Scioto Township (part 10 of 14)

The area of Sharon coal in Scioto County, exceeding 18 inches in thickness, is confined to a few square miles. In Madison Township a small quantity is mined for local use. The bed is uncertain in thickness and composition as it may pinch out in a short distance, or be replaced by carbonaceous shales and clays. In sections 15 and 16, Madison Township, where the member is best developed, the coal is reported to be of very good quality for domestic use. It is hard, bright, and quite free from shale bands or sulphur nodules. The mining of the coal is both difficult and costly, as the coal lying close to the uneven surface of the Shpron conglomerate is subject to dips and rolls. The value of the Sharon coal in Scioto County at present is small.

Sharon Ore

A kidney ore, the position of which is above that of the Sharon coal, and below that of the Sciotoville clay, was observed at a few places in Scioto County. Usually the ore lies on the coal, or within 15 feet of it. This member was found also in Jackson County, where the deposit has been mined in a few localities. The Sharon ore is generally wanting, but, when present, may have a thickness of 10 inches or more. Three exposures of the ore were noticed along the roadside' in Section 24, Madison Township. Its position was just above the thin blossom of the Sharon coal, and the stratum measured 6 inchei in thickness. A composite section on the land of George Winteri, Section 22, is as follows:

The ore has been mined on lands of George Winter?, Samuel Kronk, and James Coburn, and is reported to be from 6 to 10 inches in thickness. On the Francis Warren property, in Section 11, the relation of the ore to the Sharon coal and to the Sciotoville clay is sbnw^ by thft record given below:

On the farm of Joseph Jenkins, at the mouth of Sugar Creek, Section 14, Porter Township, the Sharon ore is well developed, and is very fossiliferous. The ore affords good collecting, as the fossils are well preserved and easily obtained. The measurements taken at this place follow:

The Sharon ore was noted at other places in this locality, and it also appears, but in a less developed state, in restricted areas along the Pine Creek Valley. The chief value of the Sharon ore in Scioto County is for stratigraphic work, as it is an aid in correlating the members near the base of the Pottsville formation. The fossils found in it are of special interest, as they show the character of the marine life that flourished at the beginning of coal formation time. Otherwise, the ore has but little value, as it is too siliceous to be used to advantage, at present, for metallurgical purposes. The Sharon ore was mined at a few places, however, for use in the old charcoal furnaces. Under deep cover the ore is of the usual carbonate or coal formation type, but along the outcrop, owing to the influence of weathering agencies, it belongs to the limonite class. It is usually somewhat siliceous in character, and, j udging from appearance, has a low content of iron. At present the Sharon ore is of interest mainly for its paleontologic and stratigraphic features.

The Sciotoville clay, which is one of the most important coal formation rocks in Scioto County, and which has been the basis of the important fire brick industry in this locality since 1864, has excellent volume and high purity in Clay, Porter, Harrison, Bloom, and Madison toi;\Tiships, and is found also, but to a more limited extent, in Green, Vernon, and Jefferson. As the member passes northward into Jackson, Pike, and Vinton counties it becomes patchy and more impure. However, in its extension southward into Kentucky the clay again has good continuity and volume, especially in what is known as the Olive Hill field, where it is also the basis of extensive fire brick operations. As the stratigraphic positions of the Sharon coal, Sciotoville clay, Anthony coal, and Quakertown coal have been somewhat confused, these members will be traced hurriedly from the Ohio River, in Scioto County, to the eastern part of Pike County and to the central part of Jackson County, where the Sharon and the Quakertown coals have good volume and excellent quality, and where the Anthony coal was first described by Prof. E. B. Andrews.

As the Sciotoville bed is variable both in composition and in structure, a brief , description of the deposit will be given in order that the following pages may be more readily imderstood. On the Sciotoville horizon there is found a variety of clays which are called flint, semiflint, plastic, and "pink eye." The flint clay is hard, homogeneous, non-plastic, and breaks with a conchoidal fracture. The semi-flint clay has much the same characteristics as the flint clay, except that it is somewhat plastic, and is marked with slicken-sides. As the name suggests the chief property of the plastic clay is plasticity. The "pink eye" clay is only a plastic clay which is colored with iron oxide pigments. These clays may be bedded in almost any order, although when all the varieties are present the usual arrangement in ascending order is "pink eye," semi-flint, flint, and plastic. However, the four kinds are seldom present at one place, but almost any combination of the four may be expected.

Where the Sciotoville member is made up of a number of beds or layers of clays, often there may be several coal strata on the horizon, any one of which may thicken locally. Thus a coal stratum found in one locality may not be exactly on the same stratigraphic level as another found not far distant, but both were laid down during a period when the general depositive conditions were the same; hence they are considered correlative. The term Anthony coal in this bulletin is applied to the best developed bed associated with the Sciotoville clay. It may rest on the flint clay when no plastic clay is present, but on or in the plastic clay when this is found.

As the Sciotoville clay has excellent continuity and development in large areas in Scioto County, especially in the region north of the town of Portsmouth, and along the valley of the Little Scioto River, this county affords a good place from which to trace the stratigraphy of the Sciotoville clay, and that of other members in the lower part of the Pottsville formation. However, in this area the Sharon and Quakertown coals are poorly defined, but the Anthony coal, in some state of development, is, with few exceptions, present with the Sciotoville clay. From Scioto County the members will be traced northward into Pike County and into Jackson.

town coals are scarcely represented. Where present in this township the Sciotoville clay lies very close to the Sharon conglomerate, or to the Logan rocks when the conglomerate is absent. On the lands of H. C. Feurt and A. J. Hyland, one-half mile southeast of Franklin Furnace, there is present a small area of flint clay, which is the most southern deposit found in Scioto County. The Anthony coal, the Guinea Fowl ore, and what appears tg represent the Quakertown coal, are present above the clay. The following record shows the relations of the members exposed for measurement: p^ j^

Near the head of Pattons Run, on the lands of M. Eakins and H. Miller, another pocket of high-grade flint clay occurs. It lies close to a heavy sandstone which is the equivalent of the Sharon conglomerate. A composite Section obtained at this place shows the relations of the members exposed, and is as follows: p^ j^

Porter Township. - No high-grade clay belonging to the Sciotoville member was foimd on Pine Creek or on Lick Rim, but the Anthony coal, although usually thin and impure, is present at a number of places. On the farm of Joseph Miller, in Section 12, the Anthony coal, with" siliceous Sciotoville clay below it, lies close to the Sharon conglomerate which here is represented by a coarse-grained sandstone. The measurements secured follow:

Just north of the above section the Sharon conglomerate is thick and pebbly. In the western part of Porter Township the Sciotoville clay lies very close to the Logan rocks. In most of the area the Sharon conglomerate is wanting, and the conditions are much the same 8« they are in Clay Township.

The thickness of the Sciotoville clay in this section is above normal, and the quality inferior to that found in the hills to the north. In Section 36, Porter Township, the relation is shown by the following section:

Clay Township. - From Woods Ridge southward to the Ohio River near Portsmouth, in Clay Township, the deposits of Maxville limestone and Sciotoville clay are in places apparently on the same horizon, or are separated by an interval of only a few feet, the clay lying above the limestone. This is much the same condition as is found at Olive Hill, Ky., where the limestone is approximately 90 feet in thickness, and where the clay, which has good volume, lies either directly on or only a few 'feet above the limestone. The heavy sandstone found above the clay and limestone in Clay Township evidently correlates with that which lies above the clay in the Olive Hill region.

stone are about on the same level. The clay, which has excellent thickness and purity, is overlain by a thick sandstone, which is the same stratum as that found in Clay Township, and probably at Olive Hill, Kentuckj'. These relations will be brought out by a few sections taken along the ridge. In the western part of Section 24, the Maxville limestone nd Sciotoville clay are near the same level. Near the middle of i is section the clay is shown as follows:

On the Woods farm, in the eastern part of Section 24, the Maxville limestone is found just below the sandstone that forms the ^oof of the clay in the above section. The rock strata are as follows:

In this region the Sciotoville clay is often many feet in thickness, and is made up of layers of semi-flint and flint clay with plastic clay above. The Maxville limestone is shown 23 feet below the Sciotoville cla}'^, while on Woods Ridge, one mile north, it is practically on the same level as the clay. In this locality the overlying sandstone is also separated from the Sciotoville clay by about 20 feet of shales. On the property of the Scioto Fire Brick Company, in Section 32, the clay bed in local areas has a shaly sandstone for a roof, which is a continuation of "that seen on Woods Ridge. The Anthony coal is usually found above the clay, but it seldom thickens to more than a few inches. In parts of this section the sandstone phase of the Sharon conglomerate was noted, and at a few places the brecciated Harrison ore was exposed below the conglomerate. The record obtained gives the following relations :

The Sharon conglomerate found in this locality is very pebbly, and may be traced from here with but few breaks northward across Harrison and Madison townships, where the deposits reach a thickness. of 55 feet or more; thence across Scioto Township, Jackson County, to Liberty Township, where cliffs of conglomerate 150 feet in thickness are exposed, and where the Sharon coal above has good volume; thence eastward across this township tO Lick, where both the Sharon and Quakertown coals are well developed, and were first mined in, southern Ohio. Also from Liberty Township it may be traced eastward into Coal Township, where the Quakertown coal has been mined extensively, or northward across Jackson Township into Vinton County. In the above section the SciotoviUe clay lies directly on the Sharon conglomerate, but north of this, in the same county, and also in Jackson, the two members are usually separated by an interval of many feet.

Near the above section, the rocks exposed along the road south of Perry Loutherback^s house show the brecciated zone at the contact between the Logan and Pottsville rock. The section measured follows :

The conglomerate below the base of the Sharon here has the same position as that found at many places west of the Little Scioto River, and it represents the erosion products from the Maxville limestone. This relation places with certainty the Maxville limestone below the Sharon conglomerate. The same relation . of the two conglomerate beds was noticed at other places north of this also. The Anthony stone are about on the same level. The clay, which has excellent thickness and purity, is overlain by a thick sandstone, which is the same stratum as that found in Clay Township, and probably at Olive Hill, Kentuck)^ These relations will be brought out by a few sections taken along the ridge. In the western part of Section 24, the Maxville limestone nd Sciotoville clay are near the same level. Near the middle of v is section the clay is shown as folio w^s:

On the Woods farm, in the eastern part of Section 24, the Maxville limestone is found just below the sandstone that forms the roof of the clay in the above section. The rock strata are as follows:

In this region the Sciotoville clay is often many feet in thickness, and is made up of layers of semi-flint and flint clay with plastic clay above. The Maxville limestone is shown 23 feet below the Sciotoville clay, while on Woods Ridge, one mile north, it is practically on the same level as the clay. In this locality the overlying sandstone is also separated from the Sciotoville clay by about 20 feet of shales. On the property of the Scioto Fire Brick Company, in Section 32, the clay bed in local areas has a shaly sandstone for a roof, which is a continuation of 'that seen on Woods Ridge. The Anthony coal is usually found above the clay, but it seldom thickens to more than a few inches. In parts of this section the sandstone phase of the Sharon conglomerate was noted, and at a few places the brecciated Harrison ore was exposed below the conglomerate. The record obtained gives the following relations :

E.Vstern Half Of Scioto County 499

The Sharon conglomerate found in this locality is very pebbly, and may be traced from here with but few breaks northward across Harrison and Madison townships, where the deposits reach a thickness. of 55 feet or more; thence across Scioto Township, Jackson County, to Liberty Township, where cliffs of conglomerate 150 feet in thickness are exposed, and where the Sharon coal above has good volume; thence eastward across this township tO Lick, where both the Sharon and Quakertown coals are well developed, and were first mined in ^southern Ohio. Also from Liberty Township it may be traced eastward into Coal Township, where the Quakertown coal has been mined extensively, or northward across Jackson Township into Vinton County. In the above section the SciotoviUe clay lies directly on the Sharon conglomerate, but north of this, in the same coimty, and also in Jackson, the two members are usually separated by an interval of many feet.

Near the above section, the rocks exposed along the road south of Perry Loutherback's house show the brecciated zone at the contact between the Logan and Pottsville rock. The section measured follows :

The conglomerate below the base of the Sharon here has the same position as that found at many places west of the Little Scioto River, and it represents the erosion products from the Maxville limestone. This relation places with certainty the Maxville limestone below the Sharon conglomerate. The same relation . of the two conglomerate beds was noticed at other places north of this also. The Anthony

Bloom Township. - In western Bloom Township the Sciotoville clay is quite steady, and has good volume and high purity. The Anthony coal, although thin and usually impure, is as persistent as the clay, and is foxmd lying directly above it. Still higher in the geological column another coal bed is present in the vicinity of Scioto Furnace. This coal has the same stratigraphic position as the known Quakertown coal in the Jackson County fields, and is evidently correlative with it. At a few places, also, a thin impure coal is found lying directly above the Sharon conglomerate. The relation of the coal to the conglomerate is the same as that found in Jackson County, where this coal bed has long been known as the Sharon coal. These various relations will be given in more detail by adding a few sections of the rocks in the westerii part of this township.

In Section 20, just north of the clay mill of the Harbison- Walker Refractories Company, the Bear Run coal, which is later discussed, was mined for local use at Scioto Furnace. The thickness of the bed is reported by Ollie Downing to be from 1 foot 3 inches to 4 feet. This coal from this place to the town of Jackson is more persistent and better developed than the Quakertown coal; hence it is an important aid in* determining the positions of other members. The section obtained is recorded below:

In Section 21 a coal bed, which is called with some confidence Quakertown, has been mined in a small way. At this place the interval from the Sciotoville clay to the overlying coal is nearly the same as it is in sections 6 and 7, Coal Township, Jackson County. Measurements made on the land of Henry Moore follow:

In Section 16, Bloom Township, a composite section from a drill record made near the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad, and from measurements taken north of this' on the William Tripp property, is as follows:

The above section is of interest, as it shows 4 important members between the Sciotoville clay and the Lower Mercer ore, and as it shows approximately the normal intervals of separation of the beds as they occur in eastern Scioto County. The upper members are of aid often in establishing the positions of members below.

On the William Tripp property, in the southwestern part of Section 7, the Sciotoville clay has good volume and high purity. Above the clay a coal bed, which is the same as that mined on the Moore land near Scioto Furnace, has been prospected, while below the clay another stratum of coal was exposed in the bed of a small stream. This lower coal, which lies directly above the Sharon conglomerate, correlates with the Sharon coal of Jackson County. If this placing of the beds is correct, then the position of the Sciotoville clay is between the Sharon and Quakertown coals. The section obtained on the Tripp land follows :

One mile north of the above locality the Sharon coal has been opened and a small amount mined. The Sciotoville clay was not found at this place, so no good section was obtained. Near the Baptist Church, on Bear Run, in Section 5, Bloom Township, the rocks exposed measured as follows:

As the members are traced northward, the interval separating the' Sharon conglomerate and Sciotoville clay expands. In the above section the interval is 58 feet, while in the record on the Tripp property, in Section 7, it is 32 feet. As previously shown, at Gephart Station, the Sciotoville clay lies directly on the Sharon conglomerate, and even the quartz pebbles are present in the clay. This pronounced irregularity of the members at the base of the Pottsville formation extends from the Ohio River northward into Vinton County, where the present survey work ended.

On Bear Run, one-half mile east of the Baptist Church, in Section 4, Bloom Township, on the William Tripp property (William Kinker tract) the following rocks were measured: locality, extends into the Pottsville formation to the horizon of the Bear Run coal. The intervals to the Quakertown and Bear Run coals are slightly above normal, but both coals in areas adjacent to that where the record just given was obtained are quite well developed, and have been mined for local needs. One-half mile east of the above section, the Bear Run coal has been worked in a small way for years. A section taken on the William Tripp property shows the following relation of this coal to the Sciotoville clay:

As the Sciotoville clay in the territory covered by the preceding sections is quite persistent and readily identified wherever found, the positions of the various members present are established with confidence. From here northward, the deposits of Sciotoville clay are more scattered, but the member may be followed with a degree of certainty by exposures noted in Madison Township, Scioto County, and in Hamilton and Scioto townships, Jackson County, to the Sharon and Quakertown coal fields in Liberty, Lick, and Coal townships.

In Section 3, on the H. H. Stevenson property, the Bear Run coal was exposed for measurement. As this coal is somewhat steady from this locality to the town of Jackson, and as the fossiliferous shales above it also aid in stratigraphic work, this member will be frequently used; hence the following section is given to show the character of the coal bed and the associated shales:

Madison Township. - In Madison Township the Sciotoville clay is well develoj)cd only in local areas, but where present it is flint or semi-flint clay of the best qualities. The Sharon coal, however, begins to appear in better character than in the townships previously considered, while the Sharon conglomerate, especially in the eastern part of the area, forms massive cliffs along the courses of the streams. A few measurements will be given in order to show the various relations of the beds under consideration. In Section 26 the upper part of the rocks exposed on the land of Samuel Shoemaker, is recorded below:

In Section 11, south of the White Gravel Church, on land of Francis Warren, the record obtained shows the Sharon ore, coal, and conglomerate, the Sciotoville clay, and the Anthony coal. The measurements are given below:

In Section 6, on the land of Charles Phleger, the Sciotoville clay has good volume and high purity, while the Sharon conglomerate is quite thick and characteristically pebbly. A thin coal bed, which was noted also at other places in this vicinity, lies close above the conglomerate, and it is considered correlative with the thick deposits of

Jefferson Township. - The Sciotoville clay is present on only a few of the high knobs on the main ridges in Jefferson Township, and as a general thing it lies close to the Logan rocks below. In some localities a sandy phase of the Sharon conglomerate occurs, but the Sharon coal was not found at any place in good development, although dark carbonaceous shales, which mark the horizon, were seen in a few localities. A record taken on the land of Joseph R. Keller, in Section 26, illustrates relations somewhat similar to those found in Madison Township:

In its extension northward, from Scioto County into Pike, the Sciotoville member becomes more patchy, but the bed is at once recognized by the marked characteristics of the clay. The Sharon conglomerate in eastern Pike County is massively developed, often exceeding 100 feet in thickness, and is distinctive on account of the high percentage of quartz pebbles. Farther in this area the Sharon coal begins to appear in force, and it extends with but few wants from the eastern part of Pike County to the town of Jackson. Owing to the rise of the rocks to the west, the Quakertown coal, which is highly developed in Jackson County, passes above the summits of the highest hills in the area under discussion. Records obtained in Pike Countv will be given in order to show the extent of the Sciotoville clay and its relations to the Sharon coal and conglomerate.

the Sharon coal is confined to high knobs in Union Township.- The Sharon coal has been mined for local needs in Section 19, and is reported to be about 2 feet in thickness. In this locality this coal bed lies on thie thick Sharon conglomerate, parts of which are composed largely of quartz pebbles. The following record, taken on the Jacob Frazer property, in Section 19, marks the position of the Sciotoville clay with reference to the Sharon coal and conglomerate:

Jackson Township. - The position of the Sharon coal witK reference to the Sharon conglomerate in eastern Pike County is well illustrated by measurements taken on the land of J. W. Overly, in Section 2, and given below:

The massive Sharon conglomerate extends in an unbroken sheet over a large area in Jackson To^vnship, and the Sharon coal is somewhat steady. Near Allen Chapel, in Section 2, the bed which has been mined is overlaid by a conglomerate sandstone, above which the Sciotoville clay is found only a short distance north of the mines This relation places the Sciotoville clay above the Sharon coal, but the exact interval separating the two beds was not obtained.

Although only scattered pockets of high-grade flint clay are found in Jackson County, these are sufficiently continuous to show that they are fragments of the Sciotoville member. The Sharon conglomerate is very thick in the western part of the county, especially in Liberty To\\Tiship, where the deposits often measure between 100 and 200 feet in thickness. Just above this bed the Sharon coal is found, and it has good volume and continuity over a large area. From Scioto and Pike counties this coal may be traced with few wants to the original Sharon coal field under the town of Jackson, just north of which the Quakertown coal appears in force, and extends northward in an unbroken sheet to Vinton County. The Bear Run coal, somewhat steady, but usually thin, is also present in the vicinity of Jackson. By this overlapping of the beds their stratigraphic positions may be determined with confidence; hence records obtained in Jackson County will be given in order to bring out these relations in detail.

Hamilton Township. - The Sciotoville clay is found at a few places in Hamilton Township, but the Sharon and Quakertown coals are scarcely represented. However, the Bear Run coal has good volume in the southern part of the township, and may be used for a bench mark in stratigraphic work. In the Dever Valley, the Sciotoville clay was found at three places, and it lies about 80 feet below the Bear Run coal. The Sciotoville clay, with the Anthony coal above it, was noted along the road near the head of Little Bucklick Creek, in Section 4. This coal was exposed also along the streams in the vicinity of the village of Mabee. It is from 1 to 2 feet in thickness.

Scioto Township. - The conditions of the members near the base of the Pottsville formation in Scioto Township are much the same as they are in Hamilton. Near Grahamsville, in Section 27, the flint clay was exposed in the bed of a tributary of Sugarcamp Creek, while above it, plastic claj'^s with thin impure coal beds were also uncovered. The positions of the Sharon conglomerate, Sciotoville clay, Anthony coal, and other members higher in the geological column are shown in the following section obtained at this place:

In Section 9, th^ Sciotoville member, represented by a hard flint clay of excellent quality, has been mined on the property of Fred Flaker, and the Sharon coal opened on that of William B. Pratt. The positions of these members are shown in the record given below:

As these beds extend northward across the preglacial California Valley the Sharon coal becomes more steady, but the Sciotoville clay continues patchy; further, the Sharon conglomerate is very constant. On the Sawyer propertj^, in Section 7, the Sciotoville member is marked by a thick deposit of plastic and ''pink eye*' clay, while the Sharon coal and conglomerate have the characteristic development of the regions northward and described under Pike County. The measurements taken on the Sawyer farm are given below:

The Sciotoville clay and Sharon coal are both well developed on the Robert Lamb property, in Section 6, where the following record was obtained :

In this locality the Sharon coal has been mined for years, and from here it may be traced with but few wants to the Jackson field, where it has its maximum development in southern Ohio. This section further establishes the position of the Sciotoville clay with regard to that of the Sharon coal. The section on the Lamb property was practically duplicated by another taken on the land of Joseph West, in the eastern part of the same section.

development in Liberty Township, while the overlying Sharon coa has excellent volume and continuity. The Sciotoville clay is poorly represented, and only outliers of Quakertown coal, which extends as far west as the eastern part of Section 10, are found. The relations of the deposits here, however, fix with certainty the stratigraphic positions of the members near the base of the Pottsville formation. In Section 13, on the land of Louis Ray, the Sharon and Quakertown coals have both been mined and have normal development. The Sciotoville clay is found in the interval between the two coal beds, but at this place it lies closer to the Sharon coal, than where noted in Scioto Township. The Sharon conglomerate is massively developed also in this locality; hence the Sharon conglomerate, Sharon coal, Sciotoville clay, and Quakertown coal are all foimd in the same section, the measurements of which are given below: p^ j^

The Sharon coal has been mined here by the Star Furnace Company, and it is reported to be 3 feet in thickness and very irregularly bedded; that is, it is subject to rolls and dips. The Sciotoville clay is reported to form the roof of the coal in parts of the mine.

In the eastern part of this section, on the land of David Nicholls, both the Sharon and Quakertown coals in good development are found in the same hill. Both beds have been mined, and have about normal thickness. The interval separating the coals here is slightly greater, approximately 10 feet, .than it is on the Ray farm. This may be due, however, to the fact that the Sharon coal conforms to the irregularity of the upper surface of the underlying conglomerate, which is everywhere more or less undulating. The section is important, for it extends the Sharon coal close to the original field under Jackson and the Quakertown coal to a place where it may be traced with certainty to the great field extending from Jackson to north of Wellston. The Sharon conglomerate is also present in force. The record obtained follows:

In the northern part of Liberty Township, in the vicinity of the Pine School, the Quakertown coal is found in the high knobs on the main ridge. The Sharon coal is poorly developed, but its position just above the Sharon conglomerate is still marked by a few inches of bony coal. About midway in the interval between these coal beds a siliceous flinty clay, which is evidently correlative with the Sciotoville member, occurs, and is overlaid by a ferruginous pebbly sandstone which appears to represent a very siliceous phase of the Guinea Fowl ore. The measurements taken on the property of D. D. Eklwards, in Section 2, show the position of the beds, and are given below:

Coal Township. - The best part of the original field of Quakertown coal was in Coal Township. Although poorly developed the Sharon coal is sufficiently well marked by patches of coal so that the horizon may be followed with some degree of certainty, while in the localities where due the Sharon conglomerate is present in force. The Sciotoville bed is defined by small isolated areas of high-grade flint clay. Further, the Anthony coal was first described from observations made on the Samuel Anthony land, in Section 6. Important relations of these members in this township will now be considered in more detail.

Near the village of BierIyto\\^l, in Section 7, on the land of Arthur Howe, both the Quakertown coal and Sciotoville clay have normal volume. The position of the Sharon coal is marked by black carbonaceous shales w^th thin coal bands. The record measured at this place, and given below, places the Sciotoville clay between the two coal deposits :

East of the above, on the farm of Louis Mapes, the two coals and the clay were also exposed. The Sciotoville clay, which was seen on the outcrop, is reported to be 3 feet in thickness under cover. It is a high-grade flint clay, and in every respect it is similar to the flint clay found in the Sciotoville and OliVe Hill fields. The section, although duplicating in the main that given above, will be recorded, as it extends the members into the region where the Quakertown coal exists as a continuous sheet to the Wellston field.

A deposit of high-grade flint clay was exposed along the road in Section 6. Above' it there is also present the blossom of a coal, which has been mined in a small way. Concerning these E. B. Andrews said:*

On the land of Charles McKinniss, near the southeast corner of Section 6, Coal (formerly Lick) Township, is a seam of coal which I am led to believe is the equivalent of the ''Anthony" seam. The seam is 3 feet thick, with a reported stratum of coal 14 inches thick underneath, separated by 4 inches clay slate. The coal seen is of very superior quality. The lower part is not mined, being considered very slaty.

The coal of the above section is Anthony, and the clay belongs to the Sciotoville. On the hill above this clay and coal the Quakerto\\ai bed has ])een worked by railroad mines. The section was remeasured by the writer in order to obtain the interval to the Qi^akertown coal. The measurements found are given below:

Lick Township. - High-grade flint clay was not foimd in Lick Township, but in places siliceous plastic clays were exposed, which mark the horizon. The noted field of Sharon coal in southern Ohio is in the basin under the town of Jackson, while north of this large areas of Quakertown coal have been mined. The Bear Run coal with fissile ore and shale also appears northeast of Jackson. The intervals separating the Sharon and Quakertown coals in this locality are about the same as noted elsewhere. As the Sciotoville clay was not found in characteristic development, no sections showing the relation of beds will be given. However, the Bear Run coal will be considered as it is of interest on account of its aid in determining the stratigraphic positions of the Sciotoville clay and of other members on Holland Fork, in southern Jackson County, and on Bear Run, in northern Scioto County. The following record, which was about the average of a number of measurements, was taken at the Crescent mine, in Section 16:

The fossils in the ore are Lingnla iiahti, or the same as seen in the shale directly above the Bear Run coal on Bear Run, in Scioto County, and on Holland Fork, in southern Jackson County.

In a review of the sections given it is shown that the Sciotoville member, which carries the characteristic flint clay, not easily confused with other types, extends from the Ohio River in Scioto County to the Sharon and Quakertown coal fields of Jackson County. Although the flint clay is found only in pockets in Jackson County, the character and quality of the clay, the association of the plastic and ''pink eye'' clays, the relation of the conglomeratic Guinea Fowl ore, and the elevation of the beds, establish the identity of this bed with that found in the Sciotoville region, from where it can also be traced to the Olive Hill, Ken- tucky, flint clay fields. The Sciotoville member in Jackson County is also represented in many places only by plastic clays, but, owing to their similarity to plastic clays on other horizons, these clays were not considered in the preceding correlation. These sections establish the position of the Sciotoville clay, when the interval is normally developed, to be about midway between the Sharon coal and the Quakertown.

The position of the Anthony coal, which is quite persistent, but poorly developed, except in small isolated areas, is also defined. It lies either directly on or only a few feet above the Sciotoville clay, but it is not a sharply defined bed. The many sections given of this interval show that during the deposition of the clays small basins existed in which the conditions were favorable for the preservation of carbonaceous matter as coal. The Sciotoville member in some cases is made up of several benches of clays, separated by coal bands, which vary in thickness from a pencil mark to many inches, or, by black carbonaceous shales, which change to coal in other localities. The thickest coal is generally found near the top of the clay deposit. If the flint clay forms the upper layer of the deposit, the best developed coal lies on this, but if plastic clays are found above the flint, the thick coal lies either on these beds or between them. The best developed coal bed is called Anthony.

The recorded measurements show that the interval from the Sciotoville clay to the underlying Sharon coal is quite variable, owing largely to the fact that the coal lies, with few exceptions, on the Sharon conglomerate, the upper surface of which is subject to many irregularities. Further, they show that all of the Pottsville rocks below the Sciotoville clay, as they extend southward to the Ohio River, thin erratically, and in some places disappear completely. The Sharon coal in one locality is shown to lie either directly or only a few feet below the Sciotoville member, while this coal at another place is 70 feet below the clay. The average interval separating the beds, however, is about 40 feet. This variation in the interval, as previously stated, is due in the main to the influence of the Sharon conglomerate, above which the coal is bedded.

The Sharon conglomerate was deposited in a roll, and apparently it underwent either a depression in Jackson County, where the clay is usually found far above it, or an elevation in Scioto County, where in plac( s, for example, in the vicinity of Gephart Station, the clay lies directly on the conglomerate bed. The evidence points to an elevation of the Sharon in Scioto County. The disconformity between the Mississippian and Pennsylvanian rocks is also illustrateel by the sections. On Woods Ridge, in Scioto County, the Sciotoville clay is found at about the same elevation as the Maxville limestone, but north of this, in Pike and Jackson counties, the clay may be separated from the Logan rocks by as much as 150 feet'. The lapse of time was equal at least to that required to deposit the Sharon conglomerate, Sharon clay and coal, and the 40 feet of sandstones and shale between the Sharon coal and the Sciotoville clay.

The sections show that the Quakertown coal lies above the Sciotoville clay. The interval varies from 35 to 59 feet, but averages about 43 feet. This coal bed is very thin where exposed in Scioto Coiinty, except near Scioto Furnace, in which locality it expands to a thickmss of 1 foot 10 inches. In Jackson County it is prominent only in the area north of Jackson, where it attains the maximum thickness found in Ohio. In this field are found several pockets of flint clay, which thus definitely fixes the horizon at about 43 feet above the Sciotoville clay, and only a few feet less than this above the Anthony coal.'

The area of high-grade Sciotoville clay in Scioto County is large. The deposits, however, are somewhat uncertain, as they may disappear at any time, or change to low-grade impure materials. In the eastern part of CIlay Township this member is found on the main ridges at elevations from 900 to more than 1,000 feet; hence the area of good clay is small. The elevation of the Sciotoville cla}'' in the western part of

Porter Township is from 850 to 1,000 feet, which restricts the deposits to a small area. The clay, however, is practically continuous on the ridges, and is of good quality. In the eastern part of the township two pockets of good clay are found at an elevation of about 700 feet, one on the isolated hills immediately east of Sciotoville, and the other in the extreme northeastern corner of the same township. See Map VIII.

This member is above drainage in all of Harrison Township, but with the exception of a few scattered pockets the good clay is confined to the southern half. In the western part of the township, from Woods Ridge south, to the Ohio River, exceptionally high-grade flint clay, which is seldom wanting, is found on this horizon. The elevation of the deposits on \\^oods Ridge is about 1,000 feet, while that of the beds along the western edge of the California Valley is about 800 feet. In the southeastern part of the township, along the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad, and near the mouth of Frederick Creek, this member, represented by some good clay, is found at an elevation of about 700 feet above tide. In the western part of the township, north of Woods Ridge, onl}^ scattered pockets of flint clay are found on this horizon, the elevation of which is from 900 to 1,000 feet. In the northeastern part of the township, in the group of hills between the Little Scioto River and the old California Valley, the Sciotoville member, with an elevation of about 750 feet, is represented in a few places by good flint clay. In Vernon Township the Sciotoville clay is under cover. No drill records showing the character of the clay were obtained, but, as good clay is found both to the west and north, it is reasonable to expect at least some good material in this region.

The western part of Bloom Township is the center of the greatest activity in clay mining in the county. In fact, practically the whole supply of flint and semi-flint clays used by the three local firms is taken from this region. The area is large, the deposits are thick, and the clays are of most excellent quality. Along the western boundary the Sciotoville clay is found at an elevation of about 700 feet above tide. Dipping eastward it goes under cover near Gephart on the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad, near Scioto Furnace on Frederick Creek, in Section 9 on Skull Creek, at Pinkerman on Laurel Lick Run, and in Section 4 on Bear Run. East of the outcrop, under heavy cover, but little is knowTi of the character of these deposits. A drill hole, in which the clay is reported wanting, was piit down at South Webster. In a well drilled in Section 29, on the Adam Brandt farm, 2 feet 10 inches of flint clay was found. From near South Webster to below Gephart, where the clay passes under cover, the deposit is thick and continuous and the strata are regular, which indicates that this is not the eastern edge of the field, but that it extends eastward imder heavy cover. No prospecting has been done in the hills to the east of these places, or along the Pine Creek Valley.

From surface exposures noted, there is a clay field of some importance in Madison Township east of the C'alifomia Valley. The deposits are found at an elevation of about 800 feet. Although the stratunr is not continuous, and the member in only a part of the area is represented by flint clay of a good quality, the indicated yield of high-grade material is amply sufficient to support ceramic industries. In Jefferson Township the clay was found on a few isolated knobs on the main ridges that extend northward across the central part of the township and have an elevation of about 1,050 feet. The total area is small and unimportant. The Sciotoville clay was not observed in Valley Township.

The relations of the Sciotoville clay to the members below and above have been given in the general statement and correlation, but the relations of the different clays forming this member will here be treated more in detail. These separate clays differ in both their physical and chemical properties. The order, thickness, and composition of the different layers vary greatly from place to place. A pure flint clay, several feet in thickness, may go out completely in a few rods, or change to a very siliceous clay, or be replaced by plastic or semi-flint clay. In some localities the flint clay forms the upper layer of the deposit, while in other regions it is overlaid by severa,l feet of plastic or semi-flint clay.

As previously stated, the position of the Sciotoville clay is about midway between the Sharon and Quakertown coals when the various rock strata in the interval have normal development. Further, the clay is overlaid by the Anthony coal, to which it bears the same relation as the Lower Kittanning clay bears to the Lower Kittanning coal. The horizon of the Sciotoville clay extends over most of that part of Scioto County east of the Scioto River, but the productive field is confined to lin.ited areas in this territory, which will be considered now in a n:ore definite way.

Clay Township. - In Clay Township the Sciotoville member is found near the summits of the highest knobs and ridges in sections 13, 14, 15, 22, 23, 26, 27, 28, 34, 35, 2, 3, 10, and 11. Although the clay areas are usually small, this field contributed for many years large quantities of most excellent material for the fire brick plants at Portsmouth and Sciotoville, but at present it is abandoned, owing to the fact that the best clay is largely exhausted, anel that clay may be obtained n'ore cheaply from other fields. A small productive area of Sciotoville clay is reported on the lands of the Peebles Paving Brick Company, in Section 11, where the following recorel was obtained:

The clay observed at other exposures in this locality is a true hard flint, quite free from detrimental siliceous and ferruginous impurities. On the main ridge in Section 13, the member was formerly worked by both drifting and stripping. A record obtained on the land of Isaac Ruby is given below:

In Clay Towpship, north of the above, and west of Munn and Long rims, the Sciotoville clay is confined to a few isolated hills on the main ridges, but east of these runs the stratum is generally present near the summits of the main ridges. In Section 22, on land of Ernest Cline, the Sciotoville clay anei flinty Maxville limestone were s?en on the outcrop. Mr. Cline reports the clay from 3 to 4 feet in thickness, and the interval to the underlying limesteme from 8 to 12 feet. In this towrship the clay lies close to the Maxville or Logan rocks

Porter Township. - In Porter To\\T.ship the Sciotoville member is well developed along the main rielgcs in sections 1, 6, and 36. The quality of the material is usually excellent. The eleposits in this locality were among the first openeel after the establishment of the brick industry 0864) in Scioto County, ami have yieldeel a large quantity of highgrade material, but at present they are near exhaustion. The thickness of the bed varies from 1 foot to 14 feet, but the usual measurement is about 3 or 4 feet. The quality of the material is also variable, as it changes from hard pure flint and semi-flint clays to the siliceous anel ferruginous types. Plastic and ''pink eye" clays are not so well developed in this field as in that in Bloom Township. The member lies close to the underlying Logan sandstones and shales. The following record, taken in Section 36, shows the general structure of the bed:

The Sciotoville clay has bee^n worked for years in the isolated group of hills cast of Sciotoville in sections 4 and 5. The plastic clay from this locality is of excellent quality. In the eastern part of the township the member is wanting or poorly developed, except at a few

Green Township. - The Sciotoville clay is poorly represented in Green Township, for flint clay of good quality was observed only at two places, which are at the head of Pattons Run and in the hollow south of Franklin Furnace. However, plastic and siliceous clays are more widely distributed, but are too impure or thin to be of special worth. The following measurements were made of the rocks exposed on Pattons Run on the land of H. Miller:

The clay in this hollow is reported to vary in thickness from 1 to 4 feet. It is a hard clay and is quite free from deleterious material. The quality of the Sciotoville clay near Franklin Furnace, on the H. C. Feurt and A. J. Hyland properties, is somewhat variable, as a part of the bed is quite siliceous. In patches the high-grade flint clay is reported to expand to 4 feet, while the overlying plastic clay is stated to thicken to 7 feet. The section obtained at this place on the outcrop is recorded below:

Harrison Township. - The field of Sciotoville clay in the western part of Harrison Township was the main reliance for high-grade refractory materials used by the Sciotoville fire brick plants for many years. This field is not exhausted, but the best deposits have been largely worked out. The most important regions were Woods Ridge and the ridge extending from Niner Hill southeast to the Little Scioto River, in the southwestern part of Section 33. On Woods Ridge, in the western part of Section 24, the clay is of very fine quality, and the (Ufosit usually quite thick. A section exposed is as follows:

In this region the flint clay has a maximum thickness of about 6 or 7 feet, but the deposits have been drawn upon for many years; hence the quantity of clay yet available is not large. On the Henry Rider farm, in Section 30, the following record, which shows the interval from the Sciotoville clay to the Maxville limestone, was obtained:

In this locality the clay deposit, which is very thick in places, consists of semi-flint, flint, and plastic clay* The bed has been worked extensively by drift mines, which have fallen so that no section was obtained under heavy cover. On the lands of Albert Frazier and William Werner, in Section 18, about 3 feet of good clay was exposed on the outcrop. North on this ridge heavy beds of plastic clays were found, but not measured. East of the California Valley, on the farm of Frank Cole, in Section 2, flint and '*pink eye'' clays of the Sciotoville member outcrop along the side of the hill, but they were not favorably exposed for measurement. Near Harrison Mills, on the Samuel Monroe property, in Section 12, this member was again noted. At this place the clay lies only about 22 feet above an iron ore, which probably represents the Harrison ore on the line of disconformity separating the Pennsylvanian and Mississippian series. The measurements obtained follow:

At present the important field of Sciotoville clay in Scioto C'ounty is that east of the Little vScioto River, in the extreme eastern part of Harrison Towi^ship, and in the western part of Bloom.

On Plum Fork, in Section 36, from the Webster pike to the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad, the clay outcrops in a number of i)Iac( s, but is generally siliceous. East of the creek the clay has been mined, and is reported by Jacob Bower to have good thickness and to be of good quality. He states that the maximum thickness of flint and semi-flint clay is 11 feet, but that the average measurement is much loss than this.

Just east of Isaac Graham's residence, in the cut of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad, the Sciotoville clay was well exposed for measurement. The following record was obtained at this place:

This bed has also been opened near Mr. Dill's house, and is reported by him to contain from 5 to 6 feet, with a maximum of 10 feet of flint and semi-flint clay. Further, he states, that the clay west of the railroad is patchy. This condition is indicated by a disconformity observed in the creek bed below John Neimer's house. In .Section 25, on land of William Tripp (Meade farm), the Sciotoville clay has been mined more or less for several years. The area is large, and the thickness reported for the flint and semi-flint clay is from 2 to 6 feet.

Madison Township. - In Madison Township there is an undeveloped field of Sciotoville clay, which from the surface exposures noted is quite promising. The clay is of excellent quality, but the deposits are somewhat scattered. Thorough prospecting may show areas of sufficient size to justify the. establishment of brick plants. On lands of William Tripp, in sections 29 and 32, the Sciotoville clay has been opened at, several places. The deposits are from 2 to 8 feet in thickness and the clay is of good quality. On the farm of John Magnet, in Section 25, fine qufi^lity clay is exposed. There is a good outcrop of the clay on the hillside near the house, bat this appears to have slipped from above, as the clay on the same hill east of this exposure is about 35 feet higher. The rocks exposed are given below:

Another exposure was seen on the hill to the north of this, but the thickness was not measured. This member is exposed again on the farm of Samuel Shoemaker, in Section 26, where the strata seen are as follows :

Surface exposures of the Sciotoville clay were noted in Section 19, on the land of Mrs. John N. Dever. In Section 24, on the property of George Mouga, the member was found as follows:

This clay extends eastward also on land of Frank Debo. A thick deposit of highly colored *'pink eye" clay was observed on the land of J. J. Shoemaker, in Section 18. No flint clay was found. Hard clay of excellent quality outcrops on the property of Mary Kronk, in Section 13, but it was not well exposed for measurement. In the northern part of the same section, on land of Oliver Powell, the following rocks were exposed:

The surface exposures of clay in this locality indicate a heavy deposit, the upper part of which is quite pure, while the lower part contains some siliceous material. Along the road on the line of sections 12 and 13, near the home of E. H. Lyons, the Sciotoville clay was again noted. The record follows:

A surface exposure of good clay was also found east of the above on the land of Delmer Kronk. In Section 14, on the land of Jacob Seth, pieces of high-grade flint clay were observed on the outcrop 86 feet below the high knob near his home. In Section 12, north of Mill-

Across the hollow west of the above, flint clay was noted on the SciotoviUe clay horizon. In Section 10, on the property of William Lyons, the following section was measured:

In the same section, just north of the above, the clay is exposed on the hill north of George M. Font's house. The strata recorded ere as given below:

Owing: to the ease of weathering, the Sciotoville clay is found on the outcrop only under favorable conditions; hence the limits of the deposits from surface indications alone cannot be well defined. The exposures in Madison Township indicate areas of some size. The deposits have good thickness, and the clay is of excellent quality. The region is well worth thorough testing.

Jefferson Township. - In Jefferson Township the Sciotoville clays occur at elevations from about 1,050 to 1,100 feet above sea, which thus restricts the areas to isolated knobs on the main ridges. In the southern part of the township the clay has been mined on two knobs in Section 10. On land of Charles B. Gillen the clay is of excellent quality, and the stratum lies close to the Logan shales. Flint clay of good quality was also noted on the high hill on the land of R. B. Grimshaw, in Section 27. This deposit was mined at one time for the fire brick yards at Portsmouth. In the northern part of Section 26, on the land of Benjamin Grimshaw, the outcrop of the clay was also noticed. Exposures of Sciotoville clay were noted in Section 22, on lands of Joseph R. Keller and Marion Ward. The section exposed along the road at this place is as follows:

East of the above exposure, on the Keller land, the flint clay is reported to be somewhat thicker, and was worked at one time. On Ward's land a light plastic and a few feet of "pink eye*' clay were seen . below the flint. Near Diffen Hill, in Section 11, the Sciotoville clay occurs on the land of Lima Conkle and along the to\^Tiship road. A section taken at this place is as follows:

In Section 3, on the land of D. McLaughlire, the member is made up of ''pink eye," with a few inches of flint clay. The deposit is 17 feet above the Logan sandstone. The Sciotoville clay was not seen in Valley Township.

Bloom Township. - The deposits of Sciotoville clay in the western part of Blocm Township furnish the main supply of high-grade clays used by the fire brick plants now in operation in Scioto County. One of the important regions is near Gephart, where the Scioto Fire Brick Company and the Harbison- Walker Refractories Company have mined this clay for a number of years. The Pyro Clay Products Company of Oak Hill has also recently opened a shaft mine here. In sections 30 and 31, Bloom Township, the member has good thickness and volume, and has been worked for a number of years. F. M. Colgrove reports the clay on his property, where tested, to be 4 feet in thickness. Sections taken under heavy cover in the Herman Heldt mine, operated by the Scioto Fire Brick Company, are given in order to show the variability and character of the member. Section in the main entry: p^

Another important operation in the Gephart district is that of the Cook mine of the Harbison-Walker Refractories Company, in which the Sciotoville clay has excellent volume, but is somewhat variable in structure and character, as the proportions of flint and semi-flint clays change from place to place in the mine. In order to show^ these changes, and to show what may be expected in mining this bed, records taken at various places in the mine are given below.

From this district, also, the Pyro Clay Products Company of Oak Hill obtains its supply of clay, which is taken from a shaft mine about 80 feet in depth. "*rhe area was thoroughly prospected by the drill, and the quantity of clay available is amply sufficient to last for many years. The average of the drill records shows that the usual thickness of the deposit, which is made up of flint and semi-flint clays, is from 5 to 8 feet. Further analyses of the clay cores from the drill show that the material is of the highest grade. The clay along the main entry, which at present has not been driven far, is largely flint, and is about 5 feet in thickness.

Another center of mining at present is on Frederick Creek at Scioto Furnace and at Edmunds. The clay is usually of excellent quality, and the bed has a good mean thickness. The deposits are made up of flint, semi-flint, and ''pink eye" clays, with, in places, a white, fine-grained sandstone or ganister. There is no bedding plane between the flint and semi-flint, the semi-flint and the "pink eye," or flint and *'pink eye." Also there is no regularity of order in which the beds were laid down. Often the flint lies directly on the ''pink eye," although the usual arrangement in descending order is flint clay, semi-flint, and "pink eye." In some places the flint clay is wanting, while the same is true elsewhere of the semi-flint and "pink eye." The white, fine-grained sandstone or ganister is usually local. On the following tables are given sections taken in the mines of the Buckeye Fire Brick & Clay Company and the Harbison-Walker Refractories Company. These were taken at regular intervals in order to show the variation in the deposition of the different layers. The full thickness of the **pink eye" was not obtained, as the floors of the mines are in this material; hence the unkno\Mi thickness below is indicated by an x. See Table IV.

A driU record made on the land of W. E. Ranchous and others in Section 16, and given below, shows that the Sciotoville member has excellent volume in this locality :

On Skull Creek, in sections 8 and 9, the Sciotoville clay was formerly worked along the outcrop. A section at the mouth of an old mine is as given below:

On Laurel Lick Run, north of Pinkerman, this bed has been opened in a number of places in sections 5 and 8, where, on the farm of Lemm Cadot, the foflowing record was obtained:

On Bear Run, near the Baptist Church, in Section 5, about 3 feet of flint clay with soft clays below were exposed, but no good section was obtained. A record taken on the land of William Tripp (Kinker farm), in Section 4, and given below, shows the structure of the Sciotoville clay and its relations to other important members: western part of Bloom Township. The Scioto Fire Brick Company at Sciotovilie, and the Pyro Clay Products Company at Oak Hill, draw their supply from mines near Gephart Station, on the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad. The Buckeye Fire Brick & Clay Company at Scioto Furnace mines its clay near the plant. The Portsmouth and Star works of the Harbison- Walker Refractories Company obtain their supply at present from mines at Gephart, and near Edmunds on Frederick Creek. Small quantities of clay are also shipped from the Scioto Furnace region to Oak Hill. The Pinkerman and Bear Run fields are not being worked at present, but they may be drawn upon in the near future, as William Tripp, who largely controls these fields, contemplates the erection of a plant at South Webster at an early date. The area of the known unworked fields in Bloom Township is large, and as the clay deposits are heavy, the quantity of material available is amply suflScient to supply the various yards for many years.

Along the outcrop and under shallow cover, the clay is mined by stripping or benching. The overburden is removed until the shales or sandstones above become solid enough to form a roof, when the usual method of drift mining is practiced. In most cases the single entry system, with cross entries, from which the rooms are turned, is used. The main headings are usually from 8 to 12 feet wide, while the cross entries are a foot or two narrower. The rooms usually turned from 30 to 40 feet apart along the cross entries are worked from 20 to 30 feet wide and from 100 to 250 feet long. The entries are held by posts and caps. At the entrance of the mine lagging is also used. In the rooms the number of posts used and the manner of spacing them depend on the character of the roof, which in most oases is tough shale or sandstone; hence it is easily held. The usual method of draining is by ditches, or by hand pumps with siphon. Steam pumps are seldom used. The method in common practice of furnishing air in the mines is by air shafts with furnaces. The circulation in the rooms is by break-throughs and brattices. The clay is shot off the solid in both entries anel rooms. The holes are usually drilled by hand augers, as the clay cuts easily, and the shooting is done with fuse, or squib and black powder. In the small mines the clay is hauled by hand, but in the larger mines it is removed by mule power. At present the larger mines are operated in a systematic manner and with fair economy.

The materials found on the Sciotoville horizon are flint, semiflint, plastic, and *'pink eye'' clays, with ganister or clay-bond sandstone. Clay is a hydrated aluminum silicate, the best varieties of which have a composition approaching closely that of kaolinite, which is Al2052Si08.2H20. The composition of the flint, semi-flint, and plastic clays is practically the same, while that of "pink eye" contains in addition to the clay components several per cent of iron oxides. These different types of clay differ greatly in their physical properties.

Flint clay is a hard, dense, homogeneous substance, breaking with a conchoidal fracture in any direction, and ordinarily showing no trace of bedding planes. On weathering the Sciotoville flint clay breaks down to small cubical masses, but, however complete the disintegration, the particles always remain sharp and gritty and have no apparent plasticity. The color, depending mainly on the amount of carbonaceous matter present, varies from a light gray to a dark gray, or to nearly black. If iron compounds are present in considerable quantities the colors imparted by these pigments are reds, pinks, or greens. The distinguishing feature of flint clay is its flinty, non-plastic nature.

The semi-flint clay is hard, dense, homogeneous, and breaks as the flint clay does. It shows no distinct bedding planes, but always slickensides. The clay breaks down on weathering with the development of some plasticity. The colors are similar to those of the flint clays. Semi-flints often graduate into the flint clays. The identification points are the flinty nature of the clay with the presence of slickensidcs or pressure slips, and with the development of a limited plasticity on weathering or by protracted working.

The plastic clay is soft, compact, and homogeneous, and has no bedding planes, but is usually marked in all directions by slickensides. On weathering, or simply working it with water, the plastic properties are highly developed. In color it varies the same as the flint and semiflint. It is characterized by its soft nature and great plasticity.

"Pink eye'' is a plastic clay carrying a notable quantity of iron oxide, which is in a very finely divided state, and is segregated somewhat, thus giving the clay a blotchy or mottled appearance.

The ganister found on this horizon is a sandstone composed of light, fine-grained quartz sand, with clay for the bonding material. Usually it is quite free from fluxing impurities, but in a few places noted it was charged with iron oxide, and resembled a "pink eye" clay in color.

The Sciotoville clays always contain appreciable amounts of other ingredients, some of which are especially detrimental to the ware required to withstand high heat strains. These impurities amount to several per cent even in the purest natural clays. The quality of a clay depends primarily on the kinds and on the quantities of the deleterious materials present.

Sand or free silica is the most common and least objectionable impurity found in clays. The quantity varies from a traoe in the pure clays to that found in the ganieters, which have a few per cent of clay for the bonding material. The fusion curve shows that for any mixture of the components, clay and sand, the melting point is lower than for that of either component alone. The melting point of clay is 1,830° C, of quartz about 1,600° C.,* while that of the eutectic mixtures is slightly below 1,600° C; hence free quartz in a clay always lowers the fusion point, but to no great extent in any case. When the effect of slag on clay ware is considered then free silica or sand in the clay may be detrimental or beneficial, depending largely on the composition of the slag. The acidity of the brick should approach closely that of the slag. Pure clay is considered neutral. For example, the mineral components of basic blast furnace slag are mainly 2CaO.Si02, 2CaO.AlvO3.SiO2, and small amounts of CaO.AU03.2Si02. But little combination is possible between these and pure clay, Al20a.2Si02, consequently only a slight solvent action is exerted. The influence of the above slag on a brick made from a clay containing a considerable amount of quartz sand is much different. In this case the slag components react with the clay, Al803.2Si02i and free silica SiO», to form the more acid minerals, CaO.Si02 and CaO.Al208.2Si02. In this cas3 the siliceous brick would be taken into solution easily and go out with the slag. If the slag is decidedly acid, like the old charcoal furnace slags which were made up of Si02.CaOSiO» and CaO.Al20a.2Si02, then brick with free quartz sand will be but little affected, and under such conditions should give good service. The acidity of the slag to which the brick are subjected should be the guide for the amount of free silica allowable in the ware.

Where brick are subjected to differential heats the rapid expansion of the free silica is important, for this volume change soon causes brick with a high silica content to become fragile, crack, and finally to break into pieces; consequently free silica in large amounts should be avoided in ware where extreme changes of temperature are necessary.

Iron compounds are always present in clays. The quantity varies from about 1 per cent in the purest types to 15 or 20 per cent in "pink eye'\ The forms in which it occurs are pyrite, FeS2, siderite, FeCOs, hematite, Fe203, and limonite, 2Fe20,.3H20. During the burning of the ware the FeS2 usually changes to the oxide, but under some conditions it is reduced only to FeS, which fuses at a low temperature. The other minerals go to Fe203, or FeO, depending upon the condition of the flame. There is no combination between ferric oxide, FciO., and clay. In fact, it is a good refractory material when under oxidizing conditions, and consequently is not detrimental to ware so subjected. *Tink eye*' clay may be used with good results for ware where oxidizing conditions are maintained. Ferrous oxide, FeO, forms two definite low fusing compounds with silica, which are fayalite, 2FeO.SiOa, and grunerite, FcO.SiOj. Ferric oxide is easily reduced to the lower form, ferrous oxide, by the action of carbon monoxide of the kiln gases, which compound is produced by an insufficient air supply.

Both of these minerals are black, and by fusing at low temperatures they readily produce the black blotches and fused masses seen on fire brick, which, if burned with a free draft, will not show this defect. Clays high in fossil organic matter and iron oxides give dark cores or reduced zones in the brick if not properly treated during the oxidation period of burning. In ware from high-grade clays the structure is sufficiently open to allow complete oxidation, so but little trouble is experienced in the reduction of the iron oxides by carbon. In w^are with a high percentage of plastic clay this effect is liable to result, so if reduction takes place, it should be burned with a free draft, and the kiln held at a low red heat until the black core in the brick has disappeared before completing the bum.

Titanic acid is always present in clays in quantities varying from 0.5 to 4 per cent, but averaging about 1.5 per cent. In small amounts it acts as a flux, but is not very effective. Tests run by various investigators show that 5 per cent lowers the final fusion point about 30° C. but promotes vitrification much earlier. Lime and magnesia, always present in clays in various amounts, are active fluxes. They form direct compounds with silica and alumina, the fusion points of which are from 1,200 to 1,500° C, but the eutectic mixtures of which melt at much lower temperatures. In clays the fluxing action of lime and magnesia begins at about 700° C. when incipient fusion is apparent. Experiments made by several authorities show that 5 per cent lime lowers the final fusion point about 40° C, while 5 per cent magnesia lowers it about 60° C. In either case the vitrification point is lowered far below that of final fusion, and the vitrification in many industrial operations is the limit of value of the ware.

The alkalies or oxides of sodium and potassium are the most active fluxes found in clays. Their fluxing action begins at low red heat, and it soon reaches completion, as silicates and aluminates are readily formed. Their fluxing action is about twice as great as that of lime or magnesia. In all ware subjected to severe heat strains these components must be kept low. The quantity of the alkalies found in the Sciotoville clay seldom exceeds one per cent, and is usually much less than this. Phosphorus pentoxide is an acid flux, but the quantity usually present in the Sciotoville clay is too low to exert any marked influence, as it is seldom over .10 per cent. Manganese oxide, a basic flux, is occasionally' found in small quantities, especially if the iron oxide in the clay is high. Its influence is about the same as that of ferrous oxide. The formation of a eutectic from these various eutectics is also a factor in the further lowering of both the initial and final fusion points.

In determining the refractoriness of clay ware there is no fast rule fixing the amount of the various fluxes present, for often ware with a moderate amount of fluxes gives high heat tests, while another sample, with a small amount of fluxes, goes down much below the temperature expected. It depends on the amount and kind present, and on the manner of distribution. For a given kind of flux the refractoriness agrees in general with the quantity present, and with its state of distribution. Two per cent of ferrous oxide, finely divided and evenly distributed, is more detrimental than the same amounts in lumpy particles. For different fluxes it depends on the activity of each. As an example, 2 per cent of alkalies exert far more action than the same amount of ferrous oxide.

In general, for the highest grades of refractory ware the total fluxes should not exceed 5 per cent, and for medium grades it should not exceed 9 per cent. A few per cent of fluxes, when combined with the clay components, produce relatively large amounts of the low fusing compounds. This is shown in the following, which illustrates some of the possible reactions that may take place:

2 per cent FeO+1.67 per cent SiOt form 3.67 per cent FeO.SiOj, grunerite. 2 per cent CaO+2.14 per cent Si02 form 4.14 per cent CaO.Si02, wollastonite. 2 per cent MgO-f3.t)0 per cent SiOj form 5.00 per cent MgO.SiOt, enstatite. 2 per cent NatO-hl.92 per cent SiOt form 3.93 per cent NatO.SiOt, sodium silicate, per cent Na,0 +14.90 per cent AUOj.eSiOi form 16.90 . NajO.AUOj.eSiO,, albite. per cent CaO-h7.93 per cent Al20|.2SiOt form 9.93 pei

Five per cent of the fluxes usually found in clays will thus form about 10 per cent of low fusing compounds; hence for all ware subjected to high heats it is necessary to keep the total fluxes low.

A plastic clay vitrifies and softens at a much lower temperature than a flint clay, although the final fusion point of both may be the same. In this respect a semi-flint clay is about midway between the plastic and flint. So where vitrification of the ware is undesirable.

or where it is subjected to a high heat with a heavy load, the quantity of plastic clay in the batch should be kept low. A good example of this may be seen in the lower part of a blast furnace stove, where the strains both from heat and from load are moderately high, and where the changes in temperature are sudden. If the brick vitrify they soon spall, and their heat absorbing capacity is lessened. Any softening with the load carried causes deformation of the checkers, etc., with suspension of the blast heating operation. Consequently, the clays used in the manufacture should be selected with reference to the conditions and strains involved. Under severe treatment the superiority of flint ela3's over plastic clays is beyond question, as this point has been definitely proved by the iron and steel producers.

The behavior of fire brick under load conditions has been studied by Bleininger and Brown, and the following discussion is taken from their article on this subject:

As to fire bricks made from a clay material which is sufficiently plastic as t-o be used alone, it is clear that its ability to carry loads depends simply upon its composition. Some of the very best tests have been obtained from materials of this kind. This case is the simplest and needs no particular attention, since a clay will stand up or fail by virtue of its own quality. A pure clay of moderate plasticity would be the ideal material for the manufacture of fire brick. Since, however, such clays are usually not available, the question of judging them as to their composition deserves some attention from the standpoint of their load carrying capacity. From this point of view the most important consideration is that of the amount of fluxes.

At the high temperature involved, the presence of even a small amoimt of fluxes becomes a potent factor and hence it is far better to select a clay higher in silica and low in fluxes than a clay possessing the silica-alumina ratio of kaolin but higher in fluxes. The effect of silica in lowering the refractoriness of clays is commonly exaggerated as far as practical results are concerned, and it is usually not necessary to reject a clay on this account. However, high silica and high fluxes make a dangerous combination. From this it follows that a clay fairly high in fluxes, corresponding for instance to 0.22 RO.Al20|.2Si02, would be improved by the dilution with a siliceous material low in fluxes, or even by the addition of a clear sandstone, the principal requirements being intimate blending and grinding.

In regard to the fluxes present in a clay, the state and size of grain of the iron is of importance, for it is evident that coarser grains of iron minerals will do no harm, although in the analysis they contribute their share towards raising the amount of fluxes.

The fluxes are an important factor in the ability of refractories to carry loads, in-as-much as they become active at low temperatures by forming easily fusible silicates. As the temperature rises, increasing amounts of silica and alumina are dissolved, and it becomes, therefore, simply a matter of the amount of this fused matter and its viscosity, whether or not a given refractory w^ill stand up at the temperature in question.

By grinding the clay as coarse as possible, conditions are improved, as in doing this the formation temperature of the fusible silicates is raised, since the process of solution is hindered, and by this means it may be possible to bring the product out of the danger zone. In time, however, equilibrium conditions are approached closer and closer, so that finally the brick may fail under the same conditions under which they stood up at first.

coarse grains of flint and fine grains of bond clay. These two materials are mixed and blended as far as the processes customary at the present time permit it. The bond clay breaks up more readily, and the plastic mass produced by it cements together the grains of flmt clay and calcine. Assuming that the flint clay is of good quality, the load carrying capacity of the product depends upon the bond, as has been shown above. It is evident that if the flint clay is inferior the product suffers accordingly. These two materials may be considered from the standpoints of chemical composition, vitrification range, and fineness of grain.

Flint clay, the geological origin of which is still in dispute, is deficient in plas< ticity, although by very fine grinding it may become sufficiently plastic to be molded. Its refractoriness, when pure, is very high. A brick made from flint clay (by fine and long continued grinding) is able to carry high loads. As far as refractoriness is concerned, it is good practice to grind it quite coarsely for reasons already indicated. The fact that occasionally it is in part calcined does not affect its refractory behavior but simply corrects the shrinkage suffered in burniog.

In plastic bond clays a good grade of plasticity is desirable, although this is not important, where their refractoriness is high. In clays of greater fusibility, high plasticity enables the manufacturer to cut down its amount to a minimum. In the selection of a bond clay, it is evident that its vitrification range should be as long as possible, i. e., the temperature at which it becomes dense and non-absorbent should \ye as high as possible.*

Weathering improves the quality of the Sciotoville clay. The lumps break down by subdivision into small particles, the size of which depends on the time of exposure. Weathering develops practically no plasticity in the flint clay, although it may be disintegrated to a fine powder which acts in much the same way as fine sand. With semiflint clay, however, a limited plasticity is developed when the mass is broken down to a fine state of division by long exposure. Weathering develops the maximum plasticity or bonding power in the plastic clay, as one of the important factors in producing plasticity is fineness of grain which is thus greatly increased by exposure to the elements. From this point of view weathering is beneficial.

But little work has been done in determining the amounts of impurities carried away by a process of weathering. Some of the reactions due to weathering produce soluble compounds. Pyrite and marcasite oxidize to the soluble sulphate, with also the formation of secondary soluble compounds, much resembling the alums; thus both iron and sulphur as soluble salts are partially eliminated. Lime and magnesia are generally present in the form of carbonates, which compounds are changed to the soluble bicarbonate by the action of carbon dioxide gas, held in solution in rain water, and in the moisture of the atmosphere. Some of the iron in the clay also exists as the carbonate which is similarly affected by this acid water. Some alkalies are lost by direct solution, and b}' their uniting with other elements to form soluble compounds. The salts found on weathered lumps of clay invariably show some of these bases to be present. By a thorough process of weathering and leaching some considerable proportion of the impurities may thus be eliminated. The process would increase the cost of the product, but would be justifiable in the manufacture of the highest grades of ware.

The materials available are the four types of clays, flint, semiflint, plastic; and "pink eye/* Calcine is used in some grades of waro to decrease the shrinkage, and to produce a better structure. That used may be either flint and semi-flint clays, burned for the purpose, w bats and refuse brick which have been burned. For the highest f^ades of ware, well weathered flint and semi-flint clays, with at times eome calcine, or these with a small amount of plastic clay^ compose the mix. Plastic clay is less refractory and vitrifies earlier than the flint or semi-flint; hence it should be kept low where the ware is required to withstand severe heat strains. "Pink eye" clay is used in low-grade ware, and that subjected only to oxidizing conditions. The quantity of each clay in the batch should be proportioned according to the desired chemical and physical qualities of the ware, such as silica-alumina ratio, solubility, strength, density, vitrification, and final fusion points.

The practice for years was wet pan grinding and tempering exclusively, which develops the maximum plasticity and produces good interlocking of the various sized grains. At present dry pan grinding is practiced to a considerable extent. The tempering is then done in a wet pan or pug mill. The same bonding power with a less amount of plastic clay is obtained by the wet pan process, which develops even a fair plasticity in a semi-flint clay. With this practice the plastic clay, which is the weak part of high-grade refractory ware, may be kept low.

The shaping of the ware is done by hand molding, or by machines of the auger and plunger types. Hand molding produces a ware with a more open structure and with less strain defects than that produced by the machines. Where density is desired, machine-made ware is the best. Ware made by auger machines has a greater density than that made by plunger machines, but is more subject to laminations and cracks, and in general the latter kind is favored over the former. Large and oddly designed shapes are all hand molded.

The old method of drying the ware on floors heated by hot air or by steam is the general practice today, although some plants use tunnel driers for drying machine-made brick. The rate of drying should be such that the entire brick has much the same consistency throughout. If the floors are too hot when the outside of the brick is at the right temper the inside is too soft, and if the ware is pressed with this wet core, strains are produced on further drying, which later may develop into cracks. Brick should be pressed when the temper is tough and

But little difficulty is experienced in the burning of fire brick compared, for example, to that of burning paving brick or sewer pipe. The ware is porous, consequently the combined water is easily expelled, and the oxidation of carbon and oxides is rapidly promoted. Both coal and gas are used for fuel. Coal-fired brick generally have the best structure, which is produced by the annealing effect caused by the method of firing. At every "baiting" of the fire a short reduction period is induced, followed by a longer period of oxidation and by fluctuations in the temperature, which causes a firmer setting of grains by the bonding components. In firing with gas the condition of the flame is usually oxidizing throughout the whole interval, and the temperature is rising gradually. The ware is generally somewhat Spunky", but lighter in color, as the iron is not reduced. All high-grade refractory ware should be burned at not less than cone 11, 2,462° F., as at this temperature the final water slirinkage is practically gone.

Fire brick should be tested for those strains which the brick are required to withstand in the industrial operations in which they are to be used. The more important of these follow:

1. Where the brick are subjected to the action of slag, the acidity of both brick and slag should be considered. Chemical analyses give the desired information.

2. Where high heats are employed, the temperature and also the condition cf the flame, whether oxidizing or reducing, must be considered and the tests on the brick run accordingly. Some components acting as fluxes under reducing conditions are very refractory when the flame is strictly oxidizing. Cas, electric, and Deville furnaces are employed for this test.

3. The crushing strength of brick at high temperature, and under heavy load, is important in many metallurgical operations. The method of testing is that A^orked out by Bleininger lind Brown.*

4. Fire brick are often required to withstand severe abrasion. A rrodified paving brick rattler test on cold brick gives a fair idea of their qualit}', but the best tests are obtained if the brick are rattled at approximately the temperature carried in the industrial operation.

5. The sudden, severe changes of temperature on fire brick, for example, in blast furnace stoves, cause early failure by checking and cracking. The tests* for differential heat treatment are easily carried out by repeated heathig in a kiln and then by coe)ling quickly in air or water.

gas components should be determined, and then tests run a ccordiuKly. Where coal is used as fuel, the sulphur contained produces acid radicals which attract the brick. In this case a good test is obtained by the action of weak sulphuric acid on the ware.

7. The heating, absorbing, or thermal capacity of brick is a very important property in ware for regenerators. But little work has been done along this line on refractory ware, but the common methods of determining specific heats of solids are readily applicable.

8. The conductivity of refractory materials is also an important quality in brick for many usfs. \'^ery satisfactory methods have been deviled for this.*

In determining the qualit}' of fire brick for any particular purpose the testing should be thorough, and should conform to the strains and conditions existing in use. A heat test tdls but little in rc|Brard to the action of slags or to the effect of sudden changes of temperature. Many l)rick are unjustly condemned from improper and careless testing.

The Sciotoville clay is the basis of the fire brick industry in Scioto County, which began at Sciotoville in 1864, and which at present is one of the leading indu-tries based on natural resources. The clays are used for the manufacture of refractory clay ware for blast furnaces, steel furnaces, stoves, regenerators, soaking pits, annealing ovens, ladle linings, cupolas, coke ovens, glass houses, fire boxes, cement kilns, lime kilns, and for other operatiors where the ware is subjected to high temperatures. In Scioto County, at present, three firnr.s are manufacturing fire brick as follows:

The latter company operates two plants, the Portsmouth works, located in the cast end of Portsmouth, and the Star works, located on the Ohio Kivir one mile W(st of Sciotoville.

The Pyro Clay Products Company of Oak Hill, Jackson County, obtair.s its supply of flint day from a mine located near Gephart Station; hence this plant really belongs in the Scuotoville clay district, and will be treateel accordingly. Mr. A. M. Turr.c r, genend manager and treasurer of the Scioto Fire Brick Co., reports as follows:

The plant is located on the Ohio River at Sciotoville. The company was incorporated in 1871 under it.«5>present title, and was a consolidation of three companies, McConnell, Porter & Co., established in 1864; Taylor, McConnell & Co., established

^Conductivity, Porosity and Gas Permeability of Refractory Materials by S. Wologdine and A. L. Tueneau. Electrochemical and Metallurgical Industrjs Vol. VII, Xo. 9, Sept., 1909, p. 383.

in 1865; and the Salamander Fire Bnck Co., established in 1868. This consolidation made it at that time the largest fire brick company in the country.

The company owns or controls luider long time leases, 2,500 acres of the best clay deposits in southern Ohio, which are located north of Sciotoville, and near Gephart Station on the Baltimore and Ohio Southwestern Railroad. These deposits are made \lp of flint, semi-flint, and, m places, plastic clays of great purity. The method of mining the clays at present is by drifting, but formerly benching was also practiced.

The plant equipment is as follows: The buildings made of brick for housing the power plant machine room, and drying floors, are tv^II arranged and substantially built. The power is furnished by a lOO-H.P. boiler and a 50-H.P. engine. The machines for grinding the clay are two wet pans and one dry pan. The pressing is done on hand presses.

The dry floors are 100 x 100, and 45 x 85 feet, or they have a total drying surface of 13,825 square feet. The drying is done by waste heat from the kilns, which is oreed through the floor tunnels by f^ns. The brick- are burned in five 50,000 capacity each, down-draft kilns. The annual capacity is 3,500,000 brick, 9-inch equivalents. High-grade refractory ware is manufactured for use in blast furnaces, hot blast stoves, open hearth furnaces, soaking pits, coke ovens, cupolas, rolling mills, malleable iron works, glass works, cement kilns, steel furnaces, and boiler settings. Ground fire clay is also prepared for the market. The shipping facilities are the Norfolk and Western, the Baltimore and Ohio Southwestern railroads, and the Ohio River. The principal markets are the southern furnace territory and Ohio, Indiana, West Virginia, and Michigan.

The original company was organized in 1901, and reorganized under the present management in 1903. The plant is located at Scioto Furnace near the center of the clay field in eastern Scioto County. The company controls 583 acres of clay lands in this field. The deposit has good thickness, and the flint and semi-flint clays have a high degree of purity, comparing favorably with the best clays found in Pennsylvania and Kentucky. The composition of the flint and semi-flint clay in the deposit is very uniform; thus assuring standard quality at all times. The clays are mined entirely by drifting, as the overburden is heavy. The material is hauled to the yard by mule power on a tram road, then elevated on trestles by a 60-H.P. hoist engine and dumped in piles, where the claf is allowed to weather thoroughly before use.

The plant etiuipment which is well arranged for economy in the handling of material is as follows: The buildings constructed of wood are well supported and durable. The power is furnished by one 150-H.P. and one 80-H.P. boiler and a 240-H.P. en'ginc. Three 8-foot wet pans, one ^foot, and one 9-foot dry pan made l)y The Frey-Sheckler Company, are used in the grinding of the raw materials. The shaping of tlie ware is done by hand molding or by a Stevenson 22-inch cylinder, 150 pounds pressure sewer pipe press. The three drj'ing floors constructed of concrete have the dimensions: 60 x 338 feet, 60 x 96 feet, and 60x84 feet, which give a total drying area of 31,080 square feet. A periodic tunnel drier, consisting of eight 90-foot tunnels with a capacity of 32,000 brick, 9-inch equivalents, is used for drying some grades of ware. Live steam from the boilers, exhaust steam from the engine, or waste heat from the kilns is used under the drying floors, while waste heat from the kilns only is used in the tunnel drier. The heating circulation is induced by two 8-foot fans operated by two 60-11. P. engines. The plant is lighted throughout by electricity. The ware is burned in down-draft, center-stack kilns at temperatures varying from 2,400 to 2,600° F. The 12 kilns, 26 feet in diameter inside, have a capacity of about 00,000 9-inch brick each. The annual capacity of the plant is 6,500,000 brick, 9-inch equivalents. Lump and ground cla>'8 are also marketed. The average ntimber ui men employed at the plant and in the mines is 108. The company owns a hotel and 40 houses which are rented to the employees.