Jackson Township (part 8 of 19)

The Allegheny formation is composed of the rock strata in the interval, beginning with the Brookville coal and ending with the Upper Freeport. The materials are coals, clays, shales, sandstones, iron ores, , and limestones. At present it is the most valuable formation in Jackson County. The twelve or more charcoal furnaces, during their period of iron making, and the later stone, coal, and coke furnaces for some years drew part or all of their supply of ore and limestone from this formation. It vet furnishes some limestone and ore for metallurgical purposes. The Allegheny clays are the basis of the important brick industry at Oak Hill, which has been very successfully carried on for many years. The coals are an important aid in maintaining the manufacturing industries of the county, as well as in affording a revenue from outside sources through shipment. The formation is found in Jefiferson, Madison, eastern Franklin, Bloomfield, eastern Lick, Milton, eastern Coal, and eastern Washington' townships. The members will be taken up in order, beginning with the lowest.

Brookville Coal

The Brook ville is the lowest deposit of coal in the Allegheny formation. The bed in Jackson County is very unsteady, and, at present, is of importance only in the northern part of Milton Township. As it passes northward into Vinton Coxmty the member thickens, and is mined in a number of localities. South of Jackson County in Scioto and Lawrence, the Brookville coal is wanting or thin. It was occasionally observed along the Pine Creek Valley, and was last seen in the road tunnel north of Ironton where the bed measured 1 foot in thickness.

The Brookville coal is wanting or poorly represented in Jefiferson, Madison, Franklin, western Bloomfield, Lick, and Coal townships. A shaly blossom of coal was observed on the Black Flint horizon at a few places on the main ridges in the northern part of Washington Township. North of this in Richlaird Township, Vinton County, the bed thickens and becomes more steady. Along the road in the northeastern part of Section 32, Richland Township, the relations observed are as follows:

East of Hamden Furnace, in Clinton Township, Vinton County, the Brookville coal is mined for a part of the local domestic supply. On the Tarr farm, in Section 32, the following measurements were obtained :

The upper bench of coal here is reported to vary in thickness from 1 foot 6 inches to 2 feet, while the expansion of the interval from the Ferriferous limestone to the coal is reported to be from 18 to 30 feet.

Passing eastward from here the interval thins, until near Oreton, in Section 33, Vinton Township, the Brookville and Clarion coals are separated by only a few feet of shales. The following measurements 'were taken at the tunnel of the Hocking .Valley Railway in the northeastern part of Section 33:

In northern Milton Township, Jackson County, the Brookville coal is quite persistent, but variable in thickness. On the land of the C. K. Davis Coal Company, Section 35, the following relations between the Lower Kittanning, Clarion, and Brookville coals were obtained:

The Minglewood Coal Company is mining the Brookville coal for railroad shipment in Section 34. The structure of the bed, and its relation to the overlying Clarion coal, is shown in the following section made at the mines:

On the land of Hiram Walton, in Section 33, Milton Township, the blossom of the Brookville coal was again exposed, and the measurement is given below:

On the ridge east of the No. 12 mine of the Superior Colliery Company, both the Brookville and Clarion coals were exposed on the outcrop. The section measured there follows:

In Section 32, on the ridge east of the mine of the Domestic Coal Company, both the Brookville and Clarion coals were again exposed for measurement, and the record obtained is given below:

The Brookville coal is poorly represented south of Mulga Run and along the valley of Little Raccoon Creek, for in much of the area it is completelly replaced by massive sandstones. Along the road in Section 11, on Rich Creek, the thin blossom was seen, and its position with regard to the Clarion coal above is shown in the section given below:

Since the horizon of the Brookville coal in most of Bloomfield Township is taken by massive sandstones but little evidence of this member was noted. At a few places, however, thin layers of impure

The Brookville coal, although it cannot be considered an important addition to the mineral wealth of the county, is at present an asset of some value, and in the future the member may be of more worth for the bed in local areas in northern Milton Township has sufficient thickness for ease in mining. From surface indications the productive area is small, not exceeding 3 square miles, and it may be considerably less, as the bed is unsteady. The mining conditions are reasonably goody as the roof is a shale with moderate toughness, or a sandstone with massive development. In some places between the coal and sandstone there is a "draw slate'' which is dangerous, or which causes additional expense if removed. The deposit is usually divided into two coal benches with a thin clay parting intervening. Often a third bench is present which is separated from those above by hard calcareous shales. The two upper benches together vary in thickness from 2 to 3 feet, but average about 2 feet 6 inches.

The Brookville coal belongs to the high volatile, free burning class but has goo4 heating value. It is well liked for domestic, steaming, and other general purposes. The coal is bright and has a good appearance when prepared for the market, but it is somewhat tender thus causing some loss in shipment. The sulphur and ash of the Brookville compare favorably to that of the average market coal, and no troublesome clinker is reported to be produced in the burning of the fuel.

An analysis of the upper bench of the Brookville coal from the mine of the Minglewood Coal Company, in Section 34, Milton Township, shows the general character of the bed. The analytical work was done by Professor E. E. Somermeier, and the results recorded below: pick mine with mule power for hauling. Small quantities of coal for domestic use are also mined by stripping. As the thicker beds become exhausted this deposit will be more largely used.

Clarion Ob Hecla Sandstone

The Clarion member is the massive sandstone that lies below the Clarion coal, and, with few exceptions, is present wherever the latter is found. The division between this and the Homewood sandstone below, especially in the southern part of the county, is hard to determine, as the two appear to be one continuous bed without a break in deposition or a line of disconf ormity.

In some localities the stone in the upper part of the deposit is light-colored, quite free from iron oxides and mica, and it has clay for the bonding material. It is a medium grade ganister which was used in lining many of the charcoal furnaces during their periods of operation. At present it is used in lining Jefferson, the one remaining charcoal furnace in this state. A measurement of the strata in the quarry on the Jefferson Iron Company ^s land. Section 15, Jefferson ToWnship, is as follows:

The sandstone usually contains too much clay for its utilization as a glass sand, but, where properly crushed and prepared, it should 3deld sand well fitted for moulding purposes. The chemical quality of the Clarion sandstone is shown by the following analysis of a sample taken from the quarry of the Jefferson Iron Company west of Mount Horeb Church:*

*H. B. Henderson and W. Stout, The Utilization of Ohio Clay-bonded Sandstones for Silica Brick Manufacture, Transactions of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. XXI.

A. - ClfirioD sandstone at the quarry of the JeSerson Iron Compaoy west of Oak Hill. This stone has been used for many years in relining the stack, and it was largely used for this purpose by most of the charcoal furnaces in southern Ohio.

Canary Ore

This iron ore was not found well defined in Jackson County, but it has been worked in a few localities in Lawrence. Its position is a fevr feet below the Clarion coal or near the base of the clay.

The position of the Clarion or No. 4a coal is either directly below the Ferriferous limestone, or it is separated from it by only a few feet of shales. The average interval from the Clarion coal to the Lower Kittanning is about 25 feet, but varies from 16 to 50 feet. The Clarion coal is found in parts of Hamilton, Franklin, and Lick townships, but is best represented in Madison, Bloomfield, and Milton townships.

Hamilton Township. - The Clarion coal just touches Hamilton Township. It is found near the summit of the main ridge in the southeastern corner of Section 36, but as the cover is shallow the coal is of little value.

Jefferson Township. - In Jefferson Township this member is represented in every section excepting the nine sections in the northwestern part. Along the main ridge and spurs from Section 31 to Mt. Horeb Church, Section 15, the bed is present, but, as the cover is shallow, the coal is mor^ or less rotten. In Section 31, on land of Herman Geikci where the deposit is mined, the thickness reported for coal and partings is 3 feet 6 inches. The blossom of the Clarion coal exposed in the road in the southeastern part of Section 22 is as follows:

In Section 16, on the property of Andrew Leonard, the structure of the bed observed where the coal was being mined by stripping is as given below:

East of Black Fork in Jefferson Township the Clarion coal has more cover; hence it is of good quality. In Section 13, on the land of T. J. Davis, the structure of the bed in the mine of the Jackson Coal Company is as follows:

At the mines of the Washington Coal Company, Section 34, Jefiferson 'I'ownship, the structure of the Clarion coal and its relations to other iraportant members are noted in the record given below:

Madison Township. - One of the most valuable parts of the Clarion coal field in Jackson County is in the western half of Madison Township. Along the western boundary of the township the coal is found about half way up the hills, but on account of the dip eastward the bed passes under cover near the middle part of the township. In Section 6, on land of Margaret Evans, the relations of the coal benches are as follows:

In the eastern part of this section the Clarion coal is also mined on the farm of John D. Jones, where the thickness of the coal and of the overlying limestone and ore are about the same as shown in the above record. The bed, however, where it passes from view in the western part of Section 4, is somewhat broken; hence good volume and steadiness east of this under cover is doubtful. This view is also warranted by the condition of the deposit along Black Fork Creek in northern Greenfield Township, Gallia County, where, the coal is seldom present in force. The member has good thickness in sections 31 and 32, but its condition in sections 33, 34, 35, and 36 is not known, as the bed is below drainage level. One mile southeast of Oak Hill on land of Thomas, Williams, Section 30, the Clarion coal has the following structure:

At the mines of the Etna Fire Brick Company the mine foreman reports the coal and partings to be about 4 feet in thickness, or about the same as noted in the above record. In Section 29 the Clarion coal is rather steady, but the Ferriferous limestone is often replaced by sandstones. The following section, taken on the land of J. D. Patterson, shows this condition:

Adjacent outcrop conditions indicate that the Clarion coal is patchy in sections 28, 27, 26, and 25. In Section 19, on the property of Arizona E. and Myrta L. Evans, the following section was obtained:

The Clarion coal is generally present where the member is exposed in sections 20, 21, and 22, but in local areas the overlying sandstone has replaced both limestone and coal. It is below drainage in sections 23 and 24. The areas of Clarion coal are small in Section 18, as the bed lies near the summits of the hills, but the coal is present where due. The member is also steady in Section 17, where the following composite record was obtained at the mines of the Pyro Clay Products Company:

At the mines of the Elkhom Coal Company, in the northwestern comer of Section 16, the Clarion coal has the following structure and relations:

In this mine the upper bench of coal varies from 1 foot 3 inches to 1 foot 6 inches in thickness, but the other benches are quite regular. The Clarion coal has good volume where it is exposed near drainage level east of Moriah Church. As it passes from 'view in the western part of Section 15, its condition in section 14 and 13 is not known. In Section 7, on the land of F. H. Quick, the Ferriferous limestone in places is thin or wanting, and often the ore lies directly on the Clarion coal. A section taken follows:

In restricted areas in this locality the massive sandstone replaces the limestone and coal completely, while at other places the coal and limestone, may be present in their full thickness. In the above section the upper bench of coal is thus replaced by the sandstone. The coal is below cover in sections 10, 11, and 12. The strata exposed a.ong the road south of Zoar Church, in Section 6, gave the following measurements:

The Clarion coal was formerly worked on land of Evan Williams, in Section 6, Madison Township, and the Lower Kittanning is opened at present on the property of John W. Evans, Section 31, Bloomfield. A composite section is given below:

Mr. Evans reports that the sandstone above cuts out in places both the Ferriferous limestone and the upper bench of the Clarion coal. Near Madison Furnace, in Section 5, the structure of the Clarion coal is shown in the following record:

The Clarion coal is quite steady and has good volume in Section 4, but east of this in Section 3, where it passes below drainage, the bed is patchy and often thin.

Franklin Township. - In Franklin Township the Clarion coal and clay are found near the summits of the ridges aifd spurs in sections 23; 24, 25, 26, 35, and 36, in the southeastern part, and a small area in sections 1 and 2, in the northeastern part. The following structure of the coal was observed in a mine on the land of Albert Evans, in the northeastern part of Section 36:

Bloomfield Township. - The Clarion coal and clay horizon in westem Bloomfield Township is found well towards the summits of the hills, but the dip eastward throws the members under cover in the valley of Little Raccoon Creek. In Section 31 the Clarion coal is somewhat unsteady, for in places the massive sandstone above replaces the Ferriferous limestone and the upper bench of coal. The coal is practically wanting in sections 30 and 19, for the bed has been removed through the erosive agencies of the old ^reglacial river. At old Limestone Furnace, in Section 32, the Clarion coal was formerly mined for railroad shipment. The bed here has excellent thickness, and in only a small part of the area is exhausted. The record obtained and given below shows the following general relations:

The Clarion coal is rather steady where it disappears from view in the western parts of sections 28 and 33. It is below cover in sections 34, 35, 36, 25, 26, and 27; hence its condition in this area is not definitely known, but from outcrop conditions to the north of this the bed is regarded patchy. Both the Clarion coal and Ferriferous limestone are generally found in normal development in Section 20, where the following record was obtained, on the land of the Southern Ohio Portland Cement Company:

The Clarion coal is patchy in sections 21, 22, 23, and 24, as it is locally replaced by massive sandstones. In Section 17 the member is quite regular and has normal volume, as shown by the following record obtained on the land of George Scurlock :

Geology Op Southern Ohic

Both coal and limestone have excellent volume in Section 15, where the record given below was obtained, on the land of Taylor Munyon, and was duplicated also on that of William Arthur:

West of the above in sections 14 and 13 the coal is somewhat unsteady. Only small isolated patches of coal are found on the summits of the high knobs in sections 18, 7, and 6, while in sections 5 and 8 the coal areas are somewhat larger, but the cover is generally shallow; hence the coal is rotten. In Section 9 the Clarion coal was formerly worked for railroad shipment. The bed at the mme of George Eagle has the following structure:

In Section 4 the area is large, but the bed is somewhat unsteady, as in places it is partially replaced by the heavy sandstone above. In Section 3 the Clarion coal has good volume and is quite regular, for the Ferriferous limestone above is generally present. A section taken on land of Anna Dillinger shows the structure and thickness of the bed as follows:

In this section, on land of the Superior Colliery Company, the the same general relations were found. In sections 2 and 11 the bed normally has good volume, but it is occasionally partially replaced by the heavy overlying sandstone, and this condition is also found in sections 1 and 12. On land of James Davis, in Section 1, the record given below shows the relation of the massive sandstone, which here has replaced the Ferriferous limestone, to the Clarion coal below:

The massive sandstone above often partially, and in some localities completely, replaces the Clarion coal. Another measurement obtained on land of the McKeldon Mining Company shows much the same relation.

Lick Township. - The Clarion coal is present only in the eastern part of Lick Township. Small isolated patches of coal are found on the high ridges and hills in sections 36, 35, 25, 26, 24, 23, 13, and 14, but the cover is shallow, and the coal of little value. In Section 36, on the land of James and William McDaniel, coal is mined for local use. The structure of the Clarion bed here is shown in the section given below:

Coal Township. - ^In Coal Township the Clarion coal is present on the high hills in sections 11 and 12, but the bed is partially replaced by the sandstone above. The deposits are of no value. The coal was not found in Washington Township.

western part, but the dip eastward carries it below drainage near the eastern boundary. The bed is quite persistent, although in some localities the massive sandstone above has not only replaced the limestone, but also a part or all of the coal. The coal is wanting in Section 31, and only small areas are present in sections 30 and 32. It was formerly mined for railroad shipment in Section 29, and is mined at present for local use near Latrobe Furnace. A section obtained on the land of the McKeldon Mining Company, and given below, shows the general character of the bed:

In sections 27, 28, 33, and 34 the Clarion coal is somewhat unsteady, for in local areas the bed is partially or completely replaced by the sandstone above. This condition was also found in sections 25, 26 35, and 36. Where the limestone is present the coal is normal, but where this is replaced by the sandstone the character of the coal bed below is uncertain. The following record was measured in Section 26 along the road that leads to the ridge west of Little Raccoon Creek and near Buckeye Furnace:

On Greasy Run, in Section 36, on the land of the Superior Colliery Company, the Ferriferous limestone is generally well developed, and the Clarion coal below has good volume. A section taken here is as given below:

Along Buffer Run, in Section 24, the Clarion coal is quite steady, for the limestone above is generally present. In Section 13, at mine No. 10 of the Superior Colliery Company, where the Clarion coal goes

In Section 14 the Clarion coal is unsteady, but where present it usually has good thickness. This is also true of the member in Sectrion 23. The following section, which was measured on the land of the Superior Colliery Company, shows the general character of the bed -when normal:

Near by the Clarion coal is completely replaced by the sandstone above. The unsteady character of the Clarion bed is shown by the following record, taken on land of J. W. O'Neill, in the same section:

On the ridges in Section 22 the Ferriferous limestone is usually present, and the coal below has good thickness. In Section 21 the coal areas are small and the cover shallow. Along the main ridge in Section 16 the Clarion coal is mined in several places for local domestic use.' On the J. H. 'Scuirlock property the structure of the bed noted is given in the section below:

In Section 17 the Clarion bed 'furnishes a part of the local fuel supply and is well developed. A section taken on land of V. A. Pettinger is given below:

The Clarion coal has good volume also in Section 20, but no measurements were obtained. In Section 19 the coal area is small, on account of the erosion of the preglacial river. In Section 18, north of Berlin, small quantities of fuel are mined for local use, and a section obtained shows the following structure of the bed:

In Section 6 the Clarion coal is wanting, and in Section 7 it is found in the southeastern corner. In Section 5, on land of James L. Johnson, the coal is mined for local use, and the measurements obtained follow :

In sections 4 and 9 the coal areas are small, but the bed is worked for local use. In the latter section, on the Jacob L. Tucker property, the rocks exposed at a mine are as given below:

The Clarion coal is again unsteady in Section 10, but in some localities has about its normal thickness. On the hill just east of the mouth of Mulga Run the bed near the outcrop measured as follows:

North of this the Clarion was seen represented only by finger coal in the massive sandstones. The member is again normally developed on the land of Adam Phillips, in Section 3, where the following measurements were taken:

A composite section taken along the road from Rich Run to Unipn School, on the hill north, shows the general relations of the Allegheny coals, and the measurements made are given below:

East of Mulga Run, in Section 2, on the land of the Superior Colliery Company, where opened for local use, the bed shows the following structure:

The Clarion coal is below drainage in Section 1, but it has been worked for railroad shipment in Section 36. On land of the Geneva Coal and Mining Company the following measurements were obtained:

The Geneva Coal and Mining Company also mined the Clarion coal for railroad shipment in Section 35. The structure of the bed where measured is as given below:

The above sections illustrate the great irregularity of the shales between the Clarion coal and Ferriferous limestone. The limestone may Ijie directly oin the coal or it may be separated from it by 8 or more feet of intervening shales. The changes here are very sudden and the coal is subject to dips and rolls, which are troublesome in mining. In the same section on the land of C. K. Davis the Clarion coal was also exposed for measurement, and the record obtained follows:

The Clarion coal has normal thickness in Section 33, and the bed is persistent, but in Section 32 the heavy sandstone above has replaced the upper bench of coal.

Under heavy cover in eastern Milton Township it seems quite probable that the Clarion coal has its normal development and is generally steady, for it is well represented along Raccoon Creek in Vinton County. The general structure of the bed in this region is illustrated by the following section taken on the land of Frank Stanton, in Section 28, Wilkesville Township, Vinton County: p^ j^^

Normally the Clarion coal is made up of three main coal benches separated by partings. The average structure of the bed in Jackson Coimty is as follows: p^ j^

Occasionally one or two thin coal benches are found below the 1 foot layer, but these are usually bony and of no value. In a few localities the upper bench is wanting as it is replaced by a heavy sandstone, while at other places it was seen either rotten or replaced by a mixture of shales and coal. The maximum thickness found for this bench was 1 foot 9 inches. The clay or clay shale parting below this bench varies from 4 to 10 inches, but averages about 7 inches in thickness. It is usually rather soft in character and is used as a means of attack in mining the coal. The middle bench which averages 1 foot 4 inches in thickness varies from 1 foot to 1 foot 10 inches. It is separated from the lower bench by a thin parting varying from onehalf to 2 inches in thickness. This parting is made up of clay or shale with layers or nodules of pyrite or marcasite which often constitute the bulk of the stratum. The lower bench varies from 6 to 16 inches in thickness, but the normal measurement is close to 12 inches.

The total area of the Clarion coal field in Jackson County approximates closely 75 square miles, which exceeds the combined areas of the known Sharon and Quakertown fields, for the area of the former is about 25 square miles while that of the latter is nearly 40. Although subject to some wants and to some thinning by the sandstone above the bed is more uniform in thickness than either the Sharon or Quakertown aiid far more persistent than the former. The Clarion coal is usually solid close to the outcrop, for the limestone and hard fissile shales above afford some protection from the agencies of weathering. This coal has been worked in a large way in only a few localities, and where mined for local use, the bed has been attacked only along the outcrop; consequently the main coal body is yet untouched, and it forms the valuable reserve fuel supply of the county. When the known areas, in which the coal is wanting, the parts exhausted by mining, and the crop borders are subtracted, the area of the field in which the coal is expected.will reach at least 40 square miles. The average thickness of the coal alone in the bed in Jackson County is 3 feet 7 inches, and the specific gravity is 1.34. Computing from these, the total yield per acre is about 6,536 tons of 2,000. pounds each. If 60 per cent only is available in mining the yield is 3,922 tons per acre or 2,510,080 tons per square mile. All things considered the Clarion is the most valuable coal bed in Jackson County and assures an ample supply of fuel for many years after the Quakertown and Sharon coals have been exhausted.

Small tracts of Clarion coal were formerly worked near Kitchen, Section 32, Madison Township, and at Limestone, Section 32, Bloomfield Township, for railroad shipment. These mines were abandoned and have fallen in. The Jackson Coal Company operates a small mine just west of Oak Hill for coaling engines on the Portsmouth branch of the Baltimore and Ohio Southwestern railroad. On an average, 16 men are employed and the daily output is about 50 tons. The Washington Coal Company near Monroe mines the Clarion coal for railroad shipment and also shoots down from 4 to 5 feet of the limestone above, which is crushed and sold for furnace flux, road ballast, and other purposes.

Mines are operated at present by George Eagle, in Section 9, Bloomfield Township, for railroad shipment. Although worked for several years the territory is far from being exhausted. On Rich Run, in sections 12 and 13, Milton Township, the Superior Colliery Company has a railroad mine, which is now in operation. Near Lincoln Furnace, in sections 2, 35, and 36, the Clarion coal was formerly worked in several mines, but these are abandoned or idle at present (1916). It was also worked for railroad shipment in Section 3. More or less coal for local domestic supplies is drawn from this member along its entire outcrop in Jackson County, but as a whole the field has scarcely been touched.

The Ferriferous limestone, which is present, with few exceptions, in the southern half of the Clarion coal field, forms the roof, and either a siliceous clay or a sandstone forms the floor of the bed. Under shallow cover, or where the weathering has been severe, the limestone may be separated into blocks, with mud seams between, varying from an inch to 2 feet or more in width, w^hich condition makes the mining somewhat dangerous, but this seldom extends far under cover. In a few localities, and there along the outcrop especially, the upper coal bench is partially or completely decayed, and the space filled with a soft muddy material, which is made up of the rotten coal with weathered shale that has been carried by the water from above the limestone through the joint planes. Uiider this condition the mining of the coal is both costly and dangerous. Where neither coal nor limestone have been modified by weathering, the mining conditions are very safe and good.

In the northern part of the field a hard fissile shale is found directly above the coal. This varies in thickness, from a few inches to 3 feet, but usually it measures from 1 to 2 feet. Above this in local areas from 1 to 6 feet of gray shales are present. The next rocks encou;ntered above the shales are either. Ferriferous limestone and ore, or the massive sandstones which often replace these members. Either the shale, limestone, or sandstone forms an excellent roof, so that the mining conditions are quite safe; hence the yield of the bed should be high, at least 80 per cent. The floor is either a siliceous clay or a sandstone, both of which are well able to bear the weight of the overburden. The two partings in the deposit are objectionable. The upper parting of clay or shale, about 7 inches in thickness, will produce about 800 pounds of material per square yard, which must be removed from the mine or thrown back in the rooms. Also, in mining, more or less of this material becomes mixed with the coal, which thus impairs its value. The lower parting, seldom over 2 inches in thickness, is especially objectionable. It is made up of clay or shale, with nodules and bands of pyrite or marcasite. If care is not used in separating this material the sulphur content of the coal, which normally is high, is excessive, often being more than doubled in amount.

The sandy clay or argillaceous sandstone floor of the bed is sufficiently solid to hold the posts and coal blocks left for the roof supports. The character of the material makes the digging of drains, when this is required, somewhat costly. The coal is quite uniform in thickness, and it shows but few rolls or dips, so that when the mine is driven with the general rise of the strata little difficulty is experienced in draining.

The average thickness of coal and partings is more than 4 feet, which is ample for ease of working in the rooms. In the entry ways, if mule power is used in haulage, part of the limestone must be shot down to gain sufficient height, but this does not impair the safety of the roof, and the value of the limestone usually pays for its removal. All points considered the mining conditions of the Clarion coal are on a par with those of other important coals of the state.

In quality the Clarion or No. 4a coal is rated low in the scale of Ohio coals. The main objections are the high contents of sulphur and ash, which in this coal produce a hard clinker and a severe corrosion of the metal parts exposed in the grates. The heating value of the Clarion is also below the normal for Ohio coals. The quality of the coal is shown by the following analyses:*

Hall's Mine, Kitchen Station, Madison Township, Jackson County. Sample cut well under the hill. Limestone roof. Sampled by Professor Edward Qrton, Jr., in August, 1900.

Old Limestone Furnace, Section 32, Bloomfield Township, Jackson County. Sample cut about 300 feet from entry. Limestone roof. Sampled by Professor Edward Orton, Jr., in August, 1900.

Country Bank of Superior Coal Company, Section 36 South, Milton Townshipi Jackson County. Sample cut from 75 to 80 feet from entry. The mine had been worked recently and the surface of the coal appeared fresh. Sampled by Professor Edward Orton, Jr., in August, 1900.

Country Bank of Superior Coal Company, Section 13, Milton Township, Jackson County. Sample cut about 50 to 60 feet in the hill in comparatively new workings. Shale roof. Sampled by Professor Edward Orton, Jr., in August, 1900.

Iron Valley Mine, Section 35, Milton Township, Jackson County. Sample cut from entry about 300f eet in. Mine had been idle two years but surface of coal appeared fresh. Sampled in 1900 by Professor Edward Orton, Jr.

The average heating value of the above six samples is 6,709 calories, or 12,076 B. t. u., while the sulphur amounts to 4.58 per cent and the ash to 10.39 per cent. The Clarion is a short-flamed coal, yet the volatile matter is high. Although classed as a free-burning coal, it burns readily only for the short period required to expel the volatile matter, after which the remainder is consumed slowly, unless the draft is strong.

For steaming purposes the most serious objections to the Clarion coal are the rapid removal of the metal parts exposed to the fuel bed, due to the formation of metallic sulphides, and the clinkering of the ash, which thus requires constant attention in firing. The sulphur attacking the exposed parts soon produces a thick scale on the metal, which also becomes brittle through changes in composition. To prevent this the grates should be kept clean. If the boiler is allowed to cool with a fire in the grates, and any condensation of the vapors occurs, as these vapors are heavily charged, with sulphiu-ic and other related acids, corrosion or "pinholing" takes place, which soon works its way through the metal plates. The fire should be pulled out before the boiler is allowed to cool. If the draft is good no difficulty is encountered in burning sufficient fuel to produce the quantity of steam desired. While the Clarion is not rated a good steam coal, if properly handled, the results are satisfactory.

The objections to the Clarion coal for brick burning are the action of the eliminated sulphur gases on the ware, the short flame produced, and the sluggish burning of the fuel on account of light drafts. The acid constituents of the gases by attacking the clay components produce more or less salts on the surface of the ware, especially during the early stages of burning, which gives a dull and often unsightly appearance to the finished product. The knitting or cementing of the particles, and the surface finish of clay ware, is considerably influenced by the direct impinging of the flame; hence long-flamed coals are more desirable than the short-flamed- varieties. This is the case especially for burning high-grade face brick.

The high sulphur content eliminates the Clarion coal from most metallurgical operations. Although the coal has good coking qualities, the sulphur remaining in the product after coking is far above the standard limit demanded by the trade. If used in the form of producer gas special treatment with ferric oxide or other absorbents for the elimination of this element would be necessary. For domestic use the main objection, especially if burned in open grates or stoves, is the sulphur fumes thrown off which attack the tissues of the throat and lungs.

The sulphur in the Clarion coal occurs principally in the form of iron sulphide as pyrite or marcasite, but a part is combined with the organic matter as organic sulphides. A thorough process of breaking and washing would remove a considerable part of the metallic sulphide, as it occurs mainly in lenticular layers and nodules. It is especially concentrated in the thin lower parting and in the coal near it. Washing would havevno appreciable effect in lowering the ojganic sulphur content.

The Clarion clay in Jackson County has little value. In most of the area the sandstone below lies close to the coal, so the average thickness of the clay is only 2 or 3 feet. In a few localities it is some- what thicker. The clay is siliceous, and normally it contains enough fluxing impurities to impair its value for refractory wares. It is best suited for the manufacture of building brick. It is not likely that the Clarion clay will be utilized to any considerable extent, as the Lower Kittanning clay above is much thicker and of better quality.

Ferriferous Limestone And Ore

The next members of value in the ascending scale are the Ferriferous or Vanport limestone, and the Ferriferous or Baird ore. They are directly associated, seldom more than a bedding plane or an inch or two of shale separating the two. The Ferriferous ore was the main reliance of the old charcoal furnaces, and is used at present (1916) by Jefferson Furnace, the only charcoal stack in the state in blast. The Ferriferous limestone was the principal source of flux stone for the charcoal furnaces, and is used some at present by the modem furnaces in the region. The history of the iron industry in the Hanging Rock District, both past and present, is interwoven with descriptions or references to these members. The Ferriferous limestone and the Ferriferous ore are found in a very small area in Hamilton Township, but they extend along the main ridges over most of Jefferson Township. The areas in which the members are present in the eastern parts of Franklin, Lick, and Coal townships are also very small. These beds are represented in force, however, in Madison, Bloomfield, and Milton townships. The following pages give a more detailed description of the areas, but contain only a few records, as many measurements in which the thickness of the beds are shown have already been given.

Hamilton Township - The Ferriferous limestone and ore are found in Hamilton Township only in Section 36, where the beds are exposed near the summit of the main ridge in the extreme southeastern part. The limestone, which is from 5 to 7 feet in thickness, is generally flinty in character.

Jefferson Township. - In Jefferson Township the limestone and ore are present in 24 of the 36 sections, bemg absent in 8 section^ in the northwestern part. These members are found near the summits of the main ridge and spurs running northeast from Section 31 to Jefferson Furnace, in Section 14. In the eastern part of the township the horiion lies about half way up the hills, thus increasing the area of the deposits. At the mines of the Washington Coal Company near Monroe, the limestone has good thickness, but the ore is reported generally thin. The section taken at the mine follows:

On the land of the Jefferson Iron Company near Mt. Horeb Church, in Section 15, the ore is being mined for furnace use. The section taken follows:

Madison Township. - The Ferriferous limestone and ore are found well above drainage in the western part of Madison Township, but owing to the dip eastward they pass under cover near the central part. As no drill records are available the condition of the members in the covered area embracing sections 1, 2, 11, 12, 13, 14, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 33, 34, 35, 36, and sections 1, 2, and 3 south are not definitely known, but both beds are somewhat steady where they disappear below cover. In Section 6, on the land of Margaret Evans, the following rocks were measured :

In the northwestern part of the township, in small areas, both the limestone and ore are wanting, while at other places only the ore is present. This condition, where the limestone is absent, but the ore considerably thickened, is sho^Ti in the following section, taken on land of F. H. Quick, near the center of Section 7:

In the northern part of the section on the same property the ore measured only 3 inches, while the limestone had a normal development. Near Madison Furnace, in Section 5, the thickness of the limestone is 7 feet, and of the ore 10 inches. The Ferriferous limestone and ore are usually present, but are often flinty in character in sections 3 and 4. The thickness of the limestone observed along the outcrop is from 5 to 7 feet, while that of the ore is from 2 to 10 inches. These con- dltions also hold true in sections 9 and 10. On the average the beds are somewhat thicker in sections 16, 17, and 18, but locally the limestone may be flinty in character. The following measurements illustrating the members when in good volume were taken along the road east of Moriah Church, in Section 16:

In tne western part of Section 19, on the land of Arizona E. and Myrta L. Evans, the kidney ore in the shales above the Ferriferous ore was noted. This ore is found in many places in Lawrence Coimty, but it was seldom observed in Jackson County. The section which follows shows its position:

The usual thickness of the Ferriferous limestone, where observed in sections 20, 21, and 22, is from 5 to 7 feet, but in some localities it is flinty, while in restricted areas it is wanting. The thickness of the ore where exposed for measurement was from 3 to 10 inches. Both limestone and ore are quite steady in sections 31, 32, and sections 4, 5, and 6 south.

Franklin Township. - The Ferriferous limestone and ore in Franklin To^vnship are found only near the summits of the high ridges and hills east of the Franklin Valley. In the southern part of this territory they are found in sections 23, 24, 25, 26, 35, and 36. On the property of Albert Evans, in Section 36, the limestone exposed on the outcrop measured as given below:

A small area of flinty limestone was found near the summit of the ridge in the southern part of Section 2, but no measurements were made. In Section 1 small patches of limestone and ore were found, but the members are unsteady, as they are partially replaced by heavy sandstones.

Bloomfield Township. - ^The Ferriferous limestone and ore we well represented in Bloomfield Township, where the latter was formerly extensively worked for the charcoal furnaces. In the western part of the township the beds are found near the 800 foot contour. In the southern part they dip below drainage along the headwaters of the eastern tributaries of Symmes Creek, but in the northern part they disappear along the course of Little Raccoon Creek south of old Keystone Furnace. A few sections showing the thickness of the limestone and ore, measured where best exposed along the outcrop, will be giyen. A record obtained at old Limestone Furnace, in Section 32, is given below:

In Section 29 the Ferriferous limestone and ore have good volume. The general thickness of the limestone is from 5 to 8 feet, while that of the ore is from 2 to 10 inches. These members pass below drainage in the western parts of sections 28 and 33, and in the northern part of Section 27. They are completely covered in sections 24, 25, 26, 34, 35, and 36. The following record obtained on the land of the Southern Ohio Portland Cement Company, in Section 20, shows the character of the beds in this locality. p^ j^

In this locality the ore has excellent volume in restricted areas as it thickens to 2 feet 6 inches. In sections 16, 17, 21, and 22, the limestone is from 6 to 8 feet in thickness, and is quite persistent. The ore usually measures from 2 to 8 inches, but it often exceeds this. The rocks noted on the land of Taylor Munyon show good development of the limestone and ore. The record follows: ,

Only small pockets of limestone and ore are found on the highest knobs in sections 30, 19, 18, 7, and 6, and in sections 5 and 8 the areas are not large, and, where exposed, the limestone is usually somewhat flinty. The members are thin or wanting in parts of Section 4, but have medium thickness in Section 9. On land of Anna Dillinger, in Section 3, the rocks exposed gave the following measurements:

On land of the Superior Colliery Company, in the same section, the limestone on the outcrop measured 7 feet in thickness, and under heavy cover it is reported to reach 10 feet, while the ore varies from an inch or two to over 1 foot, but it has an average measurement of about 6 inches. The heavy sandstone above replaces both ore and limestone in parts of sections 2 and 11, but, when present, the members have about the normal development. A section taken on land of W. L. Perkins, Jr., in Section 11, is given below:

In sections 1 and 12 the limestone and ore are quite unsteady. At many places they are completely wanting, while in some localities the coal below has also been replaced by sandstone.

Lick Township. - The Ferriferous ore and limestone in Lick Township are confined to the high hills and ridges in the eastern part. The areas are generally small. Owing to shallow cover in much of the area the limestone is considerably weathered, but the ore has good thickness and quality. The members are confined to sections 13, 14, 23, 24, 25, 26, 35, and 36. On the land of Luther D. Johnson, in Section 35, the following measurement was taken:

Coal Township. - In sections 11 and 12, Coal Township, near the Walnut Grove School, the horizon is represented by thin, flinty, irregular pockets of limestone with nodular ore. The Ferriferous limestone and ore were not found in Washington Township.

Milton Township. - The beds are valuable again in Milton Township, for the Ferriferous ore or limestone is represented in every section except 6 and 31. They were extensively used during the early period of iron making in Milton Township by the charcoal furnaces Jackson, Latrobe, Buckeye, Cornelia, and Lincoln, and also later by the coal and coke furnaces Eliza, Milton, and Wellston, but at present neither the ore nor the limestone is regularly used. In Section 29, near Latrobe Furnace, the ore is reported to vary in thickness from 2 inches to 1 foot 6 inches, but to average from 5 to 8 inches. The limestone is from 6 to 7 feet in thickness, but in some localities the upper part is very

Along Tarcamp Creek, in sections 28, 33, and 34, the members are quite unsteady, but the ore is more persistent than the limestone, and this condition was found also in Section 35. On Greasy Run, in Section 36, on the land of the Superior Colliery Company, the rocks exposed and measured are given in the following section:

In sections 25, 26, and 27, in some localities the massive overlying sandstone replaces the limestone and ore. Along the road west of Little Raccoon Creek, in Section 26, near Buckeye Furnace, the thick* ness of the beds observed is as given below:

In sections 17, 18, 19, and 20, the Upper part of the limestone deposit is often flinty in character, while in local areas the member is thin or wanting. The ore was mined along the outcrop for the charcoal furnaces, but is reported to have an average thickness of about 6 or 8 inches. On land of V. A. Pettinger, in Section 17, the limestone has about its normal thickness, and is of good quality. The record obtained follows:

This flinty phase of the Ferriferous limestone is also noticeable in sections 16 and 21. Cn the land of J. H. Scurlock, in Section 16, the limestone member, where exposed for measurement, gave the following record: of this in sections 14 and 23 the beds are seldom present. There is a belt extending trom near Keystone Furnace northward to lincoln Furnace, in which the Ferriferous limestone and ore are very uncertain, for the beds in much of the area are partially or completely replaced by massive sandstone, the thickness of which varies from 10 to 60 feet. In some local areas this sandstone lies unconformably on the Clarion or Hecla below, thus replacing the Clarion coal also. In Section 24, along Bufifer Run, the members are somewhat more persistent, which is the case also along the headwaters of Rich Run, in sections 12 and 13. Near the No. 10 mine of the Superior Colliery Company the following measurements were obtained: p^ j^^

Along Rich Run, m Section 11, the Ferriferous ore and limestone are generally wanting. In the northern part of Section 2, on the land of the Valley Coal Company, the members were exposed for measurement, and the record taken follows: p^ j^

In Section 10 only a few pockets of limestone and ore were seen' while the members are also unsteady in Section 3. On the land of Adam Phillips, in the latter sections, the members are present, and measured as follows:

West of this in sections 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9, the members are quite persistent, but, as they are found high on the hills, the areas are small and the limestone usually much weathered. On a knob on the land of Jacob L. Tucker, in Section 9, the ore and limestone were exposed, and the following section was obtained: the ore was formerly mined by stripping, and the limestone, where exposed, measured from 5 to 6 feet in thickness. In Section 33 the members are about normally represented for the limestone is from 5 to 7 feet in thickness, and the ore, where exposed, from 4 to 8 inches. Along the road in the western part of Section 34 the limestone exposed measured 5 feet in thickness, but it is probably thicker under cover. At the mine of the Minglewood Coal Company there is a local thickening of the ore, which in places is reported to reach 2 feet, while the limestone below is normal. The rocks exposed along the outcrop gave the following measurements:

In Section 35 the limestone and ore are again uncertain, for they are often replaced by sandstone. The horizon drops below drainage along Mulga Rim in the central part of Section 36, but here the massive sandstone above lies directly on the Clarion coal, having thus replaced both ore and limestone.

The Ferriferous limestone, although worked but little at prestot in Jackson. County, is an asset of value, as this is the only deposit of limestone in the region which covers a large area, and has good thickness and quality. Moreover, the association of the limestone with the ore and Clarion coal are features of importance. The bed varies in thickness from about 2 to 10 feet, but the average measurement is about 6 feet. The member in the southern part of the county is very persistent, being foimd, with few exceptions, on the horizon, while in the northern part it is quite steady, with the exception of an area extending along the valleys of Little Raccoon Creek and Mulga Run from Keystone Furnace to Lincoln Furnace. In this region it is often completely replaced by massive sandstone, which in local areas has also replaced the Clarion coal below.

The Ferriferous limestone is well fitted for the manufacture of Portland cement. This fact is established by the quality of the cement produced both by the Lawrence County plants, and by those plants that formerly operated in Jackson County, but which at present are idle or abandoned, although this is not due to the effects of the quality of the limestone. The usual variation in the composition is about as follows:

The general qualities of the limestone for cement have been treated in the report on Lawrence County; hence they will not be discussed further. The high content of lime and magnesia makes the Ferriferous limestone desirable for metallurgical purposes, and it compares favorably with other flux stones used in this state. The charcoal furnaces in the region used it almost exclusively, and the present coke furnaces draw a part of their supply from this source.

The suitability of the stone for road building is attested by the fine macadam roads in the county, which are solid and durable. The stone is dense, tough, and non-slaking, while the fine materials produced have cementing properties which bind the parts into a stable mass. The Ferriferous limestone in some quantity is found in six townships in the eastern part of the county. The usual method pursued is to quarry the stone, and then to haul it to a place only a mile or two distant along the road under construction, where it is reduced by portable crushers and then distributed by teams. The cost of building roads under these conditions is low. The six townships not thus favored with deposits of Ferriferous limestone rely somewhat on local sandstones or conglomerate, but mainly on that hauled by wagon from the nearest Ferriferous outcrop, or on that supplied by rail. It is also the principal stone used for concrete work in building bridges and culverts. Thus it is the main material used in the construction of the Jackson County pikes, the excellence of which demonstrates the quality of the stone.

Another use of limestone that is growing in importance each year is for agricultural purposes. The soils derived from the weathering of the Allegheny and of the Pottsville rocks are deficient in this ingredient, as is attested by the difficulty with which clover is grown. Lime is necessary for plant growth, especially for those of the leguminous types. The composition of the Ferriferous limestone is such that it is well, fitted for agricultural purposes; therefore, establishments preparing it for the trade should be encouraged, for a part of the product could be used at home with good results. In general the lands in Scioto, Pike, and Vinton counties are also poor in this ingredient. In eastern Jackson County the natural conditions are very favorable for the establishment of lime plants, while the shipping facilities are such that a large area may be reached with ease.

The association of the Ferriferous limestone and Clarion coal is a relation of importance in mining, as both coal and limestone may be removed from the same workings. The method of attack is to mine the coal, and then shoot down all or part of the limestone above. If the material overlying the limestone is a thick sandstone or a tough shale, the full thickness of the limestone deposit is worked. If this is a soft clay or a tender shale, 1 to 2 feet of stone are allowed to remain to form the roof of the mine. The usual method practised, where the deposit is 7 or more feet in thickness, is to mine about 5 feet, which, with the coal below, gives workings from 9 to 10 feet in height.

In parts of Jackson County there is a massive sandstone above the Hmestone which will thus allow the full thickness of the latter to be mined along with the Clarion coal below. The association of the Ferriferous limestone and ore is of less importance, but if the full thickness of the limestone is mined the ore is obtained at a low cost.

The rich Ferriferous ore has been of vast importance in establishing the iron and steel industry in this state. It was the main dependence of about 100 charcoal furnaces in the Hanging Rock District, of which 16 were in Jackson County. The thickness of the deposit, the yield of metal, the excellent working qualities in the short stacks of the charcoal furnaces, and the natural composition for smelting foundry iron, placed this ore at the head of the list of native ores in importance. The ore varies in thickness from one inch to as much as 2 feet 6 inches, but the usual measurement is from 5 to 12 inches. The exceptional volumes noted are usually of local extent, somewhat in the nature of rolls, and they usually denote a decrease in the normal thickness in the surrounding areas. Under heavy cover the ore is of the normal carbonate type, but along the outcrop it has weathered to the hydrate forms with an increase in the iron content. The usual outcrop ore is porous blocks, but under extreme weathering it is soft and clay-like in character; especially is this the case in that found along the joint planes where the limestone below has weathered to widely separated blocks. This ore more nearly resembles colloidal precipitated hydrates.

Owing to the thinness of the deposit, and to the more desirable quality of the weathered product, the Ferriferous ore has been mined mainly by stripping along the outcrop. In local areas where the thickness is exceptional, and the quality good, it has been mined by drifting. At present both methods are used to obtain the ore supply for Jefferson Furnace. Small amounts are also obtained from the limestone mines.

The Lower Kittanning horizon with its coal, clays, and shales, is of great importance at present in Jackson County, and in the future it may lead to increased development. The clays which are by far the most valuable in the area are the basis of the present brick industry at Oak Hill. The shales also have excellent ceramic qualities, although they are but little utilized at present. The Lower Kittanning coal, the main stratigraphic member of the group, has ample thickness for mining in most of the area, while the quality of the fuel for general purposes is next to that of the Quakertown, or Jackson Hill. When the economic values of all the beds on the horizon are considered, the interval is thus seen to furnish valuable natural resources for industries, especially along ceramic lines. See Map III.

The Lower Kittanning coal is the first coal bed of importance above the Ferriferous limestone. In Jackson County the average interval separating the two members is 25 feet, although it varies from 13 to 52 feet. It is separated from the overlying Middle Kittanning coal by a series of shales and sandstones with irregular deposits of clays, thin coals, and ores, the total average thickness of which is 39 feet. The interval expands from 21 to 64 feet. The first member of special economic importance above the Lower Kittanning coal is the Oak Hill clay, which in some localities lies directly on the coal, but which at other places may be separated from the coal by as much as 29 feet of shales and sandstones. The average interval of separation is about 5 feet. The Lower Kittanning clay is found directly below the coal member, and it averages 6 feet in thickness, that is, when the clay-bonded sandstone below is not considered a part of the bed. The Red Kidney ore, which is seldom present in Jackson County, lies about 12 feet above the LowTr Kittanning coal.

The Lower Kittanning coal and the associated clays are found in eastern Jefferson Township, but the areas are small, as the horizon rising westward soon passes above the summits of the highest hills. The coal is of value only in the eastern tier of sections, for in those west of this it is badly weathered on account of shallow cover. In Madison Township, where the members are well represented, the total area is large. In the western part of the township the Lower Kittanning coal is found about 800 feet above tide, but owing to the dip eastward it passes below drainage before reaching the eastern boundary.

The members are poorly represented in Franklin Township, for the beds are confined to small areas near the summits of the high knobs in sections 1, 25, 26, and 36, while in Lick Township they were seen in the northeastern part of Section 36 only. They are wanting in Coal and Washington townships. The total area in Bloomfield Township is large, for they are present in all the sections east and south of the old preglacial river, but in those west of this they are practically wanting. Milton Township is well supplied with Lower Kittanning

The total area of Lower Kittanning coal in Jackson County is about 58 square miles. Owing to many wants and thin places the area in which the bed has a thickness of 2 feet 6 inches or more is estimated to be approximately 25 square miles. Since a part of this good territory has been worked for local use and railroad shipment the area yet available will scarcely exceed 20 square miles

Madison Township. - The deposits on the Lower Kittanning horizon have been more largely worked in Madison Township than in any other in Jackson County. In the main, the flint and plastic clays, the basis of the Oak Hill brick industry, and the coal for the fuel are drawn from the region adjacent to the village, but in this township. Coal and clays here are well developed, while the direct association of the beds is of aid in producing the raw materials at a low cost. The sections given in the following pages illustrate these features. In Section 6, in the southwestern part of Madison To>\Tiship, the following relations were observed along the road that leads to the ridge south of Black Fork:

The Lower Kittanning coal and associated clays are wanting or poorly developed in sections 5, 4, 3, and 2, south. The horizon is below drainage in Section 1. The coal is usually present, but generally thin in Section 32; however, the clays often have good volume. Both coal and clays are poorly represented in most of sections 33, 34, 35, and 36, as thej' are largely replaced by massive sandstones.

The deposits of Lower Kittanning coal and associated clays are somewhat patchy in Section 29, but they are quite steady in Section 20. In the latter section the coal has been mined for local needs on the land of Newton Davis, but no measurements were obtained as the mines were full of water when the region was visited (1915). However, on the farm of Jenkin Edwards the stratum was exposed, and the following record obtained:

In Section 28 the coal and clays are largely replaced by massive sandstones. In sections 21, 22, 23, 26, and 27 the coal and clays are seldom represented in force. In a few localities black carbonaceous shales with thin coal bands interstratified were observed, but at no place was coal of value found. The horizon is below drainage in sections 24 and 25. In Section 18, on the property of Isaac M. Morgan, the Oak Hill clay was exposed as follows:

The Lower Kittanning coal is mined for railroad shipment in the northern part of Section 5. The record obtained at the Commercial mine of E. 0. Roberts is given below:

In Section 8 the Lower Kittanning coal has good volume, and the clays are also generally well developed. The coal is mined for fuel and the clays for the manufacture of fire brick by the Pyro Clay Products Company in the northern part of Section 17. The following record showing the thickness and relation of the beds was obtained here:

In the southern part of Section 16 the Lower Kittanning coal and related clays are thin or wanting, but in the northern part they are usually well developed. The following measurements were taken at the Elkhorn mine: p^ j^^

The coal and clay deposits on this general horizon are patchy in Section 9, while in Section 4 the coal is usually present, but generally thin. In most of the area the clay below the coal has good volume. The following record made along the road in the central part of the section gives the general relations: p^ j^

The interval of the Lower Kittanning coal and clays is taken by massive sandstones in most of Section 15, while in Section 14 patches of good coal are found only in a few localities. The coal has been mined by stripping in the bed of a small branch of Cherry Fork on the land of Charles Evans. The thickness of the coal is reported to vary from 2 feet 6 inches to 4 feet. The impure blossom of the member was noted also at several places along the main stream. These beds are below drainage in sections 1, 2, 11, 12, and 13. The coal is thin or wanting in most of Section 10, but the imderlying clay in local areas has good volume. The conditions of the Lower Kittanning coal and associated beds in Section 3 are shown in the following record made near where the bridge crosses Sugar Rim: p^ ^^

Bloomfield Township. - In Bloomfield Township the Lower Kittanning coal and clay are found where due with but few exception^, but in the northern part of the region the coal bed is often thin. A massive sand- 8tone,the lower part of which is conglomeratic, replaces the Oak Hill clay, and in local areas part of the upper bench of the underlying coal. The succeeding sections taken in this township illustrate the general character of the members in the interval, and the variations due to changes during the period of deposition. On land of Willianj Reese, in Section 31, the Lower Kittanning coal where measured was 3 feet 3 inches in thickness, with a clay parting of 1 inch. In the southwest comer of the same section, on land of John W. Evans, the thickness shown in a mine was as follows:

The Lower Kittanning coal and associated members are wanting in sections 6, 18, and 30, while they are represented by only small areas on the high knobs in sections 5, 7, 8, and 19. The Lower Kittanning coal and clay have about normal development in Section 32, but the Oak Hill clay is seldom present. The following measurements, which show the general relations of the members, was obtained along the road on the line of sections 28 and 33 :

The Lower Kittanning coal has been mined for local use on the farm of H. Poor, in Section 29. The thickness of the bed in this locality is reported to be approximately 2 feet 6 inches. In most of Section 28 the Oak Hill clay and often the Lower Kittanning coal are replaced by a massive sandstone. The coal, which has been mined, however, for domestic needs, is reported to be about 2 feet in thickness on the land of Jenkin E. Davis, and also on that of Silas Arthur. In the northern part of Section 27, on the farm of John Fink, the Lower Kittanning coal has excellent volume, while the Oak Hill clay is also well developed. The section follows:

The interval of the Lower Kittanning coal and related members is below drainage level in sections 25, 26, 34, 35, and 36. The following record was obtained in Section 20, on the land of the Southern Ohio Portland Cement Company:

The areas of the deposits of coal and clay in this interval are small in Section 17, but the beds are usually well represented. In parts of Section 16 the beds are replaced by thick sandstones, although at a few places they have normal development. In most of Section 21 the Lower Kittanning coal is especially well developed, as is shown by the following record, which was obtained on the farm of John Morris:

However, only a short distance west of this, on the land of Clement Baker, where the bed is also mined for domestic use, its volume is considerably less, as is shown by the following measurements:

In Section 15 the Lower Kittanning coal is generally thin, but the underlying clay has good volume. The Oak Hill clay in most of the area is wanting. The coal has excellent volume in local areas in Section 22, while the Oak Hill clay is also well developed. The coal bed here assumes a phase which is present in the Etna region in Lawrence County, and in the Coal Run field in Milton Township in Jackson County. The thickness of the member is increased by the addition of a third coal bench above the normal deposit, which consists of two coal benches, separated by a clay parting. This extra coal bench is usually impure, although, in the main, in part of the areas in which it is present it contains sufficient combustible matter for use in steam making^ brick burning, and other inferior purposes. The structure of the bed, noted in a mine near the residence of Opal Hawker, in Section 22, is given in the following record:

On the land of John Galbroth, in the same section, the Lower Kittanning coal is also mined for local domestic needs, and has abnormal volume, owing to a local expansion o{ the main coal bench. The measurements taken at this place are given below:

This coal has been mined for local use on the farm of Arthur MetCalf, who reports the Led to be about 4 feet in thickness, and to have much the same structure as is shown in the above section. The coal lifs IG feet above the Ferriferous limestone. This thick coal is somewhat local in extent, however, for at other places where the deposit was exposed the bed has normal thickness, or it is even less than this. Along Kyger Run the Lower Kittanning coal goes below drainage in the southern part of Section 23. The bed in this locality is very irregular in thickness, as it is often thinned or replaced by the thick overlying sandstone. Coal has been mined at a few places along the stream, and the bed is reported to be from 2 to 4 feet in thickness. This coal bed has been prospected by drifting on the land of George W. Keeton, in the northern part of Section 24. In Section 14, on the land of C. W. Burris, the coal has been mined by stripping. The deposit is reported to be thin and unsteady. The Lower Kittanning coal and associated clays are poorly developed in sections 12 and 13.

Along the road east of Pattonsville in the southwestern part of Section 3, the Lower Kittanning coal and associated strata were exposed for measurement. The record taken follows:

North of Goose Run, in the same section, on the land of the Superior Colliery Company, a good surface exposure of the rocks gave these measurements: p^ ^^

The Lower Kittanning coal in sections 4, 9, and 10 is generally somewhat thin, but the underlying clay has good volimie. Li most of the area the Oak Hill clay is replaced by conglomeratic sandstones.

Franklin and Lick Townships. - ^The Lower Kittanning coal is present in a few sections in eastern Franklin Township, but as the cover is shallow the coal is of little value. The member was found only in Section 36 in Lick Township, and it is wanting in Coal and Washington.

Milton Township. - In Milton Township the Lower Kittanning coal is mined for railroad shipment. The bed in restricted areas reaches its maximum thickness in Jackson Coimty, although the upper part is somewhat bony. The clay below the coal has good thickness and is of excellent quality, but it has not been utilized for ceramic purposes. The Oak Hill clay is also present in part of the region, yet it usually lies some distance above the Lower Kittanning coal. Id Section 36, south, Milton Township, on land of the Superior Colliery Company, the clay has good thickness, as is showtx by the following section:

A section showing the relation of members from the Tionesta or No. 3b coal to the Upper Freeport or No. 7 coal was obtained along the road that leads from Buckeye Furnace to Hoihouse Ridge, in Section 26. The lower Freeport and Middle Kittanning coals are replaced by the massive sandstone, which, as shoMoi elsewhere, often lies unconformably on the Lower Kittanning coal. The massive sandstone below this coal replaces the Ferriferous ore and limestone in some localities, aad often in local areas takes the place of the Clarion coal also. The measurements taken here follow: .,, .

On Hoihouse Ridge, in Section 27, a heavy blossom of the Lower Kittanning coal was seen, but the true thickness of the bed was not obtained. In Section 20 the members were exposed along the roadside, and the coal appeared thin.

Along Coal Rim, in sections 14 aad 23, the Lower Kittanning coal is mined for railroad shipment by the Mohawk Coal Company. The general structure of the bed here is much the same as it is in the Etna region in Lawrence County. There the bony layer or "niggerhead* ' above the main coal benches varies in thickness from an inch or two to 2 feet, but it has an average thickness of about 1 foot. The bone band in the upper bench, generally present here, is a common feature in the Etna region also. The section taken in the Mohawk mine is as follows:

Here the lower coal bench is reported to measure about 5 inches, while the clay parting above often thins to J inch. In Section 24, on Buffer Run, the Lower Kittanning coal is also mined for railroad shipment by the Superior Colliery Company. The general character of the bed in this locality is the same as that noted on Coal Run. The section taken follows:

The total thickness of the upper bench is reported to vary^from'S feet 10 inches to 4 feet 4 inches in thickness, the clay parting from 2 to 4 inches, and the lower coal bench from 2 to 4 inches. The clay below, which is of good quality, is reported to be quite thick. The tough shale above the coal forms a very good roof for mining. Along the road that leads from Rich Run to the ridge east in sections 13 and 14, the following rocks were exposed for measurement:

Geology Of Southern Ouio

The upper bench of coal, excluding the bony part, is reported to have a thickness of 3 feet near the center of the hill. The clay parting varies from 2 to 4 inches. In this region the Oak Hill clay above has excellent thickness and quality, while the associated shales are also well fitted for ceramic products. In Section 12, on the land of the Wellston Coal & Brick Company, the following rocks were exposed for measurement:

The Lower Kittanning coal is mined for railroad shipment by the Browne Coal Company, in the northern part of Section 2. The structure of the bed near the head of the entry is as follows:

The bony layer on the upper coal bench is wanting here, while the thickness of this bench is reported to vary from 2 feet 6 inches to 3 feet.

On land of the Geneva Coal & Mining Company, in Section 36, north, the Lower Kittanning coal, where exposed for measurement, gave the following record:

In Section 34 the Lower Kittanning coal is mined by the Minglewood Coal Company for railroad shipment. The bed has good thickness, and the coal in the lower benches is of excellent quality. The strata measured are given below:

The Lower Kittanning coal bed is characterized by being made up of two coal benches separated by clay. Both benches are very persistent, but the upper one is much better developed than the lower. In Jackson County the average thickness of the upper bench is about 2 feet 4 inches, while that of the lower is 7 inches. The maximum thickness of the upper bench, including the bony layer in the upper part, is 4 feet, while the minimum of course depends on the amount of erosion that took place preceding the deposition of the conglomeratic sandstone above. In local areas the bed is thinned to a few inches or completely replaced. Normally the lower bench seldom thickens to over 1 foot, while in some localities it measures only 2 inches. The clay parting expands in thickness from one-half inch to 1 foot 6 inches, but it has an average measurement of about 3 inches. The bony part of the upp^r bench of coal found in eastern Milton and northern Bloomfield townships is much the same in character as that found and similarly placed in the Etna region in Lawrence County. This layer varies in composition somewhat, but it never reaches that of highgrade fuel, while in some localities it is really a carbonaceous shale with thin coal bands.

The Lower Kittanning coal in Jackson County is worked for railroad shipment in Milton Township. In Section 34, north, the Minglewood Coal Company was laying tracks, and otherwise preparing to mine the bed when the region was visited in the summer of 1914. The main entry was then driven preparatory to turning rooms. The mine of the Browne Coal Company is located in Section 2, and is connected by switch to the Detroit, Toledo & Ironton Railway. The mine is electrically equipped throughout. Jeflfrey and Goodman machines are used in cutting the coal, while Morgan and Gardner motors are used for hauling. The coal is elevated to the tipple by chain elevators. The electric current is furnished by a 400 ampere dynamo, manufactured by the General Electric Company, and the steam is generated by 150 H. P. tubular boiler. The mine is well equipped throughout. The number of men employed is usually about

80, The Superior Colliery Company has a mine near the head of Bich Run, in Section 13, but it is idle at present (1914). Mine No. 11 of the above mentioned company is located on Buffer Run, in Section 24. It is a level-free mine, with the coal loaded from a tipple. The mine is electrically equipped, using Morgan and Gardner cutting machines and motors. The capacity is 450 tons per day, and the coal is shipped via the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Railway. The Mohawk Coal Company operate a pick mine on Coal Run, in Section 23. It is level-free, and mule power is used for hauling the coal. The capacity of the mine is 235 tons per day. It is connected by a switch to the branch of the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Railway. One shipping mine is in operation at present on the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Railway in Section 5, Madison Township. It is known as the Commercial mine, and is run by E. 0. Roberts. The mine is level-free. Mule power is used in hauling the fuel, which is mined by picks. The daily capacity of the mine is about 50 tons.

The usual method of attack in mining is to cut in the soft clay parting, but this method is not followed entirely, for in some mines the cutting is dons in the coal. By cutting in the clay, however, coal is saved. In another way this parting is objectionable, as special care is required to keep the mined coal free from admixed clay, which, if allowed to become wet during transit or storage, disintegrates and whitewashes the coal, thus giving it an unsightly appearance. During mining and handling the admixed clay is more or less reduced to fine material. Where the coal is screened the bulk of it goes into the smaller sized grades of fuel, such as egg, nut, and slack, thus leaving the lump reasonably clean. The amount of clay present is seldom sufficient to impair the real fuel value of the coal. The objection is mainly one of appearance and not of quality. The average thickness of the Lower Kittanning bed, taken from all the measurements made in Jackson County, is 2 feet 11 inches of clean coal in the two benches. Since the specific gravity of this coal is about 1.3, the total fuel per acre is approximately 5,160 tons of 2,000 pounds each. The yield in mining per acre, counting only 60 per cent, available, is thus about 3,100 tons. The clays associated with the Lower Kittanning coal give the bed a special value when considered for the basis of ceramic industries. This subject will be treated more fully under days.

The Lower Kittanning is classed as a coking coal, although it has been but little utilized for this product in Ohio. The sulphur content, and the tender nature of the coal, limit its value for use n the blast furnace in the raw state. It is a free-burning, long-flamed coal, qualities recommending it for the burning of ceramic products, especially where color of the ware is of importance. For this use it ranks next to the Quakertown coal. It is a good domestic coal, as it produces but little soot, and bums to a light powdery ash. For steaming purposes this

Sample from mine No. 11, Superior Coal Company, Section 24, Milton Township, Jackson County. Sample taken well under cover and from a fresh face. The sample was a section 5x4 inches and was cut by D. D. Condit in November, 1907.

From mine and surface exposures noted, the average thickness of the Lower Kittanning coal in Jackson County is sufficient for ease in mining, as the bed, including the 3 inch clay parting, measures 3 feet 2 inches. Usually the roof is a shale, tough and solid, but in some localities, aa noted in the stratigraphy, it is a massive sandstone, while at other places the Oak Hill clay lies directly on the coal bed. The shale or sandstone forms a safe roof, but the clay is held only with difficulty. Where both clay and coal are wanted, as is the case in the Oak Hill district, this association is a decided advantage in economy in the mining of both. In Milton Township, while the Oak Hill clay is moderately steady, it usually lies some distance above the coal; hence it is not detrimental in the mining where only the latter is wanted. Where only a foot or two of shale intervenes between the coal and the massive sandstone above, mining is somewhat dangerous, for percolating waters loosen the shale along the contact, and consequently it soon cracks and falls. This condition though is restricted to local areas. In general the roof of the Lower Kittanning coal is considered safe.

Everywhere the floor of the Lower Kittanning coal is clay, which is always plastic, but which in some localities is somewhat siliceous, and, therefore, harder. In dry mines this plastic clay causes no particular rouble, but in wet mines it causes muddy roadways for hauling, insecure footings for posts and tracks, and it requires additional coal to be left in order to prevent "squeezing" from the weight of the overburden.

the general mining conditions of the deposit, and the worth of the associated minerals are carefully considered, the Lower Kittanning coal is one of the valuable mineral assets of Jackson Coimty, and it bids fair to play an important part in the future development of the region.

Lower Kittanning Clay

The Lower Kittanning clay, when considered from the point of general ceramic utilization, is by far the most important clay bed in Jackson County, for it is well fitted for the manufacture of a variety of products such as stoneware, face brick, sewer pipe, fire proofing, second-grade fire brick, and paving block. In fact, this bed is the basis of a large part of the ceramic industry of the State, the total value of the clay products of which in 1913 was over $38,000,000. Except in the Oak Hill region but little attention has been paid to the value of this clay, although conditions are favorable for the success of such plants in other parts of the county.

When considered in a general way, the clays in the interval from the Ferriferous ore or limestone to the Lower Kittanning coal form the Lower Kittanning clay member. This is really divided into two clay beds, the upper one of which is directly associated with the Lower Kittanning coal proper, while the lower one belongs to a thin coal stratum which lies about midway in the interval. The upper clay bed is far more steady than the lower one, which is not commonly present in Jackson County, although well developed and quite persistent in the Etna region *of Lawrence County. The clays in both beds are much the same in character, and were formed during the same general swamp period that ended with the deposition of the Lower Kittanning coal. Below the upper clay, in a part of the Jackson County field, there is found a light-colored, fine-grained, clay-bonded sandstone, which also has good ceramic qualities. This really belongs to the upper clay bed, but it is too siliceous to be called a clay.

The clay of most importance lies directly below the Lower Kittanning coal, and, excluding the clay-bonded sandstone, it averages about 6 feet in thickness. The maximum thickness noted in Jackson County was 10 feet and the minimum 2 feet. The clay-bonded sandstone found in only a part of the field usually averages about 6 or 6 feet in thickness, but in local areas it exceeds this considerably, usually at the expense of the clay above. When both clay and claybonded sandstone are present the thickness varies from 10 to 15 feet. Because of the direct association of the Lower Kittanning clay and coal, both may be economically mined from the same workings. The average thickness of the two beds is about 9 feet, a convenient height for ease in mining. The usual method of attack is to mine the clay from below the coal until this loosens from the roof, then a light shot near the face brings the coal down. In this way the cost of mining the clay is from 30 to 60 cents per ton, while that of mining the coal is from 50 to 70 cents. Coimting only 60 per cent available, the yield per acre for the coal, as shown before, is 3,100 tons of 2,000 pounds each, while that for the clay, where the bed is 6 feet in thickness, is approximately 12,250 tons. Counting 3.5 tons clay per thousand brick this will produce 3,500,000 brick. With good kiln and steam economy one ton of coal will produce the steam for manufacture and the heat for burning 1,000 brick. This shows that only a small amount of additional fuel is required. It makes a vast difference in the amount of revenue brought into the county whether the coal alone is mined and marketed, or whether coal and clay are mined, worked into ceramic products, and then marketed. The average market price of Lower Kittanning coal will not exceed $1.50 per ton at the mine, and is usually below this figure, while the average price of face brick at the works, taken kiln run, is about $12.00 per thousand; hence, calculating on this basis, we get the following results:

The amount of money thus brought into the county from the sale of the ceramic products is nearly nine times as much as where the coal alone is sold. These features show that the industry should be encouraged, especially when the conditions are as favorable as found in eastern Jackson County. The conditions in the Wellston region are worthy of attention, for the field of clay and coal is large, the shipping facilities good, and the water supply along the Little Raccoon ample for all purposes. Also in this region there is produced a large amount of nut and slack coal, which, thro^Ti directly on the market, brings but little return, but which if used in the manufacture of ceramic ware would yield a fair profit. Some of the bony coal, now thrown over the dump, could also be utilized in this way.

The working qualities of the Lower Kittanning clay are so well known that little comment needs be made regarding them. It is the standard plastic clay in Ohio. Although the bed in Jackson County is only of medium thickness, the quality of the clay is on a par tvith that found in other counties, where it forms the basis of important ceramic industries. The general working qualities of the clay are very satisfactory from almost any point of view. The raw clay if allowed to weather goes down to a plastic mass, or if ground and mixed with water it soon develops excellent bonding properties. For some grades of ware the clay is somewhat too plastic, requiring dilution with other materials. The raw clay is readily reduced by any of the common methods of crushing-now used in the clay industry. The type of crusher in most general use is the dry-pan, which will reduce from 60 to 100 tons of this clay in 10 hours. The muds produced by pugging or wetpan tempering flow readily through the dies, seldom laminating or cracking to the extent to produce loss. Green ware, such as brick oi small pieces of hollow ware, in which the walls are not especially thin, dries safely, with but little attention in any of the types of waste-heat or steam driers in general use. When large or thin-walled ware, such as blocks or fire-proofing, is dried in the tunnel driers, the. temperature must be more carefully regulated, or direct loss of ware ensues. Also strains started here may develop diu-ing the -burning into cracks. The bonding and drying properties of the Lower Kittanning clay make it one of the standard sewer-pipe clays in Ohio. In this industry the drying is an important item, for often the ware is large, with medium thin walls, and with sockets which are especially liable to crack. Toughness in the green state is also required here, for the ware must be handled both on the drying floor and in the kilns. The burning qualities of the Lower Kittanning clay are excellent, for it matures to a good dense hotfy at about 1,800 or 2,000*^ P. The vitrification range is long, thus producing but little waste from overburned or underburned ware. The final fusion point of the clay is usually approximately 3,000° F., but it varies considerably from this on accoimt of the variation in the quantities of fluxing ingredients present. The total shrinkage, both drying and fire, is about IJ inches per foot. With siliceous clay it is somewhat less than this, while with fat, plastic clay it often reaches li inches per foot. Occasionally it exceeds the latter measurement. The ware stands up well imder firing; so at good maturity but little loss is occasioned by warping, twisting, or cracking. The natural color of the body at early maturity is a clear buff, at medium bums it is a light iron-mottled color, while at hard bums it has dark shades. Any of the colors produced are very pleasing and attractive, and they show but little change on weathering. The following analysis of liower Kittanning clay, made in 1910, by R. C. Purdy, of the Ohio State University, was furnished by the Pyro Clay Products Company:

The light clay-bond sandstone, found below the Lower Kittanning clay in a part of the Jackson field, is a good adjunct to the clay. It is especially valuable for mixing with the clay when a more siliceous body is required, thus correcting shrinkage, porosity, and ease of glazing. It has good working qualities, and it biirns to a light buflF color. For many grades of ware this should be worked with the clay above. The character of the clay-bonded sandstone is shown by the following analysis, furnished by the Wm. E. Dee Clay Products Company:^

This clay-bond sandstone burned to maturity is a dense strong body, very suitable for paving brick. It is also moderately refractory, as its final fusion point is about 3,100° F. When brick are desired to resist the action of acid slags, or to withstand severe abrasion ft moderate temperatures, this material may be utilized with exc:Ulent results.

The Lower Kittanning clay is well suited for the manufacture of stoneware, sewer-pipe, fire proofing, roofing tile, high-grade face brick, and second-grade fire brick. It may also be used in the production of terra cotta and paving block. The conditions are very favorable in Jackson County for the success of ceramic plants, and the industry should be encouraged. At present there are seven active brick plants in the Oak Hill district which use the Lower Kittanning clay to some extent. However, this (day with the associated shales forms the basis of only one plant, which is that of the Diamond Brick Company, located about one mile south of Oak Hill. The following gcmeral description of the plant was furnished by the general manager, Joseph J. Jones:

The Diamond Brick Company was organized on Feb. 27, 1903. The materials used in the manufacture of the diflferent grades of ware are soil, plastic clay, flint clay,

*H. B. Henderson and W. Stout, The Utilization of Ohio Clay-bonded Sandstones for the manufacture of Silica Brick, Trans. American Ceramic Society, Vol. XVIII.

and shale. The thickness of the deposits are as follows: soil 5 feet, plastic <2lay 14 feet, flint clay 3 feet, and shale 10 feet. The total thickness of all beds utilized is usually close to 32 feet. The general equipment of the plant is one 150-H. P. Atlas engine, two 125-U. P. Houston boilers, one American dry pan, one Raymond pug null, one American auger machine, and one American automatic cutter. The ware from the machines is loaded on steel cars, about 200 of which are used. The ware is dried with steam heat in 14 tunnels and is burned in 7 down-draft kilns which have a capacity of 70,000 each. Clarion coal is used foi fuel. The daily capacity of the plant is three cars of ware which is shipped via the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Ilaihx>ad. The kinds of ware made are hollow brick, fire proofing, fire brick, drain tile, and face brick.