Jackson Township (part 9 of 19)

There is a thin coal bed found between the two benches of the Lower Kittanning clay where these are present. This coal deserves a passing mention for the underlying clay really belongs to it, and not to the Lower Kittanning above. This thin coal, separating the two clay benches, is quite steady in the Etna region in Lawrence County, where both clay benches are well developed^ but it was only occasionally seen in Jackson County. When both benches of clay are present, a few inches of coal may be the only intervening stratum, or the coal with a few feet of shale or sandstone above may separate them. During the swamp period that began soon after the Ferriferous limestone and ore were laid down, the conditions were somewhat changeable. They were locally favorable first for the formation of a clay bed, followed by the deposition of a thin coal above, while in part of the area shale or sand.stone was laid down. Then the conditions became more uniform and the Lower Kittanning clay and coal were formed, the steadiness of which has been described elsewhere. The usual thickness of this coal bed, where present, is from 2 to 6 inches, although occasionally it exceeds this, but the thickness at no place where noted in Jackson County was such as to justify mining at present. A measurement taken in Section 35, north, Milton Township, is given below to show the general relations to other members:

Near Center Station, in Lawrence County, there is a coal bed with a maximum thickness of about 3 feet lying only a few feet above the Lower Kittanning coal. This is called locally the "Lost Seam*' coal, for the area is very small, and it was not seen elsewhere in the county. In local areas in northern Milton Township, Jackson County, a coal bed appears on the same horizon, but its thickness, where exposed, is only about 1 foot. This bed is correlated with the **Lcst Seam" of Lawrence County, mainly on account of the respective positions of both with reference to the Lower Kittanning coal. The stratum denotes local swamp conditions following the deposition of the regular bed below. A section ^vill be given to show its position with reference to other important members. The measurements taken along the road in the northern part of Section 2, Milton Township, follow:

This bed is also found in the shales above the Lower Kittanning coal in the mine of the Browne Coal Company. As the deposit is local and thin, where exposed, it is not economically important. There is a chance, however, that in small areas the bed may be found lying so close to the underlying Lower Kittanning coal that it can be mined along with the latter.

Hamden Ore

Near old Hamdcn Furnace, west of the village of Hamden, in Vinton County, there are found deposits of iron ore which contain a fair percentage of iron, but which are characterized by having an extremely high phosphorus content; this far exceeding the other native ores of the State. Locallv the ore is known as the Hamden ore; hence it is so designated in this report. Although this bed was not found well marked in Jackson County there are in a few localities in Milton Township ferruginous deposits which are at the same stratigraphic position as the Hamden bed; therefore, the member will be briefly treated here.

Kittannmg coal, or more definitely, at the base of the Oak Hill clay. Both the upper and lower surfaces of the deposits are very irregular, and the ore often replaces a part of the clay above. The ore is of swamp origin. The association of ore and clay indicates that it was laid down at the beginning of the swamp period that closed with the deposition of the Oak Hill clay. Along the outcrop the iron is mainly in the form of hydrated oxide; while under deep cover it is combined principally with carbon dioxide as the carbonate, which also indicates swamp deposition.

In the unweathered or carbonate ore the phosphorus is combined principally with lime as calcium phosphate, while in the weathered ore a part of the lime is replaced by iron oxide. The phosphorus content varies considerably in dififerent parts of the bed, being most concentrated in the lower layers. The percentage of metallic phosphorus varies from 2 to 12 per cent, but averages between 4 and 6. The phosphorus pentoxide thus constitutes about one-tenth of the total. The origin of the deposits is a subject of interest, but the discussion will not be attempted until more investigation has been made.

The measurements of the strata obtained on the land of the Puritan Brick Company, in Section 16, Clinton Township, Vinton County, are as given below:

The ore is of considerable value commercially, both for its iron and for its phosphorus content. Through the kindness of Mr. J. H. Frantz, of the Columbus Iron and Steel Company, the analysis of the ore was obtained. The composition shown by the average analysis of 29 cars of ore is as follows: Percy Daines, analyst.

This ore was first used by Haraden Furnace in making charcoal iron, which, owing to the high phosphorus, was very brittle and had a silvery appearance. At present a few furnaces uso, along with the Lake ores, small amounts of the Hamden ore to increase the phosphorus content of the burden. Used in this way it is more valuable than the phosphate rock often added for the same purpose. Used alone the ore makes a high phosphorus* iron. Under ordinary conditions practically all the phosphorus and about one-half the manganese found in the burden smelts \^'ith the iron. With silicon 2 per cent and carbon 4 per cent the approximate composition of iron made from Hamden ore is as follows:

Oak Hill Clay

The Oak Hill clay in the vicinity of Oak Hill constitutes the basis of important fire brick works, which represent by far the most valuable industry in Jackson County, depending on the utilization of native raw materials for its support. The clay here has been worked for many years, and the plants are very successful, partially due to good management and partially due to the quality of the material and to the close association of the clay and Lower Kittanning coal. The natural conditions exhibited here are not surpassed elsewhere in southern Ohio for both plastic and flint clay, and coal may be taken from the same mine. The firms enjoy a wide reputation for the quality of their products, and the industry has steadily increased both in the number of plants established and in the general output that each produces.

In a general sense the Oak Hill clay may be placed in the Lower Kittanning coal interval, but when considered in a more critical way the bed is distinctly separate and imrelated to the coq,l below, except in so far as the two are often closely associated in position. In local areas in the Oak Hill region the clay lies directly on the coal below, but passing northward the members are usually separated by a number of feet of shales or sandstones, the maximum thickness of which, observed by the writer, was 29 feet. The average interval between the two beds is about 5 feet, but intervals measuring from 5 to 15 feet are common. In fact superimposition of the beds is rather the exception. The Oak Hill clay was laid down during a later swamp period than that in which the Lower Kittanning coal with its underlying clay was deposited. The intervening strata show that, following the swamp period that produced the coal, the sea again invaded the area and through its action laid down the shales and sandstone, the thickness of which varies from place to place. Following this, swamp-like conditions again existed in restricted areas, during which the clay was formed. From the succession of strata in the interval from the Ferriferous limestone to the Oak Hill clay, it appears that the waters were at all times shallow and that only slight advancements or retreats of the sea were necessary to produce deposition on the one hand of clays and coals, and on the other of shales and sandstones. The repetition of coals and clays in this part of the Allegheny is probably only paralleled in the Mercer interval in the Pottsville, if even there. The sections showing* the relation of the Oak Hill clay to other members were given in those covering the Lower Kittanning interval, so they will not be repeated here. They illustrate the variable nature of the interval from the Lower Kittanning coal and also the unsteadiness of the bed as it passes northward and eastward.

The area of the Oak Hill clay field above drainage in Jackson County is not large as it is confined principally to western Madison Township, small areas in eastern Jefferson, central and western Bloomfield, and eastern Milton townships. Owing to the uncertainty of the deposits it is hard to get a good estimate of the total area, but probably it will not exceed 15 square miles, yet this is amply sufficient to maintain the present plants for many generations and to justify the establishment of others. The average thickness of the deposit is about 3 feet, of which approximately one-half is flint clay and the remainder plastic clay of good qualit3^ In local areas the bed has a thickness varying from 4 to 5 feet, of which from 2 to 3 feet is flint clay. A deposit 3 feet in thickness, counting 60 per cent available, will yield approximately 6,125 tons per acre, or it will supply a plant making 20,000 brick per day for more than 60 working days. The Oak Hill clay available in Jackson County is thus sufficient for future needs.

The Oak Hill clay bed is normally made up of flint clay and plastic clay, the former being found in the lower part of the deposits. There is no definite bedding plane separating them, although the gradation from one kind to the other usually takes place in the space of a few inches. In some localities there are a few inches of ferruginous clay in the lower part of the flint clay bench, while with few exceptions from 3 to 6 inches of the upper part of the plastic clay bench is colored dark with carbon and iron compounds, making this unfit for use. The ratio of flint to plastic clay in the bed is quite variable, for, while the average is about half and half of each, some exposures show but little for the purpose of manufacturing fire brick and fire clay products. The plant was built the same year, but was destroyed by fire about two years later. It was rebuilt the following year.

Up to this time the manufacture of fire brick through this section had not been attempted, the above named company being the first at Oak Hill, and among the first in what is now known ajs the Southern Ohio district. The rich beds of fire day, for which this territory has in later years become so widely known, up to that time were imtouched for manufacturing purposes. The only brick that were known here were the common red brick made entirely by hand process, and generally on the groimd where they were to be used. This type of brick was made chiefly from soil with possibly a little plastic clay to make the bond.

Owing to the excellent quality of clay used, it did not take the products of this first plant long to find a well-established place in the fire brick markets of the country. In a short time the company was unable to supply the demand. As soon as it had been proven that the material of this territory, of which there was such an abundance, would produce fire brick of a superior quaUty, other companies were organized from time to time, until today there are no less than seven plants at Oak Hill alone, engaged in the manufacture of fire brick and fire clay products. Under normal business conditions, they are all able to run up to their capacity.

The plant of the above mentioned company is located in the northern part of the town, on the B. & 0. S. W. railroad, and occupies about three acres of ground. The company also owns a tract of land situated about one-half mile southeast of the plant, just on the outskirts of the town, which is imderlaid with flint crown fireclay of the very best quality. The bed which is from 3 to 4 feet in thickness, lies just above the coal; hence coal and clay are mined from the same opening. There is also from 8 to 10 feet of good plastic clay in the same hill. For many years they received almost their entire clay and coal supply from this land, but for the last few years they have been receiving a large part of the clay supply from many small mines and gouges in territory surrounding the plant. This enables them to get a variety of different clays, which are adapted for different kinds of work. This clay, which is dehvered at the clay yard by wagons during the summer season, is piled outside to allow it to slack before it is used.

The buildings are all wooden structures. The main building has on the ground floor a 9-foot dry pan, a 9-foot wet or mud pan, molding tables, elevating machinery; on the second floor sand and clay bins, and rotary sand and clay screens. On this floor there is also a large store room for molds and patterns. To the east of the main building, and coimected to it, is the main dry house and dry floors. The main floor is 60 by 130 feet, while there is also another floor on the north of this, 32 by 84 feet.

These drying floors ars heated by live and exhaust steam, which circulates through pipes placed a few inches below the surface of the floor. During the day, while the machinery is being driven, only the exhaust steam is allowed to pass under the floor. This makes just enough heat to properly temper the brick for pressing. At night the live steam direct from the boilers goes under the floor and furnishes heat enough so that the brick are thoroughly dry by early morning. The brick are then removed from the floor and set in the kilns.

The engine room of the plant, which is joined to the main building on the west side, is 32 by 42 feet. Steam is furnished for the engine, pump, and drying floors, by a 150 horse-power Brownell tubular boiler. The pans, elevators, and other machinery are driven by a 100-horse-power engine. A 5,000 gallon water tank provides storage for the boilers. The water is supplied from a well about 100 feet away by a steam pump, which is housed at the well. A complete new engine room and brick boiler stack have been built within the last three years, and a new 150-horse-power boiler waa installed a year ago.

a capacity of about 12,000 standard brick per day. The clay, after being carefully selected and picked, is ground in the dry pan, and then elevated to the bins on the second floor. It is then let down into the wet pan, where it is thoroughly mixed and tempered. The mud is trucked out to the molding tables to be made into brick. As the brick are molded, they are carried out and laid on the hot floor \mtil they become dry enough to handle, when they are passed through the represses. After being pressed, they are again laid on the floor and allowed to remain until thoroughly dry, when they are ready to be placed in the kiln. This process usually requires from 12 to 15 hours. All regular standard brick are repressed.

We have four rectangular down-^lraft kilns, which have an average capacity of about 60,000 each Coal is used as fuel in the burning process. Storage room is furnished by a shed 50 by 180 feet, along the east side of which there is a spur track to the B. & O. S W. raiht)ad.

The leading brands of standard pressed brick, in descending order, are, Aetna Steel, Aetna Crown, Aetna, and Aetna O. After over forty years of experience, this company has learned that severe tests are required of a brick to withstand not only the heat resistance, but also the contraction, expansion, and friction, both from flame and wear. From the four leading brands named above, brick can be foimd suitable for any of the following purposes: blast furnaces, open hearth steel furnaces, locomotive and steamboat fire boxes, smelting furnaces, rotary cement kilns, lime, brick, pottery, and sewer pipe kilns, boiler walls, coke ovens, and for all purposes where a heat and abrasion test is required.

The following report concerning the plants of the Ohio Fire Brick Company and the Davis Fire Brick Company, which are under the same general management, was kindly furnished by the president, Mr. D. D. Davis:

The clays used are the Oak HiU flint and semi-flint, and the Lower Kittanning plastic. The flint clay from the Oak Hill member is about 3 feet in thickness, while the semi-flint clay is from 3 to 4 feet. The deposit of Lower Kittanning plastic clay has a thickness on our property of 9 feet. These clays are mined both by stripping and by drifting, but the main supply is obtained by the latter method. Partial analyses of the clays are about as follows:

The composition of the semi-flint clay is practically the same as that of the flint clay. The Lower Kittanning plastic clay is very low in iron compounds and is an excellent bonding clay.

The general equipment of the plant of the Ohio Brick Company follows: The buildings for covering the drying floors and for housing the machinery are constructed of wood. The power is furnished by a 150 H. P. engine, the steam for which is generated in a 250 H. P. boiler. The clays are ground and tempered in wet pans, as no machine-made brick are made. The mud is shaped by hand molding into ware, all standard shapes of which are pressed by hand represses when at the proper temperature. All brick are dried on open hot floors, which are heated either by steam or by air direct from coal-fired flues. The ware is burned in five down-draft kilns of 70,000 capacity each. The Lower Kittanning coal mined in conjunction with the clays is used for burning the ware, and for generating the steam for power. The plant is well supplied with storage sheds for protecting the brick from weathering influences. The annual capacity of the plant is 5,000,000 brick, 9-inch equivalents, per year.

of the Davis Fire Brick Company, except that the latter has six kilns of 70,000 capacity each, and that it has an annual output of over 6,000,000 brick. The standard brands of brick are Davis Crown, Davis, and Steel. The products manufactured are for blast furnace linings, hot blast stoves, steel mills, coke ovens, open hearth furnaces, and for many other general purposes. Both plants are connected directly by snatches to the Baltimore <Sr Ohio Southwestern Railroad, and indirectly to the lines of the Detroit, Toledo & Ironton and the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Da3rton Railways.

The Oak Hill Fire Brick and Coal Company^ of Oak Hill, OhiOi was established in the year 1873, for the purpose of manufacturing high grade hand-made fire brick. Our wares are made principally from two grades of clay, viz., No. 1 or flint clay, which is deposited in a bed of about 3 feet in thickness, lying directly over the Lower Kittanning coal, and No. 2 or plastic clay, which is deposited in a bed from 6 to 8 feet in thickness, lying just below the previously mentioned coal. The flint clay and coal are mined from the same opening, which is a horizontal drift, while the plastic clay is mined by surface stripping. Our plant is equipped with a lOO-H. P. engine, 125-H. P. boiler, two dry pans, one wet pan, and a seminlry press machine. We have two drying floors, with an area of 32,000 square feet of surface on which the brick are dried by fire flues running the entire length of the floors. Our capacity is 20,000 hand-made brick per day. We have seven down-draft kilns with a capacity of about 60,000 each. The plant is located on the Baltimore and Ohio Southwestern Railroad, which is our only shipping facility. Our storage sheds will hold 1,000,000 standard brick. We manufactiure three brands of brick which are designated "O. K. Crown," "A," and "H," respectively. These brick are used for blast furnace linings, hot blast stoves, cupola linings, coke ovens, boiler settings, lime kilns, rotary cement kilns, brick kilns, etc.

The following report describing the plant and mineral resources of the Wm. E. Dee Clay Products Company, located about one mile south of Oak Hill, was furnished the Survey by the superintendent, Robert E. Miller:

This property consists of nearly 200 acres of mineral land containing two beds of coal, and two deposits of clay which are different in character. One bed is a flint or No. 1 clay, while the other is a plastic or No. 2 clay. The plastic clay is used for the bonding material in the manufacture of hand-made first quality fire brick, while in the production of second grade fire brick, fire proofing, tile, and gas fuel, it is more largely used.

The deposit of flint clay is 3 feet in thickness, and the quantity yielded is 6,000 tons per acre. The bed of plastic clay is from 15 to 20 feet in thickness, and the quantity* available is approximately 25,000 ions per acre. These two beds of clay and the 3^oot stratum of Lower Kittamiing coal are in juxtaposition, the coal being between the two clay deposits. In addition to the above this property contains an 8-foot deposit of limestone known as the Ferriferous or Hanging Rock bed, and also a thin deposit of iron ore associated with the limestone. There are also 20 feet of shale immediately above the ore, which may be used for the manufacture of paving brick, and rough or smooth faced building brick. All of the above clays, coals, and shales are immediately in the rear of the plant; hence the raw materials are obtained at a low cost.

The plant is equipped with standard machinery, and the ware treated according to the best modem practice. The main building in which the machinery is housed is constructed of wood but is substantially built throughout. All machinery is erected on solid concrete foundations. The line shafting has no connection with the building, as it is supported by independent concrete piers. The main equipment is as follows: one 300-H. P. Bass Corliss engine, two high duty boilers, one 50-H. P. engine of Trotline type, one 20-H. P. engine of same make, two 6-4-6 hot and cold water piunps, one E. M. Freese Independent pug mill, one Freese Mammoth brick and tile machine, one Horton soft mud brick machine, one 9-foot American dry pan, one 8-foot wet pan, one 12-foot blowing fan, one 10-foot exhaust fan, one American revolving automatic cutting machine, two large Eagle represses, one automatic tile cutting machine, 200 steel drying cars, storage sheds, and other things necessary to make it a very complete plant.

This factory has the best designed and constructed drying department in the state of Ohio. It is a three-story fireproof building constructed of concrete and brick. This drier, which is 62 by 160 feet, has 12 tracks for drying the ware which is set on steel cars. Exhaust steam from the engine and waste heat from the kilns are used for drying the green ware. No exhaust steam is allowed to escape to the atmosphere until all of its available heat units have been extracted. After this is done, the water from condensation is utilized for feed water and is returned to the boilers at a temperature of about 212° F.

The burning is done in 6 round down-draft kilns, which have a capacity of about 70,000 each. These kilns are built on solid concrete foundations and have thick walls. Further they are firmly banded with heavy steel.

The following classes and grades of ware are marketed: hollow tile fire proofing, first quality fire brick, second quality fire brick for general purposes, coke oven brick, cupola and foundry ware, blast furnace linings, stove brick, boiler settings, grate tile, gas fuel biscuits and pretzels, rough faced building brick, and paving block. Both lump and ground clays are furnished for many uses.

The market for the entire output of this plant is the Middle West and South. The plant is located on the Baltimore and Ohio Southwestern Railroad. It has its own siding, 1,200 feet in length.

Red Kidney Ore

The Red Kidney ore deserves only a passing mention, as the member is seldom present in Jackson County. Its position is only a few feet abov(* the Oak Hill clay. The interval from the ore to the Lower Kittanning coal below varies from 6 to 20 feet, but averages about 10 feet. In local areas in Lawrence and Scioto counties the bed was worked to some extent during the days of the charcoal furnaces, but in Jackson County, from surface indications, it ^vas not so utilised. It is a kidney ore, having a dark red or brown color, where weathered along the outcrop, and from general appearances it is rather rich in , iron. Under heavy cover it is a gray carbonate ore, typical of the coal

Middle Kittanning Coal

The Middle Kittanning coal is not commercially important in Jackson County, although the bed is generally present in the eastern tier of townships. The great bed found in the counties north has thinned here to a mere fragment, and in its extension southward it expands again in Ohio only along the Symmes Creek Valley in Gallia County, and in the Sheridan region in Lawrence County. la Jackson and Lawrence counties the Middle Kittanning coal rates far below the Lower Kittanning in importance, and the materials associated with the former in no respect compare with the valuable beds of clays and shales occurring with the latter. Although thin, the bed at present yields a small amount of domestic coal, and in the future, as the thicker beds become exhausted, it may supply much needed wants. For this reason the bed will be traced across the county.

The Middle Kittanning or No. 6 coal is the next important coal in the ascending scale above the Lower Kittanning or No. 5. The interval separating the two varies from 20 to 60 feet, but the average is about 39 feet, while that separating the Middle Kittanning coal from the overlying Upper Freeport or No. 7 varies from 60 to 110 feet, but averages about 80 feet. The Middle Kittanning coal is separated from the Lower Freeport or No. 6a coal by shales and sandstones, the average thickness of which is about 37 feet.

The Middle Kittanning coal is found at a few places in the eastern part of Jefferson Township, but, as the bed is near the summits of the hills, the areas are small, and in parts of these the coal is badly weathered. The deposit extends over nearly all of Madison Township, where it has been worked for local use at a few places. The bed is wanting along the preglacial valley in western Bloomfield Township, and it is confined to the eastern half of Milton, but, at the present time, in both of these townships, the bed is not regularly mined, even lor domestic use.

Jefferson Township. - Small areas of Middle Kittanning coal are found in Sections 24, 25, 34, and 36, of Jefiferson Township. In Section 36, near the old stack of Cambria Furnace, the upper part of a section measured shows the following strata:

Madison Township. - The area of Middle Kittamiing coal in Madison Township is large for the bed, although found near the summits of the hills in the western tier of sections dips, so that it is at or near drainage along the eastern boundary. It is present in every section; however the areas in a few sections are very small. Its extent and relations to other beds will now be treated in a more specific way. In Section 6, south, the bed thickens somewhat and is mined for local use on lands of Margaret Hopkins, Evan Reese, and Margaret Evans. The coal in this locality is ^-eported to vary from 1 foot 8 inches to 2 feet in thickness and to be of very good quality, as it is free from partings or slate-bands.

On land of William D. Morgan, Section 31, the Middle Kittanning coal is worked to some extent for house use. A composite section taken there follows:

In Section 5, south, the Middle Kittanning coal, judging from surface exposures, is about 2 feet in thickness, while in local areas in Section 32 it measures about 3 feet. In this locality the lower bench of coal is from 1 foot 8 inches to 2 feet 2 inches in thickness, while the upper bench, when present, adds about 1 foot to this volume. This coal was formerly mined for railroad shipment by the Comet Coal Company, but the territory is not exhausted. House coal has also been mined at a few places. The character of the deposit in Section

The Middle Kittaiining coal is also mined, but by stripping, on the farm of John McCulgan in same section. He reports the coal to have an average measurement also of about 1 foot 11 inches. In Section 33, domestic coal is mined by drifting on the property of Smith Landrum, where the measurements of the bed practically duplicate those shown above. In Section 3, south, the upper bench of coal is often present, but as a general thing it is an impure cannel coal of little value. The structure of the bed noted at a mine on the farm of J. F. Morgan is recorded below: ^ j^

In places in the mine the lower coal bench has a thickness of 2 feet. In Section 34, the Middle Kittanning coal has been mined for many years to supply local domestic wants. In parts of the area both coal benches are pros?nt, and in this case the deposit measures from 3 to 4 feet in thickness. The lower coal bench is usually from 1 to 2 feet in thickness, and is of good quality. The following record obtained at a mine on the farm of W. E. Davis, shows the development where both coal benches are present:

The structure of the deposit shown in the above record was also seen at one mine on the property of John T. Williams, while at another opening near by only the lower coal bench was present, and it has a thickness of 1 foot 5 inches. In sections 35 and 2, south, the deposit is quite steady, but the upper coal bench is seldom present. However, in the latter section on the property of D. W. Williams, the upper coal bench is found. The deposit is mined here for local use. A record taken follows :

In this locality the parting between the two coal benches varies in thickness from 1 inch to 2 feet, while the upper coal bench is also subject to variations in thickness. The deposit is below drainage in Section 1, south. Coal has been mined for many years by drifting and also by stripping in Section 36, on the farms of Isaac Alban, J. A. M. Jones, and Jonathan Alban. The lower bench of coal varies from 1 to 2 feet in thickness, but averages about 1 foot 10 inches. The upper be-nch of the Middle Kittanning coal in this vicinity is seldom present. Near the mouth of a mine on the land of J. A. M. Jones the following record was obtained:

In this locality the Lower Freeport coal is often separated from the Middle Kittanning bed by a short interval as showTi by the following measurements taken along the road in the southeastern corner of the section. .

In sections 24 and 25, the Middle Kittanning coal is represented by the lower bench which has a thickness of nearly 2 feet. West of the village of Centerville, on the farm of John O. Williams, the following measurements were obtained in a drift mine which supplies a part of the local fuel needs: p^ j^^

The Middle Kittanning coal has been mined in a small way on the high knobs at several places in Section 21. The bed is reported to be from 1 foot 6 inches to 2 f(»et in thickness. The coal areas are small in sections 20 and 29, but the bed is quite steady although generally thin. In Section 30, on the land of Samuel Smith, the bed is mined by stripping for local use, and the structure shown is as follows:

At the mines of the Ohio Fire Brick Company, in Section 19, the Middle Kittanning coal is reported by the mine foreman, Mr. George Sharp, to reach 3 feet in thickness in local areas. The section measured and reported is as follows:

The Middle Kittanning coal is wanting in Section 7, and it is confined to small areas on a few of the high hills in sections 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9^ 17, and 18. Although the bed is generally thin on these ridges, it is rather steady, but it has not been worked for local use. In sections 10,. 15, and 16 the coal is thin, and in places it is replaced by thick sandstones. The best development of the bed observed in sections 11 and 14 is shoTVTi in the following record obtained on the land of David T. Davis:

The Middle Kittanning coal is usually poorly represented in sections 12 and 13, but the Lower Freeport coal in restricted areas has good volxmie. The following section of the rocks obtained on the farm of Howard Evans shows the interval separating the two beds:

Bloomfield Township. - The Middle Kittanning coal is rather persistent in most of Bloomfield Township, but the bed seldom has suflScient volume to justify its mining by drifting at present. It seldom exceeds 2 feet in thickness, while it has an average measurement much below this. In some localities the coal is replaced by thick sandstones. Since the deposit is rather unimportant its extent and stratigraphy will be hurriedly treated.

Owing to the rise of the rocks to the west the Middle Kittanning coal passes above the summits of the hills in sections 5, 6, 7, 8, 18, 19, and 30. The areas are small and the coal poorly developed in sections 4, 9, 16, 17, 20, 21, 29, and 31. From conditions observed along its outcrop the Middle Kittanning coal seldom reaches 2 feet in thickness in sections 26, 27, 28, 33, 34, and 35, while more often it is represented by bony shales with thin coal bands. It is present near drainage level along the headwaters of Keeton Run in small areas in sections 24, 25, and 36, where the thickness of the deposit is reported to vary from 1 foot 4 inches to 3 feet, but to be irregular, as the bed is replaced locally by massive sandstones. The coal is thin and unimportant in sections 12, 13, 14, 15, and 24, for it seldom reaches a thickness of 2 feet.

In local areas in the northern part of Bloomfield Township the Middle Kittanning coal is replaced by massive sandstones. This condition is found in sections 1, 2, 3, 10, and 11. The following measurements of the rocks on land of the Superior Colliery Company, in Section 3, illustrate this point:

Milton Township. - In Milton Township the Middle Kittanning coal is confined to the eastern half of the area. The bed is generally thin, and in parts of the region it is replaced by sandstone. The coal is seldom present in sections 26, 27, 28, 33, 34, 35, and 36, for here its place is taken by the massive sandstone found above the Lower Kittanning coal, and measuring often from 60 to 100 feet. Along the road in the central part of Section 14 the coal was exposed and the following measurements taken:

The Middle Kittanning with the two Freeports, the Lower Kittanning, and the Clarion coals, were exposed along the roadside that leads from Rich Run to the point southeast in Section 13. The rocks measured from the head of Rich Run to the ridge south in Section 12 are as given below:

In Section 11 the Middle Kittanning coal is exposed along the road that leads from Rich Run to the Union School on the ridge north. The bed measured 1 foot 4 inches in thickness, and this probably represents about the normal volume for the area. Along the road in Section 2 the following strata were exposed for measurement:

The Middle Kittanning coal was well exposed for measurement where sVipped for local use along the ridge road north of Lincoln School, in Section 35, north. The upper part of the section obtained here follows:

The bed is found near the summit of the main ridge in Section 34, north, but as the cover is shallow the coal is badly weathered and of little value. From surface indications the thickness of the bed in this locality is somewhat above the average.

The average thickness of the Middle Kittanning coal in Jackson County, from the exposures observed, is 1 foot 10 inches, but, as this estimate was obtained largely from surface and shallow mine measurements, the thickness imder deep cover may exceed this slightly. However, it is not probable that it will exceed 2 feet. In local areas in the field the bed ranges in thickness from 1 foot 8 inches to 2 feet 6 inches, but in other parts it thins to less than 1 foot, while at other places in northern Bloomfield and southern Milton the deposit is often completely replaced by sandstone. One point in its favor is that, with few exceptions, the member is made up of one coal bench only, consequently the coal yielded is quite free from deleterious clay and shale materials. Some nodules of pyrite or marcasite are present, but this is not sufficient in amount to impair its value for most uses. The coal is rather hard, and usually mines in blocks for the bed, especially under shallow cover, is regularly jointed. The associated clay must be given a low rating, for in quality it is inferior to that of the Lower Kittanning or the Mercer below. It is usually siliceous and ferruginous, thus suitable only for low grades of ceramic ware. The bed is generally thin also; hence it offers but little inducement for working the clay along with the coal. The character of the roof is somewhat variable, but in the main it is satisfactory for mining. The material most generally found above the coal is a siliceous shale having good strength, but in local areas a foot or two of this, lying next to the coal, is replaced by soft clay shale, which soon loosens and falls, owing to the action of percolating waters, while in other places the shale may be completely replaced by sandstone, the massive character of which insures a stable roof.

The total area of Middle Kittanning coal in Jackson County is approximately 35 square miles. After the areas of crop coal, wants, and impure coal are subtracted, the total field in which the deposit has a mean thickness of 1 foot 10 inches is estimated to be in the neighborhood of 15 square miles. Counting 60 per cent available in mining, the deposit will yield about 1,000 tons of fuel per acre.

The coal belonging to the highly volatile bituminous variety, has a good bright luster, is rather firm, and is seldom slaty in character. It is free burning, non-coking, and not especially sooty, while the ash clinkers only under severe heat treatment. No analysis of the coal was obtained, but from general appearances it should compare favorabJy with the best grades of that found in the counties to the north. The

Lower Freeport Coal

The Lower Freeport coal marks the next well recognized horizon above the Middle Kittanning coal, yet in Jackson County it deserves only a passing mention for it adds practically nothing at present to the mineral wealth of the county. The bed is rather steady, especially where shales prevail in the interval, yet the thickness seldom expands suflBciently for mining even for local uses. As the stratum passes southward from Jackson to Lawrence County, the general features of the member are much the same imtil it approaches the Ohio River, where in one locality the volume increases, and the bed is mined and locally known as the Hatcher coal. Yet in a few restricted areas in Madison Township the bed thickens, and it is mined for a part of the local fuel supply.

The Lower Freeport coal is folmd usually about midway in the interval from the Middle Kittanning to the Upper Freeport coal, or on the average about 35 or 40 feet from these beds, yet the maximum and minimum variations greatly exceed these figures. Since the member is of but little importance except stratigraphically only a few sections showing its position will be given.

Madison Township. - The Lower Freeport coal in Jackson County is mined only in a desultory way in a few restricted areas in Madison Township. In the vicinity of the village of Centerville, small patches of coal in which the volume reaches 2 feet or more are found. In this locality the Lower Freeport coal lies rather close to the underlying Middle Kittanning member, as the interval separating them is usually from 15 to 25 feet. The following record taken along the road in the southeastern part of Section 36, Madison Township, shows the position of the Lower Freeport coal with regard to the Middle Kittanning bed:

The Lower Freeport coal has been mined on the above property and also on that of Thomas T. Richard, who reports the bed to be about 4 feet in thickness, but to have small extent. The coal in this locality is overlain by a massive sandstone which often replaces the coal stratum. This coal was mined in a small way in Section 12, on

The areas, however, in which the deposit has good thickness are very local. This member has also been worked in a small way in the vicinity of the Smoky Hollow School in sections 1 and 2. The record obtained on the farm of David J. Edwards is given below:

Bloomfield Township. - The Lower Freeport coal was not found in good development in Bloomfield Township, although the bed is usually present in the southern part of the area. In the central part of the township, the coal was seldom observed as it is replaced by thick sandstones. From measurements taken its position in Bloomfield Township is about 35 feet above the Middle Kittanning coal.

Milton Township. - The Lower Freeport coal is rather steady in eastern Milton Township, but the coal is usually too thin to be mined at present except by stripping where the cover is shallow. A few records will be given in order to show the relation of the Lower Freeport coal to other members* The rocks exposed along the road that leads from Buckeye Furnace to the ridge east in Section 25, Milton Township, are shown in the following measurements:

The maximum thickness of Lower Freeport coal observed in Milton Township, was that exposed along the road that leads from Lincoln Furnace to the ridge, in the southwestern part of Section 36, north. The record obtained here follows:

The Lower Freeport coal is usually too thin for important mining, but small amounts may be obtained by stripping along the outcrop or where the cover is shallow. The clay associated with the coal is not of special value, but this and the shales above may be used in the manufacture of ceramic ware. The xjoal is of good quality,much resembling the Middle Kittanning below in general properties. At present the bed is of more interest for its stratigraphic relations than for its economic value.

Upper Feeeport, Waterloo, Or No. 7 Coal

The Upper Freeport or No. 7 coal which marks the top of the Allegheny formation, and which is one of the important beds in the counties north, is found well towards the summits of the high hills and ridges along the eastern margin of Jackison County, but the areas of available coal are too small and scattered to form the basis of any considerable mining industry. The characteristic unsteadiness of the bed illustrated in the Waterloo field in Lawrence County, is also indicated by the surface exposures noted in Jackson County, for while in * one hill the blossom may be several feet in thickness, in the next it may be only a smut streak. Moreover, in some localities the coal is completely replaced by sandstone. Owing to the decaying influence of shallow cover and to the unsteadiness of the bed the total area in which soimd fuel may be obtained is small. The Upper Freeport coal will be traced somewhat carefully across the county for this marks the contact of the Allegheny formation with the Conemaugh above.

The Upper Freeport Coal Horizon is present in Madison, Bloomfield, and Milton townships. But few pockets of coal were found, although the clay is somewhat persistent. The member will be traced in more detail in the next few pages.

Madison Township. - The horizon of the Upper Freeport coal in Madison Township extends along the high knobs and ridges from the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Railway to the eastern boundary of the township. The coal bed is seldom represented by more than a few inches of coal, while along much of the outcrop the position of the member is marked only by a bed of siliceous clay. However, in one locality northwest of the village of Centerpoint, a small pocket of coal

Bloomfield Township. - In Bloomfield Township the horizon of the Upper Freeport coal is confined mainly to areas on the high ridges south of Dickason Rim, and east of the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Railway, and to small areas near the summits of the hills east of Little Raccoon Creek. Coal of value was f oimd only in the latter area, while the extent of the bed here is very local. There are small areas of Upper Freeport coal on the main ridge in the central part of Section 12, and in the southeastern part of Section 1. In the latter there is also an isolated patch near the central part. East of this in Gallia County the Upper Freeport coal is mined in a small way for domestic use. The measurement taken in a mine near the residence of W. F. White, in Section 7, Huntington Township, Gallia County, is here given, as it shows the general character of the bed in this locality:

Milton Township. - In Milton Township the Upper Freeport coal is confined to the two eastern tiers of sections, and in these only the main ridges have sufficient elevation to carry the bed. In sections 36 and 25 small areas are found on the main ridges, but the cover generally is shallow. To the east of this in Vinton County, near the Cooney School, the bed has excellent volume, as is shown by the following section taken at a mine on land of Thomas Sheen, in Section 32, Wilkesville Township, Vinton County: p^ j^^

The bed here is reported to have a maximum thickness of 6 feet. The blossom of the Upper Freeport coal is foimd with only a few feet of cover above it on four knobs on the main ridge in Section 26. In sections 13 and 24 the bed is quite persistent, but generally thin. From Section 13 the Upper Freeport coal extends westward into Section 14, but the horizon soon passes above the hilltops. In Section 12 th^ cover is quite thick, but from surface indications the coal is generally thin.

Near the Union School, in Section 11, there is a heavy blossom of Upper Freeport coal exposed along the road, but the cover is shallow. The following measurements were made at this place:

From Union School the bed extends, with some wants, along the main ridge northward and eastward across sections 2 and 11. A record taken along the road in the northern paH of Section 2 is as given below:

In Section 36, north, the Upper Freeport coal is present on the ridges both north and south of Mulga Run, but the bed, from surface indications, is generally thin. It was not found west of this in the northern tier of sections in Milton Township, but a few small areas of coal occur on the main ridge north in Vinton County.

Since the total area is small, the cover generally shallow, and the bed unsteady, the Upper Freeport coal in Jackson County is not of commercial importance. At present it is not mined even for local domestic fuel, as this is more readily obtained from some of the lower deposits. The roof of the'coal is generally shale, although in some localities it is the Mahoning sandstone. The mining conditions are usually not the best, for the shale above is somewhat tender, and the Mahoning sandstone, when present, often replaces a part or all of the bed. From surface indications there are only small areas in Jackson County in which the Upper Freeport coal has sufficient thickness to justify mining. Since the overburden is generally shallow, drift mining may be economically practiced where the roof is strong, and stripping where the roof is weathered and broken. The Upper Freeport coal is a good general purpose fuel.

Conemaugh Formation

Mahoning coal, and Mason coal are present in a few localities in eastern Madison, Bloomfield, and Milton townships. In the main the formation is represented by a series of sandstones, gray shales, red clay shales, and bastard limestones. The coal members in the lower part of the Conemaugh formation in this county seldom exceed 1 foot in thickness, while in most of the area they are wanting or very thin.

Chapter Ii

Lawrence County has long been known as the center of the Hanging Rock Iron District, and is one of the important locations of the industry in this State. It first came into prominence in making charcoal iron, and for many years enjoyed the reputation of producing metal of the very highest grades. In this county the industry began in 1826, when Union Furnace was built by Messrs. Sparks, Means, and Fair. From 1826 to 1868 fifteen charcoal furnaces were erected, some of which were in blast for many years, while others with limited supplies of ore and timber were soon abandoned. At present. Center and Olive furnaces, although not in operation, are in a fair state of repair, while the others are represented only by crumbling stacks or cinder dumps. As timber for charcoal became scarce, coke furnaces of which there are now eight modem stacks in the county were built. At present but little native ore is used, as the supply is drawn largely from the rich fields of the Great Lakes.

The charcoal iron industry thus led early to great activity in the mining of ore and limestone which continued for many years, but the present coke furnaces draw little of their supplies from this field. The demand of the furnaces for refractories led to gome development of the clay and ganister. At present the region is of interest principally because of its coals, clays, and limestones.

Lawrence County is in the extreme southern part of the State> and consequently it borders. on the Ohio River. Gallia County lies to the east and Scioto County to the west, while Gallia, Jackson, and Scioto counties form the northern l>oundary. The area of Lawrence County, according to the latest work and estimates of the federal government, is 440 square miles.

This region is part of the old Appalachian Plateau in which the streams have cut deep valleys in the shales and sandstones. This action left the surface very rough and hilly, except the flood plains of the larger streams as the Ohio River, Pine, Storms, and Symmes creeks. The region has been dissected by many small streams whose erosive forces are still very active. Where the strata are mainly sandstones, the valleys are narrow and gorge-like, while where shales predominate they are quite wide and have rather gentle slopes. In the southern part of the county, especially along the Ohio, the strata are mainly sandstones which form many bold cliffs and bare knobs. The village, Hanging Rock, takes its name from one of these cliffs about 250 feet high. Along Storms Creek the sandstones are quite thick, and consequently many cliffs and steep bluffs are present. At Cliffside, and at Vesuvius Furnace, the valley appears walled in with massive sandstone. The hills along the Pine Creek Valley are made up of shales with heavy sandstone layers which jut out to form bold cliffs, or long steep bluffs. In the Symmes Creek Valley, the sandstones are generally near the base of the hills, while the shales above form broad ridges with more gentle slopes. Some of the best farming land in the county is found along these ridges.

- The rough broken character of the region has impeded its development, for, while it has been helpful in mining, it has been a great detriment in the marketing of products. The two railroads that cross the county from south to north give very poor service as they have many sharp curves and heavy grades; moreover, they give an outlet only for the western part of the county. Some well constructed macadam roads cross the county, but these have usually many long grades where they cross the divides. The average country road is very rough and

The Ohio River, which forms the southern boundary of the county, receives directly or indirectly the waters from the entire region. Pine Creek with its small tributaries drains the western part. This stream has a circuitous course as it heads near Moulton in Decatur Township, flows northward to Flowers Station; thence westward into Bloom Township, Scioto County; thence southward to Kelleys Mills; thence northwestward to the Ohio near Wheelersburg. It is a very sluggish stream and meanders freely over its flood plain. It drains most of Elizabeth, Decatur, and Washington townships.

Norman and Osbum runs, both small streams, drain most of Hamilton Township, and flow into the Ohio near Hanging Rock. Little Storms Creek, draining parts of Elizabeth and Upper townships, heads near the tunnel on the Detroit, Toledo & Ironton Railroad, flows south, and empties into Storms Creek north of Ironton. It is a swift stream and has cut its valley in the massive sandstones. Storms Creek, which heads in the western part of Aid Township, flows southward and empties into the Ohio at Ironton. Its valley is the most picturesque in the

«ounty, as the stream has carved its way through the massive sandstones that prevail along its entire coursa. Paradiss Park, near Cliffsiide, with its cliffs, caves, and waterfalls, shows the rugged beauty of the region. Storms Creek drains parts of Elizabeth, Aid, Lawrence, and Upper townships. Ice Creek, with its tributaries, Sugar and Tiittle Ice, drains part of Lawrence, Upper, and Perry townships. The stream heads near Kitts Hill, flows southward and empties into the Ohio at Coalgrove.

Symmes Creek, which enters the county in the northeastern part of Syinmes Township, flows south, and empties into the Ohio near Rockwood, is the largest stream in the coimty. With Indian Guyan it drains the eastern part of the county, except a small tract bordering the Ohio. Symmes, Aid, and Mason townships lie mainly in this basin. This stream also drains parts of Washington, Decatur, Lawrence, Windsor, Union, and Fayette townships. Its largest western tributaries are Big, Sharps, Elkins, Aaron, Johns, and Buffalo creeks. Long Creek is the only eastern tributary of any size. The Symmes Valley is comparatively straight, but the stream itself is very tortuous, and wanders repeatedly across its wide flood plain. The stream enters the county at an elevation of 590 feet, and empties into the Ohio at an elevation of 490, or it has a fall of 100 feet in 36 miles. Indian Guyan Creek enters Lawrence County in Rome Township, flows nearly parallel with the Ohio in its southward course, and empties into the Ohio near Bradrick. It drains parts of Rome, Windsor, and Union townships.

The present drainage system of the county shows the effect of preglacial rivers. The circuitous course of Pine Creek, the sluggish current of Symmes, the direction of branches of these streams, and the peculiarly bedded clays in high valleys, all can be traced to this source. These old streams have been studied and mapped by W. G. Tight and by others.

Teays and Flatwoods Valleys* - ^In the southern section the most important of these deserted valleys is the well-known Teays Valley. Its relation to the Kanawha River was early recognized, and it has been described by many authors, notably by Prof. I. C. White of Morgantown, W. Va., and by Prof. G. Frederick Wright of Oberlin, Ohio The other important old drainage way in the southern section is the Flatwoods Valley, back of Ashland, Ky., and opposite Ironton, Ohio; and the Teays and Flatwoods valleys unquestionably fotm parts of th3 same system well-preserved remnants of the floor of the old valley which show from their elevation a gradual descent towards the northwest. These are undoubtedly to be correlated with the Teays and Flatwoods valley floors, as they fall into close accord with the grades of the upper section and carry deposits of similar character. These are found as far north as Wheelersburg.

California Valley* - North of Wheelersburg and near Stockdale, in Scioto County, and extending into Pike and Jackson counties, is the old California Valley, which has been described by the author and Mr. Frank Leverett and correlated with considerable confidence with the Flatwoods and Teays valleys upon the basis of the grade of the old valley floor and the deposits found upon it, which consist of gravel beds of quartz pebbles overlain by silt deposits.

Synunes Creek Valley - Passing up Synunes Creek from the Ohio opposite Huntington, the' valley of the creek, winch is less than half a mile wide at the river, becomes a very narrow gorge deeply cut below the high tableland in the vicinity of Marlon. North of this gorge, which undoubtedly represents the position of an old col on this stream, and which is called the Marion col, the valley of the stream broadens rapidly to the junction of Sand Fork. The valley of Sand Fork is rather broad, and the stream in its lower course meanders over an extensive swampy plain half a mile or more in width. While the valley of Symmes Creek from the Marion col, as well as the northward continuation of the valley represented by Long Creek, is rather rough and precipitous in character, it is quite comparable in size to that of Sand Fork, and it is very suggestive that the principal erosion of the two valleys was produced by streams of about equal volume, but that Long Creek has been recently enlarged and reversed by the present waters of Symmes Creek.

From the junction of Sand Fork with Symmes Creek a broad, open, flat country extends across the divide to the Haccoon, while further upstream near Evans Mill, the creek runs in a very narrow, deep, precipitous gorge. This gorge undoubtedly represents the position of another eroded col.

From the Evans Mill col northward up Grassy Fork, the valley broadens gradually and its walls become less precipitous, but up Black Fork another deep gorge is encountered but a short distance from the junction of these two streams. The valley of Grassy Fork, as the name indicates, is a broad, open, fertile valley for a number of miles and on the left branch of Grassy Fork opens out into the Cackley swamps east of Camba, while the right branch passes through a narrow gap a short distance above Madison Furnace, and its head waters extend into the flat meadow lands south of Rocky Hill. Beside the gorge on the Black Fork, near its junction with Grassy Foric, there is still another gorge four or five miles further up the stream. These undoubtedly represent the former positions of old cols which have been cut through by the present streams.*

Pine Creek - ^The valley of Pine Creek has not been carefully studied by the author, but has been observed at several widely separated points. The lower portion of the valley, which is roughly parallel to the Ohio, has all the characteristics of valleys of the older cycle, as well as the accompanying rejuvenation presented by the deeper trenching of the present creek. The valley, however, narrows rapidly northward upstream, which suggests that within a short distance it might pass into a gorge having the characteristics of a col. This suggestion is strengthened by the fact that at a point 16 or 20 miles further up-stream the creek flows in a rather wide and open valley bordered by low hills, but the exact location of the conjtiection between this upper larger valley and the old drainage line to the west was not determined, yet the possible location of such a connection is suggested These features, taken in connection with the abnormal relation of the present stream to both the old and present drainage, makes it quite evident that the stream is composed of several sections of an older drainage channel, and suggest an interesting field study.'

A survey of Pine Creek from its mouth to its source shows that the present stream, with its many laterals, occupies parts of the basins of two tributaries to the old Teays River, and all of that of another.

The lower course of the stream from the Ohio River to Kelley's Mills lies in a broad valley, with the bordering hills usually low and well rounded, and with remnants of what evidently represents the floor of the preglacial stream, as they agree in elevation with that of Dogwood Ridge, which evidently marks the undisturbed floor of the old Teays River. Near Kelleys Mills, Pine Creek receives two tributaries, Sperry Fork from the south and Little, Pine Creek from the east; the latter seems the natural eastward continuation of the course. At this place Pine Creek makes a sharp turn, and flows northward in a valley more or less constricted, and especially so near Cornwall Station, in Scioto County, where the tortuous course of the stream and the trend of the main ridges indicate the position of a col or divide. Pine Creek, from the Cornwall col south to Kelley's Mills, with Little Pine and Sperry Fork, made up the headwaters of the preglacial stream that flowed northwest from the latter point past Powellsville, and united with the main Teays River south of Wheelersburg. The basin drained by this stream was much the same as that drained at present by Pine Creek south of the Cornwall col, but the latter has deepened the main valleys from 100 to 150 feet, and the laterals have cut their ways farther into the divides, and have more highly dissected the region. The upper course of Pine Creek is formed from parts of two other tributaries to the old Teays River, the abandoned valleys of which are well defined near South Webster, and near Lyra in Scioto County, for their main courses have been but little disturbed, as the present stream appropriated only their headwaters. '

One of these streams, which now forms a part of the course of Pine Creek, can be traced west from Lyra to the California Valley. Near Lyra, far out on the flood plain of the Piae Creek Valley, which is very wide, are seen conical hills, that were formed by the present stream cutting across this old water way. Near Vernon school the divide between tributaries to Pine Creek and to Little Scioto has about the same elevation as Dogwood Ridge, which represents the bed of the old Teays River. The divide at Vernon school has an elevation of 700 feet, while that of Dogwood Ridge is 680 feet. From Vernon school the old valley is easily traced westward past the Kettle school and to the Meade school, where it joins the California Valley.

The Cornwall col south of Lyra separated two streams, one of which, south of this divide, now forms the lower course of Pine Creek, and the other of which, north of the divide, flowed west from Lyra, as described above. At Hajrvsrard Station, north of Lyra, is another col, although not well defined, which separated the headwaters of this from that of another stream, the old valley floor of which is seen well preserved near South Webster. The three tributaries that formed the headwaters of the small stream that formed near Lyra, and flowed westward, are Howard Rim, that part of Pine Creek from the Cornwall col north to Lyra, and that part from the Hayward col south to Lyra. The position of these tributaries is normal and well balanced. The present stream, Pine Creek, thus came down the northern and flowed up the southern tributary, where it cut through into another preglacial stream which now forms its lower course.

The third tributary of the Teays River, which now forms a part of the course of Pine Creek, is well defined, and its old valley readily traced from Moulton, northward, to the mouth of Brushy Fork, thence up this stream and over a divide to Bloom Fiu-nace, thence northwest over a divide at South Webster to Pinkerman, and from this place on to the old California Vallej\ The head waters of Pine Creek, with the exception of Olive CreeJc, show a normally developed stream as far as the mouth of Brushy Fork, where it makes a sharp bend and flows through a narrow gorge-like valley for about one mile. Near the mouth of Youngs Branch, just below this gorge, it widens, but is then again constricted to the mouth of Willow Run, below which the valley is generally narrow and the course circuitous.

Between Bloom Furnace and Brushy Fork there is a wide, low divide with an elevation of only 740 teet. The village of South Webster, about four miles northwest of Bloom Furnace, is also situated on a divide about three-fourths of a mile wide and with an elevation of 720 feet. From -South Webster xiorthwest towards Pinkerman this old stream is easily traced, and from Pinkerman it is well defined on to the present Little Scioto River. From South Webster it is also readily traced southeast across the divide near Bloom Furnace to Bruyhy Fork, which it followed to the present stream of Pine Creek. The head waters of this preglacial stream were practically what now make up the head waters of Pine Creek, only these streams have been considerably deepened and rejuvenated, and the courses of some, as Olive Creek, Brushy Fork, Youngs Branch, and Willow Run, greatly modified. Youngs Branch flowed nortVi across what is now Pine Creek and joined the main stream on Brushy Fork about two miles southeast of the Bloom Furnace divide. Willow Run flowed north across Pine Creek and also joined it near the Bloom Furnace divide. The tortuous course of Pine Creek from the mouth of Brushy Fork to the mouth of Hales Creek is due to its cutting its way across these old tributaries of the preglacial stream. Hales Creek from Bloom Station north to Eifort Station was a northern tributary, while that part south to where it joins Pine Creek and the part of this stream thence to the Hayward col was a southern tributar5^ The upper course of Hales Creek is a part of a tributary to the old Albany River, the broad valle}^ of which is well defined in Jackson County.

Thus the evidence shows that the headwaters of Pine Creek to Brushy Fork are part of the preglacial stream that flowed past South Webster; that at the mouth of Brushy Fork, Pine Creek turned west- ward cutting across two tributaries of this old stream and then followed down another to the mouth of Hales Creek; that here it turned southward and followed up a southern tributary of this river across the Hay ward col and down a northern and up a southern tributary of the old stream seen at Lyra, and that then it crossed the Cornwall col into the stream that now forms its lower course. Pine Creek is thus made up of parts of three of the tributaries to the old Teays River by taking the headwaters of two and the lower course of the third one.

The deposits found in these old valleys are divided into two classes: those made up of interbedded layers of clays and sands with occasional layers of gravel and rock fragments; and those made up entirely of highly stratified fine grained clays. The former were evidently laid down by the direct action of the streams. The coarse material, found mainly near the bed-rock, represents the deposits formed by strong currents on the floor of the river. Above, or occasionally interbedded with these, are found layers of sands and clays, somewhat stratified, which were the alluvial plains of the streams formed largely during flood periods.

The second class of deposits is not of residual or ordinary alluvial origin as they are too fine grained and too free from gravel or sand. Present alluvial deposits carry more or less sand which is mixed wnth the finer silts or separated in pockets or beds. These beds appear to have been laid down in quiet waters where only the finest of silt or that which remained in suspension for some time w^ould be carried. The evidence tends to show that when the glacier came dowm from the north these old rivers had their upper courses dammed and filled with drift which produced lake-like conditions in many of these valleys. The drainage was* reversed and the streams began to cut new channels during this flood period of long duration. The glacier poured into these new channels more material in the form of gravel, sand, and rock flour, than the streams could cai'ry away, which action further obstructed drainage.

Deposits of gravel and sands would predominate in the valleys directly connected with the glacier, but in the valleys far removed only the finest silt would be carried. These clays appear to represent the silts that remained long in suspension, as only these could drift far out in the quiet waters. Such clays would be free from sand or heavy material. The stratification also indicates quiet water. In texture these clays are very similar to the silt deposited in the still waters far up its branches, during present flood periods of the Ohio.

Surface Rocks

All the surface rocks of this region are of sedimentary origin, and with one exception belong to the Pennsylvanian system. The exception is the alluvium and gravel in the valleys which belong to the Quat-

Geology Op Southern Ohio

The geology of the region is comparatively simple, except for the remarkable suddenness with which strata disappear or are replaced by others; for illustration, the Lost Seam of coal disappears completely in less than one-half mile, and the shale above the Lower Kittanning coal on Buffalo Creek is replaced by sandstone in less than 100 yards. Along the river hills, the interval from the Upper Mercer ore to the Ferriferous limestone is occupied by massive sandstones, which are replaced by shales near Lawrence Furnace, but the interval is again composed of thick sandstones near Olive Furnace. The heavv sandstone which in a few localities forms the roof for the Ferriferous limestone may be completely replaced in a short distance by clay or shale. The Lower Kittanning coal is thin or wanting near Moulton, but 2 miles north on Nigger Creek it is well developed. The Clarion coal on Painter Creek is normal, but one mile south it is represented by only a few inches of coal i^iiich soon thins to a streak. The Ferriferous limestone is very persistent from the northern boundary south to the tunnel on the Detroit, Toledo and Ironton Railroad, south of which it is wanting or is found only in pockets. The Middle Kittanning and Upper Freeport coals which in places have a good thickness are uncertain and may be represented only by their clays. These changes show that generalized conclusions should not be drawn from the minerals found in one loealitv for they may change radically in a short distance.

The average dip of the rocks in LawTence County to the east is 25 feet to the mile. It varies however from less than 15 feet to more than 40 feet. The dip of the strata south measured across the greatest width of the county is 9,5 feet to the mile. Yroin these figures the strike of the rocks is found to be 20° 48' east of north, while the maximum dip at right angles to this is 26.7 feet per mile. The oldest rocks, which lie near the })ase of the Pottsville formation, are found in the western part of the county. The strata crossed in traveling eastward lie higher and higher in the geological column, and near the eastern border of the county the consolidated rocks found on the hill tops belong to the lower part of the Monongahela formation.

Connellsville sandstone. Ames limestone. Porteraville limestone. Anderson coal. Cambridge limestone. Wilgus coal. Brush Creek limestone. Mason coal. Mahoning coal. Mahoning sandstone.

Recent Deposits

and clays, which have been worked over many times by the streams. In the larger valleys these deposits are quite thick, and consist mainly of clays and sand beds, while along the smaller valleys the deposits are much thinner, and consist largely of sand, gravel, and rock fragments.

Pleistocene Deposits

The clay, gravel, and sand beds found in the old preglacial valleys are of Pleistocene age. They occur only in isolated pockets, well above the present streams, and along the terraces that border these old valley floors.

These Quaternary clay beds are often many feet thick, and cover considerable artas. Along the Ohio these tracts are practically coincident with the flood plairs, and this is true along the larger tributaries. However, along the smaller streams clays are generally wanting, as their valleys are covered with sands and gravels. The clays may be worked readily into ceramic products. They are best fitted for making red brick and drain tile, but they may be employed also in the manufacture of roofing tile and sewer pipe. The cost of winning and preparing the clay is low. The deposits worked generalh' lie near the surface, ard are exposed by removing the top soil, which usually varies from one to three feet in thickness. The clay is then mined by pick and shovel, pugged to bring it to the right temper, and formed into ware by hand or by machine. Air or artificial heat is used in drj'ing. Common brick are usualh' burned in the up-draft kilr.s, but at some plants the down-draft t^pc s are used. Drain tile, sewer pipe, and roofing tile are burned in elo\\ii-draft kilns. The fuel consumption in bumirg this class of ware is low, as only moderate temperature is necessary. These clays were formerly worked at Ironton for common brick, but the plants have been dismantled.

The Maxville is the highest formation in the Mississippian system. In Kentucky it may be seen well developed m many places, as at Olive hill, Carter County, where it is 90 feet thick; at Limeville, Greenup County, and at places in t!ie Ty^erts Valley. In southern Ohio but few exposures are fouml. A small pocket was noted on the Niner Ridge near Harrison Furnace, Scioto County, and another near the h( ad of the Dever Valley in Hamilton To^M^.ship, Jackson County. In section 32, Bloom To>>Pship, near the Scioto-Lawrence count jline, cm the Joseph Harper farm, 45 feet of this formation was found by the drill at a d( pth of 80 feet. Later a shaft was sunk through 25 feet or more of this member. The stone from the shaft is quite dense, light colon d, sparingly fossiliferous, and ver}' free from impurities.

Plate Vii

found in two or three places at least in sinking deep wells. At Olive Furnace the drill struck the limestone at 201 feet, and showed it to be 13 feet 6 inches thick. Near Coalgrove the Ironton Portland Cement Company drilled through this formation seven times with a chum drill, and once with a core drill, and in each case the record shows the formation to be well developed. The core drill record, which was kept very accurately shows the deposit to be 70 feet thick, of which 65 feet is limestone. The interval from the top of the well to the Ferriferous limestone was measured by the writer, and found to be 45 feet. The Ironton Portland Cement Company in 1914 completed two shafts, 510 feet in depth, to the MaxVille formation, and at present (1916) obtains its entire supply of limestone for cement manufacture from this valuable deposit. All of the55feetof this limestone penetrated by the shafts is very free from siliceous material, and is exceptionally low in magnesia and iron oxides. In this mine the deposit is made up of rather regularly bedded layers of limestone, with thin layers of calcareous shales intervening. Vertically the limestone beds are broken every few inches by irregular bedding planes. The limestone is dense, and only sparingly fossiliferous. From the evidence afforded by the eight drill records near the plant of this company, and from those on Little Ice Creek south of the village of Bearing, the area of the deposit in this part of the county will embrace at least 10 square miles, and is probably much more. At Vernon Furnace the log of an oil well, furnished by Harry Moulton, shows limestone at 353 and 464 feet respectively. The upper limestone is probably Maxville, which is a southern continuation of the Harper deposit, reached by shaft in eastern Scioto County. The Maxville limestone was reached by the drill on the William Baker property on Little Ice Creek. The driller stated at the time the drilling was in progress that this limestone was over 85 feet in thickness. Other drill tests made in the county, that went to or below the horizon of this formation, fail to show this member. Thus far the drill tends to show that there are only two deposits of Maxville in Lawrence County, one in the region of the Ironton Portland Cement plant, near Coalgrove, of unknown area, and another begianing near the Harper shaft, and extending southeast to near Vernon Furnace. Future drilling may extend and define these areas, as well as locate new deposits.

W. C. Morse has sho^n that this limestoue is a salt water deposit, that it correlates with the Chester, that it was deposited in regular layers, which were later elevated above water, and then eroded, giving the top an uneven surface, or in places removing the deposits completely. In other words, it was the elevation and erosion of the deposit that produced the patchy character of the Maxville in Lawrence County, and elsewhere in Ohio.^

The Maxville limestone in Lawrence County, and also in eastern Scioto, is not surpassed in purity by any other high calcium limestone in this State. Although the deposits are somewhat restricted in extent, the thickness of the bed is such that it insures a supply practically inexhaustible for all future needs in this district. Notwithstanding the fact that the member is reached only by deep shafting, the great thickness of the bed and its freedom from waste material allows the limestone to be mined cheaply when worked in a large way. The deposits are made up of thick layers of limestone, separated by thin layers of calcareous shales, which arrangement allows one or more layers of limestone to be attacked in a regular systematic way, and a uniform product to be yielded in mining. Vertically, the limestone layers, which appear to be solid when viewed in the bed, are broken every few inches by very irregular bedding planes, which aid materially in mining, for when the limestone is loosened by explosives it breaks along these planes into fragments, the main part of which are so small that they may be handled without further reduction. The main headings of the mine of the Ironton Portland Cement Company are driven from 20 to 30 feet in height, or in three distinct layers of the formation. The floor of the mine is over 50 feet below the top of the limestone; hence a good body of this solid material remains to form the roof, which insures safety to the workmen and freedom from water troubles. Although the limestone is quite dense, it is rather brittle; hence it drills easily, in fact, much better than the Ferriferous member of the Allegheny formation. Owing to this brittleness, and to the presence of the closely spaced bedding planes, the cost of mining the material is low.

Description of the plant of the Ironton Portland Cement Company, supplied February 26, 1913, by Mr. A. C. Steece, treasurer and general manager :

This company was organized in September, 1901, and work was started immediately on the erection of a two-kiln Portland cement plant. We also opened up a coal mine in the fall of the same year, and started entries for our limestone mines so as to have them both ready to furnish fuel and the necessary raw material by the time the mill was ready to be put in operation. This company owns about 800 acres of hill land situated in Upper Township, Lawrence County, Ohio, just east of the corporation line of the City of Ironton.

The Lower Kittanning coal is located about 80 feet above the level of the surrounding country and the Ferriferous limestone, which we formerly used in the manufacture of our product, lies close to 18 feet below the coal. The clay which we use for the silica and aliunina of the mixture lies both above and below the limestone.

It was the original intention of this company to use the Lower Kittanning coal in the mill for generating steam and for burning cement in the rotary kilns, which latter requires the coal to be pulverized before use. This we did for several years, but about the year 1905, a natural gas company, whose fields are located in West Virginia, made us a proposition for furnishing us with their fuel, and since then we have been operating entirely with natural gas, both under our boilers and in our kilns.

We completed the erection of our mill in the fall of 1902 and immediately started operations. As our plant was started at the time of the year when there is not much outside work requiring concrete, it was the following spring before we finally got on the market with any quantity of our product, but we are glad to say that we have never at any time had any serious difBculty in making a Portland cement which will compare favorably with any brand made in the United States or elsewhere, and that we have always been able to secure our share of the cement business. We might state that the complaints against our product have been very few and far between, and, in fact, we have never had any serious condemnation of our cement on account of its quality. Our product has gained a reputation for strength all over this section of the country, of which we are proud.

In the last 11 years we have furnished cement for all kinds of important work at a great many points within a radius of 200 miles of Ironton. We have supplied thousands of barrels for the United States government in its work constructing locks and dams in the Ohio, Big Sandy, and Kentucky rivers, and at the present time have two contracts for furnishing cement for locks and dams Nos. 28 and 29, in the Ohio River. A few years ago we furnished several thousand barrels of cement which was used in the completion of Dam No. 37, located at Fembank, about 10 miles below Cincinnati, this being one of the finest dams yet completed by the government in the Ohio River.

In addition to the government work, we have supplied several hundred thousand barrels to the Norfolk ancl Western Railway, which was used in building bridges, lining tunnels, etc., throughout the length of their lines. We have likewise furnished cement for any number of smaller jobs, including several private buildings in Colimibus, among them being the Masonic Temple, which is just now completed (1913).

We trust you will pardon our digressing in the manner we have, and, to revert back to the mechanical side of our business, will say that after operating our plant with two kilns for about 1 year, we installed a third kiln, these kilns being 6 feet in diameter by 60 feet long, the idea l:)eing to take care of our increased business, and likewise to cheapen our product by an increased output. We operated the 3 kilns for 2 years, and then the larger tjrpes being installed at different points in the country, we purchased tfie fourth one, it being 7 feet in diameter and 100 feet long. We were able to get such an increased output from the large kiln that the following year we added 40-foot sections to our 3 60-foot kilns, making them all 100 feet long, with a total capacity of between 1,000 and 1,200 barrels per day.

Of course this increased capacity of kilns meant enlaiiging our raw grinding department, as well as our finishing department, and likewise increasing the size of our warehouse. By adding to the grinding machinery it became necessary to secure additional power, and we therefore installed extra boilers and added another engine and generator, so that at present our plant produces about 4 times as much cement per day as it did the year we started.

For those not acquainted with the manufacture of Portland cement, we will state that the process consists of grinding limestone with a sufficient quantity of shale or clay, which is necessary to give the required analysis, to a fineness so that approximately 98 per cent will pass through a sieve having 10,000 openings to the square inch. This mixture is then deposited in bins directly above the rear ^nd of the rotary kilns, and from the bins it is spouted uniformly into the kilns, these kilns set at rather a flat angle and revolving at the rate of 1 revolution per minute. The raw mixture gradually works its way toward the front, or discharge end of the kilns. The fuel, either pulverized coal or gas, enters at the front end and meeting the raw stock converts it at a temperature of about 2,400^ F. into clinker. This clinker being carried through successive operations of grinding untO it is as fine as the raw stock, is finally deposited in bins in our warehouse.

tory crusher which reduces it to a size so that the largest piece is not over If inches in diameter, and then through a rotary drier where the entire mixture is thoroughly dehydrated, from there through Jeffrey and Williams' swing hammer mills which grind it to a fineness of 20 mesh, and then into bins from which it is fed uniformly into tube mills, these being cylinders 22 feet long by 5 feet in diameter and about two-thirds filled with flint pebbles. The revolving of these mills reduces the mixture so that 98 per cent passes through a KXVmesh sieve. In the finishing department the clinker first passes through ring rolls, after which it is finished in tube mills similar to those used in the preliminary grinding.

Our entire plant is operated with electricity which is generated by 4 Stirling water tube boilers, totaling 1,500 H.P., 1,200 of which is used continuously, there being 1 boiler idle at all times. These boilers furnish steam for 1 650-H. P. tandem compoimd engine, direct connected to a 500-K. W. generator, and for 2 350 H. P. simple engines belted to 2 250-K. W. generators.

Of course, in the operation of a plant even of this size, it is necessary to have other departments outside of the mill itself, among them being a machine and forge department where we do most of our repair work, and also a rather complete laboratory, as the quality of Portland cement largely depends on keeping a careful check on the chemical composition, and likewise on the physical tests of the finished product. To do this, we take hourly samples, day and night, including Sundays, of both the raw stock and the finished cement. We test the raw stock to see that it contains the necessary proportion of lime, silica, alumina, and iron. We test the finished product hourly to determine the setting time by means of pats, which we boil for 3 hours, and then leave in steam for 3 hours more, the object being to determine whether or not the cement is sound, as this is supposed to be an accelerated 0 months' test. We try at all times to make cement which will boil, before it goes into our warehouse, and have found that our carefulness in watching these different tests has paid us as it does others, by eliminating complaint as to quality.

We give below analyses of our limestones and clay, together with physical tests made of our product. These results were taken from actual records in our laboratory.

While we have been satisfied in the past with the quality of our product, still we realise that the public demands as light colored cement as can be obtained. This demand is growing every day, as the uses foimd for Portland cement become more varied. For this reason, therefore, as well as that of economy, we are now engaged in sinking two shafts adjacent to our mill to a depth of about 500 feet to obtain a deposit of Maxville limestone which according to test holes put down by us, is about 97 feet thick. According to tests, part of this stone is very high in carbonate of lime, running over 98 per cent. It is likewise very low in iron, and as this ingredient is the caase of color in Portland cement, the resulting product should have a light shade.

All the surface rocks of Lawrence County, except the unconsolidated clays, sands, and gravels along the drainage courses, and laid down during Recent and Pleistocene epochs, belong to the Pennsylvanian system. In the main they consist of sandstones and shales, but they also include clays, coals, iron ores, and limestones. This great division of rocks is divided into four formations, Pottsville, Allegheny, Conemaugh, and Monongahela, all of which are represented in Lawrence County. The Allegheny and Conemaugh formations are exposed in their full thickness. The upper half of the Pottsville rocks is above drainage in the western part of the county, but only a small section of Monongahela strata is present on the high ridges in the eastern part.

The lowest Pottsvllle member of value exposed in the western part of Lawrence County is the Lower Mercer or No. 3 coal. The interval from this bed tp the top of the Home wood sandstone, or to the base of the Brookville coal, neither of which is sharply defined, is approximately 180 feet. The Pottsville formation is of less importance at present than it was during the days of the charcoal furnaces, for then its ore beds were mined by benching for miles and miles along their outcrops on the hills. Its coal beds, although usually thin, are increasing somewhat in value, while its clays and shales are coming into prominence fof ceramic utilization.

Sharon Members

Available drill records made in Lawrence County define what is undoubtedly Sharon conglomerate, which exists in a less developed and pebbly state than in Scioto, Pike, and Jackson counties. The Sharon coal appears to be wanting, or at least to be so thin and shaly that it is not a well pronounced bed.

Sciotoville Clay

The red mottled clay found in the shaft of the Ironton Portland Cement Company belongs to the Sciotoville member. This impure clay is noted also in drill records, but the high-grade flint clay is not recorded. Owing to the depth of cover only large and pure deposits of this clay would compensate for the cost of shafting.

Quakertown, Wellston, Or No 2 Coal

A thin bed of coal, which appears to correlate with the Quakertown, is noted in a few drill records. The evidence from this source, however, tends to show that the Quakertown bed, which is a valuable asset to Jackson County, is poorly developed in Lawrence .County, or that the productive areas are small and have not as yet been penetrated by the drill.

Lower Mercer Coal

The Lower Mercer coal is the lowest surface deposit worthy of consideration in Lawrence County. It is found along Pine Creek in the western part of Elizabeth Township, and at a few places along the stream courses in the western part of Hamilton. The Lower Mercer coal usually lies about 45 feet below the Lower Mercer limestone, or only a few feet more than this below the Lower Mercer ore. Its posilAWRENCE COUNTY 291

Hamilton Township- - The Lower Mercer coal passes below drainage near Hanging Rock in Hamilton Township. It ,is also present along the small stream that leads from the Ohio River to Ohio Furnace. In Section 3, on the farm of J. R. Told, the coal is found in the stream bed near his residence. It has been mined by stripping, to a small extent, and is reported to be 1 foot 6 inches in thickness. The associated black shales, which are always present with this coal in the vicinity of Kelleys Mills, was also observed.

Elizabeth Township. - The LowerMercer coal in Lawrence County is best represented in the vicinity of Kelleys Mills, on Pine Creek, in the western part of Elizabeth Township, where the bed has been mined in a small way, both by stripping and by drifting, for a part of the fuel supply of the neighborhood. The coal is of good quality, but the bed is somewhat thin and hard to mine. Hard bony shales are directly associated with the coal in this locality, and the general features of the deposit are much the same as they are in parts of Jackson and Scioto counties. A composite section taken north of Kelleys Mills shows the position of the Lower Mercer coal with regard to those of other members higher in the geological column. The measurements follow: