Scioto Township (part 3 of 14)

Boggs Ore

The position of the Boggs ore is either directly or only a few feet above the Lower Mercer coal. Apparently the ore was laid down during the same general swamp period in which the Lower Mercer coal was deposited. The member was observed at only a few places in Jackson County, but it is present in several small areas in northern Scioto County and has good volume. One measurement which was made along the road in Section 13, Washington Township, will be given in order to show the relation of this ore to other members. The section follows:

The deposits of Boggs ore in Jackson County are too small and the ore too impure to have any considerable value at present, but the bed was formerly worked in a small way by stripping for use in the old charcoal furnaces. Its interest at present lies chiefly in its value for strati* graphic work.

The Lower Mercer limestone is found with some frequency in the northern part of Jackson County, but it is seldom present in the southem part. Its maximum development shows two benches of limestone, each approximately one foot in thickness and separated by about 2 feet of shale. The upper bench is more argillaceous and ferruginous than the lower, but not as persistent. Both strata are dense, dark blue, and moderately fossiliferous. The joint planes form the beds into more or less cubical or rectangular blocks, which on weathering are converted into rounded nodular masses. Along the outcrop or under shallow cover the blocks often show a surface layer of ferruginous materia], which has replaced the calcium carbonate, and which varies in thickness from a thin scale to several inches. The iron ore foimd at some places on this horizon, from general appearances, represents the complete transformation of limestone to ore, which has taken place through the action of ground waters.

The interval from the Lower Mercer or Little Red Block ore to the Lower Mercer limestone when both are present varies from 1 to 18 feet, but the average interval is about 8 feet. The ore in the southern part of Jackson Coimty, although wanting in large areas, is far more constant than the limestone which is seldom present. This is also the condition found in Scioto and Lawrence counties. In the northern part of Jackson County both ore and limestone are relatively constant, but vary in character and thickness. The ore is not a part of the limestone formation but a separate and distinct stratum, deposited under somewhat similar conditions, yet differing in composition and date of origin. The ore was deposited as ferrous carbonate, while the limestone was laid down as a calcium carbonate, yet both are of swamp or shallow sea origin. The ore was also formed somewhat later than the limestone, as the two are often separated by several feet of rock material. Both limestone and ore are fossiliferous and contain the same types of life.

In Jackson County the interval from the Lower Mercer limestone to the Lower Mercer ore averages almost 8 feet; to the Upper Mercer coal the interval varies from 23 to 35 feet, but averages about 27 feet; to the Sand Block ore the interval varies from 30 to 45 feet, but averages about 36 feet; and to the Upper Mercer ore the interval

Hamilton Township. - Sections showing the relation of the Lower Mercer limestone and ore to various other members will be given. On land of Fred Raymond, Section 36, the following members were seen:

An iron ore, blocky and very fossiliferous, which appears to have been derived from weathering of the Lower Mercer limestone, was found near the summit of the hill on land of Edward Gahm, in Section

Franklin Township. - On land of James Mayhew, in Section 6, Franklin Township, the Lower Mercer ore with two coals below were seen and measured. The section follows:

Lick Township. - In Section 23, Lick Township, on land of Bentley Miller, three ores are present, and the intervals measured are as follows:

In the vicinity of Young America Furnace the Lower Mercer limestone was found in several places. The following section was obtained on the property of Oscar Evans, in Section 15 :

Near the home of George B. Wycle, in Section 14, Lick Township, the Lower Mercer limestone was exposed along the roadside, and, near the summit of the hill just north, the Upper Mercer and Black Flint ores were seen in an old road. The section measured is given below:

Coal Township. - East of Grace mine, Section 10, Coal Township, the limestone was exposed in the creek bed, and the ore seen in the road above. The section measured is as given below:

Along the road, in Section 36, south of the abandoned Superior No. 2 mine, the Lower Mercer limestone with the ores above were exposed, and the measurements taken are given below:

The limestone and ore were observed at several places in the vicinity of Coalton. The most western exposure noted was on the ridge in the western part of Section 5. On land of W. R. Hamilton, in Section 27, the Lower and Upper Mercer ores have been mined by stripping. The following record was obtained here:

Along the road west of Hamden, in Section 13, Washington Township, the Lower Mercer limestone and ore are well represented, and the horizon of the Upper Mercer limestone is marked by dark flinty limestone nodules and kidney ore. The section measured at this place is given below: p^ j^

The limestone and ore extend westward to the high knobs and ridges south of Richland Furnace and east of Pigeon Creek, but were not seen west of that stream.

Milton Township. - In northwestern Milton Township the Lower Mercer limestone is moderately persistent, more so than the Lower Mercer ore. At some places the former is made up of two layers of limestone, separated by from 1 to 3 feet of shales, usually very fossiliferous» The lower layer is dark blue in color, very hard and only moderately fossiliferous, while the upper layer is much lighter in color, ordinarily a dark gray, more shaly, and very fossiliferous. The lower layer is much more persistent than the upper layer, and usually thicker. The upper layer is reduced readily by weathering, so it is found only under favorable conditions. A few sections will be given to show the relation of the Lower Mercer limestone to other members.

to the hill east shows the Lower Mercer limestone and the irtervals from it to the Quakertown, Upper Mercer, Brookville, and Clarioncoals. The section obtained follows: p^ j^

Near the mine of the Wellston Colliery Company, in Secti(Mi 5, the two Mercer ores were found, and only a short distance west the Lower Mercer limestone "was exposed close below the lower ore. At the mine of the Elk Fork Coal Company, in Section 3, the Lower Mercer limestone with other important members were exposed, and the record obtained is given below: p^ j^

A very good section of the members above the Lower Mercer limestone was obtained from the hollow near the abandoned No. 6 Superior mine to the point west on land of George Woodrow. The intervals separating the members in the section given below are about normal for the region:

A measurement taken along the road on the line of sections 18 and 19 shows the interval from the Lower Mercer to the Ferriferous limestone to be considerably less than the average for the region. The section given below records the measurements: period than for their present value. The ore is rich, easily reduced, and contains the elements necessary for making a soft, high grade, foundry iron; hence it was always in demand for charcoal iron. Although the stratum is thin the ore was worked along the outcrop and under shallow cover by benching, the old rule being to strip a foot of dirt for an inch of ore. No mining of the Lower Mercer ore is done at present in Jackson County as the high-gi'ade Lake ores are used instead. The iron content of the ore in the natural state runs from 35 to 60 per cent, the phosphorus from .250 to .400, and the manganese from .30 to .60.

The Lower Mercer limestone, found in some quantity only in the northern part of Jackson County, was but little used as a flux stone, as the better Ferriferous limestone was available in most localities. Small amounts were mined for this purpose near Young America Furnace, where the limestone has a fair thickness, and is found on the> hills near the old stack. The limestone in some localities is moderately pure, while at other places it is siliceous and flinty. The following analysis represents that of the better grades of stone :^

The dense tough nature of the limestone recommends it for road building and for concrete work, but as the member is thin the more available Ferriferous limestone is used instead. In Jackson County the lower layer seldom reaches 2 feet in thickness, and averages only about 1 foot, while the maximum thickness of the upper layer where exposed was only 1 foot. Along the outcrop the lower layer is broken by vertical joints into blocks, which are used to some extent for foundations and walls. The Lower Mercer limestone is of great aid in the correlation of the various members in the Pottsville, and is used as the main bench mark stratigraphically, for it can be recognized with certainty. At present the Lower Mercer ore and limestone are economically unimportant.

The Upper Mercer, or No. 3a coal, seldom wanting, but usually thin, extends across Jackson Coimty from Scioto and Lawrence on the south to Vinton on the north. The coal is usually of excellent quality, and where the bed thickens sufficiently for mining the local fuel supply, in part at least, is drawn from this source. The Upper Mercer coal will be of more importance in the futiire when the thicker deposits are exhausted; hence this stratimi with the associated rocks in the localities in which it is best developed will be described and traced.

The Upper Mercer coal is found in parts of Hamilton, Jefferson, Scioto, Franklin, Bloomfield, Lick, Coal, Milton, and Washington townships. It is best developed however in local areas in Jefferson, Scioto, Lick, and Bloomfield townships, where it is mined by drifting for local use.

Hamilton Township. - ^The horizon of the Upper Mercer coal in the eastern part of Hamilton Township is well towards the summits of the hills, and although observed at a number of places the deposit was everywhere thin and of little value. On land of Fred Raymond, in Section 36, the rocks exposed are as follows:

Jefferson Township. - In Jefferson Township the bed thickens locally and is mined by drifting in Section 8 where the deposit is known as the Jones coal. It is also worked by benching at other places. Near the head of Laurel Fork, sections 29 and 30, on lands of A. Kelley and John Jaycox, a composite section showing the Upper Mercer and Tionesta coals is as given below:

On land of A. C. Arthur near the cross roads, in the northwestern corner of Section 20, the Upper Mercer coal has been stripped for local use. The interval from the Upper Mercer to the Tionesta coal is 52 feet. Just north of the above, and in the same section, on the land of Robert Sims, the coal measured 1 foot 6 inches in thickness.

On the property of Stephen Jones, Section 8, the Upper Mercer coal has been regularly mined by drifting for years. The bed which is from 22 to 26 inches in thickness is persistent. A section taken in this locality shows the following rocks:

This coal has been mmed near the Horten School also. Along Hewitt Run east of the Jones deposit the coal thins, or is replaced by heavy sandstones. On Black Fork, in Section 3, on land of Evan Jenkins, a good exposure of the coal was noted which measured as follows:

Scioto Township. - In Scioto Township the Upper Mercer coal thickens locally in sections 13 and 24. At several places in the latter section the coal is mined by drifting for the local supply. On land of John Messing, Section 24, Scioto Township, the section recorded follows:

The coal is mined also on the A. W. Jacobs farm in the same section. In Section 13, on the land of Andrew Yinger, the upper part, of a section taken shows the follo\^'ing members:

Franklin Township. - Where seen in the western part of Franklin Township, in which territory the horizon is above drainage, the Upper Mercer coal is too thin to be mined at present, except by stripping along the outcrop. The clay is usually better represented than the coal. The horizon of this bed is also above drainage in the northeastern part of the township, but in this locality it is thin, or replaced by heavy sandstones.

Lick Township. - In the eastern part of Lick Township the Upper Mercer coal is locally developed in small areas, and is worked for domestic use. A good exposure of the coal was noted on the land of Harrison Kesinger, Section 26. The rock strata measured are as follows:

This coal has also been worked on the properties of Clinton Aleshire and Martin Foster, and is reported to have about the same thicknpss as that seen in the above section. The structure of the coal was seen* in a mine on the Madison Wykle property, in Section 22. The foUow- ^^^ naembers were recorded:

East of the above in the same section, on land of George B. Wykle, ^^^ Upper and Lower Mercer limestones, the Upper Mercer coal, and two ores are shown in the carefully measured section which follows:

Coal Township. - The Upper Mercer coal is present in the eastern part of Coal Township. The coal is usually very thin, often only a smut streak, but the clay below in some localities is from 4 to 6 feet in thickness, and of good quality for many ceramic purposes. The coal was opened on the G. N. House property, in Section 3. A composite section taken from the mine to the point west shows other members above the Upper Mercer coal, and the measurements obtained are given below:

At this place the coal is reported to be somewhat thicker farther in the hill. North of this the outcrop of the member, represented by coal or clay, was noticed at a number of places.

Washington Township. - The Upper Mercer coal and clay are present in eastern Washington Township; although the coal is generally thin the clay in most of the area has good volume. A small amount of coal has been mined from this bed just west of the Town House, in Section 21, Washington Township. The record taken is given below:

Milton ToMmship. - In northern Milton Township the Upper Mercer coal is unsteady, as it is often replaced by massive sandstones. In Section 32, near the mine of the Domestic Coal Company, the member is seen giving way to the sandstones. This condition is also again found in Section 33, near the No. 12 Superior mine. The lower part of a section measured here is as follows:

The coal goes below drainage near the old stack of Lincoln Furnace. In the southwestern part of Section 2, on the land of the Superior Colliery Company, the coal and Upper Mercer ore were well exposed. The section taken at this place, and given below, shows the general relations :

At the mine of the Elk Fork Coal Company, in Section 3, the Upper Mercer coal and ore are exposed in the railroad cut, and the Lower Mercer limestone is exposed in the manway. East of Mulga Run, in Section 10, on the land of the Superior Colliery Company, the coal has been stripped in the bed of a small stream where it was 1 foot 6 inches thick. The coal is thin where observed along Little Raccoon Creek, south of the above, and goes below drainage near the mouth of Coal Run.

Bloomfield Township. - -The Upper Mercer coal is above drainage along Dickason Run in the vicinity of Ridgeland. On the land of Harriet A. and W. L, Burris it is mined for local use. The bed in this locality varies from 1 foot 6 inches to 2 feet 2 inches in thickness, the coal is of excellent quality, furthermore the mining conditions are good, as ih^ roof is a tdugh shale. At this place the Tionesta coal lies close to the Upper Mercer, for the two beds are separated by only 18 feet of shales and sandstones. A carefully measured section taken shows the following relations:

The fields in which the Upper Mercer coal is most promising are the local areas in western Jefiferson Township, in southeastern Scioto, especially in Section 24, in northeastern Lick, and in eastern Bloomfield.

The worth of the Upper Mercer coal, now of value in some localities for domestic fuel, will increase as the thicker coals become exhausted. Although the bed is thin the coal is of excellent quality, and the conditions are favorable for mining. The member is made up of one coal bench with occasionally a thin layer above or below, separated from the main block by a few inches of clay or clay shale. The roof of the bed, with few exceptions, is a blue shale, sufficiently tough and solid for safety and efficiency in mining, but in a few localities it is made up of a sandstone with a thin shale below, which in wet mines loosens and falls. The floor of the deposit is clay, which, varying from the soft plastic to the somewhat harder siliceous types, is easily removed for entry ways, and has a ceramic value. The usual method of mining is to cut in the clay below, or in the clay partings when two coal benches are present, and thus separated, to loosen the coal which lies in blocks by either wedging or shooting. In the Jones mine, in Section 8, Jefferson Township, about one foot of the clay below is loosened by shooting and then removed, after which a small shot placed near the top of the stratum loosens the coal with but little shattering.

The coal is rather fragile, but as the bed has a jointed or blocky structure it mines, when care is taken on the part of the workmen, in lumps, with only a small amount of loss from fine material. It is a bright, clean looking coal, with low sulphur and ash, of which the latter is light-colored and non-clinkering under ordinary conditions. The coal ignites readily and bums with a long free flame. The Upper Mercer coal, when all points are considered, is an excellent fuel, well adapted for general uses, and especially so for domestic purposes.

Mr. Burris kindly furnished an analysis of the coal from their mine in Section 7, Bloomfield Township. The analytical work was done by J. G. Harding, chemist for the Wellston Iron & Steel Company. The analysis of the sample dried at 212° F. is as follows:

The Upper Mercer clay, which lies directly below the Upper Mercer or Webster Block coal, varies in thickness and quality, but it has a ceramic value and is an asset, especially when both clay and coal are considered. The thickness of the deposit varies from 2 to 6 feet, and the material varies in quality from a plastic, low siliceous clay to one quite sandy. It is a second-grade fire clay with a moderate amount of fluxes and coloring agents, and is well fitted for the manufacture of highgrade building brick. When the clay is carefully selected Jt is also suitable for stoneware and low-grade fire brick. When mined in conjimction with the coal above the cost of winning the clay is low. In some localities where the coal bed has a fair thickness the fuel obtained would be sufficient to manufacture and bum the ware made from the clay.

Sand Block Obe

In Jackson County the next member above the Upper Mercer coal is the Sand Block ore, which, although of little value at present, was worked in a number of localities for the smelting of iron in the old charcoal furnaces, but it was then ranked far below the Ferriferous and Upper Mercer ores. The ore is foimd more or less continuous in parts of Hamilton, Jefiferson, Scioto, Franklin, Lick, Coal, Washington, Milton, and Bloomfield townships. In the townships south of Jackson the Sand Block ore lies from 10 to 20 feet above the Upper Mercer coal, and from 10 to 20 feet below the Upper Mercer ore, while north of Jackson these intervals are somewhat contracted, as the ore is often found lying just above the Upper Mercer coal. The relation of the ore to other members is shown in the sections under the Upper Mercer coal, hence they will not be repeated. The thickness of the ore varies from an inch or two to a foot or more in some localities, but the average measurement is about 5 inches. The ore is generally siliceous and low in iron, but in most cases the thicker the deposit the leaner the ore. Under heavy cover the iron is in the form of the carbonate, but along the outcrop, or where affected by percolating waters, it has been changed to hydrated oxides. At present the Sand Block ore adds but little to the mineral wealth of the county.

The Upper Mercer limestone is seldom present in Jackson County, but the ore, except where replaced by the heavy sandstones, is quite persistent, and may be traced across the county from Scioto and Lawrence on the south to Vinton on the north. The horizon is found near the summits of the hills and ridges in the eastern parts of Hamilton and Scioto townships, and owing to the dip eastward it goes under cover in the eastern parts of Jefferson and Franklin townships. It is found in the eastern halves of Lick, Washington, and Coal townships, and, extending eastward, it goes below drainage in northern Bloomfield and eastern Milton along the courses of Little Raccoon Creek and its tributaries. The horizon is found in Washington Township well toward the summits of the main ridges. Besides the Upper Mercer lime-

The Upper Mercer limestone is sparingly fossiliferous and of marine origiUy as the types represented are of this character. The associated ore also carries fossils of the same types as those fomid in the limestone. The exact relation of limestone to ore is hard to determine, as the latter is so seldom found, but the exposures observed indicate that the two beds are closely associated. The relation of the Upper Mercer ore to other members, and the average intervals separating them, are given in the following general section for Jackson County:

Many local variations in intervals were observed, as the Mercer rocks in Jackson County are very irregular. When the intervals are . made up of shales, the positions of the members are usually quite constant, but when the massive sandstones appear many abnormalities of the positions are found. In a general way there is a gradual thirning of the intervals northward across the county, and this condition is also found in Scioto and Lawrence counties. A series of sections will be given tracing the horizon across the county.

Hamilton Township. - In Section 35, Hamilton Township, on the land of Henry Comer, the position of the Upper Mercer ore with reference to other members is shown in the following record:

Je£Fer8on Township. - The intervals from the Upper Mercer ore to other important members are given in the following section, taken along the road just south of the Mound School, in sections 19 and 20.

In Section 5, on the land of John H. Horton, the Upper Mercer ore was being mined, and the thickness of the bed was 10 inches. On the land of Evan Jenkins, Section 3, where the ore was also being mined the following relations were noted:

South of the above along Black Fork and along the lower course of Hewitt Run, while the horizon is above drainage, the ore is wanting or replaced by heavy sandstones. The following record taken in Section 10 shows the general rock structure:

Scioto Township. - In Section 36, Scioto Township, on the Anson Scurlock property the Upper Mercer ore was being mined by stripping where it was 9 inches thick. The upper part of a measurement on land of Andrew Yinger, in Section 13, shows the Upper Mercer ore and its relation to other strata:

Franklin Township. - In Section 31, Franklin Township, on land of Edward Gahm and P. E. Lanhart, the ore measured 8 inches, but is reported to be 2 feet in local areas. In Section 30, on the property of Alexander Jones, the thickness of the ore seen was 8 inches. The Upper Mercer ore, varying in thickness from 4 to 8 inches, was seen at a number of places in sections 32, 33, and 34. A composite section on the land of Everett Rice, in Section 8, shows the ore and other members:

The Upper Mercer ore was also seen at several places in Section 7, where it has about the same thickness as in the above section, and has been worked for the Jackson furnaces. A composite section taken along the ridge near the home of W. L. Brown, Section 3, shows the following relations:

Lick Township. - The Upper Mercer ore has been mined by benching along the outcrop quite extensively in the eastern part of Lick Township. It has good thickness and is rather persistent. In Section 26, on land * of Harrison Kesinger, the measurements which follow were taken: p^ j^

In Section 14, on land of George B. Wykle, a section showing the important membeiis from the ore on the Black Flint horizon to the Lower Mercer limestones was obtained. The section following thus defines the position of the Upper Mercer ore:

Coal Township. - The Upper Mercer ore continues northward across Coal and Washington townships into Vinton County. A representative section showing the Upper Mercer ore and its stratigraphic position with reference to the Tionesta and Upper Mercer coals and the ore on the Black Flint horizon, was obtained on land of G. N. House, in Section 3, Coal Township. The rocks exposed and measured follow:

Along the road south of the abandoned Superior No. 2 mine, in Section 35, the measurement obtained shows the interval from the Upper Mercer ore to the Lower Mercer ore and limestone below. The following rocks were measured: p^ j^

Washington Township. - On land of W. R. Hamilton, Section 27, Washington Township, the ores have been mined by stripping. The section obtained shows the general relation of the Upper and Lower Mercer ores, and is given below: p^ j^

Milton Township. - In Milton Township the Upper Mercer ore was mined by benching first for the charcoal furnaces, and later for the modern coke furnaces. It is mined at present in a desultory way, but the amount produced is trifling. The section taken at the mine of the Wellston Colliery Company, in Section 5, Milton Tow^nship, shows the position of the Upper Mercer ore with reference to the Ferriferous limestone above and the Lower Mercer ore and Quakertown coal below. The section measured is as follows:

The following composite section taken at the mine of the Elk Fork Coal Company, in Section 3, shows the Upper Mercer ore and other important members:

The Upper Mercer ore is exposed along the small stream east of Mulga, in Section 3, and on the hill east of this, on the land of the Superior Colliery Company, in Section 2, the Clarion coal was opened. In Section 8, the measurements taken from the hollow near the abandoned Superior No. 6 mine to the hill west on land of George Woodrow, shows the Upper Mercer ore, the Clarion coal, and the Lower Mercer limestone. The record is given below: the ore has also been mined, and the following section, taken on lafid of the Superior Colliery Company, shows the position of the ore and other important members;

The ore where exposed along Mulga Run varies from 4 to 10 inches in thickness, but averages about 5 or 6 inches. The ore was exposed in the road near the bridge that crosses Little Raccoon Creek, in Section 15, and the rocks measured at this place are given below:

The Upper Mercer ore and the associated strata were exposed on land of R. A. Fitzpatrick, east of Little Raccoon Creek, and in Section 16 along the road north of Middletown. Near Hogansville, along the road between sections 18 and 19, the Upper Mercer ore and the Lower Mercer and Ferriferous limestones were exposed and measured. The record follows:

Along the road just below the mouth of Coal Run, in Section 23, the Upper Mercer ore was exposed, and on the hill nearby the cannel coal was formerly mined. The following rocks and intervals were recorded :

The Upper Mercer ore goes below drainage in the Little Raccoon Valley, in the southern part of Section 23, but it is exposed along the headwaters of Flint and Tarcamp runs.

Bloomfield Township. - Along the headwaters of Dickason Run, especially in the vicinity of Ridgeland, in Bloomfield Township, the Upper Mercer ore is again above drainage. It was mined by stripping here during the days of the charcoal furnaces, but the bed is not as thick or persistent as the ore on the Black Flint horizon.

The Upper Mercer limestone is present only in a few localities in Jackson County, where the bed is represented by dark, nodular limestone and chert, only a few inches in thickness. The stratum is of interest only for its stratigraphic value, for it is of great aid in correlating the thin coals found in the general horizon. In some localities there is found a thin coal bed only a few inches below the limestone or ore, but tjiis seldom reaches 1 foot in thickness, and is usually only a smut streak. In some localities in eastern Coal and Lick, and western Milton townships, there is found a thin coal bed about 10 feet above the horizon of the Upper Mercer ore. The stratum is usually about 1 foot in thickness, but at a few places it is from 1 foot 4 inches to 1 foot 6 inches. It has been prospected, but has not been mined even by stripping. The coal is of good quality and has a blocky structure.

Shale deposits, which are often many feet in thickness, and which are suitable for ceramic ware, are found in some localities in the interval froJi^ ^'^^ Lower to the Upper Mercer limestone. In some regions th^ interval is composed mainly of massive sandstone. These shale deposits are an asset only when favorably located with regard to plant site, shipping facilities, fuel and water supply, etc.

Next to the Ferriferous, the Upper Mercer ore was the main reliance for the ore supply of the charcoal furnaces. For the coke furnaces it now stands third, ranking below the Jackson Sand Block ore and the Ferriferous. The thickness of the deposit varies from a few inches to about 2 feet, but that usually observed is from 5 to 10 inches. Under heavy cover the ore is a ferrous carbonate, the usual coal formation type, but along the outcrop it is a ferric oxide with more or less combined water. The carbonate ore was not desired for charcoal furnace use, and even the gray or partially weathered material was often condemned, On this account, and owing to ease in mining, the stratum was worked only along the outcrop or under shallow cover: hence the main ore body yet remains in the hills. The mining at present is done by stripping with pick and shovel, with plow and scraper, or, where the strata above are hard shales or sandstones, with explosives and scraper. No drift mines are operated in Jackson County for the Upper Mercer ore.

The iron content of the ore compares favorably to that of the siliceous Lake ores, while the phosphorus and manganese are well proportioned for foundry pig. The general character of the Upper Mercer ore is shown by the following analysis, kindly furnished by the Jackson Iron & Steel Co.:

The Star Furnace Company reports the Upper Mercer ore, which is mined on the Scurlock property south of Jackson, to contain from 51.10 to 54.30 per cent, of iron. An analysis of the Upper Mercer ore from the vicinity of Jackson is as follows:*

The Tionesta or No. 3b coal is very unsteady in Jackson County, which is also true of the member in Lawrence and Scioto counties. The bed has sufficient thickness for regular drift mining in only a few localities, and in these the areas are small. The horizon is more often marked by the black carbonaceous shales and the light siliceous clay, that form the roof and floor of the bed, than by coal. The bed is variable in structure also; for in one hill it may be made up of only one coal bench, but in the next this may be broken up into several thin benches, with shales or clays intervening. In southern Jackson County, especially near Monroe Furnace, the deposit is made up of bituminous coal, while on Coal Run, in Milton Township, it is a true cannel coal, yet, where it passes into Vinton County, in the region of the Jackman School, in Richland Township, it is again bituminous in character. Although the member is very persistent, the bed is one of the most variable in character in the lower Coal Measures. The shales and sandstones above the Tionesta coal are usually remarkably fossiliferous, and this feature is a valuable aid in the correlation of this and other members. In Jackson Coimty the member is best developed near Monroe Furnace, in Jefferson Township, and on Coal Run, in Milton, where it has been mined by drifting, although at other places it is mined by stripping for local use.

In the southeastern part of Hamilton Township the blossom of the Tionesta coal is found close to the summit of the main ridge near the Oak Grove School. The horizon is found high on the hills and ridges in western Jefferson, and, owing to the dip eastward, goes under cover near the eastern boundary. In Franklin Township the coal is seldom present, as the interval is largely made up of massive sandstone.

In southern Bloomfield Township the member goes below drainage in the Symmes Creek Valley, and in the northern part along the course of Dickason Run west of Keystone Furnace. The Tionesta coal is found along the main ridges in the eastern half of Lick Township, and the same is true of Coal Township. In Washington Township the western outcrop of the member is marked by thin coal and black shales on the highest knobs and ridges east of the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Railway. In northern Milton Township the bed goes below drainage near the Lincoln School. South of this along Mulga Run it disappears in the hills east of the stream, and on Rich Run the blossom of the coal passes below drainage in the southeastern part of Section 11. On Coal Run the member, here represented by cannel coal, goes under cover just west of the mine of the Mohawk Coal Company. The bed was seen near the road level at the mouth of Buffer Run and near Buckeye Furnace, while south of this it was last observed near the Milton-Bloomfield line.

The interval from the Tionesta coal to the overlying Ferriferous limestone in Jefferson Township varies from 60 to 75 feet. The average interval however is about 60 feet. Much the same conditions were found in eastern Franklin and Lick Townships and in western Bloomfield. In Milton Township, along the courses of Little Raccoon Creek and its tributaries, the interval is considerably shortened, as it varies from 35 to 55 feet, but averages close to 45 feet. From all the measurements made in Jackson County the average interval from the Tionesta coal to the Ferriferous limestone is 55 feet; to the Black Flint siliceous limestone and ore 22 feet, and to the underlying Upper Mercer ore 29 feet.

Jefferson Township. - Near the head of Monroe Hollow, in Section 29, Jefferson Township, the Tionesta coal was formerly mined for railroad shipment, but at present the workings are abandoned, although the productive area is not exhausted. In Section 30, on the property of A. Kelley, the structure of the Tionesta coal in a drift mine is as follows:

!East of Monroe Furnace the Tionesta coal is wanting or thin. Along Lefthand Fork the Tionesta horizon goes under cover near the old Cambria Furnace.

The Tionesta coal is thin or wanting along Black Fork from the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad north. In the exposures noted along Hewitt Run the Tionesta bed was represented at most by only a few inches of coal. North of Hewitt Run, where exposed, the Tionesta coal is represented mainly by the associated black shales, light clay, and sandstone.

Madison Township. - In Madison Township, on land of George Drummonds, in Section 6, the Tionesta coal has been benched in the bed of Black Fork near the road bridge. Mr. Drummonds reports the total thickness of coal and partings about 4 feet.* The aneroid measurement from the coal to the Ferriferoas limestone was 64 feet.

Franklin Township. - In Franklin Township the Tionesta coal is wanting mainly as it is replaced by massive sandstones, but at a few places the black shales that mark the horizon were seen.

Lick Township. - In eastern Lick Township the Tionesta member is better represented, but it seldom thickens to over 1 foot 6 inches. A section measured along the road between sections 35 and 36 and north of the Jackson-Keystone Pike shows the following members:

The rocks exposed along the road in the northeastern part of Section 23 show the following relation of the Tionesta coal to the ore on the Black Flint horijon:

Along the road near the home of George B. Wykle, Section 15, an excellent record was obtained, for it shows all the important members from the Lower Mercer limestone to the ore on the Black Flint horizon. The section shows about the normal intervals separating the various members and is as follows:

Coal Township. - The Tionesta coal is found well towards the summits of the knobs and ridges in the eastern part of Coal Township, but the bed seldom exceeds 1 foot in thickness, while in most of the area it is represented only by the siliceous clay and dark shales. In a small area east of Coalton the member has thickened locally, and has been prospected on land of G. N. House, in Section 3. The structure of the bed is shown in the following section: p^ j^

Washington Township. - In Washington Township the Tionesta coal is found on the. high knobs and ridges as far west as the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Railway. The bed is quite persistent, but at no place was it found sufficiently thick for mining; hence a few sections only will be given in order to illustrate its relations to other members. The upper part of a record taken on land of E. C. Wallace, in Section 23, is as follows: ^^ i^

The Tionesta coal extends northward into Vinton County, and near the Jackman School, in Section 34, Richland Township, the bed has good thickness. The local fuel supply is obtained from it by drift niining. A section taken there is given below in order to show the general character of the member and the interval to the ore on the Black Flint horizon:

Milton Township. - ^In Milton Township the Tionesta coal is very imsteady and variable in character. In most of the area above drainage the bed is thin and bony, but on Coal Run and vicinity it assumes the phase of a cannel coal, and thickens to about 2 feet. The member will be traced southward across the township. Near the mine of the. Minglewood Coal Company, in Section 34, the following measurements were obtained :

The Tionesta coal goes below drainage on Mulga Run near old Lincoln Furnace. In Section 3, north of the mine of the Elk Fork Coal Company, the thin blossom of the Tionesta coal was exposed. West of the abandoned Superior No. 6 mine, in Section 8, the following record shows the general relation of the important members:

Near the mouth of Mulga Run, in Section 10, the Tionesta coal assumes the cannel phase, but measures only 6 inches in thickness. On Rich Run, in Section 11, on land of the Superior Colliery Company, the record given below was obtained:

The cannel coal has been mined on Rich Creek on land of J. W. Phillips, and is reported to be 1 foot 8 inches in thickness. The member was seen on the outcrop at several places, and goes below drainage in the northeastern part of Section 14. The record measured in the

Geology Op Southern Ohio

-Along Coal Run, in the southern part of Section 14, the Tionesta bed, here a hard cannel coal, was worked at one time for railroad shipment, but at present it furnishes only small quantities of fuel for local domestic use. From outcrop indications, there is an area of about two square miles here in which the coal exceeds 1 foot 6 inches in thickness, and, since the original mining was confined to short entry work, only a small part of the total area is exhausted. The coal is a true cannel, hard, lustrous, and moderately pure. The main coal bench usually contains a few inches of bone coal in the upper part, but this is not constant. A section taken on the land of the Superior Colliery Company shows the general structure as follows: p^

The coal of good quality in the lower bench in this locality isjreported to vary from 1 foot 2 inches to 2 feet 6 inches, but to average about 2 feet. The Tionesta coal in this locality lies from 40 to 50 feet below the Clarion coal, and from 20 to 30 feet above the Upper Mercer ore.

The bony part of the mainfcoal benchjis reported to be somewhat thinner in places in the mine.JJln the southeastern part of the section the cannel coal is exposed along the roadside, where the interval to the Clarion measured as follows:

The coal has been stripped for local use and is reported thicker under cover. The blossom of the Tionesta coal was noticed at a few pUices in Section 22, but the surface indications point to the bed being thin and somewhat bony. In Section 21 where observed the member is a bituminous coal, with associated bone and highly carbonaceous shales. Along Little Raccoon Creek south of Buckeye Furnace, the Tionesta member is represented by a thin coal bed, seldom over a few inches in thickness, and by black carbonaceous shale. It goes below drainage a short distance south of the Milton-Bloomfield line.

Bloomfield Township. - The Tionesta coal is well above drainage in western Bloomfield Township along the upper course of Dickason Bun, but it seldom thickens suflBiciently for mining, even hy stripping.

The Tionesta coal adds but little to the fuel wealth of Jackson County, as the known productive areas above drainage are confined to a few sections in southwestern Jefferson Township and to the small field on Coal Run, and in its vicinity in Milton Township. In the former locality the bed has good thickness, and the mining conditions are excellent, as the roof is a tough shale, while the floor is either a siliceous clay or an argillaceous sandstone. In this locality the member is usually made up of two or more coal benches, separated by shales or bone coals. The coal in the main benches is an oily free-burning fuel, moderately low in sulphur and ash, thus serving well for general domestic purposes.

In the Coal Run field the Tionesta member is made up of two coal benches, separated by a foot or more of clay shale, which in places contains thin coal layers. The upper bench, usually from 4 to 6 inches in thickness, is part ca^nel and part bituminous coal. The lower bench, which is the main coal block, varies in thickness from 1 foot to 2 feet 6 inches. The upper few inches of this bench are usually bony, and in places a few inches of bone coal are also found in the lower part. The shales above are quite tough; hence they form a good roof for mining, while the floor materials are siliceous clays or clay shales. In mining the coal the cutting is done in the bituminous part of the upper bench or in the clay shale partings, then the lower bench is loosened by wedging or shooting. The coal in the lower bench is broken into blocks by vertical joint planes, which thus aid in its mining. The bone coal][is][then split off, and either thrown back in the mine or kept separate from the good coal. The coal bums freely, with a luminous clear blaze, and compares favorably with the average cannel coal on the market with regard to ash and sulphur constituents. It bums to a light powdery ash that does not clinker, to any considerable extent, under ordinary conditions. An analysis of the coal shows the following composition:^

The Tionesta clay is well developed over a much larger area than the coal, but the best of this is confined to southern Jefferson Township. The deposit varies in thickness from 1 to as much as 15 feet, but it has an average thickness of 6 or 6 feet. The stratum is everywhere siliceous in character. It varies from a sandy clay in the upper part to a ganister, or a fine-grained clay-bond sandstone in the lower, both of which are light-colored, and quite free from detrimental fluxing materials. The deposit is of value for ceramic purposes, as the clay is suitable for building and second-grade fire brick, for stoneware, and for sewer pipe. The ganister may be utilized for refractory ware where an acid material is desired. If the clay is mined in conjunction with the coal, the cost of winning each is considerably lowered. In some localities the coal bed is suflSciently thick to furnish fuel for the complete manufacture of several feet of clay, or ganister into ware. The value of the clay or coaly considered alone, is small, but the utilization of both would make the interval economically important. \

Homewood Or Tionesta Sandstone

The next member in ascending order is the Homewood or Tionesta sandstone, which forms the upper bed of the Pottsville formation. The sandstone above the Tionesta coal in Jackson County is very unsteady and variable in thickness. In many localities the interval between the Tionesta and Brookville coals is made up of shales, or of shales with irregular sandstone layers, while in other areas the interval from the former bed to the Clarion coal is composed of massive sandstone with no apparent break or line of separation. At other places in this interval there may be several sandstone strata separated by shales, or by shales and thin coals, but with no mark of distinction sufficiently clear to place with any degree of certainty the line separating the Homewood sandstone below from the Hecla member above. The Homewood sandstone is not a special feature of the stratigraphy of Jackson County.

Along the outcrop the Homewood sandstone is usually stained yellow with iron compounds, and also shows more or less clay material. In general it is too impure for glass sand, but in some localities, especially imder heavy cover, the stone by proper crushing and washing may produce a sand of fair quality. It is too soft and fragile for building stone or road ballast. The Homewood sandstone does not add materially to the mineral wealth of the county.

Black Flint Horizon

Closely associated with the Brookville coal, in parts of Jackson and Vinton counties, there are found deposits of black flint, calcareous shales and kidney ores. When both the flint and coal are present the former lies just below the coal. This condition is found in certain localities in northern Jackson and southern Vinton coimties, but the flint is much less persistent than the coal. East of Coalton and Jackson the flint and coal are seldom present, but a kidney ore is found which marks the horizon, and which has been mined for the charcoal and coke furnaces. The flint and calcareous shales are fossiliferous, but no specimens were observed in the few exposures of ore examined. The fossils have not been studied; so their bearing on the position of the bed is not known.

interval from the Tionesta to the Brookville coals, and are directly related to the black flint and to the ore found just below it. The thickness of the fossiliferous shales is 6 feet at Monrpe Furnace; 2 or 3 feet at Cambria Furnace; 14 feet in Section 23, Lick Township; 6 feet in Section 3, Coal Township; 4 feet in Section 8, Bloomfield Township, and 10 feet in Section 23, Washington Township. The beds were seen at other places also. This fossil zone is quite persistent, and is thus a valuable aid in determining the stratigraphic relations of the thin coals in the upper part of the Pottsville and the lower part of the Allegheny formations. The fossils are of marine origin, very abundant, and quite well preserved, hence the beds afford rare opportunities for collecting the fauna that flourished during the latter part of Pottsville time. These beds extend southward into Scioto and Lawrence counties and northward into Vinton. In the latter, near the Jackman School, in Section 34, Richland Township, the fossil zone is several feet in thickness, and the fossils are easily obtained from the shales; further, the Tionesta coal has good volume. In general the types represented are those characteristic of the Mercer limestones below.

The shales, and especially the shaly sandstones, are quite calcareous, and in some localities, when unweathered, have the general appearance of impure limestone, and in fact may be taken for such. The calcium carbonate, in a sample taken from above the coal where opened on the G. N. House property, in Section 3, Coal Township, and analyzed by Paul Overmeyer, was 34 per cent. In a general way these beds represent similar conditions to those that existed during the deposition of the Lower and Upper Mercer limestones below. They are directly related to the black flint, which appears to represent the final deposit. The fossils and percentage of calcium carbonate indicate conditions favorable for Umestone formation, but which were modified by the high rate of deposition, of clastic sediments, so the resultant products were calcareous shales and sandstones. They show a shallow water stage at the close of the swamp period during which the Tionesta coal was laid down, and the relation of coal to calcareous shales and sandstones here agrees in a general way with that existing between the Clarion coal and Ferriferous limestone, or the Wilgus coal and Cambridge limestone.

Owing to their relations to the Tionesta and Brookville coals, the fossiliferous shales, kidney ores, and black flint are here placed in the Pottsville formation with some degree of confidence. In this report the flint and ore on the horizon described are designated Black Flint, in order that the deposits may be followed without confusion. This term is not to be considered the true name of the member in the geological nomenclature of -Ohio rocks, for the correlation of the flint and ore with well recognized members in central Ohio has not been established. However, this work is being done by Clara G. Mark.

The interval of the flint and ores from the Ferriferous limestone above varies from 15 to 55 feet, but it is on the average about 31 feet, while the interval to the Tionesta coal below is approximately 21 feet, although it varies from 10 to 35 feet.

The fossiliferous shales, kidney ores, and black flint on this general horizon, or in the interval from the Tionesta to the Brookville coals, will be traced across the county in order to show their extent and relations to other beds in the Pottsville and in the Allegheny formations.

The coal found 4 feet below the calcareous, fossiliferous sandstone in the above section is the Tionesta. These fossiliferous shales are also exposed south of this in Slab Hollow. In Section 30, on the property of A. Kelley, these highly fossiliferous shales are also found only a short interval above the Tionesta coal. Near old Cambria Furnace, in Section 36, this bed of fossiliferous shale, with layers of ore above, are exposed along the bed of Lefthand Fork.

Lick Township. - In the southern part of Jackson County the horizon of the black flint and ore is generally taken by heavy sandstones, but even in the few localities where shales were present neither the flint nor the ore was seen. The ore appears in the eastern part of Lici: Township, where it has been mined for both the charcoal and coke furnaces. The bed here is fairly persistent and has good thickness for a native ore. The following measurements were made of the rocks exposed along the road north of the Jackson-Keystone pike and along the line of sections 35 and 36:

A section measured from the Globe shaft, in Section 28, to the hill north, shows the interval from the Sharon coal to the ore on the Black Flint horizon. The section as recorded is as follows:

By adding to this the thickness of the Sharon conglomerate which lies below, the total thickness of the Potts ville formation is obtained. A carefully measured section which shows the important members between the ore on the Black Flint horizon and the Lower Mercer limestone was obtained on land of George B. Wykle, in Section 24. The record follows:

This ore which is quite persistent in eastern Lick Township was mined at many places. The member varies in thickness and structure for it is often broken into two or more layers with shales intervening. The flint was not seen in this township, but a thin coal bed varying from a few inches to one foot or more in thickness was noticed in a few localities. The coal here lies from 5 to 15 feet above the ore, but is probably correlative with the coal above the flint in northern Jackson and southern Vinton counties.

Coal Township. - The flint as well as the ore is present in a few places in the southern part of Coal Township, although both are rather unsteady. A section taken on land of G. N. House, in Section 3, shows the following relations:

On land of J. J. Bennett, in the central part of Section 3, loose pieces of black flint were observed on the summit of the high ridge, but the bed was not exposed for measurement. Along the ridge south of this the ore has been mined by stripping. In the northern part of the township the ore has been mined in a few localities, but no records were obtained.

Washington Township. - In Washington Township both flint and ore are present, but the Brookville coal above was not seen. A section embracing practically the entire thickness of the Pottsville was obtained from Glen Nell to the hill near the Town House, in Section 21, where the Black Flint is exposed. The record follows:

Here the interval from the Sharon coal to the Black Flint is 273 feet, while at the Globe shaft the interval from the coal to the ore on the Black Flint horizon is 265 feet.

The Black Flint is exposed in the road in Section 22 just north of the Town House. Here it is quite fossiliferous and affords good collecting. It was also observed on the knob near the forks of the road. In Section 23, on the E. C. Wallace property, the ore has been mined by stripping. The upper part of a section obtained there follows:

Weathered flint and calcareous shales were seen on the summit of the high knob on land of Michael O'Brien, in Section 15, and the' blossom of the Tionesta coal was exposed about 20 feet below. The flint is also present on the summit of the knob on the Richland Furnace land, in the eastern part of Section 9, but it was not exposed suflSciently for meajsurement.

Richland Township, Vinton County. - The flint thickens northward where it passes into Vinton County; hence a few sections will be given from Richland and Clinton townships. The following rocks

Near the Jackman School, in Section 34, the ore was minetl by stripping for the charcoal furnaces, and the Tionesta coal below, which has excellent volume, is mined for local use. The section obtained follows:

Clinton Township, Vinton County. - In Clinton Township, cast of Hamden, the Black Flint with the Brookville coal above is also found in some localities. In Section 23, Clinton Township, on the Tarr farnr>, the folIo^ving relations were found:

Milton Township, Jackson County. - The calcareous shales and black flint are found in a few localities in the northern part of Milton ToWnship, while the Brookville coal is fairly persistent. The section obtained at the mines of the Minglewood Coal Company, in Section 34, Milton To\^Tiship, shows the stratigraphic relation found here for the Black Flint and the Brookville, Clarion and Tionesta coals. The record obtained follows:

From surface exposures noted south of Mulga Run near Lincoln Furnace, the flint passes into calcareous shales and these become wanting, while farther south the ore appears, but it is quite unsteady, as the interval is usually made up of massive sandstones. The member is not well represented in southern Milton To\^Tiship, but the Brookville coal is occasionally seen.

Bloomfield Township. - While the ore on the Black Flint horizon is rather persistent in northwestern Bloomfield Township, where it was formerly mined by stripping for the charcoal furnaces, the flint was not observed, and the Brookville coal above is poorly represented. Ejtst of Ridgeland, in Section 8, Bloomfield Township, on land of Albert W. Lackey, the ores on the Black Flint and Upper Mercer horizons have been mined, and flinty Ferriferous limestone was seen on the hill above. The ore on the Black Flint horizon is reported to vary from 4 to 10 inches in thickness, and to average about 8 inches. In the western part of the same section, on the lands of Harriet A. and W. L. Burris, the ore, formerly mined quite extensively by stripping is reported to vary from 3 to 15 inches in thickness, and to average about 10 inches. The Tionesta and Upper Mercer coals are exposed below the ore and the latter is mined for local use. The section taken is given below :

The flint and calcareous shales on the Black Flint horizon have no practical valup, but are of interest mainly for their stratigraphic relation to the Brookville coal and for the fauna represented, which at present has been but little studied. The ore is of some economic value as the bed furnished a part of the ore supply for the charcoal furnaces originally in operation in the Jackson and Wellston regions, and it has also jcontributed some ore for the present coke furnaces. In thickness the bed varies from a few inches to 2 feet, but averages about 8 or 10 inches. In some localities the member is divided into tWo or even three ore benches, separated by shales, but in most of the area only one bench is present. Along the outcrop, where the bed has been affected by weathering, the ore belongs to the hydrated oxide type, but under heavy cover it is a carbonate of the usual gray or bluishgray color. The weathered ore, which is soft, smelted readily in the charcoal furnaces. The ore has been mined entirely by stripping along the outcrop; hence the main ore body has scarcely been touched. Since the introduction of the Lake ores the native ores have been neglected, although they may be used to good advantage for the siliceous part of the burden. The ore is not of wide extent as the bed is confined mainly to northeastern Franklin, northwestern Bloomfield, eastern Lick, and western Milton townships, although it has also been mined at a few places in eastern Coal and Washington townships. An analysis of the "kidney ore" from the Black Flint horizon is as follows:^

The Allegheny formation is composed of the rock strata in the interval, beginning with the Brookville coal and ending with the Upper Freeport. The materials are coals, clays, shales, sandstones, iron ores, , and limestones. At present it is the most valuable formation in Jackson County. The twelve or more charcoal furnaces, during their period of iron making, and the later stone, coal, and coke furnaces for some years drew part or all of their supply of ore and limestone from this formation. It vet furnishes some limestone and ore for metallurgical purposes. The Allegheny clays are the basis of the important brick industry at Oak Hill, which has been very successfully carried on for many years. The coals are an important aid in maintaining the manufacturing industries of the county, as well as in affording a revenue from outside sources through shipment. The formation is found in Jefiferson, Madison, eastern Franklin, Bloomfield, eastern Lick, Milton, eastern Coal, and eastern Washington' townships. The members will be taken up in order, beginning with the lowest.

Brookville Coal

The Brook ville is the lowest deposit of coal in the Allegheny formation. The bed in Jackson County is very unsteady, and, at present, is of importance only in the northern part of Milton Township. As it passes northward into Vinton Coxmty the member thickens, and is mined in a number of localities. South of Jackson County in Scioto and Lawrence, the Brookville coal is wanting or thin. It was occasionally observed along the Pine Creek Valley, and was last seen in the road tunnel north of Ironton where the bed measured 1 foot in thickness.

The Brookville coal is wanting or poorly represented in Jefiferson, Madison, Franklin, western Bloomfield, Lick, and Coal townships. A shaly blossom of coal was observed on the Black Flint horizon at a few places on the main ridges in the northern part of Washington Township. North of this in Richlaird Township, Vinton County, the bed thickens and becomes more steady. Along the road in the northeastern part of Section 32, Richland Township, the relations observed are as follows:

East of Hamden Furnace, in Clinton Township, Vinton County, the Brookville coal is mined for a part of the local domestic supply. On the Tarr farm, in Section 32, the following measurements were obtained :

The upper bench of coal here is reported to vary in thickness from 1 foot 6 inches to 2 feet, while the expansion of the interval from the Ferriferous limestone to the coal is reported to be from 18 to 30 feet.

Passing eastward from here the interval thins, until near Oreton, in Section 33, Vinton Township, the Brookville and Clarion coals are separated by only a few feet of shales. The following measurements 'were taken at the tunnel of the Hocking .Valley Railway in the northeastern part of Section 33:

In northern Milton Township, Jackson County, the Brookville coal is quite persistent, but variable in thickness. On the land of the C. K. Davis Coal Company, Section 35, the following relations between the Lower Kittanning, Clarion, and Brookville coals were obtained:

The Minglewood Coal Company is mining the Brookville coal for railroad shipment in Section 34. The structure of the bed, and its relation to the overlying Clarion coal, is shown in the following section made at the mines:

On the land of Hiram Walton, in Section 33, Milton Township, the blossom of the Brookville coal was again exposed, and the measurement is given below:

On the ridge east of the No. 12 mine of the Superior Colliery Company, both the Brookville and Clarion coals were exposed on the outcrop. The section measured there follows:

In Section 32, on the ridge east of the mine of the Domestic Coal Company, both the Brookville and Clarion coals were again exposed for measurement, and the record obtained is given below:

The Brookville coal is poorly represented south of Mulga Run and along the valley of Little Raccoon Creek, for in much of the area it is completelly replaced by massive sandstones. Along the road in Section 11, on Rich Creek, the thin blossom was seen, and its position with regard to the Clarion coal above is shown in the section given below:

Since the horizon of the Brookville coal in most of Bloomfield Township is taken by massive sandstones but little evidence of this member was noted. At a few places, however, thin layers of impure

The Brookville coal, although it cannot be considered an important addition to the mineral wealth of the county, is at present an asset of some value, and in the future the member may be of more worth for the bed in local areas in northern Milton Township has sufficient thickness for ease in mining. From surface indications the productive area is small, not exceeding 3 square miles, and it may be considerably less, as the bed is unsteady. The mining conditions are reasonably goody as the roof is a shale with moderate toughness, or a sandstone with massive development. In some places between the coal and sandstone there is a "draw slate'' which is dangerous, or which causes additional expense if removed. The deposit is usually divided into two coal benches with a thin clay parting intervening. Often a third bench is present which is separated from those above by hard calcareous shales. The two upper benches together vary in thickness from 2 to 3 feet, but average about 2 feet 6 inches.

The Brookville coal belongs to the high volatile, free burning class but has goo4 heating value. It is well liked for domestic, steaming, and other general purposes. The coal is bright and has a good appearance when prepared for the market, but it is somewhat tender thus causing some loss in shipment. The sulphur and ash of the Brookville compare favorably to that of the average market coal, and no troublesome clinker is reported to be produced in the burning of the fuel.

An analysis of the upper bench of the Brookville coal from the mine of the Minglewood Coal Company, in Section 34, Milton Township, shows the general character of the bed. The analytical work was done by Professor E. E. Somermeier, and the results recorded below: pick mine with mule power for hauling. Small quantities of coal for domestic use are also mined by stripping. As the thicker beds become exhausted this deposit will be more largely used.

Clarion Ob Hecla Sandstone

The Clarion member is the massive sandstone that lies below the Clarion coal, and, with few exceptions, is present wherever the latter is found. The division between this and the Homewood sandstone below, especially in the southern part of the county, is hard to determine, as the two appear to be one continuous bed without a break in deposition or a line of disconf ormity.

In some localities the stone in the upper part of the deposit is light-colored, quite free from iron oxides and mica, and it has clay for the bonding material. It is a medium grade ganister which was used in lining many of the charcoal furnaces during their periods of operation. At present it is used in lining Jefferson, the one remaining charcoal furnace in this state. A measurement of the strata in the quarry on the Jefferson Iron Company ^s land. Section 15, Jefferson ToWnship, is as follows:

The sandstone usually contains too much clay for its utilization as a glass sand, but, where properly crushed and prepared, it should 3deld sand well fitted for moulding purposes. The chemical quality of the Clarion sandstone is shown by the following analysis of a sample taken from the quarry of the Jefferson Iron Company west of Mount Horeb Church:*

*H. B. Henderson and W. Stout, The Utilization of Ohio Clay-bonded Sandstones for Silica Brick Manufacture, Transactions of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. XXI.

A. - ClfirioD sandstone at the quarry of the JeSerson Iron Compaoy west of Oak Hill. This stone has been used for many years in relining the stack, and it was largely used for this purpose by most of the charcoal furnaces in southern Ohio.

Canary Ore

This iron ore was not found well defined in Jackson County, but it has been worked in a few localities in Lawrence. Its position is a fevr feet below the Clarion coal or near the base of the clay.

The position of the Clarion or No. 4a coal is either directly below the Ferriferous limestone, or it is separated from it by only a few feet of shales. The average interval from the Clarion coal to the Lower Kittanning is about 25 feet, but varies from 16 to 50 feet. The Clarion coal is found in parts of Hamilton, Franklin, and Lick townships, but is best represented in Madison, Bloomfield, and Milton townships.

Hamilton Township. - The Clarion coal just touches Hamilton Township. It is found near the summit of the main ridge in the southeastern corner of Section 36, but as the cover is shallow the coal is of little value.

Jefferson Township. - In Jefferson Township this member is represented in every section excepting the nine sections in the northwestern part. Along the main ridge and spurs from Section 31 to Mt. Horeb Church, Section 15, the bed is present, but, as the cover is shallow, the coal is mor^ or less rotten. In Section 31, on land of Herman Geikci where the deposit is mined, the thickness reported for coal and partings is 3 feet 6 inches. The blossom of the Clarion coal exposed in the road in the southeastern part of Section 22 is as follows:

In Section 16, on the property of Andrew Leonard, the structure of the bed observed where the coal was being mined by stripping is as given below:

East of Black Fork in Jefferson Township the Clarion coal has more cover; hence it is of good quality. In Section 13, on the land of T. J. Davis, the structure of the bed in the mine of the Jackson Coal Company is as follows:

At the mines of the Washington Coal Company, Section 34, Jefiferson 'I'ownship, the structure of the Clarion coal and its relations to other iraportant members are noted in the record given below:

Madison Township. - One of the most valuable parts of the Clarion coal field in Jackson County is in the western half of Madison Township. Along the western boundary of the township the coal is found about half way up the hills, but on account of the dip eastward the bed passes under cover near the middle part of the township. In Section 6, on land of Margaret Evans, the relations of the coal benches are as follows:

In the eastern part of this section the Clarion coal is also mined on the farm of John D. Jones, where the thickness of the coal and of the overlying limestone and ore are about the same as shown in the above record. The bed, however, where it passes from view in the western part of Section 4, is somewhat broken; hence good volume and steadiness east of this under cover is doubtful. This view is also warranted by the condition of the deposit along Black Fork Creek in northern Greenfield Township, Gallia County, where, the coal is seldom present in force. The member has good thickness in sections 31 and 32, but its condition in sections 33, 34, 35, and 36 is not known, as the bed is below drainage level. One mile southeast of Oak Hill on land of Thomas, Williams, Section 30, the Clarion coal has the following structure:

At the mines of the Etna Fire Brick Company the mine foreman reports the coal and partings to be about 4 feet in thickness, or about the same as noted in the above record. In Section 29 the Clarion coal is rather steady, but the Ferriferous limestone is often replaced by sandstones. The following section, taken on the land of J. D. Patterson, shows this condition:

Adjacent outcrop conditions indicate that the Clarion coal is patchy in sections 28, 27, 26, and 25. In Section 19, on the property of Arizona E. and Myrta L. Evans, the following section was obtained:

The Clarion coal is generally present where the member is exposed in sections 20, 21, and 22, but in local areas the overlying sandstone has replaced both limestone and coal. It is below drainage in sections 23 and 24. The areas of Clarion coal are small in Section 18, as the bed lies near the summits of the hills, but the coal is present where due. The member is also steady in Section 17, where the following composite record was obtained at the mines of the Pyro Clay Products Company:

At the mines of the Elkhom Coal Company, in the northwestern comer of Section 16, the Clarion coal has the following structure and relations:

In this mine the upper bench of coal varies from 1 foot 3 inches to 1 foot 6 inches in thickness, but the other benches are quite regular. The Clarion coal has good volume where it is exposed near drainage level east of Moriah Church. As it passes from 'view in the western part of Section 15, its condition in section 14 and 13 is not known. In Section 7, on the land of F. H. Quick, the Ferriferous limestone in places is thin or wanting, and often the ore lies directly on the Clarion coal. A section taken follows:

In restricted areas in this locality the massive sandstone replaces the limestone and coal completely, while at other places the coal and limestone, may be present in their full thickness. In the above section the upper bench of coal is thus replaced by the sandstone. The coal is below cover in sections 10, 11, and 12. The strata exposed a.ong the road south of Zoar Church, in Section 6, gave the following measurements:

The Clarion coal was formerly worked on land of Evan Williams, in Section 6, Madison Township, and the Lower Kittanning is opened at present on the property of John W. Evans, Section 31, Bloomfield. A composite section is given below:

Mr. Evans reports that the sandstone above cuts out in places both the Ferriferous limestone and the upper bench of the Clarion coal. Near Madison Furnace, in Section 5, the structure of the Clarion coal is shown in the following record:

The Clarion coal is quite steady and has good volume in Section 4, but east of this in Section 3, where it passes below drainage, the bed is patchy and often thin.

Franklin Township. - In Franklin Township the Clarion coal and clay are found near the summits of the ridges aifd spurs in sections 23; 24, 25, 26, 35, and 36, in the southeastern part, and a small area in sections 1 and 2, in the northeastern part. The following structure of the coal was observed in a mine on the land of Albert Evans, in the northeastern part of Section 36:

Bloomfield Township. - The Clarion coal and clay horizon in westem Bloomfield Township is found well towards the summits of the hills, but the dip eastward throws the members under cover in the valley of Little Raccoon Creek. In Section 31 the Clarion coal is somewhat unsteady, for in places the massive sandstone above replaces the Ferriferous limestone and the upper bench of coal. The coal is practically wanting in sections 30 and 19, for the bed has been removed through the erosive agencies of the old ^reglacial river. At old Limestone Furnace, in Section 32, the Clarion coal was formerly mined for railroad shipment. The bed here has excellent thickness, and in only a small part of the area is exhausted. The record obtained and given below shows the following general relations:

The Clarion coal is rather steady where it disappears from view in the western parts of sections 28 and 33. It is below cover in sections 34, 35, 36, 25, 26, and 27; hence its condition in this area is not definitely known, but from outcrop conditions to the north of this the bed is regarded patchy. Both the Clarion coal and Ferriferous limestone are generally found in normal development in Section 20, where the following record was obtained, on the land of the Southern Ohio Portland Cement Company:

The Clarion coal is patchy in sections 21, 22, 23, and 24, as it is locally replaced by massive sandstones. In Section 17 the member is quite regular and has normal volume, as shown by the following record obtained on the land of George Scurlock :

Geology Op Southern Ohic

Both coal and limestone have excellent volume in Section 15, where the record given below was obtained, on the land of Taylor Munyon, and was duplicated also on that of William Arthur:

West of the above in sections 14 and 13 the coal is somewhat unsteady. Only small isolated patches of coal are found on the summits of the high knobs in sections 18, 7, and 6, while in sections 5 and 8 the coal areas are somewhat larger, but the cover is generally shallow; hence the coal is rotten. In Section 9 the Clarion coal was formerly worked for railroad shipment. The bed at the mme of George Eagle has the following structure:

In Section 4 the area is large, but the bed is somewhat unsteady, as in places it is partially replaced by the heavy sandstone above. In Section 3 the Clarion coal has good volume and is quite regular, for the Ferriferous limestone above is generally present. A section taken on land of Anna Dillinger shows the structure and thickness of the bed as follows:

In this section, on land of the Superior Colliery Company, the the same general relations were found. In sections 2 and 11 the bed normally has good volume, but it is occasionally partially replaced by the heavy overlying sandstone, and this condition is also found in sections 1 and 12. On land of James Davis, in Section 1, the record given below shows the relation of the massive sandstone, which here has replaced the Ferriferous limestone, to the Clarion coal below:

The massive sandstone above often partially, and in some localities completely, replaces the Clarion coal. Another measurement obtained on land of the McKeldon Mining Company shows much the same relation.

Lick Township. - The Clarion coal is present only in the eastern part of Lick Township. Small isolated patches of coal are found on the high ridges and hills in sections 36, 35, 25, 26, 24, 23, 13, and 14, but the cover is shallow, and the coal of little value. In Section 36, on the land of James and William McDaniel, coal is mined for local use. The structure of the Clarion bed here is shown in the section given below:

Coal Township. - ^In Coal Township the Clarion coal is present on the high hills in sections 11 and 12, but the bed is partially replaced by the sandstone above. The deposits are of no value. The coal was not found in Washington Township.

western part, but the dip eastward carries it below drainage near the eastern boundary. The bed is quite persistent, although in some localities the massive sandstone above has not only replaced the limestone, but also a part or all of the coal. The coal is wanting in Section 31, and only small areas are present in sections 30 and 32. It was formerly mined for railroad shipment in Section 29, and is mined at present for local use near Latrobe Furnace. A section obtained on the land of the McKeldon Mining Company, and given below, shows the general character of the bed:

In sections 27, 28, 33, and 34 the Clarion coal is somewhat unsteady, for in local areas the bed is partially or completely replaced by the sandstone above. This condition was also found in sections 25, 26 35, and 36. Where the limestone is present the coal is normal, but where this is replaced by the sandstone the character of the coal bed below is uncertain. The following record was measured in Section 26 along the road that leads to the ridge west of Little Raccoon Creek and near Buckeye Furnace:

On Greasy Run, in Section 36, on the land of the Superior Colliery Company, the Ferriferous limestone is generally well developed, and the Clarion coal below has good volume. A section taken here is as given below:

Along Buffer Run, in Section 24, the Clarion coal is quite steady, for the limestone above is generally present. In Section 13, at mine No. 10 of the Superior Colliery Company, where the Clarion coal goes

In Section 14 the Clarion coal is unsteady, but where present it usually has good thickness. This is also true of the member in Sectrion 23. The following section, which was measured on the land of the Superior Colliery Company, shows the general character of the bed -when normal:

Near by the Clarion coal is completely replaced by the sandstone above. The unsteady character of the Clarion bed is shown by the following record, taken on land of J. W. O'Neill, in the same section:

On the ridges in Section 22 the Ferriferous limestone is usually present, and the coal below has good thickness. In Section 21 the coal areas are small and the cover shallow. Along the main ridge in Section 16 the Clarion coal is mined in several places for local domestic use.' On the J. H. 'Scuirlock property the structure of the bed noted is given in the section below:

In Section 17 the Clarion bed 'furnishes a part of the local fuel supply and is well developed. A section taken on land of V. A. Pettinger is given below:

The Clarion coal has good volume also in Section 20, but no measurements were obtained. In Section 19 the coal area is small, on account of the erosion of the preglacial river. In Section 18, north of Berlin, small quantities of fuel are mined for local use, and a section obtained shows the following structure of the bed:

In Section 6 the Clarion coal is wanting, and in Section 7 it is found in the southeastern corner. In Section 5, on land of James L. Johnson, the coal is mined for local use, and the measurements obtained follow :

In sections 4 and 9 the coal areas are small, but the bed is worked for local use. In the latter section, on the Jacob L. Tucker property, the rocks exposed at a mine are as given below:

The Clarion coal is again unsteady in Section 10, but in some localities has about its normal thickness. On the hill just east of the mouth of Mulga Run the bed near the outcrop measured as follows:

North of this the Clarion was seen represented only by finger coal in the massive sandstones. The member is again normally developed on the land of Adam Phillips, in Section 3, where the following measurements were taken:

A composite section taken along the road from Rich Run to Unipn School, on the hill north, shows the general relations of the Allegheny coals, and the measurements made are given below:

East of Mulga Run, in Section 2, on the land of the Superior Colliery Company, where opened for local use, the bed shows the following structure:

The Clarion coal is below drainage in Section 1, but it has been worked for railroad shipment in Section 36. On land of the Geneva Coal and Mining Company the following measurements were obtained:

The Geneva Coal and Mining Company also mined the Clarion coal for railroad shipment in Section 35. The structure of the bed where measured is as given below:

The above sections illustrate the great irregularity of the shales between the Clarion coal and Ferriferous limestone. The limestone may Ijie directly oin the coal or it may be separated from it by 8 or more feet of intervening shales. The changes here are very sudden and the coal is subject to dips and rolls, which are troublesome in mining. In the same section on the land of C. K. Davis the Clarion coal was also exposed for measurement, and the record obtained follows:

The Clarion coal has normal thickness in Section 33, and the bed is persistent, but in Section 32 the heavy sandstone above has replaced the upper bench of coal.

Under heavy cover in eastern Milton Township it seems quite probable that the Clarion coal has its normal development and is generally steady, for it is well represented along Raccoon Creek in Vinton County. The general structure of the bed in this region is illustrated by the following section taken on the land of Frank Stanton, in Section 28, Wilkesville Township, Vinton County: p^ j^^

Normally the Clarion coal is made up of three main coal benches separated by partings. The average structure of the bed in Jackson Coimty is as follows: p^ j^

Occasionally one or two thin coal benches are found below the 1 foot layer, but these are usually bony and of no value. In a few localities the upper bench is wanting as it is replaced by a heavy sandstone, while at other places it was seen either rotten or replaced by a mixture of shales and coal. The maximum thickness found for this bench was 1 foot 9 inches. The clay or clay shale parting below this bench varies from 4 to 10 inches, but averages about 7 inches in thickness. It is usually rather soft in character and is used as a means of attack in mining the coal. The middle bench which averages 1 foot 4 inches in thickness varies from 1 foot to 1 foot 10 inches. It is separated from the lower bench by a thin parting varying from onehalf to 2 inches in thickness. This parting is made up of clay or shale with layers or nodules of pyrite or marcasite which often constitute the bulk of the stratum. The lower bench varies from 6 to 16 inches in thickness, but the normal measurement is close to 12 inches.

The total area of the Clarion coal field in Jackson County approximates closely 75 square miles, which exceeds the combined areas of the known Sharon and Quakertown fields, for the area of the former is about 25 square miles while that of the latter is nearly 40. Although subject to some wants and to some thinning by the sandstone above the bed is more uniform in thickness than either the Sharon or Quakertown aiid far more persistent than the former. The Clarion coal is usually solid close to the outcrop, for the limestone and hard fissile shales above afford some protection from the agencies of weathering. This coal has been worked in a large way in only a few localities, and where mined for local use, the bed has been attacked only along the outcrop; consequently the main coal body is yet untouched, and it forms the valuable reserve fuel supply of the county. When the known areas, in which the coal is wanting, the parts exhausted by mining, and the crop borders are subtracted, the area of the field in which the coal is expected.will reach at least 40 square miles. The average thickness of the coal alone in the bed in Jackson County is 3 feet 7 inches, and the specific gravity is 1.34. Computing from these, the total yield per acre is about 6,536 tons of 2,000. pounds each. If 60 per cent only is available in mining the yield is 3,922 tons per acre or 2,510,080 tons per square mile. All things considered the Clarion is the most valuable coal bed in Jackson County and assures an ample supply of fuel for many years after the Quakertown and Sharon coals have been exhausted.

Small tracts of Clarion coal were formerly worked near Kitchen, Section 32, Madison Township, and at Limestone, Section 32, Bloomfield Township, for railroad shipment. These mines were abandoned and have fallen in. The Jackson Coal Company operates a small mine just west of Oak Hill for coaling engines on the Portsmouth branch of the Baltimore and Ohio Southwestern railroad. On an average, 16 men are employed and the daily output is about 50 tons. The Washington Coal Company near Monroe mines the Clarion coal for railroad shipment and also shoots down from 4 to 5 feet of the limestone above, which is crushed and sold for furnace flux, road ballast, and other purposes.

Mines are operated at present by George Eagle, in Section 9, Bloomfield Township, for railroad shipment. Although worked for several years the territory is far from being exhausted. On Rich Run, in sections 12 and 13, Milton Township, the Superior Colliery Company has a railroad mine, which is now in operation. Near Lincoln Furnace, in sections 2, 35, and 36, the Clarion coal was formerly worked in several mines, but these are abandoned or idle at present (1916). It was also worked for railroad shipment in Section 3. More or less coal for local domestic supplies is drawn from this member along its entire outcrop in Jackson County, but as a whole the field has scarcely been touched.

The Ferriferous limestone, which is present, with few exceptions, in the southern half of the Clarion coal field, forms the roof, and either a siliceous clay or a sandstone forms the floor of the bed. Under shallow cover, or where the weathering has been severe, the limestone may be separated into blocks, with mud seams between, varying from an inch to 2 feet or more in width, w^hich condition makes the mining somewhat dangerous, but this seldom extends far under cover. In a few localities, and there along the outcrop especially, the upper coal bench is partially or completely decayed, and the space filled with a soft muddy material, which is made up of the rotten coal with weathered shale that has been carried by the water from above the limestone through the joint planes. Uiider this condition the mining of the coal is both costly and dangerous. Where neither coal nor limestone have been modified by weathering, the mining conditions are very safe and good.

In the northern part of the field a hard fissile shale is found directly above the coal. This varies in thickness, from a few inches to 3 feet, but usually it measures from 1 to 2 feet. Above this in local areas from 1 to 6 feet of gray shales are present. The next rocks encou;ntered above the shales are either. Ferriferous limestone and ore, or the massive sandstones which often replace these members. Either the shale, limestone, or sandstone forms an excellent roof, so that the mining conditions are quite safe; hence the yield of the bed should be high, at least 80 per cent. The floor is either a siliceous clay or a sandstone, both of which are well able to bear the weight of the overburden. The two partings in the deposit are objectionable. The upper parting of clay or shale, about 7 inches in thickness, will produce about 800 pounds of material per square yard, which must be removed from the mine or thrown back in the rooms. Also, in mining, more or less of this material becomes mixed with the coal, which thus impairs its value. The lower parting, seldom over 2 inches in thickness, is especially objectionable. It is made up of clay or shale, with nodules and bands of pyrite or marcasite. If care is not used in separating this material the sulphur content of the coal, which normally is high, is excessive, often being more than doubled in amount.

The sandy clay or argillaceous sandstone floor of the bed is sufficiently solid to hold the posts and coal blocks left for the roof supports. The character of the material makes the digging of drains, when this is required, somewhat costly. The coal is quite uniform in thickness, and it shows but few rolls or dips, so that when the mine is driven with the general rise of the strata little difficulty is experienced in draining.

The average thickness of coal and partings is more than 4 feet, which is ample for ease of working in the rooms. In the entry ways, if mule power is used in haulage, part of the limestone must be shot down to gain sufficient height, but this does not impair the safety of the roof, and the value of the limestone usually pays for its removal. All points considered the mining conditions of the Clarion coal are on a par with those of other important coals of the state.

In quality the Clarion or No. 4a coal is rated low in the scale of Ohio coals. The main objections are the high contents of sulphur and ash, which in this coal produce a hard clinker and a severe corrosion of the metal parts exposed in the grates. The heating value of the Clarion is also below the normal for Ohio coals. The quality of the coal is shown by the following analyses:*

Hall's Mine, Kitchen Station, Madison Township, Jackson County. Sample cut well under the hill. Limestone roof. Sampled by Professor Edward Qrton, Jr., in August, 1900.

Old Limestone Furnace, Section 32, Bloomfield Township, Jackson County. Sample cut about 300 feet from entry. Limestone roof. Sampled by Professor Edward Orton, Jr., in August, 1900.

Country Bank of Superior Coal Company, Section 36 South, Milton Townshipi Jackson County. Sample cut from 75 to 80 feet from entry. The mine had been worked recently and the surface of the coal appeared fresh. Sampled by Professor Edward Orton, Jr., in August, 1900.

Country Bank of Superior Coal Company, Section 13, Milton Township, Jackson County. Sample cut about 50 to 60 feet in the hill in comparatively new workings. Shale roof. Sampled by Professor Edward Orton, Jr., in August, 1900.

Iron Valley Mine, Section 35, Milton Township, Jackson County. Sample cut from entry about 300f eet in. Mine had been idle two years but surface of coal appeared fresh. Sampled in 1900 by Professor Edward Orton, Jr.