanover, the blossom of the Quakertown coal, and an ore that occurs frequently above the coal horizon, were exposed along the road. The measurements of the rocks follow:

On the knob north of Canter's Caves, on land of Lawrence Harris, the Quakerto\^^^ coal has been opened. This is the most western exposure found in southern Jackson Township, and the coal, where observed, was 1 foot thick. This bed has been mined for local use on the farm of W. A. Johnson, but the thickness was not determined. The section given below was measured from an exposure of Quakertown coal on land of C. W. Haslett, to the hollow east:

North of this there are a few knobs and ridges, whose elevations are such that the horizon is due on them, but the Quakertown coal is either very thin, or replaced by the heavy coarse-grained sandstone, for no coal of any considerable thickness was found. The heavy sandstone present on these ridges is the same as that seen at Richland Furnace.

Washington Township. - ^The Quakertown coal is unsteady in Washington Township, for in only a small part of the territory the stratum is represented by coal of minable thickness. In some localities it is entirely replaced by heavy sandstones, and in others it is made up of bone shales with thin coal bands. The tracing of the Quakertown coal, and various other members, from the Coalton field north to the coal bed found near the level of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad, in sections 10 and 15, and from this point southeast to the Quakertown coal in the Wellston field, shows that the deposit in sections 10 and 15 is on the same stratigraphic level as that of the Quakertown coal in the Wellston and Coalton fields, and that it is evidently correlative^ as it bears also the same general relations to various other members as does that of the known Quakertown. In the locality specified above, the average of six measurements from the coal to the Lower Mercer ore gives an interval of 103 feet, while the average for all the measurements taken in the entire Quakertown field gives an interval of 102 feet from the known Quakertown coal to the Lower Mercer ore or limestone. As near as could be determined the horizon of this coal bed is about 30 feet above the Sciotoville clay deposits seen north of Richland Furnace, and this position also identifies it as Quakertown coal. At Glen Nell, in sections 20 and 21, both the Sharon and Quakertown coals have been mined. A composite section taken from here to the summit of the hill near the Town House, where the Black Flint outcrops, covers nearly the entire Pottsville formation. The section given below shows the members exposed and the measurements recorded:

Geology Of Southern Ohio

In Section 16, near the Primrose School, Sharon coal is mined inja small way for local use. Along the road that leads to the ridge east of this a blossom of coal is exposed near the foot of the hill which corre« lates as Quakertown. The composite section obtained here, and given below, shows much the same relations as that taken at Glen Nell:

Near the level of the railroad track in Section 15, on the land of W. W. Manning, the coal has been opened, and a small quantitj'^ of fuel mined. A composite section taken on land of W. M. Walbum, in Section 10, shows the following relations: p^ j^

On land of W. W. Manning, this coal, and also the Lower Mercer, have been mined for local use. The carefully taken section here shows the following members which were exposed, and the intervals separating them:

On land of S. H. Ogier, in Section 14, the Quakertown coal has been opened just above the level of Sand Run, and is reported by Mr. Ogier to have a thickness from 2 feet 2 inches to 2 feet 4 inches. A section taken there follows: p^ j^

A section taken from the Superior Coal Company's Mine No. 2, to the summit of the knob on land of E. C. Wallace, shows a number of important members above the Quakertown coal. The section obtained is recorded below: p^ j^

In Section 24, on land of Clyde Foster, the Quakertown coal was formerly mined by shaft, and the Lower Mercer coal has been opened on the hill above.

Coal Township. - In Jackson County the Quakertown coal has its maximum development in Coal and western Milton townships. This area has been the center of mining activity for about 40 years, and, although the best of the field is practically exhausted, the bed is yet an important asset to the region, as it yields a good supply of most excellent fuel. In Coal Township the stratum has good thickness and continuity, and extends over practically the whole area.

In Section 7, near Bierlytown, on the Arthur Howe property, the Quakertown coal, found near the summit of the hill, and the Sciotoville clay, of good quality, about 45 feet below, have both been mined. Below the latter, black shales on the Sharon coal horizon have been prospected. A section taken here follows:

On the Charles McKinniss land, in Section 6, the Quakertown and Anthony coals have been mined, and the Sciotoville clay, very flinty, and of good quality, was exposed in the road near where it crosses the stream. A section here is as given below:

In Section 31, on the land of Gilbert Lucas, the Quakertown coal has been opened, and is reported to be from 2 feet 6 inches to 2 feet & inches in thickness. Along this ridge, on lands of the abpve meij^tione^i party and C. W. Haslett, there is a small area of imworked coal, which, from surface indications, and reported results of prospecting, has good thickness and value. In Section 30 the QuakertoAvn coal is thin or wanting. In the northern part of Section 29 the stratum is thin and imsteady. Jacob Sells operates a wagon mine on his property in Section 32. He reports the bed in the territory now worked to vary in thickness from 2 feet 5 inches to 3 feet 2 inches, and to average 2 feet 8 inches. . The coal here is i>f excellent quality. The Lower Mercer limestone is found on the summit of the high hill west of his residence, and the interval to the coal somewhat above the average, is 127 feet.

On the Sells property, on the hill south of the pike, he reports that in a part of the area cannel coal makes up the upper part of the stratum, and locally the entire bed is cannel coal of superior quality, which in some places has a thickness of 4 feet. This at present is exhausted, as the deposit was local, not carrying in force even to the adjacent properties. In the same section south of this, at the railroad mine of the T. J. Evans Coal Company, the stratum is reported in places to be very thin, while in other parts of the mine it thickens to 3 feet. In Section 8, at the mine of the Jackson Hill Coal Company, the interval from the coal to the Lower Mercer limestone on the knob north is 115 feet by aneroid measurement.

In Section 4 most of the coal area is practically exhausted, but small amounts are yet mined for local use. On land of Samuel Richard the coal measured 2 feet 11 inches, which is about the general thickness of the Quakertown bed found in the large mines formerly operated in the region. The field near Coalton formerly yielded a large supply of coal, but the quantity produced at present is small. In Section 33, on land of John F. Shook, the section obtained and given below shows the interval from the Quakertown coal to the Lower Mercer limestone:

A small wagon mine is operated on land of W. R. Hamilton, in Section 28, where the coal measured 2 feet 6 inches in thickness. The stratum is reported to vary from 1 foot 8 inches to 2 feet 8 inches. North of this, at the mine of the Buckeye Coal Company, which is nearing exhaustion, the coal measured 2 feet 6 inches. The coal in this locality is reported to vary from 2 to 3 feet, but to average about 2 feet 6 inches. The heavy sandstone above forms the roof of the mine in places. Along the road in the western part of Section 27 this sandstone was found lying close above the coal, and in local areas replacing it. The disdonforqiiity notbd at the base of this sandstone seems to account for the unsteadiness of the coal northward, as the deposit is wanting, thin, or broken into benches, with irregular sandstone partings. In Section 34 a few mines are yet operated, but the main body of coal is exhausted. Here the continuity and thickness of the bed are very good, as they are also to the south in Section 3.

The Quakertown and Bear Run coals were seen on the property of M. H. Harrison, in Section 8, Coal Township, where both have been mined. The relation is as given below:

The coal in the Chapman mine measured from 2 feet 6 inches to 3 feet 4 inches. In the Glenroy area the Quakertown coal has an average thickness of 3 feet 4 inches, with a max mum of 4 feet and a minimum of 2 feet 6 inches.

In the southeastern part of the sect'on the coal thins and becomes bony, while south of this, in Lick Township, it disappears completely. A composite section, taken along the road from near Young America FiuTiace, north to the summit of the hill near the house of R. L. Channell, in Section 10, shows the following members and the condition of the Quakertown coal:

In the southern parts of sections 11 and 12 the Quakertown coal is reported thin and bony, while in sections 1 and 2 the available supply is not large. In sections 35 and 36 the bed is reported to have excellent thickness, but at present the mines are worked out. In Section 26 the Superior Colliery Company still operates its No. 3 mine, but the future supply is relatively small. At present there is one railroad mine which still has a small undeveloped territory in Section 25.

Milton Township. - From Coal Township the Quakertown coal extends eastward into Milton, and in fact it is reported that the best of the entire field in Jackson County was that 4)art originally worked in the vicinity of Wellston, where the bed has a regular thickness of about 4 feet. The coal in this area has excellent quality, and is now exhausted, except small blocks left in the old mines where the cover is shallow, or the dip such as to cause trouble from water. As the Quakertown coal extends eastward from Wellston, there is a general gradual thiiming of the stratum, but no drill records defining the eastern border of the field were obtained. From reports, the southern extension of thick coal is within the northern half of the township. Future drill work may locate other small areas in the eastern part of the county. The Brown Coal Comptoy operates a small railroad mine n©rth of Wellston, in Section 31, Milton Township, but no record of the strata was obtained. In sections 6 and 7, the bed is pro-ctically exhausted, and the mines abandoned. The Domestic Coal Company operates a mine in Section 32, north, where the following measurements were obtained:

The thickness of the coal is reported to vary from 2 feet 6 inches to 3 feet 10 inches. At the mine of the Wellston Colliery Company, in Section 5, the average thickness of the bed is 2 feet 6 inches. The coaJ in this mine is reported to vary in thickness from 1 foot 10 inches to 3 feet. The quality of the fuel is very good. In Section 8 good blocks of coal, which were left by the unsystematic way in which the mines were formerly operated, are reported to be present, while in sections 17 and 18 some imdeveloped territory is found. A drill test made in the eastern part of Section 18 by the Superior Colliery Company shows that the Quakertown coal has good volume in this locality, as it is 3 feet 2 inches thick. In Section 33 a composite section, taken from the No. 12 mine of the Superior Colliery Company, to the hill west, and given below, shows the most important members from the Lower Kittanning to the Quakertown coal:

Geolxxiv Op Soutuern Ohio

Mr. Richard Samuel, Jr., reports the coal in the Wainright mine of the Maynard Coal Company to vary in thickness from 1 foot 8 inches to 3 feet 8 inches, but to average 2 feet 2 inches. The quality of the coal here is very good, and the stratum is quite free from bone or shaly partings. South of the above, in Section 9, at the No. 9 mine of the Superior Colliery Company, the measurements obtained are given below:

The bed in this mine is reported to vary in thickness from 1 foot 10 inches to 4 feet, but to average about 2 feet 6 inches. There are local rises or rolls in the floor of the mine, upon the summits of which the coal thins. The mine of the Elk Fork Coal Company, in Section 3,

In this locality the thickness of the coal is quite constant, varying only from 2 feet 2 inches to 2 feet 4 inches, and the quality is excellent. South of this, m Section 10, the Quakertown coal is also present in good volume, as the drill record furnished by the Superior Colliery Company shows 3 feet of good coal, underlain by 1 foot of bone coal. A record also furnished by the Superior Colliery Company shows the general condition of the Quakertown coal in Section 13. The driller's log follows:

Terms in brackets were supplied by the writer. Near the head of Rich Run, in Section 12, a shaft was sunk for the Quakertown coal, but no records or information concerning it were

T\iH Qfiakcrtown coal is an asset of importance to Jackson County, Vjt xL*: \}f'd haM yielded during more than 40 years of mining, a greater r»rr*rTi'i*; than any othcT member, far surpassing that of the Sharon f:f/iid, iuj rirrarest rival. Wellston, Coalton, and the villages adjacent, ow*: thijr ri*yf to the* Quakerto\\Ti coal, which has also been an imly/rtjxiii tfU'Xor in tlie development of Jackson. Although the best '/ tfj: fif'ltl in praciirally exhausted the knowTi area of thin coal, averagjx-lf )f^^.x%t'U 2 and 3 feet, is at least 10 square miles, and future drill work may exUmd this ar(»a, or reveal outlying pockets. The average V.i/khfM of the h<*d in tli(» six mines now operating east of Wellston » 2 f':':t 0 .ijchrs.

'J tut (^uakiTtown bed, although it may be thin, has several features iri;i/:h aid eonhidcrahly in its mining. The stratum is, with few excepiujsthf itU'iiU coal, i. <»., it is seldom broken by bony or shaly partings, 9uA t'Vi^u wlK-re these an; present tliey lie either on the top or the bottom f/f the iU'inmii, ho they may be separated without difficulty. Sulphur #»jjcrKions or bands are not common. Owijig to these features the UiiuiA f'j}iil in clean and bright, and thus it goes into the market in good i'^ju<iiiuni. The rr^of material is usually a thick tough shale, although in a few localities it is sandHtone. This shale forms a safe roof, and allows a high percentage; of the total coal to l)e mined. The mines are seldom troubhfil with draw slate or horsebacks, but rolls or local dips are occasionally encounterc^d. The floor material is a rather hard siliceous clay, which makers a good footing for posts and pillars, and does not work up itimly into plastic mud along the haulways. No tests were made of this clay, l>ut from general appearance it is fitted for light and buff building brick. Where the coal is thin about 2 or 3 feet of this clay is removed from the main haulwaj's, and it may be used with some economy for c(Tamic products, for at present the cost of mining it is a direct loss. The high quality of the coal, the freedom from partings, and the character of the roof and floor, enable the Quakertown bed to be mined at a low cost, even where the stratum is thin.

In general, the mines at present are worked by the single entry system, and the rooms turned from the cross entries. Induced circulation of air is produced by fans. The coal is cut both by hand and machines, but in most of the larger mines the latter method is used. The electric machines in general use are Jeffery, Morgan-Gardner, and Goodman. The coal is gathered by mule power, except in the mine of the Elk Fork Coal Company, where storage battery motors are used very successfully. This motor, designed and patented by C. K. Davis, does away entirely with mule power, and is constructed to gather coal in low workings. The mine foreman reports that the motor is very reliable, and able to do a large amount of work at a low cost per ton of coal. In all the large mines the main haulage is by motors; the t3i)es in general use are JefiFrey, Morgan-Gardner, and Westinghouse, The railroad mines in operation in 1914 were as follows:

A brief description of some of the mines in the region follows: The T. J. Evans Coal Company operates a level-free mine about one mile west of Coalton. About 25 men are employed, and the output is about 70 tons per day. The coal is hauled by mule power, but the pumps and fans are operated by steam. They are driving their main entries westward into new territory. In this region coal is also hauled to the cars by wagon from the Jacob Sells and other small mines. The Buckeye mine of the Emma Coal Company, located in Section 28, Coal Township, is nearing exhaustion. It is a level-free mine, using mule power for hauling the coal, and steam only for running the fans and pumps.

Between Coalton and Jackson tliere are several mines still in operation, some of which have imdeveloped territory, while others are only drawing pillars in old workings. The Emma Coal Company is drawing pillars from its Jackson Hill mine in Section 8. The Price jnine kjH W. A. Gosline & Company, in the same Bection south of this, is praMrticalhr abandoned. The Grace and Hurd Shaft mines, in Section 10, are working mainl}' in old territory, but report large blocks of unworked coal. The level-free Chapman mines, in Section 9, report some UBWoriced territory. The Armstrong Mid Crescent mines, in Sf^ion 10, Lick Township, have undeveloped territory, but the coal is somewhat bony.

The coal in the mines east of Coalton and near Glenroy, although they are located in worked territorj', is not yet exhausted. Owing to the uns3'stematic way in which the field was originally mined large quantities of coal are available from the old works and from isolated blocks of solid coal which were left for various reasons. The annual tonnage of the Twin-Ada mine, which is located in the heart of th(» original Quakertown field in Jackson County, 18 about 10,000 tons. The fuel is of exceptional purity, and the b(»d has an average thickness of 3 feet 4 inches. This company reports that it has yet a solid block of coal with an area of 25 acres, In sides heavy pillar coal in many acres of old works. The No. 4 mine of the Superior Collier>' Companj^, located in Section 1, Coal To^viiship, has good areas of undeveloped territory in sight, and many pillars in the old part of the mine which will also furnish large quantities of fuel. The mine, which is a shaft 96 feet in depth, has a daily capacity of 200 tons, and is situated on the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Railway. The coal bed is from 2 to 4 feet in thickness, but it has an average measurement of about 3 feet.

West of Wellston two railroad mines are in operation. The No. 3 mine of the Superior Colliery Company, in Section 26, Coal Township, has a daily capacity of 200 tons. The coal varies from 2 to 4 feet in thickness. The best of this field is largely exhausted. Both mines are reported to ha\x are^is of thin coal which will last for several years.

The main body of Quakertown coal at present lies east of Wellston. -The BrowTi Brothers operate a small shaft mine just north of the town, but the area is small and the coal thin. In Section 32, Milton Township, the Domestic Coal Company operates a shaft mine connected by switch to the Detroit, Toledo & Ironton Railway. The mine is equipped with modern mining machinery', and has a capacity of 300 tons per day. They report 60 acres of unworked territory ahead, and the present workings are not yet exhausted. The bed in this locality has good thickness, and the coal excellent quality. The mine of the Wellston Colliery Company is located in Section 5, and comiected by switch to the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Railway. The mine is electrically' equipped, using electricity for lighting, hauling, and cutting. The pumps, fans, and hoisting machinery are run by steam. They report a good area of thin coal, and a block of thick coal ahead.

Detroit, Toledo & Ironton Railway. The mine is equipped with modem machinery. They report a good area of coal averaging about 2 feet 2 inches in thickness, and also a block of thick coal almost 3 feet 6 inches in thickness. The Superior No. 12 mine of the Superior Colliery Company is located in Section 33; ai^d connected by switch to the Detroit, Toledo & Ironton Railway. The mine is equipped with inclined and shaker screens, Mitchell dump, steam hoist, Jeffrey electric cutting machines, and Morgan-Gardner motors. The coal is gathered by mule power. The capacity of the mine, when rimning full, is 300 tons per day. They report an area of coal averaging about 2 feet 6 inches in thickness, sufficient to last for a number of years.

The mine of the Elk Fork Coal Company is located in Section 3, Milton Township, and on the branch line of the Detroit, Toledo & Ironton Railway. The equipment is modem and the mine more carefully managed than any other in the region. Storage battery motors instead of mules are used here for gathering the coal. The output is about 100 tons per day. The bed here, although thin, is very uniform, ranging from 2 feet 2 inches to 2 feet 4 inches, and the coal is of excellent quality. The area ahead is reported large.

The Superior No. 9 mine of the Superior Colliery Company ia located in Section 9. The shaft, 138 feet deep, is equipped with steam hoisting machinery. Steam is used also for the pumps and fans. The hauling and cutting is done by electricity, but the gathering by mule power. The stratum in this locality varies considerably in thickness. The mine foreman reports the bed to expand from 2 feet 10 inches to 4 feet, but to average about 2 feet 6 inches. He also reports a large area ahead, the boundaries of which are not definitely known. This is the most southern mine east of Wellston.

The quality of the Quakertown coal ranks it as one of the very best domestic coals in this state, and on a par with the best of those in West Virginia and Pennsylvania. On accoimt of its merit, it has long enjoyed a wide reputation in the western and northern market?, and has commanded the highest prices. With few exceptions, the bed is free from shale and clay partings, and from pyrite nodules and bands. It mines clean, and on standing discolors but little, as the amount of pyrite and clay present is very low. There is also only a small amount of "mother coal" in the stratum which differs in this respect from the Allegheny coals in the region. It is a free bumilig coal, igniting readily, but producing good heat and lasting quite well. It bums freely from the time lighted until consumed. The amount of smoke produced is low, considering the amount of volatile matter contained. For domestic use one of its leading features is that it produces practically no soot and it was formerly sold on the market as sootless coal. In this respect it is much superior to the Allegheny coal of the region. Owing to the purity of the coal, it is somewhat tender, and does not withstand ship-

'Viax.*r:<ywii must be claased as one of Ohio's very best coaJs. The y.'w f::.; hir and ash contents, &nd the free burning and sootless qualities, vith high heating value, make it a standard domestic coal ip-^-pXt. «::rpRafi6<ed. Owing to the superior quality of the Quakertown *XA^ \zjh cr^^npetition to dislodge it from the market has been very k/r^T.. &nd reports have been circulated that the field is exhausted, but \:iA «tA*^nw^t is far from the fact, since the known unworked areas '/*sriiy the affirmation that many millions of tons of this valuable fuel af»- yf-x available.

Kidney Ore

' In the region north of Jackson there is found an unsteady deposit of ki/lnf'3' ore, which occurs above the horizon of the Quakertown coal and b^low that of the Bear Run. It was formerly mined by stripping along the outcrop for smelting in the old charcoal furnace. The bed iij U-st represented in the northern part of Lick and the southern part of Coal townships, although it was found occa*sionally at other places in the county. The ore is of the limonite tjrpe along the outcrop, but where un weathered under heavy cover it is a carbonate. The following section, taken on the property of Mrs. J. G. McKittrick, in Section 17, Lick Township, shows the position of the ore with reference to the Quakertown coal:

On land of John W. Simpson, in Section 7, Coal Township, the kidney ore, with both the Bear Run and Quakertown coals, was seen. The section taken and given below established its relation with reference to the coals:

In Section 25, Jackson Township, on land of John Shannon, the kidney ore and the blossom of the Quakertown coal, were exposed along the roadside. The measurements taken follow: in Jackson County. At times the stratum is of some aid in tracing the coal horizons found above and below this deposit. No fossils were noticed in the ore, but no particular attention was paid to this feature.