Scioto Township (part 12 of 14)

The Ferriferous ore was highly prized by the charcoal furnace operators, as it gave a good yield and as it made foundry iron of the very best quality. The most successful furnaces were those in this ore belt. The area of ore in Scioto County is small as the bed is confined to isolated tracts near the summits of the hills and ridges in the eastern parts of Bloom, Vernon, and Green townships. The quality of the ore has been fully described in the report on Lawrence County; hence the subject will not be considered here.

In Scioto County the Lower Kittanning members are best represented in the northeast corner of Bloom Township, where they Occur near the summits of the main ridges. Isolated tmcts are also found in the southwestern part of this township east of Hales Creek. In Vernon Township the Lower Kittanning deposits are confined to the summits of the high hills east of Pine Creek, and to a few isolated knobs on Clinton Ridge. In Green Township these beds are present in small areas on the main hills east of Ohio Furnace. This is the only locality m Scioto County in which the Lower Kittanning coal is regularly mined for local use. The following section, taken at a mine on the land of the Hanging Rock Iron Company, shows that both coal and clay have the normal development characteristic of these members in the Newcastle field in Lawrence County:

On the Ohio River hills near the eastern edge of Green Township, on the land of Joseph Andre, the Lower Kittanning coal has been prospected, but the coal is badly decayed. The section taken at this place is as follows:

In Vemon and Bloom townships this coal is so thin, or so badly weathered, that it has no fuel value. The clay is of good quality, but the amount available in any particular locality is seldom sufficient for working in a large way. It is regularly mined at one place only in the county, viz. : Section 5, Bloom Township, where the clay is mined by stripping b}- Morgan & Horton. A section of their mine is as follows:

The 8 feet of clay worked is of excellent quality, and it goes on the market in good condition, as care is used in mining to keep it free from foreign or impure materials. The clay is sold in the lump or in the crushed form. The clay is groimd in a 9-foot dry pan and is then screened to remove the coarser materials.

The Oak Hill clay is present in eastern Scioto County, but is of no importance as the area is small, the stratum thin, and the clay poor in quality. Its position is just above the Lower Kittanning coal.

The Red Kidney ore was found on a few high hills in the northeastem and southeastern parts of Bloom Township only. In some places it is only a few feet above the Lower Kittanning coal, but as a general thing it is from 10 to 15 feet above this member. The usual relation is shown by the following measurement taken in Section 5:

The weathered outcrop of the Middle Kittanning coal may be seen in a few places only in eastern Bloom Township, but it has no interest except for its stratigraphic relations.

for the strata everywhere are at least sparingly fossiliferous. During Cuyahoga, Logan, and Maxville time the conditions were favorable for the preservation of animal life that thrived on the muddy floors of the seas, while during Pottsville and Allegheny time the conditions were conducive for the fossilization of plant life that grew luxuriantly 6n the land and in the shallow waters. The rocks of each formation, however, contain remains of both plant and animal life. There are a number of fossil horizons in the rock strata of Scioto County, some of which are worthy of attention. Those of special interest are listed below.

Cuyahoga Shales and Sandstones. - A locality of exceptional importance is the rock bar along the Ohio River just east of the mouth of the Little Scioto. The fossils are found in the ferruginous concretions io the shales, and in the sandstones also.

Logan Shales and Sandstones. - ^The shales and sandstones of this formation are usually fossil bearing, but the horizons at which they occur most abundantly are in the Allensville member. Good collecting is found at this horizon in an old road formerly used for hauling clay from the Daum property, located in the southeastern part of Section 33, Harrison Township. The clay road joins the Harrisonville pike in the narrows along the Little Scioto, one and one-half miles from Sciotoville. The ore layer, from 2 to 6 inches in thickness, is made up largely of marine fossils, and is found about 80 feet below the horizon of the Sciotoville clay. Near this, just below the bend in the clay road that leads to Munn Hill, the sandstones on the horizon of the Allensville conglomerate contain many well preserved fossils. The ore above the Alleivsville conglomerate is also exposed along the road near the home of John Oberly, in Section 2, Harrison Township. This horizon was again observed along the roadside in the central part of Section IL The fossiliferous ore occurs about 20 feet above the Allensville conglomerate, a good exposure of which is seen near the foot of the hill. Many fossils were noticed at the horizon of the Allensville conglomerate, which, on land of Samuel Shoemaker, in Section 26, Madison Township, is exposed in the stream bed just north of the Portsmouth- Jackson pike.

Maxville Limestone. - The deposits of Maxville limestone found in a few localities on the main ridges in Clay Township north of Portsmouth, and on Woods Ridge in Harrison, are sparingly fossiliferous. In a pile of cherty limestone which was taken from a mine south of the Woods house a few types may be obtained. The limestone which was taken from the Harper shaft in Section 32, Bloom 'J'ownship, and piled nearby, also contains fossils. They were best represented in the thin shaly partings that separated the limestone layers, but this material at present is completely disintegrated.

Harrison Ore. - A few fossils were found in the Harrison ore, which is exposed at the forks of the road on the Niner Hill, in Section 20, Harrison Township. The cherty material which was derived from the erosion of the Maxville limestone, and which is found in the conglomerate ore that occurs on the zone of contact of Mississippian and Pennsylvanian rocks, also contains imperfect remains of marine life. This material is exposed near the summits of the main ridges in many localities in Clay and Jefferson townships, and at a few places in western Harrison and Madison.

Sharon Conglomerate. - In the sandy layers of the Sharon conglomerate in eastern Harrison and Madison townships well preserved trunks and stems of Coal Measure plants were seen and in a few places observed even in the pebbly layers.

Sharon Coal Horizon. - As would be expected, plant remains are common on this horizon, especially in the regions where the coal is well developed. Many root markings are present in the clays below the coal, while in the shales above the impressions of plant trunks and stems are common. The leaves are not usually well preserved. The shales directly above the Sharon coal at a mine on land of John Alexander, i?i Section 15, Madison Township, contain many Lingulae in a good state of preservation.

Sharon Ore. - The Sharon ore on the land of Joseph Jenkins, . on Lick Run, in Section 14, Porter Township, is very fossiliferous, and the remains are well preserved. /

Sciotoville Clay Horizon. - The clay contains impressions of roots of Coal Measure plants^ but no evidence of animal life was found. The shales .and shaly sandstones above the clay in many localities m Scioto and Jackson counties contain fossil Conostiehus and Astern, ophycus in large numbers. A few places for collecting are: The clay mine on Daum Hill, Section 33, Harrison Township; on land of Dr. Keyes, in Section 28; along the cut of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad near Gephart; and on the point just north of the plant of the Buckeye Fire Brick & Clay Co., Scioto Furnace. At the last named locality worm tracks are also found in the shaly sandstone.

Guinea Fowl Ore. - Well preserved impressions of leaves and stems of Coal Measure plants were found in an exposure of this ore seen along the roadside north of the home of Sampson Spriggs, in Section 10, Madison Township. No remains of animal life were seen in this member.

Quakertown Coal Horizon. - The shales above this coal on land of Henry Moore, near Scioto Furnace, contain scattered imprints of plant life. ^

Bear Run Coal Horizon. - On this horizon both plant and animal life are represented. On lanel of H. H. Stevenson, near the forks of the road in the northern part of Section 3, Bloom Township, the shales directly above the coal contain many fossils of Lin^h in a good state of preservation. At the mines of this coal in the Dever Valley in Jackson County the same fossils were seen also. Plant fossils are present on this horizon, but seldom well preserved.

Vandusen Coal Horizon. - In Scioto County the shales above this coal contain some plant remains, but in some localities in Jackson County these shales are highly fossiliferous, and the delicate tracings of the plant tissues are minutely preserved.

Boggs Ore. - The Boggs ore is sparingly fossiliferous. A few marine fossils were seen in the deposit which lies near the head of the hollow south of the home of Charles Dillon, in Section 2, Bloom Township.

Lower Mercer Limestone. - The Lower Mercer Limestone, outcropping along Pine Creek south of Lyra, in Vernon Township, contains the marine fossils characteristic of the member found farther north. Fossils are also present in the flinty material that represents this limestone, and is exposed near the summit of the hill that leads from Haverhill to Ohio Furnace, in Green Township.

Lower Mercer or Little Red Block Ore. - This ore wherever found usually contains fossils which are characteristic of the Lower Mercer limestone. The ore is easily found in the vicinity of Scioto Furnace, or of South Webster.

Sand Block Ore. - This ore is sparingly fossiliferous, and the types found are those common to the two Mercer limestones. The stratum is four el in the eastern part of the county in a number of localities, one of which is in the hills south of South Webster, and another is on land of Smith Hay ward, in Section 35, Bloom Township.

Upper Mercer Limestone. - This fossil-bearing limestone was seen at the foot of the Morgan <fe Horton incline, in Section 5, Bloom Township.

Upper Mercer or Big Red Block Ore. - This member, wherever found, contains a few scattered fossils. The ore is quite persistent in the eastern part of the county, and was worked from the Jackson County line to the Ohio River. At present a number of specimens may be collected from the pile of ore at t^e mouth of a mine on land of Smith Haywarel, in Section 35, Bloom Township. Another favorable locality is at the ore mines of the Hanging Rock Iron Company near Ohio Furnace, in Green Township.

Tionesta Coal Horizon. - In Jackson County the shales, and especially the calcareous sandstones above this coal, are exceedingly fossiliferous, but in Scioto County the horizon is not so productive, although many good specimens may be obtained. A few localities in this county are on the hill south of the Morgan & Horton incline in Section 5, Bloom Township; at the mine on the W. L. Cook property, east of Bloom Junction, and at the mines just south of Bloom Furnace.

in Scioto County, is fossil bearing. A good collection may be obtained from the flint and limestone outcropping at the summit of the ridge in Section 1, Bloom Township; from the limestone at the mines of Morgan & Horton, in Section 5, of the same township; or from .the flint and lime on the ridges east of Bloom Furnace.

Gallia County came into prominence for its iron ores when Gallia Furnace, now marked only by cinder dumps, was erected in 1847, The thick deposits of coal in the Symmes and Little Raccoon valleys, and those farther east in the county, early attracted the attention of miners and operators. The thin limestones, occurring at various horizons in the geological column, have been of only minor importance in the industrial development of the county, but their part in the soil enrichment has been of marked value, as is attested by the fine fruit and grazing lands. The ceramic materials of the area have been but little attacked, although deposits of known worth, especially in the Allegheny formation, occur in many localities.

Gallia County is located on the Ohio River, which forms in the main its eastern boundary. On the south it is bounded by Lawrence County, on the west by Lawrence and Jackson coimties, and on the north by Vinton and Meigs. According to the latest estimate of the Federal Government its area is 430 square miles.

The surface of Gallia County, like all the rest of southeastern Ohio, unaffected by direct glacial action, is rugged and maturely dissected. The pres3?it features are the resultant of erosive and weathering agencie3 that have cut deep into the old Appalachian Plateau, the outlines of which may be seen distinctly from high elevations. The hills are usually steep and, due to differential weathering of the shales and sandstones, have long lines of benches with abrupt bluffs, features common in coal formations. Although. the hills are steep, the ridges, especially along the lines of outcrop of the Conemaugh rocks, are usually broad and moderately sloping, thus affording much good farming land. The principal valleys are entrenched about 300 or 400 feet below the summits of the dividing ridges. In general the flood plains of the larger streams, such as the Symmes, Raccoon, Indian Guyan, and Campaign creeks, are comparatively narrow, and in some localities restricted to narrow passes, while the smaller streams have only been able to build ribbon-like plains along their courses. Along the Ohio River the flood plain in Gallia County is often more than one mile wide, while at other places, due to the flexure of the stream, there is scarcely sufficient level land for road building. The old preglacial waterways left their imprints truly characterized and well outlined in Gallia County; for example, the broad expanse of elevated valleys seen at Centerville, Rio Grande, Bidwell, Rodney, and other places was formed before the advance of the ice sheet. These ^valleys now contain some of the most valuable farms in the county, and have been useful also in determining the location of pikes and railroads.

The elevations of a few knobs in the county rise slightly above 1,000 feet, but the main ridges average much lower than this, usually between 850 and 950 feet. The highest group of hills is found in southern Greenfield Township, although in Perry, northeast of Patriot, there are a few ridges equally as high. The general slope of the land is more directly towards the preglacial streams than towards the present streams, for the former, advanced in age, have reduced the land well towards their headwaters, thus leaving the hills adjacent to the courses especially low and well rounded. The main work of the present streams, often flowing with but little regard to the old waterways, has been to intrench their courses 60 or more feet below the main preglacial drainage lines. Some of the highest ridges in the county are close to Raccoon and Symmcs creeks. The elevation of the flood plain at the mouth of Raccoon Creek, the largest through-flowing stream in the county, is about 525 feet, and where the stream enters Gallia from Vinton County it is about 605 feet. Since the fall is thus 80 feet and the length of the stream within the county approximately 41 miles, the gradient is about 2 feet per mile. On Symmes Creek the gradient is about 2.3 feet per mile. The fall along the lower courses of the smaller streams is considerably greater than this, while near their headwaters the descent is rapid.

The surface waters of Gallia County flow either directly or indirectly into the Ohio River which forms its eastern boundary. The largest through-flowing stream is Raccoon Creek, which enters the county from the north and, flowing in a general southern direction through Huntington, Raccoon, Perry, Green, Harrison, and Clay townships^ empties into the Ohio River near Raccoon Island. Symmes Creek,, which crosses the western part of Gallia County, flows through Greenfield, Perry, and Walnut townships. Indian Guyan Creek drains Guyan Township. From Guyan TowTiship the main stream, flowing in a southern direction through Lawrence County and nearly parallel to the Ohio River, empties into the latter near Bradrick.

Raccoon, Greenfield, Perry^ and parts of Morgan, Springfield, and Walnut townships. A sedimentary origin is evident for all the rocks appearing at the surface within this field. They were deposited in water or by the agency of water and consist of sandstones, limestones, shales, coals, iron ores, antl clays. The alluvium deposits laid down during inundation periods on the flood plains of the present streams are of recent origin, while the more compact clays, gravels, and sands, found in the terraces bordering the larger water courses, and in the vallej^s of the preglacial rivers, are of Pleistocene Age. Excepting these, which constitute only a small part of the total mass, the rocks were all deposited during Pennsylvanian time. The total thickness of the strata exposed from the Tionesta coal, seen in the stream bed in northwestern Greenfield Township near old Cambria Furnace, to the Ames limestone, found in a number of localities in central Gallia County, is about 430 feet.

During flood periods the streams carry loads of silt, sand, and gravel, parts of which are deposited along their beds or on their flood plains. Due to the differentiating power of running water the fine materials are left in the quiet waters on the flood plain, while the coarse parts are deposited near the main stream. These materials may be worked over many times, deposition taking place in some areas while cutting is going on in others, contributions being thus added or removed by each rain. The beds so laid dowTi form the Recent deposits, which usually extend well towards the headwaters of even the smaller streams.

The thickness of the deposits depends on tlie volume of water, on the gradient of the stream, and on the character of the strata in the water basin. Along the Ohio River the beds often reach 50 feet in thickness, while along Raccoon and Symmes creeks they seldom exceed 30 feet. Along the small streams the bedrock is usually found at a depth of only a few feet. Due to the variability of the depositive forces the beds are very irregular in their composition and in the arrangement of the s(_parate layers. Lenticular and irregular masses of sand or gravel are found irterbedded with clays, or the clays with the sands. No eorstancy of nlation is shown excipt in a general way. Vertically the usual order of arrangement is bowlders and coarse gravel near the bedrock, then sands and gravel with some clays interbedded, and then, lastly, clays with more or less sands erratically distributed; while longitudinally there is an imperfect gradation of materials from the headwaters-of the stream, where the coarse matter not readily transported is found, to the mouth, where the clays and fine saxuls are carried even by a sluggish current.

soils and mulch from the upland are laid down during inundation periods. The clays, however, have considerable value for ceramic uses, being well adapted for the manufacture of common brick and draintile. They may also be used to good advantage in making roofing tile, fire proofing, and fancy building brick. The working properties are usually excellent, as they may be formed with ease into the shapes desired. The ware thus formed dries safely under almost any common method of heat treatment. The vitrification range, during burning, is moderately long, especially with the clays carrying considerable siliceous matter. The best structure is developed between 1,700** and 2,000° F.; the definite temperature depending of course on both the amounts and kinds of bases present. The burned ware is rather free from deleterious defects, such as cracks, warping, or deformation.

The uncertainty of the deposits largely restricts their use, for the beds may feather out or become interstratified with sands in a short distance. Before the erection of a plant for their utilization, thorough prospecting to determine both the arcount and character of the material available is advised. The clays have been used to a small extent for common ware at Gallipolis, Bidwell, and Vinton. At present, they are not worked regularly at any place within the area under discussion.

Throughout Gallia County are found many old preglacial valleys with thick deposits upon their floors, which evidently were la'd down during glacial time. Near the villages of Centcrville, Rio Grande, Vinton, Bidwell, and Rodney these old waterways are "Very apparent and their age is well shown by surface features. Thexhills adjacent are low and well rounded, the valleys broad and distinctly defined, and the floors flat-bottomed but slightly graded. These vallej's are in marked contrast to those of the present streams. For a more complete description of the preglacial drainage the reader is referred to the work of W. G. Tight.*

In many respects the deposits found here resemble those laid down by the present streams, but as a general rule they contain much less coarse material. In the main, they are clays and fine-grained sands, although on the valley floors a thin layer of gravel and bowlders is occasionally seen. Bowlders of flint or chert, which were derived from some limestone found in places towards the source of the stream, occur locally intermingled with the finer materials. The clays are finely stratified, denoting deposition in quiet waters. The materials composing them have been so completely comminuted that the clays have a soapy feel and a high plasticity. The color varies from light to gray, or, where weathered, from yellow to brown. In these old valleys such clays are best seen on divides of the present streams for here the original deposits have been least disturbed. These same features may also be seen in the clays of the terraces along the preglacial valleys.

The surface clays, where considerably weathered, make a good grade of the common classes of ceramic products. On account of their abnormally high shrinkage and their short vitrification range, the soapy, finely stratified clays are excluded from the ceramic field although the color of the burned body is pleasing. In local areas, some of the lower layers contain sufiicient siliceous material to produce normal burning behavior. On the whole these clays should be thoroughly tested before' any considerable outlays for ceramic plants are made. Like the cliays, the sands found in these deposits are with few exceptions fine-grained. They are stained to a certain extent with iron oxides and contain small amounts of argillaceous matter. In a few localities sand for local needs is taken from these beds, but at no point have they been worked in a large way. The physical qualities of the sand suggest its fitness for use as molding sand.

The great mass of rocks forming the hills and valley floors of Gallia County belong to the Penasylvaoian system. This is the great coalbearing division of rocks in the Uaited States.

In Gallia County the general dip of the rock is towards the Ohio River. It varies locally and is feomewhat greater in the northern part of the county than in the southern part. The average dip east, measured by the Ferriferous limestone. Middle Kittanning coal, and Cambridge limestone, is about 31 feet per mile. The dip of the rocks south is more constant. Measured by the Upper Freeport coal and the Cambridge limestone, it is slightly less than 10 feet per mile. From these results the strike of the rocks is calculated to be 17° 53' east of north. The maximum dip is of course at right angles to this or 17° 53' south of east. It amounts to 36 feet per mile.

In the southern part of Greenfield Township there is a marked arresting of the dip, and the general trend of this area is north and south. It may be traced south some distance into Lawrence County where it crosses Johns Creek near Sherritts, thence across Aaron Creek and finally across Elkins Creek near Oak Ridge Furnace. . These features traced northward fade out before reaching the Jackson-Gallia line. This arresting of the dip in a minor degree is also apparent along Raccoon Creek from Vinton to Cora.

Minor features of interest are the variatiors of the intervals separating members such as coals, limestones, or iron ores. Massive sandstones play a prominent part here. They appear to act as wedges crowding some members closer together and pushing others farther apart. The normal interval from the Lower Kittanning coal to the

Geolxxjy Of Southern Ohio

Ferriferous limestone is about 25 feet, but north of Gallia Fumaee where a massive sandstone is found above the coal, the remnant of this bed is only 16 feet from the limestone. Due also to this sandstone the Lower Kittanning and Middle Kittanning coals are separated by an interval of about 75 feet, while the normal distance is about 40 feet. Along Little Raccoon (Veek, in Section 19, Huntington Township, the two members are only 27 feet apart. Where shales predominate the interval from the Cambridge limestone to the Upper Freeport coal below is usually about 130 feet, while in Section 13, Greenfield Township, where heavy sandstones appear, this expands- to 177 feet. These abnormalities are rather to be expected since the sandstones repnscnt shore or delta d( posits.

I'pper Freeport, Waterloo, or No. 7 coal. Upj)er Freeport, or Bolivar clay. Lower FrtH'port, or No. 6a coal. Middle Kittanning, Sheridan, Hocking, or

No. G coal. Middle Kittanning clay. Lower Kittanning, Newcastle, or No. 5 coal. Lower Kittanning clay. Ferriferous ore. Ferriferous, Hanging Rock, or Vanport

A general section of the surface rocks of western (lallia County is given to show the order of the succ(ssion of the various members, and the average thickness of the beds when well developed.

In (Jaliia C'ourty in the northwestern part of Greenfield Township about 40 fret of rocks belonging to the upper part of the Pottsville formation, the basal division of the Pennsylvanian sy^stem, appears above drainage. This formation begins with the Sharon eonglomerate and ends \Aith the Tionesta or Homewood sandstone. In Jaekson County to the w(st, it is exposed in its full thickness and carries coal beds of exceptional economic importance. At present in the county under discussion but little is known regarding these lower coals, for they are under deep cover and hence the only source of information is from drill records most of which were made when testing the rocks below for oil. The meager evidence thus obtained fails to give a definite clue to the situation but points more toward the absence than the presence of workable deposits. Future work in the area may change this opinion. The Pottsville formation is divided into a number of members, but only those appearing at the surface will be described here. These are the Tionesta coal and the shales and ore on the Black Flint horizon.

The Tionesta coal is found about 28 feet above the Upper Mercer ore or limestone, when either of these is present, or about 35 feet below the Brookville coal, the basal member of 'the Allegheny formation. Since the latter coal is seldom present in southern Ohio, a better bench for reference is that of the Ferriferous or Vanport limestone, from which the Tionesta coal in this locality is separated by an interval of approximately 60 feet. The bed along its outcrop in Jackson and Scioto counties is very unsteady, for in many localities it is completely replaced by massive sandstones. Its variability in structure is also marked for the stratum may be represented by bone shales, by bone shales interstratified with thin coal bands, by a series of coal benches separated by clay partings, or by a thick deposit of clean coal. Reasoning from its surface behavior, but little should be expected of the stratum under cover in Gallia County, although small areas of good coal may be located.

The coal bed was not seen, but near old Cambria Furnace, Section 7, Greenfield TowTiship, it is reported to lie in the stream bed, from which it was mined by stripping. This is the only place in the county where the horizon of the coal is above drainage. The fossiliferous shales, which mark the horizon immediatelv above the coal in other localities, are exposed along the banks of this stream, so the position of the coal at most is only a few feet below. The section taken here is given below in order to show the relation of the Tionesta coal to higher mom])ers in the scale:

The Tionesta coal belongs to the free-buming class, resembling in this respect the two Mercer coals below. Along the borders of the coal basins a part or the whole of the stratum may be cannel coal of fair quality. The ash in the fuel is moderate in amount and nonclinkering under ordinary conditions of firing, while the sulphur content compares favorably with that of the average market coal. This component, occurring in the form of pyrite, is distributed mainly in thin bands along the bedding planes. The eoal makes a good heat, and on the whole is well suited for domestic and steaming purposes.

In the interval from the Tionesta to the Brookville coal, the latter here replaced by massive sandstones, the shales and shaly sandstones are somewhat calcareous, and along certain zones very fossiliferous. Thin deposits of carbonate ores are also common. While the range in thicknes.** is from 15 to 30 feet the average thickness is about 25 feet. The general character of the deposits indicates that during their deposition the tendency was somewhat toward limestone formation. The fossiliferous sandstone, found only a few feet above the Tionesta coal near Cambria Furoace, contains nearly 30 per cent of calcium and magixesium carbonates, and in appearance resembles impure limestone. In the northern part of Jackson County black flint with ore and calcareous shales is found just below the horizon of the Brookville coal, while to the east of the town of Jackson the flint is wanting, but its position is marked by the presence of one or more block ore layers. The ore foimd just above drainage on Lefthand Fork, Section 7, Greenfield Township, evidently belongs either on of just below the flint horizon. While the old furnace was in blast this ore was mined to a smatl extent by stripping. It is quite siliceous and low in iron, hence it has but little value at present.

The Alllegheny formation in Gallia County is of noteworthy importance, for it contains five coal beds, from which may be drawn a large supply of fuel. It contains also clays, shales, iron ores, and limestone of value. This formation begins with the Brookville coal, which is wanting in this area, and ends with the Upper Freeport coal, which for years has been the main reliance for fuel in the Waterloo region. The total thickness of the formation is about 180 feet. Its base is found above drainage only in northwestern Greenfield Township. Dipping eastward it disappears from view in the Raccoon Valley from the Vinton County line to the central part of Perry Township, thence m the Symmcs Valley to the Lawrence County line. The Allegheny formation is sub-divided into a number of members, which will be taken up in regular order beginning with the oldest.

The Brook ville coal marks the bam* of the Allegheny formation. The normal position of the bed is from 20 to 30 feet below the Clarion coal, or 25 to 35 feet below the Ferriferous limestone. .This coal should occur in northwestern (Greenfield Township, but it is replaced by the massive Clarion or Heda sandstone. Since the Brookville coal is usually wanting in southern Ohio, or when present, thin or bony, excepting in one locality, the prospect for productive fields under cover is very discouraging.

The n(xt member in the ascending scale is the Clarion or Hf'cla sandstone, which is quite persistent in southern Ohio. It usually occupies the entire interval between the Clarion and the Br<x)kville cbal, biit in some places it cuts far down into the Pottsville formation or coalesces with the Homewood sandstone, so that the two members appear as a single bed. In Gallia County the. Clarion sandstone is prese^nt in the localities where it is due. Its area above drainage is small, since it is found only along the streams in the northern part of (Jrcenfield Township and along Little "Raccoon Creek, in Section 18, Huntington Towaiship.

An item of interest in regarel to the Clarion or Hecla sandstone is that in the elays of the charcoal iron industry in southern Ohio it was widely used for hearthstone. It has good heat-resisting qualities and its chemical comj^osition is such that it is well suited to counteract the action of acid slags. The stone is composed of quartz sand with a small amount of clay and basic materials for the bonding matter. The total fluxes are low.

Clarion Clay

The Clarion clay, the position of which is directh' below the Clarion or No. 4a coal, is not an important mineral assent of Gallia County. The bed, where observed, averages about 3 feet in thickness. The day is usually very siliceous and gradates into the Clarion sandstone b( low. Locally, small lenses of flint clay are found in the upp(r part of the Ixd, but this clay is s: Idom pure. Since the value of the Clarion clay is far overshadowed by the Lower Kittanning clay above, its use for industrial purposes is practically eliminated.

The Clarion, or No. 4a coal is the second coal stratum in the Alle?- gheny formation. Due to its proximity to the Ferriferous limestone, it is often designated Limestone coal. Where both members are present, the coal and limestone are in direct contact, or at most, separated only by a thin layer of shale. The Clarion coal is not a persis- tent depoisit for, even where the limestone is present, the upper bench of coal or the entire bed may be wanting. Again, the massive sandstone, found locally on the horizon of the Lower Kittanning clay, may replace both limestone and coal. These conditions are all illustrated in GalUa County.

The Clarion coal, when normally developed, is made up of three coal benches with two clay partings. The average thickness of the separate layers is about as follows: lower bench, 11 inches; middle bench, 1 foot 3 inches; upper bench, 1 foot 2 inches. The lower parting composed of clay with pyrite nodules is only about 1 inch in thickness, while the upper bench, made up of clay with thin coal and bone shale bands, is about 7 inches. Bone partings are not common in the coal itself. A few sections will be given in order to illustrate the various structural phases of the Clarion coal in Gallia County.

Near the head of Kokeene Hollow, Section 18, Greenfield Township, the Clarion coal has been mined by stripping on the land of Wesley Clarkson. The bed was not exposed for measurement, but Mr. Clarkson reports the rocks here as follows: p^ j^

East of the above exposure, but in the same valley, the structure of the stratum is considerably different. The upper bench of coal is here wanting, and, in local areas, the bed is represented only by a soot streak. The section given below was taken in a mine on land belonging to William Lewis, Section 8: Ft in

The bed was also exposed on the land of John Jenkins, but the structure noted practically duplicates the above. The Clarion coal, on Lefthand Fork, in Section 7, is also unsteady, varying from normal development to a black stain. Further, this is the condition reported in Pokepatch Hollow, where the bed is found close to drainage level. A section taken in the limestone mine of N. A. Wood, at Gallia, shows the condition of the coal in this locality. The measurements follow:

Along Blaak Fork Creek, in sections 9 and 10, the stratum, where seen, is represented by only two coal benches or by a foot or so of decayed coal. In Section 18, Huntington Township, the horizon again appears above drainage. Here, in local areas, a massive sandstone has replaced both limestone and coal, but the latter, when present, has normal structure. Along Raccoon Creek the bed disappears below cover about 1 mile north of the Gallia County line; hence it should be only slightly covered in northern Huntington Township.

The area above drainage in Gallia County underlain by Clarion coal is small, not exceeding 10 square miles. Along Lefthand Fork, in Section 7, Greenfield Township, the coal is from 60 to 80 feet above the stream, while in Kokeene Hollow, in sections 8 and 16, the interval is only about one-half this. Along Pokepatch Hollow, the horizon is just above drainage in the western part of Section 20 and in the eastern part of Section 19, but in the latter it again appears in the southwest corner. The Ferriferous limestone is found along the flood plains of Dirtyface Creek in the northwestern part of Section 29, so the coal if present may be obtained by stripping. At Gallia, the remnant of the bed is found near water level. Along Black Fork Creek, in Section 9, it occurs near the base of the hill and in Section 10 disappears near where this stream joins Symmcs Creek. The Clarion coal appears above drainage in only one locality in Huntington Township, which is along Little Raccoon Creek in Section 18, and near the mouth of a small tributary in the western part of Section 7. The bed is within easy shafting distance in other parts of northern Huntington Township, for the strata, appearing at the surface on Spring Run and Raccoon Creek, show that the coal horizon is not far below. At Miller's ford in Section 12, west. Walnut ToMVTiship, the Lower Kittanning coal is about 16 feet above the level of the waters of Symmes Creek, so the Clarion coal should be found at a depth not to exceed 20 feet. For a few miles along this stream the cost of shafting the coal would not be excessive.

In Gallia County the extent and character of the Clarion coal under cover are not known, as but little accurate testing by the drill has been dore. Owing to the unsteadiness of the bed in southern Ohio it is scarcely safe to predict in regard to these features, but from surface conditions probable conclusions may be drawn. In Lawrence County, the southern boundary of the productive field is marked by a line drawn from east to west through Moulton. In that part of Decatur Township north of this, the bed is quite persistent and well developed. Near the Rehmcr School on Buffalo Creek, Symmes Township, the coal, where exposed in the bed of the stream for a short distance only, is thin and rotten. In Greenfield Township, Gallia County, the eastern expopure of the deposit on Dirtyface Creek, in Pokepatoh and Kokeene hollows, and on Black Fork Creek, shows but little coal of value, and in fact this line appears to mark the boundary of the field. The coal is somewhat patchy where it disappears below drainage farther east in Madison and Bloomfield townships, Jackson County. North of this on Greasy and^ Buffalo runs in Milton Township of the same county, the bed is quite steady and has normal structure. This is the condition also found near Minerton and Clarion in Wilkesville Township, Vinton County. These surface indications suggest, therefore, that the most likely field under cover should be found in northwestern Huntington Township. Near the line drawn from the Gravel Hollow School, Section 18, Huntington Township, Gallia County, to the Rehmer School, Section 8, Symmes Township, Lawrence County, the coal is patchy, thin, or completely wanting. These adverse conditions will evidently carry under cover for some distance at least, and this line may mark the eastern productive limit of the field. At best the prospects east of this are somewhat discouraging ahd the presence of the coal should not be assumed, although this zone may be only a local disarrangement in a large field, the limits of which are yet undefined.

A close approximation to the quantity of Clarion coal above or near drainage in Gallia County is diflScult to make owing to the unsteadiness of the bed. In the main ridge in western Greenfield Township in which the bed is known to be probably constant there is an area of about 5 square miles. To this must be added the field along Little Raccoon Creek in northwestern Huntington Township, embracing at least 2 square miles. From present knowledge no trustworthy estimate of the area of good coal under covet* should be attempted, but the conditions at least favor a productive area in northern Huntington Township.

The Clarion coal yields but little fuel at present in Gallia County. Small amounts are mined for local domestic use on Lefthand Fork and in Kokeene Hollow, Greenfield Township. Along Little Raccoon Creek it has not been attacked since other beds supply the necessary wants.

The Clarion coal belongs to the high volatile, free-burning class, but is quite distinct in its behavior for it burns freely only while the gaseous matter is being consumed. The fixed carbon bums slowly. It is an oily coal and has a high cementing value, making coke of good structure undler ordinary conditions. The ash of the coal as ordinarily mined usually rims from 12 to 15 per cent, but a part of this is derived from the partings and must be attributed to dirty mining. In the

At other place? along Clear Fork north of this, the flinty part oi t f*^- ^>^'^^* roTf d in the above section, is much thicker, and in local areas f^int apr>ear« in the entire deposit. The Ferriferous limestone was not favorably exposed for measurement in Pokepatch Hollow, but it is reported to average about 6 fett in thickness. On Dirtyface Creek, in Section 29, flinty limestone was seen at drainage level, but the thickness of the bed was not obtained. The measurement of this stratum, taken in the mine of N. A. Wood, at Gallia, and given below, shows the usual thickness of the deposit in this locality: p^ j^

In this mine the thickness of the bed is somewhat variable, ranging from 3 feet 6 inches to 6 feet, but the quality is up to standard, for the stone is quite free from flint or cherty material. In the cut of the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Railway north of Gallia, the bed is again well exposed, and measures 5 feet in thickness.

In Huntington Township the Ferriferous limestone is above drainage in only one locality, which is along Little Raccoon Creek and its small laterals in sections 18 and 7. Here in restricted areas, the bed is replaced by sandstone, but where present, the thickness averages from 5 to 7 feet. The quality of the stone also is generally good.

The Ferriferous limestone was of great importance during the days of the charcoal furnaces, for it furnished the necessary flux stone required in iron smelting. From this bed old Gallia Furnace, the only stack built in Gallia (,^ounty, drew its main supply of limestone for many years. Since the stone averages about 94 per cent calcium and magnesium carbonates, it is well suited for metallurgical purposes, and is used to some extent by the modern furnaces in Jackson and Lawrence counties. The sulphur is low and the phosphorus within the limits rcquircei for making iron of any grade except Bessemer.

The suitability of the Ferriferous limestone for highway construction is well shown by the many miles of excellent macadamized roads found along its line of outcrop. While it has not been so largely used for road work in Gallia County, it is the main reliance in Jackson, Scioto, and Lawrence counties. The general wearing qualities of this limestone are on a par with those of others used in the State. The stone is hard, yet has great toughness. Its impact strength is high but the cementing value of the elust is low. The crushed stone is also highly recommeneleel for concrete, as it holds the cement well, and as the interlocking of the angular fragments gives great crushing strength. It has been widely used in (lallia and the adjoining counties to the west in bridge, culvert, anel founelation work, and to a less degree in house, barn, and silo construction.

In southern Ohio, the soils derived largely from the decay and weathering of the Pottsville and Allegheny rocks have, on the whole a low content of lime. As this component is one of the few substances required for the growth of plant life, and, as it is especially necessary to legumes, the nitrogen producing order, the limestones of the county at once become a subject of interest on account of their agricultural value. Western Gallia County is within the belt of low lime soils, which fact is well sho^Ti by observing the large number of acid noncalcareous loving plants found, and by noting the impoverished state of those requiring a soil rich in lime. The fine blue grass sods found along the outcrop of the Conemaugh formation, in central and eastern Gallia County, should be attributed to the lime disseminated throughout the shahs, and the ease of germination of the legumes and their hardiness are in marked contrast to that in the western part of the county.

The Ferriferous limestone is well suited for agricultural piuposes. The content of calcium carbonate is about 93 per cent, while that of magnesium carbonate is approximately 1 per cent; hence the ratio of these components is well balanced for the requirement of plant Ufe. The stone also contains phosphorus, which is slowly available for nourishment. The amount of this is small, yet computed to phosphorus pentoxide, the state in which it occurs in the stone, and in which it is taken up by the plant, it equals .2 per cent. This means 4 pounds of phosi)horic acid per ton of limestone. There is always present in the fresh limestone a small amount of iron disulphide, which at first may have a slight toxic effect on the plants, but as this compound soon weathers to the sulphate, which, according to some authorities, is beneficial, its action may be neglected. The silica, alumina, and iron oxidf s, making up about 5 per cent of the stone, may be regarded neutral substances.

N. A. Wood is the only person or firm preparing the Ferriferous limestone for agricultural purposes in Gallia County. His plant is located at the village of Gallia, and the site is well chosen, for the limestone, outcropping near by, has a massive sandstone above, which forns the roof of the n7ii).e. Under such conditions, mining is both econoniical and safe. The Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Railwayaffords shipping facilities to distant points. The local trade is good for the farmers in this locality are fast appreciating the benefits derived from the proper application of lime. The stone, mined in the regular way, by drilling and then shooting off the solid, is hauled on tram cars with mule power. The coarse grinding is done in a jaw crusher which breaks the blocks of stone to pieces about 1 inch in diameter. A Jeffrey pulverizer is used next, and it reduces the material to a fine powder, very suitable for agricultural purposes. The necessary power is obtained from a steam e^ngine using coal as the fuel.

Western Half Op G.Vllia County 615

The grinding capacity of the plant is 25 tons per day. The pulverized limestone is marketed on a guarantee of 90 per cent calcium and magnesium carbonates.

The Ferriferous ore was the most important bed of rock in southern Ohio during the palmy days of the charcoal furnaces, for it was along the outcrop of this ore that the industry flourished best. It was the main reliance of the furnaces, and, when these ran, times were good, for work was plentiful and brought a fair reward, and trade was active, for the farmer and merchant foimd a ready market for their products. The iron produced commanded the highest market prices, for its excellence was known far and wide; hence 'fair returns on the money invested were realized by the stockholders. To the Ferriferous ore, then, much of the early activity and wealth of the area must be credited. Since this time, the importance of the Ferriferous ore has diminished, until at present it can be corsidered an asset of only sn^all importance, for these furnaces, with one exception, are known only by abandoned stacks or by heaps of cinders.

The Ferriferous ore lies directly above the Ferriferous or Vanport limestone. Usually the ore and limestone are separated by a thin parting, but in some localities the two beds have so coalesced that no line of demarcation is recognized. The thickness of the deposit is variable. Where observed in Gallia County the measurements show from 1 inch to 1 foot, but in restricted areas it is reported to have a thickness of 2 feet. On the outcrop the ore has a elecidedly coneretionary or blocky structure, but under heavy cover this is not £0 apparent. The iron was laid down as ferrous carbonate with a small amount of admixed argillaceous and calcareous ingredients. Along the outcrop or under shallow cover the ferrous carbonate has weathered to the hydrated ferric oxides. It is then classed as a limonite ore.

The Ferriferous ore is foimd along Lefthand Fork, in Section 7, Greenfield Township. Here, as it was mined by stripping for use at Cambria Furnace, during its active period, the ore is not well exposed for measurement, but is reported to vary from 3 to 12 inches in thickness. The ore has good volume evidently in Kokeene Hollow, since it has been benched to deep cover. Wesley Clarkson states that, wl ile the deposit varies in thickness from a few inches to 2 feet, the average measurement is from 6 to 10 inches. The thickness of the ore conforms in a measure to the irregularities of the upper surface of the limestone below, because, where there is a low depression in the limestone the ore is quite thick, and conversely, on the most elevated portions, it is thin. The thick deposits of ore are, with few exceptions, local. In Pokepatch Hollow the best deposits of ore are reported to have a thickness of about 1 foot. The ore is thin and flinty where it appears at the surface on Dirtyface Creek, in Section 29, Greenfield Township. In the mine of N. A. Wood, at GaUia, the Ferriferous ore is well exposed, and its thickness is probably typical of the entire locality. The thickness varies from a mere stain to 8 inches, but the average measurement is about 3 inches. North of Gallia, where exposed in the cut of the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Railway, the ore measures 5 inches. At the abandoned Black Diamond mine, in Section 9, Greenfield Township, the ore is again well exposed in the prospect mine, found near the base of the hill:

The Ferriferous ore is found above drainage in one locality only, in Huntington Township, which is along Little Raccoon Creek, in sections 7 and 18. Because the bed was mined by stripping for use at Keystone Furnace, outcrop exposures were seldom seen, but from a few observations and reports, the thickness of the ore is estimated to vary f^om a few inches to 1 foot. No information is at hand in regard to the thickness and character of the Ferriferous ore under heavy cover.

The economic value of the Ferriferous ore at present is small, for the great ore beds of the Northwest now supply at a low cost the necessary demands of the iron industry. The bed is too thin to be mined for the ore alone, but it has a fair value as a secondary product when mined with the limestone below. Under heavy cover the iron present is in the form of ferrous carbonate, hence the ore must be classed as a siderite, but along the outcrop and under shallow cover this compound has been oxidized to the hydrated ferric oxides, so the ore here belongs to the limonite class. The charcoal furnaces were able to smelt successfully the oxidized ores only, consequently mining was confined mainly to stripping, and hence the great bodies of ore in the hills are yet untouched. The quality of this native ore compares favorably with that of the siliceous grades of Lake ores now on the market. The Ferriferous ore in the natural state carries from 30 to 55 per cent iron, from .10 to .35 per cent metallic phosphorus, and from .40 to 1.25 per cent manganese. It also contains small amounts of lime and magnesia, which therefore decrease the necessary addition of flux stone and promote early fusion of the slag. Thus its composition is such that it requires ro mixing with other ores to produce, on smelting, foundry iron of the best quality. The ore has a high content of hydroscopic water and of volatile matter, which when expelled by heat leave the structure open or porous, a condition very favorable for ease of reduction by furnace gases. Owing largely to its physical (condition, the

Ferriferous ore was readily reduced in the short stacks of the charcoal furnaces while the Lake ores, which are more compact, were smelted With difficulty. The operators of today say the ore works well in the coke furnaces, but they complain that the amounts readily available are too small to form a regular part of the burden. The worth of the bed to future generations can not be predicted, but its value to the country during the days of the charcoal furnaces will scarcely be surpassed.

The Lower Kittanning clay in a few localities occupies all of the interval from the Ferriferous ore to the Lower Kittanning coal, but in most of the area it makes up only a part of this interval. The usual order of arrangement, however, in this area is that in which the clay comes directly below the coal, and sandstones or shales occupy the remainder of the interval to the Ferriferous ore below. Where the clay occupies nearly all of the interval from the ore to the coal, it is usually broken about midway by a thin band of bony coal; in fact, the deposit is really made up of two clay beds. The sandstones found in the interval have clay for their main bonding component, and they may gradate both horizontally and vertically into siliceous clays. The clay bed itself is usually made up of two parts: a fat, plastic clay which lies next to the coal and a highly siliceous clay which is below this. The total thickness of the Lower Kittanning clay interval, in Gallia County, is about 23 feet, but in this the clay bed that lies directly below the Lower Kittanning coal has the most value. It has an average measurement of about 7 feet. The remainder of the interval is usually made up of sandstones or shales.

In the area above drainage in Gallia County, the Lower Kittanning clay shows best development in northwestern Greenfield Township. It has good volume on Lefthand Fork and at the heads of Kokeene and Pokepatch hollows, but traced eastward the deposit becomes thin and broken and in local areas it is wanting. A few sections will be given to illustrate the various phases of the deposit in this area.

On Lefthand Fork in Section 7, Greenfield Township, the Lower Kittanning clay has normal thickness and quality. These features are shown by the following section taken near Cambria Furnace: the valley. In Pokepatch Hollow, the Lower Kittanning clay is above drainage in sections 19 and 20, and it has excellent volume, but the coal above is thin. The clay is also divided by a parting of coal. These features are shown in the following section taken on the land of the Cambria Clay Products Company in the northeastern part of Section 19:

This clay is above drainage on the tributary of Dirtjrface Creek in Section 30. Near the central part of this section, the rocks were well exposed along the roadside where the measurements given below were obtained:

East of the above, on the farm of Cecelia Pickens, in Section 29, the clay is exposed near drainage level in a prospect mine located east of the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Railway. The section is given below:

At the village of Gallia the member. is due above drainage, but both clay and coal are completely replaced by a massive sandstone. However, north of this in the railroad cut in the eastern part of Section 29, a thin deposit of clay, the measurement of which is given in the following section, was exposed near the track level:

The Lower KittarTing clay, even when present, is poorly represented alorg Black Fork Creek in sections 9 and 10, Greenfield Township. Here the Lower Kittanning interval was much disturbed during or just prior to the deposition of the massive sandstone on the horizon above. The followirg section, taken near drainage level at the abandoned Black Diamond mine, in Section 9, illustrates these features:

Here the Lower Kittanning coal is represented only by finger coal in the lower part of the massive sandstone, while the clay below, varying from 3 to 6 feet in thickness, is shaly and siliceous.

Huntington Township. - In Huntington Township the Lower Kittanning clay is above drainage along Little Raccoon Qreek and its small tributaries frOm the Jackson-Gallia County line to where it disappears below cover in the northern part of Section 20. The bed is irregular in structure and somewhat uncertain in extent, since it is replaced locally by sandstones. Some of the rocks exposed along th(B road from the bridge across Little Raccoon Creek to the summit of the hill in the northwestern part of Section 19 are given in the following section, which illustrates the deviation of the bed from its normal structure:

The thin coals interstratified with the clay in this area are very local in extent, but layers, similarly placed, are found in the deposit in Lawrence and Jackson counties.

Walnut Township. - The Lower Kittanning clay appears above the waters of Symmes Creek in the western part of Section 12, west, Walnut Township. The following rocks were exposed for measurement at Miller's Ford:

No definite information was obtained in regard to the thickness and character of the Lower Kittanning clay under cover in Gallia County. Above drainage there is a general decrease eastward in both thickness and quality; hence the prospects for large development under cover are not encouraging.

The sections of the Gallia County rocks given show that while the arrangement and character of the beds lying between the Ferriferous ore and the Lower Kittanning coal are variable, the interval contains clays Suitable for ceramic purposes. The clay averages about 7 feet in thickness, and for some grades of ware the clay-bond sand-> stones associated with it may also be utilized. Both the clay and sandstone are bufif burning and moderately refractory. The alumina in the clay varies from 25 to 37 per cent, and the bases seldom exceed 6 per cent. The working qualities of the Lower Kittanning clay are excellent; in fact, it is regarded as the standard plastic clay of Ohio. It is easily ground or crushed to the fineness desired, and it forms plastic muds by simply working or pugging with water. The mud is easily shaped into ware by molding or turning, and it flows through dies to form columns which seldom show serious defects. The green ware may be dried quickly and safely by any of the modern drying systems, but of course the kind of ware manufactured determines to a degree the type of drier to be used. The burning behavior of the Lower Kittanning clay is its best feature, and the one that gives it superiority over most of the other coal formation clays. At moderate temperatures it solidifies to a well cemented body, the density of which may be varied easily by changing the physical structure of the mass or by burning to different temperatures. The vitrification range is long, thus assuring a high percentage of properly burned ware from each kiln. The fire and also the drying shrinkages are moderately low; hence but little ware is lost through cracking, warping, or deformation. Another quality of prime importance is that the color of the burned body is stable and exceptionally pleasing, so the ware appeals to the prospective purchaser. The clay is well adapted for the manufacture of stoneware, sewer pipe, fireproofing, high-grade face brick, second-grade fire brick, and paving blocks. It is also used in the manufacture of terra cotta, roofing tile, yellow ware, and enameled tile.

The Lower Kittanning clay is directly associated with the Lower Kittanning coal, which is also a bed of importance. Both clay and coal may be mined from the same entry, and the combined thickness of the beds gives sufficient height for ease and economy in mining. The coal may be used in the manufacture and burning of the clay into marketable ware. With only ordinary economy IJ tons of coal give the power and heat necessary for the production of 1,000 brick; hence under these conditions a 4-foot bed of clay may be converted into ware with a 2-foot 8-inch bed of coal. In Gallia County the Clarion and Middle Kittanning coals are also present near the Lower Kittanning clay field, so they may be drawn upon if necessity demands. The Lower Kittanning clay has not been utilized in Gallia County, but the conditions are favorable for the establishment of ceramic plants, especially in western Greenfield Township.

The Lower Kittanning coal is one of the most valuable coal deposits in southern Ohio, for it is the main reliance for fuel in Lawrence County. It is also worked extensively in Jackson County. At present it ranks fourth in importance in Gallia County. It is far more steady than the other beds, as with fair thickness and with few wants it may be readily traced from the Ohio River near Ironton in Lawrence County to Hamden in yinton County. The associated clays of economic worth also give the Lower Kittanning coal a special value over other coals in the area since this combination of materials has l6d to the establishment of large industrial plants.

When the members are considered in ascending order, the Lower Kittanning coal is the third coal deposit in the Allegheny formation; but, in Gallia County, it is the second coal deposit exposed, since the Brookville coal, which should outcrop here, is wanting. Its position in this county is about 23 feet above the Ferriferous limestone and 38 feet below the Middle Kittanning coal. Here the deposit is very unsteady and averages thin, not to exceed 1 foot 8 inches. When the bed is traced from place to place along its outcrop, the observer is impressed by the various phases shown.

Greenfield Township. - ^Along Lefthand Fork, near old Cambria Furnace, Section 7, Greenfield Township, the structure of the bed is normal, but thie upper coal bench is somewhat thin and the clay parting exceptionally heavy. The section taken follows: ^ j^

Farther down the valley the bed is generally thin and in places wanting. Near the head of Kokeene Hollow, in Section 18, the Lower Kittanning coal was formerly mined for local use. The coal was not exposed for measurement, but the bed is reported by Wesley Clarkson to have the following structure: p^^ j^

From here to the mouth of the valley the deposit is poorly represented. It is usually thin, and in some localities it is replaced by the overlying massive sandstone.

But little may be said in favor of the Lower Kittanning coal in Pokepatch Hollow, because, when present, it is thin and bony. A section taken along an old ore road in this hollow, on the property of the Cambria Clay Products Company, shows the general character of the bed in Section 19, and the measurements of the rocks are given

The layer of coal, 7 inches in thickness, shown in the section just given, and separated from the coal above by 5 feet of clay and clay shale, may represent the normal lower bench of the Lower Kittanning deposit, but, from its character and extent, it appears to be only a stray bed. The stratum is above drainage in the western part of Section 20, but no coal of value was found.

Near the mouth of this stream, and on Dirtyface Creek, in Section 29, the Lower Kittanning coal is only a few inches in thickness, and in a part of the area it is wanting.

At the village of Gallia the bed is also thin, or completely replaced by the overlying massive sandstone. North of this, it is exposed in the cuts of the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dajiion Railway, and its thickness is shown in the following section:

At the abandoned Black Diamond mine, in Section 9, Greenfield Township, the horizon of the Lower Kittanning coal is near the base of the hill, and the bed is represented only by finger coals in the sandstone. This is illustrated by the following section, taken in a prospect mine:

7, 17, 18, and 19, Huntington Township. The following section, taken near the residence of W. F. White, in the central part of Section 7, shows the thickness of the bed at this place, and the interval to coal higher in the geological column:

On the farm of A. Long, in the southern part of Section 18, the coal was exposed for measurement along the bank of Little Raccoon Creek. The record taken follows:

The two thin coal layers shown below the regular bench of the Lower Kittanning deposit in the above section, are strays, and very local in extent. The massive sandstone, often conglomeratic, found directly above the Lower Kittanning coal along Little Raccoon Creek, was laid down by currents of sufficient strength to affect the coal bed previously deposited. The irregularity in the thickness of the coal bed in most of this area, and also its absence in restricted districts, may be accounted for in this way. The Lower Kittanning coal is also above drainage at the head of the hollow in the western part of Section 6.

Walnut Township. - The Lower Kittanning coal is found near drainage level along Symmes Creek, in the western part of Section 12, west, Walnut Township. Years ago it was mined to a small extent for house use, and is reported by local parties to be from 2 feet to 2 feet 6 inches in thickness. A section taken at Miller's Ford shows its relation to the Middle Kittanning coal above. The measurements follow:

The Survey was unable to collect any drill records which gave information m regard to the volume and extent of the Lower Kittanning coal below drainage level, but from the character of the bed shown along the outcrop the prospects for good fields under cover are not encouraging. Since the coal is thin and bony where exposed in adjoining territory on Little Bu£falo Creek, and on Caulley Fork in Symmes Townships, Lawrence County, and on Dirtyface Creek in Greenfield Township, Gallia County, the prospects for much coal of value in southern Greenfield Township are poor; however, the coal exposed along Symmes Creek near McDaniel gives some hope for a covered field in western Walnut Township. The Lower Kittanning coal, where exposed along Sjnrmes Creek and its tributaries in northeastern Greenfield Township, Gallia County, and in Madison Township, Jackson County, is usually partially or completely replaced by a massive sandstone, which will thus continue under cover for some distance at least; hence the bed is doubtfully of economic value in northwestern Perry and western Raccoon townships. In western Huntington Township, along the Little Raccoon Valley, the coal is usually thin, while along Raccoon Creek south of Minerton, Wilkesville Township, Vinton County, the bed is thin or wanting. Such conditions do not favor the presence of large areas of well-developed coal in Himtington Township. It is not safe to advance any statement as to the condition of the Lower Kittauning coal east of the belt traced, since so many factors were operative during its deposition. The aid of the drill will be required to give definite information on this matter.

At a few places in Gallia County, the Lower Kittanning coal has been worked occasionally for local domestic use. The thickness of the bed, excluding clay partings, is from a few inches to about 3 feet, but the average measurement is about I foot 8 inches. In local areas, however, the deposit has a mean thickness of 2 feet 6 inches. The bed under normal conditions is divided into two coal benches with a parting of clay. It also has clay for the floor. These clays are aids in mining, especially where the coal is low, since the cutting may be done in them. The real roof of the coal in most of the area examined is a massive sandstone under which mining is moderately safe. In some localities the coal and sandstone are separated by a thin shale, which must be removed in mining the coal, since water readily loosens this from the sandstone above. The coal is quite free from sulphur balls, bone partings, or sand pockets; hence it drills easily and requires no sorting to yield clean fuel.

The Lower Kittanning coal bums freely during its entire period of combustion. The fixed carbon averages about 48 per cent, while the calorific value is about 1,200 B. t. u. The hydroscopic water is high as the coal is rather soft, and as it contains many thin layers of ''mother coal'\ The sulphur, usually amounting to 2.50 per cent, occurs in the form of pyrite or marcasite, which is distributed in thin sheets along the bedding planes. The ash is clay-like in character and clinkers only at high temperatures. The usual amount of this constituent in the fuel is about 8 per cent although it varies in different localities and in different parts of the bed. The amount of soot it produces diu-ing combustion is small. In fact, in this respect it ranks much above the other coals in the Allegheny formation. The Lower Kittanning coal has a cementing value; hence it will make coke, but the product is somewhat dense and brittle as the cells have small volume and thin walls. This coal is considered an excellent steaming fuel, and when all of its qualities are duly considered it deserves a high position in the scale of southern Ohio coals. It has the main qualities desired for a general domestic coal, and it is rated by its consumers close to the Quakertown coal, which has been the standard house fuel for many years. There are only a few coals in southern Ohio that are regarded with favor for use as fuel in developing attractive shades and mature finish on the surface of ceramic ware. Of the important coals, the Quakertown bed ranks first, and the Lower Kittanning second. At present the latter coal, where found in the area above drainage in Gallia County, is usually too thin to be worked alone with economy for a general market product. Thus marketed the coal will bring into the county only a small revenue. If both coal and clay are mined, and the fuel used on the ground in the manufacture and burning of the clay into ware, which is then sold, the amount of money received will far exceed that derived from the sale of the coal alone. This utilization will also give employment to a large additional force of men.

Middle Kittanning Clay

The Middle Kittanning clay lies directly below the Middle Kittanning coal, and in Gallia County it averages about 3 feet in thickness. In a few localities the bed has a thickness of 6 feet, while in other areas it is practically wanting, as the coal lies close to the massive sandstone below. The clay is everywhere siliceous, but has sufficient plasticity to be easily manufactured into ware. The deposit often contains concretionary matter which is troublesome in ceramic work. The clay and clay shales found above the Middle Kittanning coal in a number of mines are also of good quality, and they may be worked along with the clay below. These clays are more restricted in their application than the Lower Kittanning clay, but they may be used in the manufacture of a variety of products, although they are best suited for paving and building brick.

Middle Khtanning Coal

The Middle Kittanning coal lies about midway in the rocks that make up the Allegheny formation. When only the important coal beds are considered in regard to their position in the formation, it is fourth from the base and third from the top. The Middle Kittanning coal in Gallia Coimty usually lies about 63 feet above the Ferriferous limestone, or 38 feet above the Lower Kittanning coal. From the average of the intervals measured in the county this bed is also placed about 24 feet below the Lower Freeport coal and about 78 feet below the Upper Freeport coal. However, the intervals are far from being constant, since the basins were undergoing many changes during that time. Waves were eroding land areas, or portions only slightly submerged; currents were here cutting deposits, and elsewhere laying down thick beds of sands with occasional intermingling of gravel; rivers were building up deltas of S£Mid and silt, while during the more quiescent stages other forces were depositing limestones, shales, clays, and coals, tinder such conditions of deposit constancy of interval or of structure and persistency in the extent of the beds are not to be expected. These phases are well illustrated in the rocks of Gallia County. The interval from the Middle Kittanning coal to the Lower Kittanning coal below varies in thickness from 25 to 85 feet, but from the former coal to the Ferriferous limestone it is much more constant. From the Middle Kittanning coal to the Lower Freeport coal above the interval expands from 12 to as much as 45 feet, while it averages much less in thickness here than in Lawrence County. See Map IX.

The structure of the Middle Kittanning coal in Gallia County is also erratic, brt that most commonly observed is as follows, - a lower coal bench with a mean thickness of 2 feet 1 inch, a clay or clay shale parting about 5 inches in thickness, and an upper coal bench the average measurement of which is about 1 foot. In restricted areas other benches of coal, usually bony and separated by clays, are found above the main bed. The lower or principal coal bench varies in thickness from a mere mark to 2 feet 8 inches, and it may also be separated by bedding planes into tw(5 or more layers of block coals of somewhat different grades. The partings and upper coal benches are wanting in some areas, since they are often replaced by the massive sandstone found on the horizon above. The parting between the lower or principal coal bench and the one above varies in thickness from 1 inch, or even less, to 2 feet. The second coal bench is wanting in many localities, but, when present, its thickness ranges from 5 inches to 2 feet. The coal benches and the partings found above the main bed in only a few localities are very unsteady in thickness and changeable in composition.

In extent, also, the Middle Kittanning coal is very inconstant, for it is subject to many wants. In some localities apparently the bed was never deposited to any considerable thickness, for the clay is found with only a marking of coal. Above the coal shale is present, indicating quiet water deposition with little erosive action. In other areas the coal bed was evidently deposited, but later eroded, since scattered remnants of the coal are found from place to place along its horizon. In parts of Greenfield and Huntington townships the interval is made up of massive sandstones, in which no trace of the coal bed is found. From this it appears that during the coal forming time conditions were favorable only for the deposition of sandstones. Many of these features are illustrated in the sections given later. The Middle Kittanning coal is above drainage in all of Greenfield, in four Siections in northwestern Walnut, in two sections in western Perry, in western Raccoon, and in western and northern Himtington townships.

Greenfield Township. - ^The .Middle Kittanning coal has fair thickness, and is quite steady in the northern part of Greenfield Township, but it thins, or in local areas goes out completely in the southern part. In sections^ and 18 the horizon lies near the summits of the ridges, and the coal bed has a thickness of about 1 foot 8 inches. On the land of Albert Miller, in the southwestern part of section 9, the bed is mined by drifting for local use. The section taken here follows: ^^ j^

In the southern part of the same section the bed is also mined near the road that leads to the village of Gallia. Besides the main coal bench there is present also another bench above, which varies in thickness from a thin stain to 1 foot 4 inches. The following measurements, illustrating the structure of the coal, were made at a mine on land of Garnet t Trainer: ^ ,

The Middle Kittanning coal was formerly mined for railroad shipment north of Black Fork Creek, in Section 9. The bed at this place is made up of three coal benches, separated by thin partings.

Geology Of Soutuebn Ohio

and has 1 foot or more of shale, and then sandstone for the roof. The influence of the various forces that deposited the massive sandstone between the two Kittanning coals is noticed in the expansion of the interval separating them from a normal distance of 38 feet to one of 86 feet. The section taken at the abandoned Black Diamond mine is given below:

In Section 10 the Middle Kittanning coal has been mined in the few high hills in which the bed is due, and from local reports it has much the same thickness here as it has at the Black Diamond mine. The bed is present in the eastern and southern parts of Section 11, where it has been mined for many years for a local fuel supply. The following measurements were made at the mine of Henry Wood:

' :The upper coal bench measures from 1 foot 4 inches to 1 foot 6 inches, the clay parting from 1 to 6 inches, and the lower coal bench from 1 foot 11 inches to 2 feet 2 inches. North of the above locality it is also mined on the land of J. W. Shelton, where the bed has the following structure: Pt. in.

The thin block layer of coal below the main bench varies in thickness from 2 to 4 inches, and it is quite free from impurities. The other two coal benches have about the normal thickness for the deposit in this area. The bed is found above cover only along a small stream in the southwestern part of Section 12. No information was obtained in regard to its character here. In Section 13, Greenfield Township, the Middle Kittannmg coal is found near the base of the hills along Symmes Creek, and it has been, and is at present, mined at a number of places for the local fuel supply. In the northern part of this section, on land of Henry Hutchison, both the Middle Kit-

Western Half Op Gaia.Ia County 629

The interval at this place, from the Middle Kittanning coal to the Upper Freeport coal, is very short, but this appears to be due more to irregularities of the latter than to those of the former, since the Upper Freeport coal at this point lies 177 feet below the Cambridge limestone, while the normal interval separating the two is about 140 feet. In the southern part of Section 13, on the land of Ben Franklin Evans, the bed is mined by drifting, for the neighborhood supply of fuel. The record obtained here is given below: ^^ j^^

East of the Evans mine, on the land of L. D. Davis, the structure of the bed reported is much the same as that shown in the above section. Along the banks of the small stream in the northwestern part of Section 24, and the northeastern part of Section 23, the Middie Kittanning coal was formerly mined at a number of places. The thickness of the bed is reported to be the same as it is at tne Evans mine, on Symmes Creek, to the north. The measurements of the bed at this place also apply in a general way to the thickness of the coal in the central part of Section 15, where it is mined from time to time for local use. In Section 14, the upper bench of coal is generally wanting, and in local areas the main bench is thin. The bed has been mined by drifting on the ridges near the Pumpkintown School, and is reported to have the following structure: p^ j^

In the northern part of Section 16, the Middle Kittanning coal is represented by only one coal bench, but this has a thickness of about 2 feet, as shown by the following section, taken at the mine of Bonaparte Jenkins: pt in. Coal.

In the southern part of the same section the bed is generally thin, and in restricted areas wanting. The deposit is usually thin and unsteady in Section 17, but in local areas, in Section 18, it again haB good volume. Measurements of the bed, taken on the land of Wesley Clarkson, are given below: Pt. in. Shale 4

The Middle Kittanning coal is poorly represented in Pokepatch Hollow, in sections 19 and 20, and east of this, in Section 21, it is usually represented only by black shales with thin coal bands. Along Dirtyface Creek and its tributaries, in sections 28, 29, 30, 31, and 32, the horizon is above drainage, but the member is thin or wanting. In the southern part of Section 32, on the land of David Howell, this coal was formerly mined by stripping from the bed of Caulley Fork. The thickness is reported to vary from 1 foot to 1 foot 8 inches. The bed appears at drainage level also on Camp Creek, in the western part of Section 36, Greenfield Township, but it is of no importance, as the coal is only about 8 inches in thickness.

Walnut Township. - In Walnut Township the Middle Kittanning coal is above drainage along Symmes Creek, in sections 6, 1, 12 and 7. The bed is somewhat imsteady, but in much of the area it has fair thickness, and has furnished a part of the local fuel supply for many years. On land of Frank Sanders it was formerly mined by drifting, and the bed has the following reported thickness: pt. in.

The upper coal bench is reported to vary in thickness from a few inches to 4 feet, and the lower bench from 2 feet to 2 feet 8 inches. Near the bridge across Symmes Creek, on the land of Frank McDaniel, the bed, where exposed for measurement, has the following structure: Ft. In.

Along the banks of Symmes Creek, in the northwestern part of Section 7, coal has been mined at a number of places. The bed in this locality is reported by J. G. Williams to have the thickness given below: ^^

The upper coal bench is reported to be variable, both in thickness and in quality, while the lower bench is said to have a maximum thickness of 3 feet, but to average about 2 feet 6 inches.

Perry Township. - The Middle Kittanning coal is above drainage only in one locality in Perry Township, which is along S^Tnmes Creek, in the southwesteri part of Section 18, and the northern part of Section 19. On land of Jackcreek Evans, in the latter section, the bed was formerly worked for local consumption. The thickness of the bed is reported by L. D. Davis to be as follows:

Raccoon Township. - In Raccoon Township the Middle Kittanning coal has been mined in a small way for local use in the vicinity of Centerville, and it is also present along Little Indian Creek, but here the bed is thin and unimportant.. Just. south of the village of Centerville, on the land of M. E. Beman, the bed was exposed for measurement along the bank of Indian Creek. The record taken is given below:

Both the Middle Kittanning and Lower Freeport coals have been worked on the land of David Jones, in the northeastern part of Section 30. The following measurements were obtained here:

In this locality the thickness of the Middle Kittanning coal is reported to vary from 1 foot 8 inches to 3 feet. North of the village of Centerville the bed is thin, seldom exceeding 1 foot 8 inches in thickness, while along Little Indian Creek the deposit is also thin and in local areas wanting.

Huntington Township. - The next area in which the Middle Kittanning coal is important, is that in western Huntington Township, along Little Raccoon Creek and its tributaries as far down the stream as the Ghee Bridge, which is located in the eastern part of Section 28. Along Keton Run or in the Tomato Valley, as the region is more commonly called, the bed has been worked for many years to supply the local fuel demand. Coal is hauled by wagon from this place to the villages of Vinton, Centerville, and Rio Grande, and to the farm houses in the region for many miles around. The bed is quite persistent here and has good thickness, while the coal is well liked for domestic purposes. Just below the bridge across Little Raccoon Creek, in Section 34, a slope was put down in order to mine the Middle Kittanning coal, but on accoimt of water troubles and other unfavorable conditions it was soon abandoned. The thickness of the bed is reported by A. SaDor to be as follows:

Mr. Sailor states that the parting separating the two coal benches varies in thickness from 10 inches to 2 feet, but that it usually has the latter measurement. Formerly coal was mined from the bed of Little Raccoon Creek near the Ghee Bridge, in the eastern part of Section 28. Local parties report the deposit here to be made up of two coal benches, averaging about 3 feet in thickness, with a clay parting measuring about 1 foot. On the farm of Calvin Pierce, in the central part of Section 29, the Middle Kittanning coal has been mined from entries for years. The record obtained follows:

The structure of the bed shown in the above section approaches somewhat that of the great bed found in the Hocking Valley region, excepting here the upper 3-foot bench of coal is bony, and the 6-inch bench of nut coal in the bottom is separated only by a bedding plane and not by a clay or shale parting. However, there is a general similarity between the beds in the two regions in regard to the number and arrangement of the coal benches, and the nature of the partings. The character and appearance of the coal in Gallia County is also similar to that in the Hocking Valley field. In both regions the upper coal benches are the most unsteady in thickness, variable in composition, and local in extent. When only one coal bench is present it is the lower one. At the F. H. Frick mine, in the hollow south of the Hartsook workings, the upper bony bench of coal is wanting, while the lower bench has much the same structure as in the Hartsook mines. The following section taken here shows these features:

In parts of Section 30, the upper coal bench, having a thickness of about 3 feet, is of good quality, and it is the one mined for local use. The section obtained at the mine of Evan F. Evans shows the relation of the coal benches and the thickness and character of the partings:

Along Little Raccoon Creek, in the southeastern part of Section 20, several mines have been operated on the land of Eliza Ann Chavies. The section obtained at the mouth of an abandoned mine follows:

The lower surface of the sandstone above the coal is very irregular, and an erosion plane here is quite evident, for the sandstone in places in the entry replaces the 1 foot of clay and the 2 feet 2 inches of coal below the clay. The upper coal bench also varies much in thickness, but the middle and lower benches are very steady. North of this near Mrs. Chavies' home the structure of the bed is considerably different from that shown above. The measurements made here are given below:

The Middle Kittanning coal is above drainage in the western part of Section 21, Huntington Township, but the bed, although formerly worked at a few places, was poorly exposed for measurement. It is reported to vary from 2 to 4 feet in thickness. A section obtained on

In Section 19 a heavy blossom of the bed was Sv^en along the road that crosses Little Raccoon Creek, and then leads to the ridge south. The bed was formerly worked by drifting on the hill west of this exposure, and the coal is reported to be of excellent quality and to have good thickness. This deposit was also mined on the land of R. C. Radekin in the southeastern part of Section 18, where the thickness of the bed is stated to be approximately 4 feet. In the northern part of this section, along the Little Raccoon Valley, the blossom of the coal was observed at a number of places, but the surface features indicate that the bed in this locality is generally thin. The interval from the Middle Kittanring coal to the f pper Freeport coal measures 89 feet at the mine of B. Snyder.

The bed ha« been opened on land of T. J. Jor.es in Section 17, Himtington Township, but due to a poor roof it was not mined to any extent. The coal measures 4 feet at this place and has a tender shale roof.

Along Spring Run, in Section 8, the Middle Kittanning coal is found near drairage level, but the bed is generally thin, and in places it is wanting. The blossom of the bed was seen at several places along the small tributary of Little Raccoon Creek in Section 7. The deposit is usually thin, but on the W. L. Huntley farm it is reported to have a thickness of 3 feet. The Middle Kittanning coal is also due along the Raccoon Valley from the northern line of the county to south of the village of Ewington, but the bed is nearly completely replaced by the massive sandstones that make up the interval.

The prospects for productive fields of Middle Kittanning coal under cover in western Gallia County are far more encouraging than they are for the other coals that outcrop in the area. The conditions favor a covered field in central and southern Huntington Township, for the bed is quite steady anel has good thickness where it dips below drainage. Where exposed along Little Indian and Indian creeks in western Raccoon Townsbip it is thin and patchy, but as the bed along Little Raccoon Creek in Huntington TowTiship thickens when traced eastward it may also do the same here; in fact this is the general tendency. In southeastern Madison TowTiship, Jackson County, the bed is best represented near Centerpoint, where it passes below drainage. This is the condition also found along Symmes Creek in northeastern Greenfield Township, Gallia County, for here, where it disappears from view, the bed has good volume* and is quite persistent. These features point to an area of good coal under cover in western Perry and southwestern Raccoon townships. Along Symmes Creek in northwestern Walnut Township there is found another area of good coal, which a short distance west is generally thin and often wanting. The surface conditions of the Middle Kittanning coal in western Gallia County thus indicate that there is a belt below cover in which the coal bed is moderately continuous at least, and in which the volume should equal that held where the bed disappears below drainage. This belt extends from western Walnut Township across Perry and Raccoon townships, and ends in central Huntington Township. This general thickening of the Middle Kittanning coal in its extension eastward is also well defined in southern Lawrence County, since the maximum volume of the bed here is found where it goes below cover in the Sheridan district which is on a line with the belt traced in Gallia County.