Jackson Township (part 15 of 19)

Another center of mining at present is on Frederick Creek at Scioto Furnace and at Edmunds. The clay is usually of excellent quality, and the bed has a good mean thickness. The deposits are made up of flint, semi-flint, and ''pink eye" clays, with, in places, a white, fine-grained sandstone or ganister. There is no bedding plane between the flint and semi-flint, the semi-flint and the "pink eye," or flint and *'pink eye." Also there is no regularity of order in which the beds were laid down. Often the flint lies directly on the ''pink eye," although the usual arrangement in descending order is flint clay, semi-flint, and "pink eye." In some places the flint clay is wanting, while the same is true elsewhere of the semi-flint and "pink eye." The white, fine-grained sandstone or ganister is usually local. On the following tables are given sections taken in the mines of the Buckeye Fire Brick & Clay Company and the Harbison-Walker Refractories Company. These were taken at regular intervals in order to show the variation in the deposition of the different layers. The full thickness of the **pink eye" was not obtained, as the floors of the mines are in this material; hence the unkno\Mi thickness below is indicated by an x. See Table IV.

A driU record made on the land of W. E. Ranchous and others in Section 16, and given below, shows that the Sciotoville member has excellent volume in this locality :

On Skull Creek, in sections 8 and 9, the Sciotoville clay was formerly worked along the outcrop. A section at the mouth of an old mine is as given below:

On Laurel Lick Run, north of Pinkerman, this bed has been opened in a number of places in sections 5 and 8, where, on the farm of Lemm Cadot, the foflowing record was obtained:

On Bear Run, near the Baptist Church, in Section 5, about 3 feet of flint clay with soft clays below were exposed, but no good section was obtained. A record taken on the land of William Tripp (Kinker farm), in Section 4, and given below, shows the structure of the Sciotoville clay and its relations to other important members: western part of Bloom Township. The Scioto Fire Brick Company at Sciotovilie, and the Pyro Clay Products Company at Oak Hill, draw their supply from mines near Gephart Station, on the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad. The Buckeye Fire Brick & Clay Company at Scioto Furnace mines its clay near the plant. The Portsmouth and Star works of the Harbison- Walker Refractories Company obtain their supply at present from mines at Gephart, and near Edmunds on Frederick Creek. Small quantities of clay are also shipped from the Scioto Furnace region to Oak Hill. The Pinkerman and Bear Run fields are not being worked at present, but they may be drawn upon in the near future, as William Tripp, who largely controls these fields, contemplates the erection of a plant at South Webster at an early date. The area of the known unworked fields in Bloom Township is large, and as the clay deposits are heavy, the quantity of material available is amply suflScient to supply the various yards for many years.

Along the outcrop and under shallow cover, the clay is mined by stripping or benching. The overburden is removed until the shales or sandstones above become solid enough to form a roof, when the usual method of drift mining is practiced. In most cases the single entry system, with cross entries, from which the rooms are turned, is used. The main headings are usually from 8 to 12 feet wide, while the cross entries are a foot or two narrower. The rooms usually turned from 30 to 40 feet apart along the cross entries are worked from 20 to 30 feet wide and from 100 to 250 feet long. The entries are held by posts and caps. At the entrance of the mine lagging is also used. In the rooms the number of posts used and the manner of spacing them depend on the character of the roof, which in most oases is tough shale or sandstone; hence it is easily held. The usual method of draining is by ditches, or by hand pumps with siphon. Steam pumps are seldom used. The method in common practice of furnishing air in the mines is by air shafts with furnaces. The circulation in the rooms is by break-throughs and brattices. The clay is shot off the solid in both entries anel rooms. The holes are usually drilled by hand augers, as the clay cuts easily, and the shooting is done with fuse, or squib and black powder. In the small mines the clay is hauled by hand, but in the larger mines it is removed by mule power. At present the larger mines are operated in a systematic manner and with fair economy.

The materials found on the Sciotoville horizon are flint, semiflint, plastic, and *'pink eye'' clays, with ganister or clay-bond sandstone. Clay is a hydrated aluminum silicate, the best varieties of which have a composition approaching closely that of kaolinite, which is Al2052Si08.2H20. The composition of the flint, semi-flint, and plastic clays is practically the same, while that of "pink eye" contains in addition to the clay components several per cent of iron oxides. These different types of clay differ greatly in their physical properties.

Flint clay is a hard, dense, homogeneous substance, breaking with a conchoidal fracture in any direction, and ordinarily showing no trace of bedding planes. On weathering the Sciotoville flint clay breaks down to small cubical masses, but, however complete the disintegration, the particles always remain sharp and gritty and have no apparent plasticity. The color, depending mainly on the amount of carbonaceous matter present, varies from a light gray to a dark gray, or to nearly black. If iron compounds are present in considerable quantities the colors imparted by these pigments are reds, pinks, or greens. The distinguishing feature of flint clay is its flinty, non-plastic nature.

The semi-flint clay is hard, dense, homogeneous, and breaks as the flint clay does. It shows no distinct bedding planes, but always slickensides. The clay breaks down on weathering with the development of some plasticity. The colors are similar to those of the flint clays. Semi-flints often graduate into the flint clays. The identification points are the flinty nature of the clay with the presence of slickensidcs or pressure slips, and with the development of a limited plasticity on weathering or by protracted working.

The plastic clay is soft, compact, and homogeneous, and has no bedding planes, but is usually marked in all directions by slickensides. On weathering, or simply working it with water, the plastic properties are highly developed. In color it varies the same as the flint and semiflint. It is characterized by its soft nature and great plasticity.

"Pink eye'' is a plastic clay carrying a notable quantity of iron oxide, which is in a very finely divided state, and is segregated somewhat, thus giving the clay a blotchy or mottled appearance.

The ganister found on this horizon is a sandstone composed of light, fine-grained quartz sand, with clay for the bonding material. Usually it is quite free from fluxing impurities, but in a few places noted it was charged with iron oxide, and resembled a "pink eye" clay in color.

The Sciotoville clays always contain appreciable amounts of other ingredients, some of which are especially detrimental to the ware required to withstand high heat strains. These impurities amount to several per cent even in the purest natural clays. The quality of a clay depends primarily on the kinds and on the quantities of the deleterious materials present.

Sand or free silica is the most common and least objectionable impurity found in clays. The quantity varies from a traoe in the pure clays to that found in the ganieters, which have a few per cent of clay for the bonding material. The fusion curve shows that for any mixture of the components, clay and sand, the melting point is lower than for that of either component alone. The melting point of clay is 1,830° C, of quartz about 1,600° C.,* while that of the eutectic mixtures is slightly below 1,600° C; hence free quartz in a clay always lowers the fusion point, but to no great extent in any case. When the effect of slag on clay ware is considered then free silica or sand in the clay may be detrimental or beneficial, depending largely on the composition of the slag. The acidity of the brick should approach closely that of the slag. Pure clay is considered neutral. For example, the mineral components of basic blast furnace slag are mainly 2CaO.Si02, 2CaO.AlvO3.SiO2, and small amounts of CaO.AU03.2Si02. But little combination is possible between these and pure clay, Al20a.2Si02, consequently only a slight solvent action is exerted. The influence of the above slag on a brick made from a clay containing a considerable amount of quartz sand is much different. In this case the slag components react with the clay, Al803.2Si02i and free silica SiO», to form the more acid minerals, CaO.Si02 and CaO.Al208.2Si02. In this cas3 the siliceous brick would be taken into solution easily and go out with the slag. If the slag is decidedly acid, like the old charcoal furnace slags which were made up of Si02.CaOSiO» and CaO.Al20a.2Si02, then brick with free quartz sand will be but little affected, and under such conditions should give good service. The acidity of the slag to which the brick are subjected should be the guide for the amount of free silica allowable in the ware.

Where brick are subjected to differential heats the rapid expansion of the free silica is important, for this volume change soon causes brick with a high silica content to become fragile, crack, and finally to break into pieces; consequently free silica in large amounts should be avoided in ware where extreme changes of temperature are necessary.

Iron compounds are always present in clays. The quantity varies from about 1 per cent in the purest types to 15 or 20 per cent in "pink eye'\ The forms in which it occurs are pyrite, FeS2, siderite, FeCOs, hematite, Fe203, and limonite, 2Fe20,.3H20. During the burning of the ware the FeS2 usually changes to the oxide, but under some conditions it is reduced only to FeS, which fuses at a low temperature. The other minerals go to Fe203, or FeO, depending upon the condition of the flame. There is no combination between ferric oxide, FciO., and clay. In fact, it is a good refractory material when under oxidizing conditions, and consequently is not detrimental to ware so subjected. *Tink eye*' clay may be used with good results for ware where oxidizing conditions are maintained. Ferrous oxide, FeO, forms two definite low fusing compounds with silica, which are fayalite, 2FeO.SiOa, and grunerite, FcO.SiOj. Ferric oxide is easily reduced to the lower form, ferrous oxide, by the action of carbon monoxide of the kiln gases, which compound is produced by an insufficient air supply.

Both of these minerals are black, and by fusing at low temperatures they readily produce the black blotches and fused masses seen on fire brick, which, if burned with a free draft, will not show this defect. Clays high in fossil organic matter and iron oxides give dark cores or reduced zones in the brick if not properly treated during the oxidation period of burning. In ware from high-grade clays the structure is sufficiently open to allow complete oxidation, so but little trouble is experienced in the reduction of the iron oxides by carbon. In w^are with a high percentage of plastic clay this effect is liable to result, so if reduction takes place, it should be burned with a free draft, and the kiln held at a low red heat until the black core in the brick has disappeared before completing the bum.

Titanic acid is always present in clays in quantities varying from 0.5 to 4 per cent, but averaging about 1.5 per cent. In small amounts it acts as a flux, but is not very effective. Tests run by various investigators show that 5 per cent lowers the final fusion point about 30° C. but promotes vitrification much earlier. Lime and magnesia, always present in clays in various amounts, are active fluxes. They form direct compounds with silica and alumina, the fusion points of which are from 1,200 to 1,500° C, but the eutectic mixtures of which melt at much lower temperatures. In clays the fluxing action of lime and magnesia begins at about 700° C. when incipient fusion is apparent. Experiments made by several authorities show that 5 per cent lime lowers the final fusion point about 40° C, while 5 per cent magnesia lowers it about 60° C. In either case the vitrification point is lowered far below that of final fusion, and the vitrification in many industrial operations is the limit of value of the ware.

The alkalies or oxides of sodium and potassium are the most active fluxes found in clays. Their fluxing action begins at low red heat, and it soon reaches completion, as silicates and aluminates are readily formed. Their fluxing action is about twice as great as that of lime or magnesia. In all ware subjected to severe heat strains these components must be kept low. The quantity of the alkalies found in the Sciotoville clay seldom exceeds one per cent, and is usually much less than this. Phosphorus pentoxide is an acid flux, but the quantity usually present in the Sciotoville clay is too low to exert any marked influence, as it is seldom over .10 per cent. Manganese oxide, a basic flux, is occasionally' found in small quantities, especially if the iron oxide in the clay is high. Its influence is about the same as that of ferrous oxide. The formation of a eutectic from these various eutectics is also a factor in the further lowering of both the initial and final fusion points.

In determining the refractoriness of clay ware there is no fast rule fixing the amount of the various fluxes present, for often ware with a moderate amount of fluxes gives high heat tests, while another sample, with a small amount of fluxes, goes down much below the temperature expected. It depends on the amount and kind present, and on the manner of distribution. For a given kind of flux the refractoriness agrees in general with the quantity present, and with its state of distribution. Two per cent of ferrous oxide, finely divided and evenly distributed, is more detrimental than the same amounts in lumpy particles. For different fluxes it depends on the activity of each. As an example, 2 per cent of alkalies exert far more action than the same amount of ferrous oxide.

In general, for the highest grades of refractory ware the total fluxes should not exceed 5 per cent, and for medium grades it should not exceed 9 per cent. A few per cent of fluxes, when combined with the clay components, produce relatively large amounts of the low fusing compounds. This is shown in the following, which illustrates some of the possible reactions that may take place:

2 per cent FeO+1.67 per cent SiOt form 3.67 per cent FeO.SiOj, grunerite. 2 per cent CaO+2.14 per cent Si02 form 4.14 per cent CaO.Si02, wollastonite. 2 per cent MgO-f3.t)0 per cent SiOj form 5.00 per cent MgO.SiOt, enstatite. 2 per cent NatO-hl.92 per cent SiOt form 3.93 per cent NatO.SiOt, sodium silicate, per cent Na,0 +14.90 per cent AUOj.eSiOi form 16.90 . NajO.AUOj.eSiO,, albite. per cent CaO-h7.93 per cent Al20|.2SiOt form 9.93 pei

Five per cent of the fluxes usually found in clays will thus form about 10 per cent of low fusing compounds; hence for all ware subjected to high heats it is necessary to keep the total fluxes low.

A plastic clay vitrifies and softens at a much lower temperature than a flint clay, although the final fusion point of both may be the same. In this respect a semi-flint clay is about midway between the plastic and flint. So where vitrification of the ware is undesirable.

or where it is subjected to a high heat with a heavy load, the quantity of plastic clay in the batch should be kept low. A good example of this may be seen in the lower part of a blast furnace stove, where the strains both from heat and from load are moderately high, and where the changes in temperature are sudden. If the brick vitrify they soon spall, and their heat absorbing capacity is lessened. Any softening with the load carried causes deformation of the checkers, etc., with suspension of the blast heating operation. Consequently, the clays used in the manufacture should be selected with reference to the conditions and strains involved. Under severe treatment the superiority of flint ela3's over plastic clays is beyond question, as this point has been definitely proved by the iron and steel producers.

The behavior of fire brick under load conditions has been studied by Bleininger and Brown, and the following discussion is taken from their article on this subject:

As to fire bricks made from a clay material which is sufficiently plastic as t-o be used alone, it is clear that its ability to carry loads depends simply upon its composition. Some of the very best tests have been obtained from materials of this kind. This case is the simplest and needs no particular attention, since a clay will stand up or fail by virtue of its own quality. A pure clay of moderate plasticity would be the ideal material for the manufacture of fire brick. Since, however, such clays are usually not available, the question of judging them as to their composition deserves some attention from the standpoint of their load carrying capacity. From this point of view the most important consideration is that of the amount of fluxes.

At the high temperature involved, the presence of even a small amoimt of fluxes becomes a potent factor and hence it is far better to select a clay higher in silica and low in fluxes than a clay possessing the silica-alumina ratio of kaolin but higher in fluxes. The effect of silica in lowering the refractoriness of clays is commonly exaggerated as far as practical results are concerned, and it is usually not necessary to reject a clay on this account. However, high silica and high fluxes make a dangerous combination. From this it follows that a clay fairly high in fluxes, corresponding for instance to 0.22 RO.Al20|.2Si02, would be improved by the dilution with a siliceous material low in fluxes, or even by the addition of a clear sandstone, the principal requirements being intimate blending and grinding.

In regard to the fluxes present in a clay, the state and size of grain of the iron is of importance, for it is evident that coarser grains of iron minerals will do no harm, although in the analysis they contribute their share towards raising the amount of fluxes.

The fluxes are an important factor in the ability of refractories to carry loads, in-as-much as they become active at low temperatures by forming easily fusible silicates. As the temperature rises, increasing amounts of silica and alumina are dissolved, and it becomes, therefore, simply a matter of the amount of this fused matter and its viscosity, whether or not a given refractory w^ill stand up at the temperature in question.

By grinding the clay as coarse as possible, conditions are improved, as in doing this the formation temperature of the fusible silicates is raised, since the process of solution is hindered, and by this means it may be possible to bring the product out of the danger zone. In time, however, equilibrium conditions are approached closer and closer, so that finally the brick may fail under the same conditions under which they stood up at first.

coarse grains of flint and fine grains of bond clay. These two materials are mixed and blended as far as the processes customary at the present time permit it. The bond clay breaks up more readily, and the plastic mass produced by it cements together the grains of flmt clay and calcine. Assuming that the flint clay is of good quality, the load carrying capacity of the product depends upon the bond, as has been shown above. It is evident that if the flint clay is inferior the product suffers accordingly. These two materials may be considered from the standpoints of chemical composition, vitrification range, and fineness of grain.

Flint clay, the geological origin of which is still in dispute, is deficient in plas< ticity, although by very fine grinding it may become sufficiently plastic to be molded. Its refractoriness, when pure, is very high. A brick made from flint clay (by fine and long continued grinding) is able to carry high loads. As far as refractoriness is concerned, it is good practice to grind it quite coarsely for reasons already indicated. The fact that occasionally it is in part calcined does not affect its refractory behavior but simply corrects the shrinkage suffered in burniog.

In plastic bond clays a good grade of plasticity is desirable, although this is not important, where their refractoriness is high. In clays of greater fusibility, high plasticity enables the manufacturer to cut down its amount to a minimum. In the selection of a bond clay, it is evident that its vitrification range should be as long as possible, i. e., the temperature at which it becomes dense and non-absorbent should \ye as high as possible.*

Weathering improves the quality of the Sciotoville clay. The lumps break down by subdivision into small particles, the size of which depends on the time of exposure. Weathering develops practically no plasticity in the flint clay, although it may be disintegrated to a fine powder which acts in much the same way as fine sand. With semiflint clay, however, a limited plasticity is developed when the mass is broken down to a fine state of division by long exposure. Weathering develops the maximum plasticity or bonding power in the plastic clay, as one of the important factors in producing plasticity is fineness of grain which is thus greatly increased by exposure to the elements. From this point of view weathering is beneficial.

But little work has been done in determining the amounts of impurities carried away by a process of weathering. Some of the reactions due to weathering produce soluble compounds. Pyrite and marcasite oxidize to the soluble sulphate, with also the formation of secondary soluble compounds, much resembling the alums; thus both iron and sulphur as soluble salts are partially eliminated. Lime and magnesia are generally present in the form of carbonates, which compounds are changed to the soluble bicarbonate by the action of carbon dioxide gas, held in solution in rain water, and in the moisture of the atmosphere. Some of the iron in the clay also exists as the carbonate which is similarly affected by this acid water. Some alkalies are lost by direct solution, and b}' their uniting with other elements to form soluble compounds. The salts found on weathered lumps of clay invariably show some of these bases to be present. By a thorough process of weathering and leaching some considerable proportion of the impurities may thus be eliminated. The process would increase the cost of the product, but would be justifiable in the manufacture of the highest grades of ware.

The materials available are the four types of clays, flint, semiflint, plastic; and "pink eye/* Calcine is used in some grades of waro to decrease the shrinkage, and to produce a better structure. That used may be either flint and semi-flint clays, burned for the purpose, w bats and refuse brick which have been burned. For the highest f^ades of ware, well weathered flint and semi-flint clays, with at times eome calcine, or these with a small amount of plastic clay^ compose the mix. Plastic clay is less refractory and vitrifies earlier than the flint or semi-flint; hence it should be kept low where the ware is required to withstand severe heat strains. "Pink eye" clay is used in low-grade ware, and that subjected only to oxidizing conditions. The quantity of each clay in the batch should be proportioned according to the desired chemical and physical qualities of the ware, such as silica-alumina ratio, solubility, strength, density, vitrification, and final fusion points.

The practice for years was wet pan grinding and tempering exclusively, which develops the maximum plasticity and produces good interlocking of the various sized grains. At present dry pan grinding is practiced to a considerable extent. The tempering is then done in a wet pan or pug mill. The same bonding power with a less amount of plastic clay is obtained by the wet pan process, which develops even a fair plasticity in a semi-flint clay. With this practice the plastic clay, which is the weak part of high-grade refractory ware, may be kept low.

The shaping of the ware is done by hand molding, or by machines of the auger and plunger types. Hand molding produces a ware with a more open structure and with less strain defects than that produced by the machines. Where density is desired, machine-made ware is the best. Ware made by auger machines has a greater density than that made by plunger machines, but is more subject to laminations and cracks, and in general the latter kind is favored over the former. Large and oddly designed shapes are all hand molded.

The old method of drying the ware on floors heated by hot air or by steam is the general practice today, although some plants use tunnel driers for drying machine-made brick. The rate of drying should be such that the entire brick has much the same consistency throughout. If the floors are too hot when the outside of the brick is at the right temper the inside is too soft, and if the ware is pressed with this wet core, strains are produced on further drying, which later may develop into cracks. Brick should be pressed when the temper is tough and

But little difficulty is experienced in the burning of fire brick compared, for example, to that of burning paving brick or sewer pipe. The ware is porous, consequently the combined water is easily expelled, and the oxidation of carbon and oxides is rapidly promoted. Both coal and gas are used for fuel. Coal-fired brick generally have the best structure, which is produced by the annealing effect caused by the method of firing. At every "baiting" of the fire a short reduction period is induced, followed by a longer period of oxidation and by fluctuations in the temperature, which causes a firmer setting of grains by the bonding components. In firing with gas the condition of the flame is usually oxidizing throughout the whole interval, and the temperature is rising gradually. The ware is generally somewhat Spunky", but lighter in color, as the iron is not reduced. All high-grade refractory ware should be burned at not less than cone 11, 2,462° F., as at this temperature the final water slirinkage is practically gone.

Fire brick should be tested for those strains which the brick are required to withstand in the industrial operations in which they are to be used. The more important of these follow:

1. Where the brick are subjected to the action of slag, the acidity of both brick and slag should be considered. Chemical analyses give the desired information.

2. Where high heats are employed, the temperature and also the condition cf the flame, whether oxidizing or reducing, must be considered and the tests on the brick run accordingly. Some components acting as fluxes under reducing conditions are very refractory when the flame is strictly oxidizing. Cas, electric, and Deville furnaces are employed for this test.

3. The crushing strength of brick at high temperature, and under heavy load, is important in many metallurgical operations. The method of testing is that A^orked out by Bleininger lind Brown.*

4. Fire brick are often required to withstand severe abrasion. A rrodified paving brick rattler test on cold brick gives a fair idea of their qualit}', but the best tests are obtained if the brick are rattled at approximately the temperature carried in the industrial operation.

5. The sudden, severe changes of temperature on fire brick, for example, in blast furnace stoves, cause early failure by checking and cracking. The tests* for differential heat treatment are easily carried out by repeated heathig in a kiln and then by coe)ling quickly in air or water.

gas components should be determined, and then tests run a ccordiuKly. Where coal is used as fuel, the sulphur contained produces acid radicals which attract the brick. In this case a good test is obtained by the action of weak sulphuric acid on the ware.

7. The heating, absorbing, or thermal capacity of brick is a very important property in ware for regenerators. But little work has been done along this line on refractory ware, but the common methods of determining specific heats of solids are readily applicable.

8. The conductivity of refractory materials is also an important quality in brick for many usfs. \'^ery satisfactory methods have been deviled for this.*

In determining the qualit}' of fire brick for any particular purpose the testing should be thorough, and should conform to the strains and conditions existing in use. A heat test tdls but little in rc|Brard to the action of slags or to the effect of sudden changes of temperature. Many l)rick are unjustly condemned from improper and careless testing.

The Sciotoville clay is the basis of the fire brick industry in Scioto County, which began at Sciotoville in 1864, and which at present is one of the leading indu-tries based on natural resources. The clays are used for the manufacture of refractory clay ware for blast furnaces, steel furnaces, stoves, regenerators, soaking pits, annealing ovens, ladle linings, cupolas, coke ovens, glass houses, fire boxes, cement kilns, lime kilns, and for other operatiors where the ware is subjected to high temperatures. In Scioto County, at present, three firnr.s are manufacturing fire brick as follows:

The latter company operates two plants, the Portsmouth works, located in the cast end of Portsmouth, and the Star works, located on the Ohio Kivir one mile W(st of Sciotoville.

The Pyro Clay Products Company of Oak Hill, Jackson County, obtair.s its supply of flint day from a mine located near Gephart Station; hence this plant really belongs in the Scuotoville clay district, and will be treateel accordingly. Mr. A. M. Turr.c r, genend manager and treasurer of the Scioto Fire Brick Co., reports as follows:

The plant is located on the Ohio River at Sciotoville. The company was incorporated in 1871 under it.«5>present title, and was a consolidation of three companies, McConnell, Porter & Co., established in 1864; Taylor, McConnell & Co., established

^Conductivity, Porosity and Gas Permeability of Refractory Materials by S. Wologdine and A. L. Tueneau. Electrochemical and Metallurgical Industrjs Vol. VII, Xo. 9, Sept., 1909, p. 383.

in 1865; and the Salamander Fire Bnck Co., established in 1868. This consolidation made it at that time the largest fire brick company in the country.

The company owns or controls luider long time leases, 2,500 acres of the best clay deposits in southern Ohio, which are located north of Sciotoville, and near Gephart Station on the Baltimore and Ohio Southwestern Railroad. These deposits are made \lp of flint, semi-flint, and, m places, plastic clays of great purity. The method of mining the clays at present is by drifting, but formerly benching was also practiced.

The plant equipment is as follows: The buildings made of brick for housing the power plant machine room, and drying floors, are tv^II arranged and substantially built. The power is furnished by a lOO-H.P. boiler and a 50-H.P. engine. The machines for grinding the clay are two wet pans and one dry pan. The pressing is done on hand presses.

The dry floors are 100 x 100, and 45 x 85 feet, or they have a total drying surface of 13,825 square feet. The drying is done by waste heat from the kilns, which is oreed through the floor tunnels by f^ns. The brick- are burned in five 50,000 capacity each, down-draft kilns. The annual capacity is 3,500,000 brick, 9-inch equivalents. High-grade refractory ware is manufactured for use in blast furnaces, hot blast stoves, open hearth furnaces, soaking pits, coke ovens, cupolas, rolling mills, malleable iron works, glass works, cement kilns, steel furnaces, and boiler settings. Ground fire clay is also prepared for the market. The shipping facilities are the Norfolk and Western, the Baltimore and Ohio Southwestern railroads, and the Ohio River. The principal markets are the southern furnace territory and Ohio, Indiana, West Virginia, and Michigan.

The original company was organized in 1901, and reorganized under the present management in 1903. The plant is located at Scioto Furnace near the center of the clay field in eastern Scioto County. The company controls 583 acres of clay lands in this field. The deposit has good thickness, and the flint and semi-flint clays have a high degree of purity, comparing favorably with the best clays found in Pennsylvania and Kentucky. The composition of the flint and semi-flint clay in the deposit is very uniform; thus assuring standard quality at all times. The clays are mined entirely by drifting, as the overburden is heavy. The material is hauled to the yard by mule power on a tram road, then elevated on trestles by a 60-H.P. hoist engine and dumped in piles, where the claf is allowed to weather thoroughly before use.

The plant etiuipment which is well arranged for economy in the handling of material is as follows: The buildings constructed of wood are well supported and durable. The power is furnished by one 150-H.P. and one 80-H.P. boiler and a 240-H.P. en'ginc. Three 8-foot wet pans, one ^foot, and one 9-foot dry pan made l)y The Frey-Sheckler Company, are used in the grinding of the raw materials. The shaping of tlie ware is done by hand molding or by a Stevenson 22-inch cylinder, 150 pounds pressure sewer pipe press. The three drj'ing floors constructed of concrete have the dimensions: 60 x 338 feet, 60 x 96 feet, and 60x84 feet, which give a total drying area of 31,080 square feet. A periodic tunnel drier, consisting of eight 90-foot tunnels with a capacity of 32,000 brick, 9-inch equivalents, is used for drying some grades of ware. Live steam from the boilers, exhaust steam from the engine, or waste heat from the kilns is used under the drying floors, while waste heat from the kilns only is used in the tunnel drier. The heating circulation is induced by two 8-foot fans operated by two 60-11. P. engines. The plant is lighted throughout by electricity. The ware is burned in down-draft, center-stack kilns at temperatures varying from 2,400 to 2,600° F. The 12 kilns, 26 feet in diameter inside, have a capacity of about 00,000 9-inch brick each. The annual capacity of the plant is 6,500,000 brick, 9-inch equivalents. Lump and ground cla>'8 are also marketed. The average ntimber ui men employed at the plant and in the mines is 108. The company owns a hotel and 40 houses which are rented to the employees.

The company has been very successful in the manufacture of high-grade refract/>r>' ware, and the plant has been in continuous operation for over II years, and, with the exception of short periods, at full capacity. The company makes a spcciaJty of the manufacture of intricate and special shapes. We make also all styles of standard shapes. We manufacture ware for the following classes of work; locomotive arches, blast furnaces, heating furnaces, puddling furnaces, melting furnaces^ scrap furnaces, malleable furnaces, open hearth furnaces, coke ovens, gas producers, annealing furnaces, soaking pits, ladle linings, lime and brick kilns, cupolas, foundry work, boiler settings, stove linings, etc. The plant is located on the Baltimore and Ohio Southwestern Railroad, and the principal markets are west and south.

The Harbison- Walker Refractories Company operates 2 fire brick works, the Portsmouth plant at Portsmouth, and the Star plant about one mile west of Sciot«>- ville, also a clay mill on Frederick Creek about two miles from South Webster.

The Portsmouth plant has at present a capacity of 40 M. high-grade fire clay brick pec day. The plant was built originallj' by the Hocking Valley Fire Brick Company, of IjOgan, Ohio, of which W. Q. Adams, one of the best fire brick men of kb? day, was president, and Reuben Jenkins, vice-president. The original capacity was 12 M. per day. Shortly after construction, it was incorporated as The Portsmouth Fire Prick Company, with W. Q. Adams, president, Reulien Jenkins, vice-president, and L. C. Turley, serretar>'. Two years after construction the capacity was increased to 20 M. per day, and from this it was gradually increased to the present capacity.

The Star plant at present has a capacity of 25 M. i>er day. The plant was built in 1871 by McConnell-Towne and Company, and was known as Scioto Star Fire Brick Works. The original capacity was 8 M. per day, but in 1872 this was increased to 12 M. Later the plant was gradually increased to its present capacity.

I^th the Portsmouth and Star works, in 1900, were merged with Kentucky Fire Brick Company, VVe})ster Fire Brick Company, and Blast Furnace Fire Brick Company into the Pprt.smouth and Kentucky Fire Brick Company. One and onehalf years later the Portsmouth and Kentucky Fire Brick Company was mergeil into the Harbison-Walker Refractories Company.

The equipment of the Portsmouth plant is as follows: The unloading of the clay from the cars is done from trestles which allow a large stock to be kept on hand for weal hering. Four pans are used in the grinding of the clays which then go to the moldcrs. The power used is from 2 slide-valve, and from 1 piston engine with a total of 200-H.P. The steam is generated in 3 horizontal tul)ular boilers of 225-H. P. capacity. The main building or dr>'ing floor has an area of 30,000 square feet. The hot-blast system utilizing waste heat from kilns is used in drying the ware. The ware is burned in nine down-draft kilns, 8 of which are 32 feet in diameter, and the other is 30 feet. The 2 storage sheds, with a total of 37,000 square feet floor space have a capacity of 7,000,000 brick. The plant is also provided with a machine and carpenter shop for general repair work, relining dies, and making molds. The shipping facilities are the Baltimore and Ohio Southwestern and the Norfolk and Western railroads.

The equipment of the Star plant is as follows: The raw materials are ground in two pans. The power is furnished by 3 engines, 2 automatic and 1 piston valve, with a total capacity of 175 H.P., the steam for which is generated in 2 horizontal tubular boilers with a total capacity of 150 H. P. The drying floors in the main building have a .surface of 18,000 square feet. The dr>nng is done the same as in the Ports- mouth plant, i. e., by using the hot blast system of waste heat from the kihis. In the burning of the ware four 32-foot diameter and four 26-foot diameter kilns are used. The 2 storage sheds have afloor surfaceof 10,000 squarefeetand acapacity of 1,500,000 brick.

Both the Portsmouth and Star plants in 1915 were using natural gas for fuel at the boilers and kilns. The shipping facilities at this plant are the Baltimore and Ohio Southwestern, the Norfolk and Western railroads, and the Ohio River.

The 2 plants manufacture blast furnace linings, first and second quality stove brick, and ware for lime kilns, rotary cement kilns^ boiler settings, locomotive arch work, gas producers, coke ovens, steel mills, and general purposes. The brands are as follows: Anglo Saxon, Franklin Crown, C. Franklin Crown, Malleable, Royal Star, C. Sligo, R. Jenkins, Scioto Star, and Webster. The ware is made from Sugarcamp flint clay mined at Edmunds near South Webster, and Blackfork plastic taken from the company's mines near Blackfork, Lawrence County. The first quality ware is high in refractory qualities withstanding a safe working temperature of 3,000° F. The clay mill at Edmunds has a dry pan with the necessary steam power for operation, and with screens to size the ground product. Several grades of clays are prepared for refractory ware mortars, and for other general purposes.

The Pyro Clay Products Company commenced business in 1909. The plant is located near Rempel, Jackson County, Ohio, on the Ironton Division cf the Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton Railway, and near the center of the Lower Kittanning coal field of Jacksoii County. Our supply of clay is received via the Baltimore and Ohio Southwestern Railroad, from mines near Gephart, Scioto County. We reach the Sciotoville clay which is largely worked in this locality l>y a shaft 80 feet in depth and equipped with a steam hoist. The mine is equipped with electric drills and is ventilated by a steam driven fa^i. The deposit of Sciotoville clay in this mine has an average thickness of about 6 feet and is evenly divided between flint and semiflint, both of which have a high alumina content and are low in total fluxing impurities.

These clays are highly refractory, as they ^^thstand without fusing a temperature of 3,300** F. The territory in which the mine is located was carefully tested with a diamond core drill, the tests being spaced 300 feet each way. The clay cores were analyzed by Prof. J. R. Withrow, of the Ohio State University, and the results show a large deposit of this valuable clay, amply equal to the demands of our plant for many years to come. The capacity of the mine at present is 100 tons per day, although a capacity of 150 tons may be reached on short notice. With the exception of small quantities of plastic clay which is necessary for the bonding component in some grades of ware, the Sciotoville clay is used exclusively in the manufacture of our refractory products.

The Oak Hill and Lower Kittanning clays outcrop in the hills adjacent to our plant. The latter is used for bonding clay and for some grades of ware which must be tough but only moderately refractory. Further the Clarion and Lower Kittanning coals have excellent volume in this locality and our supply of fuel is drawn from this source. The ooal available {s amply equal to the demands of the plant for many years. The beds are mined by drifting.

The plant is modern in every respect, well arranged for economy, and thoroughly equipped in every department. The power is furnished by two 18 x 72 boilers, with a 125-H.P. slide valve engine. Live and exhaust steam is used under the drying floors which have a total area of 16,000 square feet.

The floor is constructed of 3-inch sewer pipe laid in concrete, above which there is an additional coating of cement 3 inches thick. The floor is divided into 9 sections, any one of which may be heated independently. The crushing and tempering are done in 2 dry pans and in 1 wet pan. All clays are ground separately and conveyed to bins from which the clay is drawn into measuring cars equipped with movable partitions that enables the mixture of the different materials to be made in accordance with any formula desired. This permits of very uniform mixtures. While the clays from the Gephart mine are very uniform in quality, still great care is exercised in the selection of materials for different grades of ware. Special attention is bestowed on difficult shapes, and special facilities are provided for their manufacture. We take pains in the manufacture of the ware to meet the standards demanded by the trade with reference to shape, physical structure, and chemical properties. Four 3-foot kilns are now in operation, and others are under construction. These kilns are built so that the draft system is sufficient to produce the high temperature neces^ sary for the thorough burning of high refractory ware. Ample storage is provided for the large and diversified stock that is kept on hand for immediate shipment.

The products are sold largely to steel and rolling mills, although they are used extensively in other lines where high-grade refractory ware is required. The capacity of the plant is 16,000 hand made brick per day. Our shipping facility is the Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton Railway.

The ganister or clay-bond sandstone found directly below, or interbedded with the Sciotoville clay, in a part of the clay field in eastern Scioto C'ounty, has not been manufactured into commercial ware as yet, but has been used occasionally to increase the silica content of fire brick. The sandstone below the clay deposit is really a parfc of the Sharon conglomerate, where it has assumed a sandy phase, and where the material at the time of deposition became admixed with argillaceous matter. The sandstone layers interbedded with the clay are also evidently derived from the conglomerate by secondary deposition. As th>se clay-bond sandstones or ganisters may be mined economically with the Sciotoville cla}'', and as they have excellent heat resisting qualities, they will be considered briefly. The quality of the claybond sandstone or ganister found below the Sciotoville clay is shown by a determination made by Do\\^is Schaaf on a sample taken from the clay mine of William Tripp (Meade tract), in Section 25, Harrison Township. The rational analysis is as follows:

The material is low in fluxes and gave no test for COz- On breaking up the sample with a pestle in a mortar with as little grinding as possible it gave the following sieve test which shows the fineness of grain.

The clay-bond sandstone found intf rbeddcd with the Sciotoville clay in the Heldt mine of the Scioto Fire Brick Company, which is locattMl near Gephart, was carefully sampled for a paper contributed

The sample of Gephart sandstone was reduced by a jaw crusher so that the largest pieces were about three-eighths of an inch in diameter. This crushed product was then made thoroughly wet and was allowed to stand over night so that it would come to an even temper. The tempered material was easily shaped into ware either by hand molding or by the dry press, as it had considerable plasticity or bonding power. The dried ware had sufficient strength to withstand the handling demanded in brick manufacture and to withstand the load attendant with setting. The working qualities of the Gephart sandstone are such that it may be made into a good clay-bond silica brick without the addition of extraneous material. When burned to cone 12 the brick had a linear expansion of 1.4 per cent. The Gephart sandstone produced a brick much harder than the original sandstone. It has a hardness near that of lime-bond silica ware.

The Scioto Fire Brick Company made a sample batch of brick from this ganister by grinding in the wet pan, and then hand molding the tempered material. The clay component in the ganister was sufficient in plasticity to thoroughly bond the mass. The burned ware has a good structure, and appears to be very satisfactory for most purposes where a clay-bond silica brick may be used. In some localities in Scioto County there are large quantities of this material which is worthy of thorough prospecting and testing.

The Anthony coal is associated with the Sciotoviile clay, as has been shown in the general correlation of this day, which was traced from the Ohio River in Scioto County to north of Jackson in Jackson County. This coal lies just above the Sciotoviile clay, but with the exception of small areas in Creen, Porter, and Bloom townships the bed is thin, seldom more than a few inches in thickness. As the position and structure of the coal are showm in many sections, which were given under the Sciotoviile clay, it will l)e only briefly considered here.

Where found in Green TowTiship the Anthony coal is onh'^ a few inches in thickness, and shaly in character. The horizon is above drainage along the river hills from Haverhill north to Pine Creek. The member is somewhat better developed in the eastern part of Porter

TowTiship, yet alone it is too thin to be considered an asset of value. In Section 22, on the farm of Caroline Gleim, the following record was obtained : ,

The Anthony coal was noted at a number of places on Lick Run, but the bed is everywhere thin or shaly. The following measurements, taken on the land of Joseph Miller, show the general thickness of the deposit in this locality: ^^ ^^

In Section 1, on the Elizabeth Hurst property, the Anthony coal has been mined for local use, and is reported by Willard Hurst to be 1 foot 2 inches in thickness. The section taken near the pike was as follows:

Although the Anthony coal is present in local areas in all parts of Harrison Township, w-hcre the Sciotoville clay is developed, it is hesl represented in that part cast of the preglacial California Valley. The bed seldom exceeds 1 foot in thickness, while it usually measures only 2 or 3 inches. In the cut of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad in Section 36, Harrison Township, near Isaac Graham's house, the section exposed is as shown below:

In its extension into Madison Township but little change in the' general character and in the mean thickness of the Anthony coal was observed, but in a few local areas it expands to 1 foot or more in thickness. The Anthony coal, locally well developed, was exposed on the property of R. A. Dever, in Section 20, west. The record measured follows: ^, -

A section obtpined on land of George Mouga, in Section 24, shows the Anthony coal associated with plastic clay. The measurement foUows: ^^

The Anthony coal lying above the SciotoviUe clay was seen exposed in the road along the line of sections 12 and 13, near the home of E. H. Lyons. In Section 11, the Anthony coal has been mined by drifting in a small way for local use. A small'quantity of fuel has been mined on land of Francis Warren. Here this coal with the SciotoviUe clay, Sharon ore, Sharon coal, and the massive Sharon conglomerate are found in about their normal positions. The following rocks were exposed for measurement:

The Anthony coal is regularly associated with the SciotoviUe clay in Clay and Jefferson townships, but the deposits are scarcely worthy of attention except for stratigrpphic reasons. Along the road near the home of Joseph R. Keller, in Section 22, Jefferson Township, the following strata were exposed:

The Anthony coal, varying in thickness from a thin stain to about 3 feet, is, with few exceptions, regularly associated with the Sciotoville clay. The usual thickness of the stratum is from 1 to 3 inches. - The clay was laid down under coal forming conditions, which, due to a lack of vegetable life, or unfavorable agencies, preserved only thin deposits of carbonaceous matter as coal. The coal represents the closing stages of the swamp period.

The area of coal on this horizon, with ample thickness to justify mining at present for the coal alone, is very small. Where mined along with the clay, it has some value, as the mining cost is then low. Counting 60 per cent available, a 10-inch bed will produce approximately 900 tons (2,000 Ibs.'^ coal per acre; hence where coal and clay are mined rTom the same entry the former is an asset worth considering.

Guinea Fowl Ore

The Guinea Fowl ore occurs above the flint clay of the Sciotoville member, but in some localities it is found in or below the plastic clay that lies above the flint. The interval from the flint clay to the ore varies from a few inches to 20 feet. A few sections only showing the relation of the ore to the coal, atid to the clay will be given. In Section 36, Harrison Township, on the property of Jacob Bauer, the following section was exposed: ^^ j^^

In Section 20, Madison Township, on the land of R. A. Deveri the record shows the following relations of the Guinea Fowl ore to other members:

North of Sugarcamp Creek, in Section 5, on the land of Elizabeth Crabtree, the Guinea Fowl ore was exposed along the outcrop, and measured from 8 to 10 inches in thickness. It was of the limonite type and quite free from sand or pebbles. The interval from the ore to the Sciotoville clay below was not obtained. .

The ore is wanting in many localitief» in Scioto County, but where found it varies in thickness from a few inches to 2 feet 6 inches, and has an average measurement of 5 or 6 inches. The distinguishing feature of this ore is the presence of quartz pebbles, varying in size from one-eighth to three-fourths of an inch, with some admixed sand. The ore is not a true conglomerate with the interstitial space filled with iron compounds, but a blue iron carbonate, when under cover, with a varying amount of pebbles. Usually the iron carbonate and not the pebbles make up the body of the ore. In some places it is practically free from pebbles.

The origin of the deposit is uncertain, as it presents features seldom observed in ore beds. The blue carbonate indicates quiet water deposition under swamp conditions, while the large pebbles point usually to the action of quite strong currents. The quartz pebbles were evidently brought in during the deposition of the ore. From the character of the pebbles they appear to have been derived from the Sharon conglomerate, which in places existed as islands during the swamp period when the ore beds were laid down, and not from distant sources, as the thin ore sheet would have been carried away by currents powerful enough to have transported the pebbles. Further, if the pebbles were deposited by strong currents the deposit would have been thicker and more irregular, and would not have been laid down in the thin, even beel found continuous for miles. Under these conditions too, the deposit would have been a conglomerate bed with later deposition from solution of the iron, which would fill only the interstitial spaces.

The lime content is high, while the phosphoric acid present far exceeds that usually found in coal measure ores. The lime was probably derived from two sources; part carried in as soluble carbonate by the small streams from the leaching of the siliceous rocks of the adjacent land areas, and part from the weathering and disintegration of Maxville limestone that in places existed as elevated beds, an example of which is seen in the remnart of this member found at the head of Holland Fork, Jackson County, far above the position of the Guinea Fowl ore. The phosphoric acid may have been derived from phosphatic shells or from the leaching and concentration of other rocks. The problem then is really one of precipitation as well as sedimentation. Some of the material may have passed through several cycles before final deposition.

The conditions most favorable for the deposition of bog ores are shallow quiet waters, and the presence of carbon dioxide, which conditions are best represented in shallow swamps or in the shallow shore waters of deeper basins. Calcium carbonate is also precipitated under somewhat similar conditions, and by the aid of algae which flourish best in the shallow waters. Calcium phosphate somewhat soluble in carbonic acid waters is also thrown down when considerable calcium carbonate is present. Therefore, the most likely types to form imder swamp conditions from soluble iron, lime, and phosphorous compounds would be ferrous carbonate, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, and, if ferric hydrates are present, complex minerals of ferric phosphate with ferric hydrate. The evidence thus points to shallow water formation. The rigidity of the mass would depend on the cementing power of the minerals themselves, which is considerable, and on the binding from algae, rushes, etc. It thus appears that the pebbles from the Sharon conglomerate were irregularly distributed through this mass by local currents and by wave action during the entire period of formation.

The Guinea Fowl ore is generally very siliceous, owing to the admixed quartz pebbles and sand. Small deposits are found in Harrison, western Bloom, and eastern Madison to'WTiships. It was worked but little by the charcoal furnaces, and at present is far below the standard demanded by the modem furnaces. An analysis of this ore from a layer seen in the bed of the stream near Gephart's Station is as follows:^

The partial analysis of a sample from the William Tripp property, in Section 4, Bloom Township, where the ore is 18 inches in thickness, is as follows:

The interval from the Guinea Fowl ore to the Quakertown coal is made up mainly of shales and sandstones interstratified, in which are found thin irregular deposits of clays, coals, and iron ores, none of which are important. One layer of the sandstone, known locally as the Hearth Stone rock, was used for lining Scioto Furnace while in blast. Some irregular deposits of carbonate ores and a layer of black band ore, which occurs from about 10 to 15 feet below the Quakertown coal, were worked. The clays are usually siliceous and the deposits thin, while the copIs are only a few inches in thickness.

Quakertown, Jackson Hill, Wellston, Or No. 2 Coal

Although the fields of Quakertown coal in Jackson County are of great economic worth, the deposits of this member in Scioto County have but little significance, except for their stratigraphic features. The horizon of the bed is found in every township east of the Scioto River, but it is marked by coal of sufficient thickness for utilization at only a few places. In parts of this area no trace of the coal, or even of its clay, are found, as the interval is taken by sandstones and shales.

The QuakertoA^Ti coal lies about 35 feet above the Sciotoville clay and about 35 feet below the Bear Run coal. These intervals, however, vary considerably from place to place, and these three members are seldom well represented in the same section. The Quakertown coal is poorly developed in that part of Scioto County lying between the preglacial California Valley and the Scioto River. In a few localities, however, in western Harrison Township, the horizon of this member is marked by a thin bed of good coal. The deposits are quite local in extent as the coal lies closely below a massive sandstone, which replaces it in the greater part of the area. In Green Township a thin shaly bed of coal, which is found from 20 to 30 feet above the Sciotoville clay, appears to mark the horizon. The relation of this coal bed to the clay is shown in the following record measured on the lands of H. C. Feurt and A. J. Hyland, which are located south of Franklin Furnace: ^, north of Franklin Furnace along the river hills, and west of the village of Powellsville along the valley of Pine Creek. However, no coal of value was found on the horizon. This stratum appears also in Porter Township, but in the same thin and shaly condition, while in Section 6, Vernon Township, 6 inches of Quakertown coal was exposed at a few places. The interval to the underlying Sciotoville clay in this locality, as nearly as could be determined, varies from 25 to 36 feet.

in the western part of Bloom TowTiship local thickenings of the Quakertown coal occur, and the deposits have been mined in a small way for local consumption. In this township the coal is best developed in the vicinity of Scioto Furnace and along the headwaters of Bear Run. On the land of Henry Moore, in Section 21, the Quakertown coal and Sciotoville clay have both been mined. A section showing" the following relations was obtained at this place:

In the same section east of the above, the Quakertown coal has been opened and worked by farmers at several places.' No sections were taken, but the structure is reported practically the same as noted on the Moore land. It has been opened also south of Scioto Furnace, in scctiors 28 and 29, but is reported thin. In the southwest corner of Section 7, on the property of William Tripp, the coal was again observed. The section follows:

4, Bloom Township, on the William Tripp property (William Kinker tract), the Bear Run, Quakertown, and Anthony coals and the Sciotoville clay were found in the same hill. The following measurements were obtained :

On this tract several small entries have been driven in the Quakertown bad in order to supply local needs. In Madison Township the Quakertown coal is thin or wanting, as the interval in a part of the region is made up of heavy sandstones.

The maximum thickness of the Quakertown bed found in Scioto County is 22 inches. The quality of the coal is verj*^ good. It is hard, bright, and bums with a free flame. The sulphur and ash contents are low. Where exposed, the floor of the coal is either a sandstone or a hard sandy clay, while the roof is a shale, except in a few places where the overlying sandstone has replaced this bed. This coal deposit, where exposed, is too thin to be mined at present, except for a small local domestic supply. The few drill records obtained in the territory east of the outcrop of the member fail to give any considerable thickness of coal on this horizon. As the associated materials have no value, and as the bed, where found, is thin and local, the Quakertown coal has no practical value in Scioto County.

Bear Run Coal

The Bear Run coal is found from 62 to 86 feet above the Sciotoville clay, or from 20 to 40 feet above the Quakertown coal. The average interval from the Bear Run coal to the Scioto ville clay is 71 feet, to the Quakerto\\Ti coal 35 feet, and to the Lower Mercer coal 120 feet. In Scioto County this coal is much better developed than the underlying Quakertown, Anthony, or Sharon. The fossil horizon found associated with this member on Bear Run in Scioto County, on Holland Fork in southern Jackson, and near Petrea, northeast of the city of Jackson, is of some assistance in determining the position of the lower coal members. The Bear Run coal, although usually thin, or represented by carbonaceous shales, in local areas, has sufficient thickness for mining, and the coal is of good quality. The best deposits are found in Bloom Township, although the member is represented in Green, Porter, Vernon, Harrison, and Madison.

Green Township. - The Bear Run coal in Green Township is moderately persistent, but only in local areas has it sufficient thickness to attract mining, even for domestic consumption. The coal is usually somewhat bony and often of a cannel nature. In order to show its stratigraphic position and its general structure, a few sections will be given along its extersion from the Ohio River northward into Porter

Township. The interval separating the Bear Run coal from the Lower Mercer was obtained on the property of C. A. Goddard at Junior Furnace. The measurements follow:

The Bear Run coal is unsteady and thin as it extends northward across the township from this place. It seldom thickens to over 1 foot, and is usually marked only by a few inches of coal or bony shales. In the hollow south of Pine Creek, and west of the Dark Lick School, the following record was obtained along the road that leads to the ridge south :

This record was duplicated in the main at other places along Pine Creek, but as the coal was not found in good development other records will not be given. The interval between the Bear Run and Vandusen coals in the above record is somewhat greater than that usually found, as it is generally about 30 feet.

Porter Township. - The Bear Run coal has been mined in a small way by stripping, and from short entries at a few places in elistem Porter Township. The coal areas are small in extent, and the bed is uncertain in thickness and character. Sections taken in this township will be given in order to extend the bed northward into more productive fields. A composite record taken in sections 21 and 22, Porter Township, and in Section 30, Vernon, is given below:

The Bear Run coal has been mined by stripping at places along the Lick Run Valley, where it is about 1 foot in thickness. On the land of Mack Gifford, in Section 12, the bed is 8 inches in thickness, and lies about 130 feet below the Lower Mercer coal.

Vernon Township. - The Bear Run coal appears in the western part of Vernon Township, and at a few places it has been mined by stripping and by drifting. Although the bed is generally thin the coal is of good quality. In Section 6 the Bear Run coal has been worked for domestic fuel on the farms of Sarah J. Leesburg, Perry Jones, and Edward Turner. The measurements obtained on the Leesburg property are given below:

This bed has also been mined by stripping on Lick Run, where it is reported to be about 1 foot in thickness. On the Frank Nagel property, in Section 19, the sandstones associated with the coal contain well preserved remains of coal formation plants. The Bear Run coal appears above drainage along Turkey Foot Run, in Section 29, where the following record was obtained on the land of David Lemon :

Bloom Township. - Although the Bear Run coal is very unsteady in most of Bloom Township, in the northern part of the area it thickens sufficiently to be of some value for supplying local needs. It has its best development on Bear Rud, in the northern part of the township, and in its extension northward into the Dever Valley, in southern Jackson County. In the area under consideration the best coal localities will be considered. In Section 20, just north of the clay mill of the Harbison- Walker Refractories Company, the Bear Run coal was formerly mined for use at Scioto Furnace. The thickness of the deposit

In Section 16 a composite measurement from a drill record made near the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad, and from a carefully measured section north of this on the William Tripp property (Marsh

The material designated slate in the above drill record is shale. In the vicinity of the above sections the Bear Run coal, except in local pockets, is replaced by the underlying sandstone, or it is thin and shaly. The record obtained in Section 4, on the property of William Tripp, (Kinker tract), shows the Bear Run coal, and is given below:

This coal is quite persisti^nt on Bear Run, and has been opened in a number of places. In some mines it is reported to have a maximum thickness of 3 or even 4 feet. In Section 3, on the H. H. Stevenson property, the coal has been mined for years for local use. The shale above the bed contains many fossils of Lingula tighti, which are also found on this horizon in many places in Jackson County. A section of the rocks at this place follows :

Also in Section 3, east of the above, and just south of the old Jackson Furnace stack, this bed was seen giving place to sandstone. The section showing the relation of the sandstone and coal is given below:

On Tattle Creek, in Section 2, where it goes under cover, the Bear Run coal is only a few inches thick. What appears to be the same bed was reached by a shaft near Bloom Station in Section 24. The shaft record is not available, but William Downing reports that the bed, where reached, has good thickness, but that the coal is rotten and broken.

Of the now krown. areas of Bear Run coal in Scioto County, the only one of much promise is that on Bear Run in Bloom Township. Although the area here is small, not to exceed 2 square miles, the bed has ample thickness for mining. The material above the coal is usually a tough blue shale, which forms an excellent roof for mines. The clay, which lies under the coal, is ferruginous and siliceous, and has little ceramic value. The proximity of this small coal field to that of the SciotoviUe clays on Bear Run and near Pinkerman should be an asset for any brick plants that may locate in the region. A 500 acre tract on which the coal is 2 feet thick, counting 60 per cent available in mining'

The coal in the upper part of the bed is somewhat bony, or it is of a cannel natiu-e, but that in the lower part is a dense, bright coal of good quality. The coal in the deposit, as a whole, has a medium ash and a low sulphur content. It is an oily, free-burning coal, and the ash clinkers but little. Analysis of Bear Run coal, made for William Tripp, by the Star Furnace Co., Jackson, Ohio:

Lincoln Ore

The Lincoln ore, which lies above the Bear Run coal, consists of irregular layers of limonitic kidney and carbonaceous shaly ores, occurring at different levels in the shales. The ore was worked, to a small extent, near Scioto Furnace for making charcoal iron, but as it is lean and uncertain the bed is not important at present. The Lincoln ore is found on the same general horizon as the Jackson Sand Block ore of Jackson County, but as both are erratically bedded and local in extent no definite correlation between the two deposits was established, further than that both occur in the interval between the Bear Run and Vandusen coals.

Vandusen Coal

The Vandusen coal lies about midway between the Bear Run and Lower Mercer coals. The interval from the Vandusen coal to the underlying Bear Run coal varies from 20 to as much as 60 feet, but it is usually about 30 feet. Further, the position of the bed is about 90 feet below the Lower Mercer or Little Red Block ore, or nearly 40 feet below the Lower Mercer coal. These beds, however, are erratically spaced, especially when the intervals contain massive sandstones. The member is present in Green, Vernon, Porter, and Bloom townships. The bed is generally quite thin, or it may be wanting; however, in small areas, it expands to such proportions that it has been mined to a limited extent for domestic needs. On account of its stratigraphic interest, and of its local worth, the member will be traced hurriedly, and the quality of the fuel discussed briefly.

Green Township. - In the main the Vandusen coal is poorly represented in Green Township. However, in the northern part, the bed in restricted areas expands so that it has been mined even by drifting. On the main ridge east of Fattens Run this coal was mined on the property of H. Miller, where the following measurements were obtained :

The member extends along the main ridge north of this, and has been worked also by drifting on the farm of E. H. Feurt, where it is reported to be from 1 foot 6 inches to 2 feet 2 inches in thickness. E^t and also south of the village of Powellsville a small quantity of fuel is obtained from this member. Measurements taken on the William Cook land are recorded below:

North of Powellsville this coal has also contributed a small quantity of fuel for domestic purposes, and on the farm of Joseph Riepenhoff the coal is reported to be 1 foot 8 inches in thickness.

Porter Township. - From Green Township the Vandusen coal extends northward into Porter, but here it is usually thin, seldom exceeding 1 foot in thickness. It has not been mined to any considerable extent even by stripping.

Vernon Township. - The Vandusen coal is somewhat better developed in Vernon Township, and in some districts it has been miiied by drifting in a desultory way. The productive areas, however, are small, but as the fuel is of good quality, and other beds poorly represented, it is worthy of consideration. On the farm of John Sweinberger, in Section 17, the bed has the following structure:

A section measured along the road on the east side of the Cadet Hill, in Section 22, shows the position of the Vandusen coal with respect to that of other members. Owing to the influence of thick sandstones a few of the beds are somewhat out of their normal positions. The record follows:

Just east of this in the same section the Vandusen coal has beei mined by drifting and by stripping on the farm of Elias Weaver, where it is reported to be about 1 foot 6 inches in thickness. Along Turkey Foot Run this coal outcrops at many places and has been worked foi local use. It is usually about 1 foot 6 inches thick; however, in restricted areaSi it expands to about 2 feet. The following measurement was made on the farm of C. O. Turner, in the northeastern part of Section 9:

House coal is also obtained on the property of S. R. Jones. On the land of David Lemon, in Section 8, a local thickening of the Vandusen coal also occurs. The bed contributed fuel for several years, and from reports the area is not yet exhausted. Both the Vandusen and Bear Run coals are present near his residence, where the record given below was obtained :

Bloom Township. - ^The Vandusen coal has much the same character and structure in Bloom Township as it has in Vernon. At some places it thickens so that it has been mined by drifting for domestic fuel. The best exposures observed will be recorded, and its stratigraphy considered in a general way. On the property of H. 0. Stiles, in Section 22, the record measured is as follows: ^

In Section 16, a measurement, taken on the property of William Tripp (Marsh tract), shows this coal and its relation to other members. The section is given below: ^^ ^^

A few openings have been made to the west of the above mine, but no measurements of the bed were taken. This coal was also mined south of South Webster, on the land of the Webster Brick Co. The following record showing the interval to the Little Red Block ore was taken near the plant :

At this place the thickness of the bed is reported to vary from 10 inches to 1 foot 6 inches. It is also exposed in a number of places near Bloom Junction, where the thickness of the member is only a few inches.

Although the economic value of the Vandusen coal in Scioto County is small, yet it is worthy of consideration, for the member affords a small quantity of fuel for local consumption in regions where thicker coals are seldom present. Owing to the patchy nature of the bed it is difficult to give an estimate of the total area in which the coal has a thickness of 1 foot 6 inches or more, but from surface and mine observations the field appears to be between 6 and 10 square miles in extent. The mining conditions of the Vandusen coal are usually good, as the roof is either a tough shale or a sandstone, and as the floor is a siliceous clay. The latter, however, has but little value for ceramic purposes; hence there are no special inducements to mine both beds conjunctly. The Vandusen coal resembles closely the Mercer coals in general properties. It is a bright, hard fuel, with a high content of volatile matter, and in the regions where the bed is placed between sandstones it tends towards a true cannel coal. The ash is clay-like in character, and is moderate in amount when the coal is cleanly mined. The content of sulphur is usually low, while the soot produced is not troublesome. The chief value of the Vandusen coal in Scioto County is for local domestic use, for which it is well fitted.

Lower Mercer Shales

are well fitted for the manufacture of ceramic products, are found in Green, Vernon, and Bloom townships. The shale overlying the Vandusen coal in many localities has a thickness varying from 10 to 40 feet, but so far it has been utilized at only one place, which is at South Webster, where it is used by the Webster Brick Company in the manufacture of paving and building brick. The bed at this place is 35 feet in thickness. It is also shipped to roofing tile plants at Cincinnati. It is a compact, fine-grained shale, but weathers easily to a plastic mass. The working qualities of the shale are very good, as it dries safely in almost any type of drier, airf as it bums to a dense mass with good color. The total shrinkage is one and one-fourth inches per foot, and the vitrification range is moderately long. The Webster Brick Company uses the Lower Mercer shales from the Vandusen coal to the Little Red Block ore in the manufacture of paviijg brick. H. M. Strong, secretary and general manager, reports as follows concerning the general plant equipment:

The plant is located at South Webster, just south of the village. The company added extensive improvements in 1913-14, so that at present it is a modem plant in every respect. The material used is shale which is mined from the hill just south of the plant by the open pit method of mining.

The plant equipment is one Raymond and two Stevenson 0-foot dry pans, one Raymond 9-foot pug mill, one £. M. Freese Model 'K' combination brick machine, a No. 20 automatic cutter, and two Bonnot represses. The tunnels for diying have a total capacity of 100,000 brick. The drying is done by waste heat from the kilns, and, if necessary, direct heat from an auxiliary furnace. The ware is burned in round downdraft kilns. The number, size, and capacity are as follows: six 28-foot, capacity each 45,000; seven 30-foot, capacity each 65,000; and one 32-foot, capacity 70,000. The brick are shipped by way of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad. The capacity of the two sidings at the plant is 30 cars. The daily capacity of the plant is 40,000 standard size paving brick.

The next member of noteworthy importance found above the Vandusen coal in the geological column is the Lower Mercer coal which is present in Green, Porter, Vernon, and Bloom townships. The Lower Mercer coal is the first important bed of coal below the Lower Mercer ore, from which it is separated by a mean interval of about 45 feet. Further^ its position is nearly 45 feet above the Vandusen coal, and about 100 feet below the Upper Mercer ore. Although the bed is usually thin, it has fair continuity, and has contributed small quantities of fuel for domestic use.

Green Township. - In Green Township the Lower Mercer coal has a thickness of 1 foot or more in an area embracing several square miles, and is mined by drifting for a part of the local fuel supply. It has been worked by stripping along the stream beds in the vicinity of Ohio Furnace, but the coal is only about 1 foot in thickness. The relation of the Lower Mercer coal to other members is shown in the following

West of Ohio Furnace the Lower Mercer coal is rather persistent along Ginats Run, and has been mined in a small way on the land of George Porter, where the deposit is reported to be 2 feet in thickness. On the ridge south of Junior Furnace, on the C. A. Goddard property, the structure of the bed is reported by Arthur Goddard to be as follows:

In this locality the coal is reported to be quite constant in thickness, as it vc^ries only from 1 foot 8 inches to 2 feet. On the hill just west of Junior Furnace the Lower Mercer coal has been prospected by a short entry, and is reported by Arthur Gpddard to be about 1 foot 2 inches thick. North of this along Franklin Hollow the' bed is stated to be somewhat better developed in local areas.

The interval from the Lower Mercer coal to other members higher in the geological column is shown by the following measurement of the rocks exposed along the road at the head of Franklin Hollow:

In the vicinity of Franklin Furnace the Lrower Mercer coal is usually present in about its normal thickness. A record obtained on the land of Wesley Blair shows the following conditions:

East of this, on the farm of William and Walter Silliman, the Lower Mercer coal is mined by drifting, where the coal measured 1 foot 10 inches. On the main ridge, about one mile north of Franklin Furnace, the Lower Mercer coal has been mined in a small way at a few places.

The maximum thickness of the bed in this locality is stated to be about 2 feet. Along Pine Creek in Green Township, the Lower Mercer coal is usually thin, and in places very bony. Further, the bed has not been mined, except by stripping along the stream beds, where the cover is shallow.

Porter Township. - The Lower Mercer coal is found near the summits of the high ridges in the eastern part of Porter Township, but it has been mined in only a few localities, and there in a small way only for local' domestic needs. The measurements given below were taken in a mine and well under cover on the property of Warren Turner, in Section 20:

This bed is also mined by drifting on the farm of Frank RiepenhoflF, in Section 13, where the coal measured 1 foot 8 inches, and lay 40 feet below the Lower Mercer ore. The coal in this locality is stated to have a thickness varying from 1 foot 6 inches to 1 foot 10 inches. North of this in Section 12 the bed has been prospected on the land of Mack Gifford, and is reported to be 1 foot thick.

Vernon Township. - The Lower Mercer coal in Vernon Township contributes at present only a small quantity of fuel for local domestic purposes. It is generally thin, and in some localities where massive sandstones prevail it is patchy or completely wanting.

to 1 foot 9 inches in thickness. Along Pine Creek, in the eastern p^rt of Vemon Township, the Lower Mercer bed is usually made up of thin layers of coal and of. bony shales. Measurements taken about one mile north of Clinton Furnace, in Section 23, show the relation of the Lower Mercer coal to the Lower Mercer limestone and to other members of importance. The composite section is given below:

In Section 10, north of the village of Lyra, on the farm of Susan Newland, the following record which shows the Lower Mercer coal to be of a cannel type was obtained :

The Lower Mercer coal is mined in a small way for house use on the farm of Warren Call, in the northern part of Section 30, where it was found to be 1 foot 6 inches thick. In Section 18 the Lower Mercer coal is mined for domestic use on the farm of Joseph Sweinberger, and is reported to be about 1 foot 8 inches thick.

Bloom Township. - Although %he Lower Mercer coal is poorly developed in most of Bloom Township the horizon is usually marked by dark fissile shales with thin layers of coal. However, at a few places, the bed has much the same general character as it has in the townships to the south. A few sections will be given in order to extend the stratigFaphy of the member into Jackson County. On the land of John Slack, in Section 25, the Lower Mercer coal with other members was exposed for measurement, and the following record obtained :

Just north of the Stiles home this bed was opened and worked at one time, and the coal is reported 3 feet thick. The Lower Mercer coal has also been worked on the lands of Charles Dillon and George Emerson, in Section 2. The record taken at this place is given below:

The chief worth of the Lower Mercer coal in Scioto Coimty is for local domestic needs. As the bed is found in a region where the thick Allegheny coals are absent, and where the other Pottsville coals are also thin, it adds materially to the resources of the region at present, and will become of more value in the future. Counting 60 per cent available, the bed where it is 1 foot 8 inches in thickness will yield about 2,000 tons of fuel per acre. As the bed extends across the county, and as in a number of localities it has the thickness just mentioned, the quantity of fuel available is amply sufficient to supply the needs of the local residents for many years. The Lower Mercer coal is a free-burning fuel, which at some places, as previously shown, tends towards the cannel variety. The ash and sulphur are ordinarily somewhat high, but not to such an extent as to be troublesome for general purposes. The underlying clay has no special value, but it and the associated shales may be utilized for ceramic products where other conditions are favorable for the success of such industries.

The Boggs ore lies from 40 to 55 feet below the Little Red Block ore, which is near the horizon of the Lower Mercer limestone. The average interval from the Boggs to the Little Red Block ore is about 47 feet. The ore is best represented in Bloom Township near South Webster, but it is also found in Vernon Township, where it is known locally as the Flag ore. It is an argillaceous or shaly siderite ore usually low in iron, but often carrying appreciable amounts of lime and magnesia. Th e ore is not persistent, but is found only in isolated pockets. Where present, the thickness may vary from a few inches to as much as 6 feet, but the average measurement is about 2 feet. The appearance and composition of the ore suggest swamp origin, or that it was laid down in shallow water where the ferrous carbonate was precipitated, and where also argillaceous and arenaceous materials were accumulating as sediments. The Lower Mercer coal is closely associated with the Boggs ore. Its position is a few feet below the ore, and, in fact, several thin coals are found on this general horizon. The following measurement was taken in Section 25, Bloom Township, on the property of John Slack :

In the northwest corner of Section 22, on the property of W. E. Ranchous, and others, the ore was worked by drifting for the Jackson furnaces. The bed was reported to be from 1 to 4 feet in thickness, and to lie 44 feet below the Lower Mercer ore. In Section 15, just west of South Webster, a record taken on the property of Jefferson Mossbarger is as follows:

The ore has been opened on the property of James Haines, and also on that of S. H. Wiseman and S. G. Huffman, east of South Webster. On the property of William M. Galliger, south of Bloom Station^ in Section 24, the following strata were exposed: j^ j^

On the land of Charles Dillon, in Section 2, Bloom Township, a record showing the Boggs ore and the underlying Lower Mercer coal follows: p, j^

In Section 11, on the property of John Kinker, one mile north of South Webster, where the ore was mined for the charcoal furnaces, the record obtained shows the following strata: p^ ^

The Boggs ore extends south from eastern Bloom Township along Hale's Creek and along Pine Creek to the vicinity of Lyra, in Vernon Township. In this locality, however, the bed becomes more impure, and finally breaks up into thin, irregular layers, interbedded with shales, and has no special value.

The Boggs ore occurs only in isolated pockets in Bloom and Vernon townships, but where present, especially in the former township, it usually has a thickness varying from 1 to 6 feet.

near South Webster was mined quite extensively and shipped to the coke furnaces at Jackson, Ohio. Mafty of the known ore pockets have been worked only along the outcrop, and as the stratum usually has excellent volume the quantity yet available is large. The method of mining would be by drifting.

Bloom Township. Sample No. 2 - ^Average sample of bed, natural state, same property as above. Sample No. 3 - Geol. Surv. of Ohio, Vol. 5, page 422. Sample No. 4 - Sample from outcrop. John Kinker property, Section 11,

The ore averages low in iron, consequently if used in the raw state it would give a small yield in the blast furnace. The siliceous content shown by some of the above analyses is not excessive, and the lime and magnesia increases the value somewhat. The phosphorus, which is high, restricts the use mainly for foundry iron, while the manganese content is about that found in the average ore. The main use of this ore should be to furnish the siliceous part of the ore desired in making high silicon and foimdry iron, and to replace the'highly siliceous Lake ores used at present. For this purpose the Boggs ore should produce fair results. As the ore is a blue carbonate, the volatile matter is exceptionally high; hence calcination will increase considerably the non-volatile constituents. By calcination, samples No. 1 and No. 2 become as follows:

In the interval from the .Boggs ore to the Little Red Block ore or Lower Mercer limestone, several thin coal beds are represented, but they are not important. The horizon of the lowest bed is just above the Boggs ore level, and between this and^the Little Red Block ore, two other horizons, somewhat persistent, are represented by thin coal beds, dark bony shales, or soft clays. These coals, usually only a few inches in thickness, have been mined at a number of places from the beds of streams. Small quantities of fuel, very good in quality, have also been obtained from them by stripping along the outcrop under shallow cover. The clays associated with these coals are small in volume and poor in quality. The shales occurring in this interval, however, are more important. Some strata are of excellent quality for the manufacture of building and paving brick, and are used for this purpose by the Webster Brick Company. The working qualities are good. The shales are readily crushed in the dry pan. Good plastic muds, which flow readily through the die of the brick machine, and which produce a column with but few defects, are readily formed by pugging. The ware made from these shales dries safely under almost any treatment, and, when burned, it has a good dense structure. The total shrinkage, both drying and burning, is generally about one and one-fourth inches per foot. As there are so many other good clay and shale deposits, these beds are an asset only when favorably located with reference to shipping facilities, coal supply, labor, ease of mining, etc.

The Lower Mercer or Little Red Block ore lies on or only a few feet above the Lower Mercer limestone when both are present. In Scioto County the ore is far more persistent than the limestone, for the former is found in Green, Vernon, eastern Porter, and Bloom townships, while the latter was noted in good development only in Vernon Township along Pine Creek, south of the village of Lyra. These members lie about 45 feet above the Lower Mercer coal, about 22 feet below the Upper Mercer coal, and about 52 feet below the Upper Mercer or Franklin ore. Both the Lower Mercer ore and limestone are fossiliferous, but the ore contains fewer specimens than the underlying limestone. Sections will be given in order to show the relation of these members to other well known beds.

The interval between the two Mercer horizons in the above section is greatly expanded, as it has nearly twice the normal thickness. There is a gradual thinning of the interval, however, as it passes northward. Although the Lower Mercer ore is seldom present in the vicinities of Junior and Franklin furnaces, the horizon is generally marked by a thin bed of coal, the position of which is from 60 to 70 feet below the Upper Mercer ore which is quite steady.

Porter Township. - The Lower Mercer ore is present at a number of places near the summits of the hills in the eastern part of Porter Township, but the limestone of this division of rocks was nowhere observed. The ore is thin and siliceous; hence it has no value worthy of consideration.

Vernon Township. - In Vernon Township, the Lower Mercer ore is moderately persistent, and the limestone is present in force along Pine Creek south of the village of Lyra. The area, however, in which the limestone is found is small, yet at places it has the characteristic structure seen in northern Jackson and southern Vinton counties. A record obtained along the road that leads from Poplar Fork to Clinton Ridge, in Section 28, shows the following general positions of the Lower Mercer ore and other members. The record is given below:

On the land of Thomas Patton, in Section 24, the Lower Mercer limestone has the characteristic structure found in northern Jackson County. Both benches of limestone are present and have normal volume. The measurements secured are given below: p^ ,^

South of the village of Lyra, on the C. F. Taylor property, the Lower Mercer limestone, w^ith the Upper Mercer coal, was expof^ed for measurement, the results of which are given below: p^ j^

In Section 10, north of Lyra, on the property of Susan Newland, the positions of the Upper Mercer and Lower Mercer coals, with regard to that of the Lower Mercer ore, are shoA^Ti by the following record:

Bloom Township. - The Lower Mercer ore is quite steady in Bloom Township, but the Lower Mercer limestone was nowhere observed. The ore was mined by stripping, for use in the charcoal furnaces, and is rather rich in iron, comparing favorably with manj' Lake ores. It is usually somewhat fossiliferous, but not nearly so much so as the limt stone. A few sections will be given so that the member may be traced northward to the Jackson County line. On the land of the Webster Brick Company, in Section 24, the following record was taken: