Scioto Township (part 4 of 14)

The average heating value of the above six samples is 6,709 calories, or 12,076 B. t. u., while the sulphur amounts to 4.58 per cent and the ash to 10.39 per cent. The Clarion is a short-flamed coal, yet the volatile matter is high. Although classed as a free-burning coal, it burns readily only for the short period required to expel the volatile matter, after which the remainder is consumed slowly, unless the draft is strong.

For steaming purposes the most serious objections to the Clarion coal are the rapid removal of the metal parts exposed to the fuel bed, due to the formation of metallic sulphides, and the clinkering of the ash, which thus requires constant attention in firing. The sulphur attacking the exposed parts soon produces a thick scale on the metal, which also becomes brittle through changes in composition. To prevent this the grates should be kept clean. If the boiler is allowed to cool with a fire in the grates, and any condensation of the vapors occurs, as these vapors are heavily charged, with sulphiu-ic and other related acids, corrosion or "pinholing" takes place, which soon works its way through the metal plates. The fire should be pulled out before the boiler is allowed to cool. If the draft is good no difficulty is encountered in burning sufficient fuel to produce the quantity of steam desired. While the Clarion is not rated a good steam coal, if properly handled, the results are satisfactory.

The objections to the Clarion coal for brick burning are the action of the eliminated sulphur gases on the ware, the short flame produced, and the sluggish burning of the fuel on account of light drafts. The acid constituents of the gases by attacking the clay components produce more or less salts on the surface of the ware, especially during the early stages of burning, which gives a dull and often unsightly appearance to the finished product. The knitting or cementing of the particles, and the surface finish of clay ware, is considerably influenced by the direct impinging of the flame; hence long-flamed coals are more desirable than the short-flamed- varieties. This is the case especially for burning high-grade face brick.

The high sulphur content eliminates the Clarion coal from most metallurgical operations. Although the coal has good coking qualities, the sulphur remaining in the product after coking is far above the standard limit demanded by the trade. If used in the form of producer gas special treatment with ferric oxide or other absorbents for the elimination of this element would be necessary. For domestic use the main objection, especially if burned in open grates or stoves, is the sulphur fumes thrown off which attack the tissues of the throat and lungs.

The sulphur in the Clarion coal occurs principally in the form of iron sulphide as pyrite or marcasite, but a part is combined with the organic matter as organic sulphides. A thorough process of breaking and washing would remove a considerable part of the metallic sulphide, as it occurs mainly in lenticular layers and nodules. It is especially concentrated in the thin lower parting and in the coal near it. Washing would havevno appreciable effect in lowering the ojganic sulphur content.

The Clarion clay in Jackson County has little value. In most of the area the sandstone below lies close to the coal, so the average thickness of the clay is only 2 or 3 feet. In a few localities it is some- what thicker. The clay is siliceous, and normally it contains enough fluxing impurities to impair its value for refractory wares. It is best suited for the manufacture of building brick. It is not likely that the Clarion clay will be utilized to any considerable extent, as the Lower Kittanning clay above is much thicker and of better quality.

Ferriferous Limestone And Ore

The next members of value in the ascending scale are the Ferriferous or Vanport limestone, and the Ferriferous or Baird ore. They are directly associated, seldom more than a bedding plane or an inch or two of shale separating the two. The Ferriferous ore was the main reliance of the old charcoal furnaces, and is used at present (1916) by Jefferson Furnace, the only charcoal stack in the state in blast. The Ferriferous limestone was the principal source of flux stone for the charcoal furnaces, and is used some at present by the modem furnaces in the region. The history of the iron industry in the Hanging Rock District, both past and present, is interwoven with descriptions or references to these members. The Ferriferous limestone and the Ferriferous ore are found in a very small area in Hamilton Township, but they extend along the main ridges over most of Jefferson Township. The areas in which the members are present in the eastern parts of Franklin, Lick, and Coal townships are also very small. These beds are represented in force, however, in Madison, Bloomfield, and Milton townships. The following pages give a more detailed description of the areas, but contain only a few records, as many measurements in which the thickness of the beds are shown have already been given.

Hamilton Township - The Ferriferous limestone and ore are found in Hamilton Township only in Section 36, where the beds are exposed near the summit of the main ridge in the extreme southeastern part. The limestone, which is from 5 to 7 feet in thickness, is generally flinty in character.

Jefferson Township. - In Jefferson Township the limestone and ore are present in 24 of the 36 sections, bemg absent in 8 section^ in the northwestern part. These members are found near the summits of the main ridge and spurs running northeast from Section 31 to Jefferson Furnace, in Section 14. In the eastern part of the township the horiion lies about half way up the hills, thus increasing the area of the deposits. At the mines of the Washington Coal Company near Monroe, the limestone has good thickness, but the ore is reported generally thin. The section taken at the mine follows:

On the land of the Jefferson Iron Company near Mt. Horeb Church, in Section 15, the ore is being mined for furnace use. The section taken follows:

Madison Township. - The Ferriferous limestone and ore are found well above drainage in the western part of Madison Township, but owing to the dip eastward they pass under cover near the central part. As no drill records are available the condition of the members in the covered area embracing sections 1, 2, 11, 12, 13, 14, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 33, 34, 35, 36, and sections 1, 2, and 3 south are not definitely known, but both beds are somewhat steady where they disappear below cover. In Section 6, on the land of Margaret Evans, the following rocks were measured :

In the northwestern part of the township, in small areas, both the limestone and ore are wanting, while at other places only the ore is present. This condition, where the limestone is absent, but the ore considerably thickened, is sho^Ti in the following section, taken on land of F. H. Quick, near the center of Section 7:

In the northern part of the section on the same property the ore measured only 3 inches, while the limestone had a normal development. Near Madison Furnace, in Section 5, the thickness of the limestone is 7 feet, and of the ore 10 inches. The Ferriferous limestone and ore are usually present, but are often flinty in character in sections 3 and 4. The thickness of the limestone observed along the outcrop is from 5 to 7 feet, while that of the ore is from 2 to 10 inches. These con- dltions also hold true in sections 9 and 10. On the average the beds are somewhat thicker in sections 16, 17, and 18, but locally the limestone may be flinty in character. The following measurements illustrating the members when in good volume were taken along the road east of Moriah Church, in Section 16:

In tne western part of Section 19, on the land of Arizona E. and Myrta L. Evans, the kidney ore in the shales above the Ferriferous ore was noted. This ore is found in many places in Lawrence Coimty, but it was seldom observed in Jackson County. The section which follows shows its position:

The usual thickness of the Ferriferous limestone, where observed in sections 20, 21, and 22, is from 5 to 7 feet, but in some localities it is flinty, while in restricted areas it is wanting. The thickness of the ore where exposed for measurement was from 3 to 10 inches. Both limestone and ore are quite steady in sections 31, 32, and sections 4, 5, and 6 south.

Franklin Township. - The Ferriferous limestone and ore in Franklin To^vnship are found only near the summits of the high ridges and hills east of the Franklin Valley. In the southern part of this territory they are found in sections 23, 24, 25, 26, 35, and 36. On the property of Albert Evans, in Section 36, the limestone exposed on the outcrop measured as given below:

A small area of flinty limestone was found near the summit of the ridge in the southern part of Section 2, but no measurements were made. In Section 1 small patches of limestone and ore were found, but the members are unsteady, as they are partially replaced by heavy sandstones.

Bloomfield Township. - ^The Ferriferous limestone and ore we well represented in Bloomfield Township, where the latter was formerly extensively worked for the charcoal furnaces. In the western part of the township the beds are found near the 800 foot contour. In the southern part they dip below drainage along the headwaters of the eastern tributaries of Symmes Creek, but in the northern part they disappear along the course of Little Raccoon Creek south of old Keystone Furnace. A few sections showing the thickness of the limestone and ore, measured where best exposed along the outcrop, will be giyen. A record obtained at old Limestone Furnace, in Section 32, is given below:

In Section 29 the Ferriferous limestone and ore have good volume. The general thickness of the limestone is from 5 to 8 feet, while that of the ore is from 2 to 10 inches. These members pass below drainage in the western parts of sections 28 and 33, and in the northern part of Section 27. They are completely covered in sections 24, 25, 26, 34, 35, and 36. The following record obtained on the land of the Southern Ohio Portland Cement Company, in Section 20, shows the character of the beds in this locality. p^ j^

In this locality the ore has excellent volume in restricted areas as it thickens to 2 feet 6 inches. In sections 16, 17, 21, and 22, the limestone is from 6 to 8 feet in thickness, and is quite persistent. The ore usually measures from 2 to 8 inches, but it often exceeds this. The rocks noted on the land of Taylor Munyon show good development of the limestone and ore. The record follows: ,

Only small pockets of limestone and ore are found on the highest knobs in sections 30, 19, 18, 7, and 6, and in sections 5 and 8 the areas are not large, and, where exposed, the limestone is usually somewhat flinty. The members are thin or wanting in parts of Section 4, but have medium thickness in Section 9. On land of Anna Dillinger, in Section 3, the rocks exposed gave the following measurements:

On land of the Superior Colliery Company, in the same section, the limestone on the outcrop measured 7 feet in thickness, and under heavy cover it is reported to reach 10 feet, while the ore varies from an inch or two to over 1 foot, but it has an average measurement of about 6 inches. The heavy sandstone above replaces both ore and limestone in parts of sections 2 and 11, but, when present, the members have about the normal development. A section taken on land of W. L. Perkins, Jr., in Section 11, is given below:

In sections 1 and 12 the limestone and ore are quite unsteady. At many places they are completely wanting, while in some localities the coal below has also been replaced by sandstone.

Lick Township. - The Ferriferous ore and limestone in Lick Township are confined to the high hills and ridges in the eastern part. The areas are generally small. Owing to shallow cover in much of the area the limestone is considerably weathered, but the ore has good thickness and quality. The members are confined to sections 13, 14, 23, 24, 25, 26, 35, and 36. On the land of Luther D. Johnson, in Section 35, the following measurement was taken:

Coal Township. - In sections 11 and 12, Coal Township, near the Walnut Grove School, the horizon is represented by thin, flinty, irregular pockets of limestone with nodular ore. The Ferriferous limestone and ore were not found in Washington Township.

Milton Township. - The beds are valuable again in Milton Township, for the Ferriferous ore or limestone is represented in every section except 6 and 31. They were extensively used during the early period of iron making in Milton Township by the charcoal furnaces Jackson, Latrobe, Buckeye, Cornelia, and Lincoln, and also later by the coal and coke furnaces Eliza, Milton, and Wellston, but at present neither the ore nor the limestone is regularly used. In Section 29, near Latrobe Furnace, the ore is reported to vary in thickness from 2 inches to 1 foot 6 inches, but to average from 5 to 8 inches. The limestone is from 6 to 7 feet in thickness, but in some localities the upper part is very

Along Tarcamp Creek, in sections 28, 33, and 34, the members are quite unsteady, but the ore is more persistent than the limestone, and this condition was found also in Section 35. On Greasy Run, in Section 36, on the land of the Superior Colliery Company, the rocks exposed and measured are given in the following section:

In sections 25, 26, and 27, in some localities the massive overlying sandstone replaces the limestone and ore. Along the road west of Little Raccoon Creek, in Section 26, near Buckeye Furnace, the thick* ness of the beds observed is as given below:

In sections 17, 18, 19, and 20, the Upper part of the limestone deposit is often flinty in character, while in local areas the member is thin or wanting. The ore was mined along the outcrop for the charcoal furnaces, but is reported to have an average thickness of about 6 or 8 inches. On land of V. A. Pettinger, in Section 17, the limestone has about its normal thickness, and is of good quality. The record obtained follows:

This flinty phase of the Ferriferous limestone is also noticeable in sections 16 and 21. Cn the land of J. H. Scurlock, in Section 16, the limestone member, where exposed for measurement, gave the following record: of this in sections 14 and 23 the beds are seldom present. There is a belt extending trom near Keystone Furnace northward to lincoln Furnace, in which the Ferriferous limestone and ore are very uncertain, for the beds in much of the area are partially or completely replaced by massive sandstone, the thickness of which varies from 10 to 60 feet. In some local areas this sandstone lies unconformably on the Clarion or Hecla below, thus replacing the Clarion coal also. In Section 24, along Bufifer Run, the members are somewhat more persistent, which is the case also along the headwaters of Rich Run, in sections 12 and 13. Near the No. 10 mine of the Superior Colliery Company the following measurements were obtained: p^ j^^

Along Rich Run, m Section 11, the Ferriferous ore and limestone are generally wanting. In the northern part of Section 2, on the land of the Valley Coal Company, the members were exposed for measurement, and the record taken follows: p^ j^

In Section 10 only a few pockets of limestone and ore were seen' while the members are also unsteady in Section 3. On the land of Adam Phillips, in the latter sections, the members are present, and measured as follows:

West of this in sections 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9, the members are quite persistent, but, as they are found high on the hills, the areas are small and the limestone usually much weathered. On a knob on the land of Jacob L. Tucker, in Section 9, the ore and limestone were exposed, and the following section was obtained: the ore was formerly mined by stripping, and the limestone, where exposed, measured from 5 to 6 feet in thickness. In Section 33 the members are about normally represented for the limestone is from 5 to 7 feet in thickness, and the ore, where exposed, from 4 to 8 inches. Along the road in the western part of Section 34 the limestone exposed measured 5 feet in thickness, but it is probably thicker under cover. At the mine of the Minglewood Coal Company there is a local thickening of the ore, which in places is reported to reach 2 feet, while the limestone below is normal. The rocks exposed along the outcrop gave the following measurements:

In Section 35 the limestone and ore are again uncertain, for they are often replaced by sandstone. The horizon drops below drainage along Mulga Rim in the central part of Section 36, but here the massive sandstone above lies directly on the Clarion coal, having thus replaced both ore and limestone.

The Ferriferous limestone, although worked but little at prestot in Jackson. County, is an asset of value, as this is the only deposit of limestone in the region which covers a large area, and has good thickness and quality. Moreover, the association of the limestone with the ore and Clarion coal are features of importance. The bed varies in thickness from about 2 to 10 feet, but the average measurement is about 6 feet. The member in the southern part of the county is very persistent, being foimd, with few exceptions, on the horizon, while in the northern part it is quite steady, with the exception of an area extending along the valleys of Little Raccoon Creek and Mulga Run from Keystone Furnace to Lincoln Furnace. In this region it is often completely replaced by massive sandstone, which in local areas has also replaced the Clarion coal below.

The Ferriferous limestone is well fitted for the manufacture of Portland cement. This fact is established by the quality of the cement produced both by the Lawrence County plants, and by those plants that formerly operated in Jackson County, but which at present are idle or abandoned, although this is not due to the effects of the quality of the limestone. The usual variation in the composition is about as follows:

The general qualities of the limestone for cement have been treated in the report on Lawrence County; hence they will not be discussed further. The high content of lime and magnesia makes the Ferriferous limestone desirable for metallurgical purposes, and it compares favorably with other flux stones used in this state. The charcoal furnaces in the region used it almost exclusively, and the present coke furnaces draw a part of their supply from this source.

The suitability of the stone for road building is attested by the fine macadam roads in the county, which are solid and durable. The stone is dense, tough, and non-slaking, while the fine materials produced have cementing properties which bind the parts into a stable mass. The Ferriferous limestone in some quantity is found in six townships in the eastern part of the county. The usual method pursued is to quarry the stone, and then to haul it to a place only a mile or two distant along the road under construction, where it is reduced by portable crushers and then distributed by teams. The cost of building roads under these conditions is low. The six townships not thus favored with deposits of Ferriferous limestone rely somewhat on local sandstones or conglomerate, but mainly on that hauled by wagon from the nearest Ferriferous outcrop, or on that supplied by rail. It is also the principal stone used for concrete work in building bridges and culverts. Thus it is the main material used in the construction of the Jackson County pikes, the excellence of which demonstrates the quality of the stone.

Another use of limestone that is growing in importance each year is for agricultural purposes. The soils derived from the weathering of the Allegheny and of the Pottsville rocks are deficient in this ingredient, as is attested by the difficulty with which clover is grown. Lime is necessary for plant growth, especially for those of the leguminous types. The composition of the Ferriferous limestone is such that it is well, fitted for agricultural purposes; therefore, establishments preparing it for the trade should be encouraged, for a part of the product could be used at home with good results. In general the lands in Scioto, Pike, and Vinton counties are also poor in this ingredient. In eastern Jackson County the natural conditions are very favorable for the establishment of lime plants, while the shipping facilities are such that a large area may be reached with ease.

The association of the Ferriferous limestone and Clarion coal is a relation of importance in mining, as both coal and limestone may be removed from the same workings. The method of attack is to mine the coal, and then shoot down all or part of the limestone above. If the material overlying the limestone is a thick sandstone or a tough shale, the full thickness of the limestone deposit is worked. If this is a soft clay or a tender shale, 1 to 2 feet of stone are allowed to remain to form the roof of the mine. The usual method practised, where the deposit is 7 or more feet in thickness, is to mine about 5 feet, which, with the coal below, gives workings from 9 to 10 feet in height.

In parts of Jackson County there is a massive sandstone above the Hmestone which will thus allow the full thickness of the latter to be mined along with the Clarion coal below. The association of the Ferriferous limestone and ore is of less importance, but if the full thickness of the limestone is mined the ore is obtained at a low cost.

The rich Ferriferous ore has been of vast importance in establishing the iron and steel industry in this state. It was the main dependence of about 100 charcoal furnaces in the Hanging Rock District, of which 16 were in Jackson County. The thickness of the deposit, the yield of metal, the excellent working qualities in the short stacks of the charcoal furnaces, and the natural composition for smelting foundry iron, placed this ore at the head of the list of native ores in importance. The ore varies in thickness from one inch to as much as 2 feet 6 inches, but the usual measurement is from 5 to 12 inches. The exceptional volumes noted are usually of local extent, somewhat in the nature of rolls, and they usually denote a decrease in the normal thickness in the surrounding areas. Under heavy cover the ore is of the normal carbonate type, but along the outcrop it has weathered to the hydrate forms with an increase in the iron content. The usual outcrop ore is porous blocks, but under extreme weathering it is soft and clay-like in character; especially is this the case in that found along the joint planes where the limestone below has weathered to widely separated blocks. This ore more nearly resembles colloidal precipitated hydrates.

Owing to the thinness of the deposit, and to the more desirable quality of the weathered product, the Ferriferous ore has been mined mainly by stripping along the outcrop. In local areas where the thickness is exceptional, and the quality good, it has been mined by drifting. At present both methods are used to obtain the ore supply for Jefferson Furnace. Small amounts are also obtained from the limestone mines.

The Lower Kittanning horizon with its coal, clays, and shales, is of great importance at present in Jackson County, and in the future it may lead to increased development. The clays which are by far the most valuable in the area are the basis of the present brick industry at Oak Hill. The shales also have excellent ceramic qualities, although they are but little utilized at present. The Lower Kittanning coal, the main stratigraphic member of the group, has ample thickness for mining in most of the area, while the quality of the fuel for general purposes is next to that of the Quakertown, or Jackson Hill. When the economic values of all the beds on the horizon are considered, the interval is thus seen to furnish valuable natural resources for industries, especially along ceramic lines. See Map III.

The Lower Kittanning coal is the first coal bed of importance above the Ferriferous limestone. In Jackson County the average interval separating the two members is 25 feet, although it varies from 13 to 52 feet. It is separated from the overlying Middle Kittanning coal by a series of shales and sandstones with irregular deposits of clays, thin coals, and ores, the total average thickness of which is 39 feet. The interval expands from 21 to 64 feet. The first member of special economic importance above the Lower Kittanning coal is the Oak Hill clay, which in some localities lies directly on the coal, but which at other places may be separated from the coal by as much as 29 feet of shales and sandstones. The average interval of separation is about 5 feet. The Lower Kittanning clay is found directly below the coal member, and it averages 6 feet in thickness, that is, when the clay-bonded sandstone below is not considered a part of the bed. The Red Kidney ore, which is seldom present in Jackson County, lies about 12 feet above the LowTr Kittanning coal.

The Lower Kittanning coal and the associated clays are found in eastern Jefferson Township, but the areas are small, as the horizon rising westward soon passes above the summits of the highest hills. The coal is of value only in the eastern tier of sections, for in those west of this it is badly weathered on account of shallow cover. In Madison Township, where the members are well represented, the total area is large. In the western part of the township the Lower Kittanning coal is found about 800 feet above tide, but owing to the dip eastward it passes below drainage before reaching the eastern boundary.

The members are poorly represented in Franklin Township, for the beds are confined to small areas near the summits of the high knobs in sections 1, 25, 26, and 36, while in Lick Township they were seen in the northeastern part of Section 36 only. They are wanting in Coal and Washington townships. The total area in Bloomfield Township is large, for they are present in all the sections east and south of the old preglacial river, but in those west of this they are practically wanting. Milton Township is well supplied with Lower Kittanning

The total area of Lower Kittanning coal in Jackson County is about 58 square miles. Owing to many wants and thin places the area in which the bed has a thickness of 2 feet 6 inches or more is estimated to be approximately 25 square miles. Since a part of this good territory has been worked for local use and railroad shipment the area yet available will scarcely exceed 20 square miles

Madison Township. - The deposits on the Lower Kittanning horizon have been more largely worked in Madison Township than in any other in Jackson County. In the main, the flint and plastic clays, the basis of the Oak Hill brick industry, and the coal for the fuel are drawn from the region adjacent to the village, but in this township. Coal and clays here are well developed, while the direct association of the beds is of aid in producing the raw materials at a low cost. The sections given in the following pages illustrate these features. In Section 6, in the southwestern part of Madison To>\Tiship, the following relations were observed along the road that leads to the ridge south of Black Fork:

The Lower Kittanning coal and associated clays are wanting or poorly developed in sections 5, 4, 3, and 2, south. The horizon is below drainage in Section 1. The coal is usually present, but generally thin in Section 32; however, the clays often have good volume. Both coal and clays are poorly represented in most of sections 33, 34, 35, and 36, as thej' are largely replaced by massive sandstones.

The deposits of Lower Kittanning coal and associated clays are somewhat patchy in Section 29, but they are quite steady in Section 20. In the latter section the coal has been mined for local needs on the land of Newton Davis, but no measurements were obtained as the mines were full of water when the region was visited (1915). However, on the farm of Jenkin Edwards the stratum was exposed, and the following record obtained:

In Section 28 the coal and clays are largely replaced by massive sandstones. In sections 21, 22, 23, 26, and 27 the coal and clays are seldom represented in force. In a few localities black carbonaceous shales with thin coal bands interstratified were observed, but at no place was coal of value found. The horizon is below drainage in sections 24 and 25. In Section 18, on the property of Isaac M. Morgan, the Oak Hill clay was exposed as follows:

The Lower Kittanning coal is mined for railroad shipment in the northern part of Section 5. The record obtained at the Commercial mine of E. 0. Roberts is given below:

In Section 8 the Lower Kittanning coal has good volume, and the clays are also generally well developed. The coal is mined for fuel and the clays for the manufacture of fire brick by the Pyro Clay Products Company in the northern part of Section 17. The following record showing the thickness and relation of the beds was obtained here:

In the southern part of Section 16 the Lower Kittanning coal and related clays are thin or wanting, but in the northern part they are usually well developed. The following measurements were taken at the Elkhorn mine: p^ j^^

The coal and clay deposits on this general horizon are patchy in Section 9, while in Section 4 the coal is usually present, but generally thin. In most of the area the clay below the coal has good volume. The following record made along the road in the central part of the section gives the general relations: p^ j^

The interval of the Lower Kittanning coal and clays is taken by massive sandstones in most of Section 15, while in Section 14 patches of good coal are found only in a few localities. The coal has been mined by stripping in the bed of a small branch of Cherry Fork on the land of Charles Evans. The thickness of the coal is reported to vary from 2 feet 6 inches to 4 feet. The impure blossom of the member was noted also at several places along the main stream. These beds are below drainage in sections 1, 2, 11, 12, and 13. The coal is thin or wanting in most of Section 10, but the imderlying clay in local areas has good volume. The conditions of the Lower Kittanning coal and associated beds in Section 3 are shown in the following record made near where the bridge crosses Sugar Rim: p^ ^^

Bloomfield Township. - In Bloomfield Township the Lower Kittanning coal and clay are found where due with but few exception^, but in the northern part of the region the coal bed is often thin. A massive sand- 8tone,the lower part of which is conglomeratic, replaces the Oak Hill clay, and in local areas part of the upper bench of the underlying coal. The succeeding sections taken in this township illustrate the general character of the members in the interval, and the variations due to changes during the period of deposition. On land of Willianj Reese, in Section 31, the Lower Kittanning coal where measured was 3 feet 3 inches in thickness, with a clay parting of 1 inch. In the southwest comer of the same section, on land of John W. Evans, the thickness shown in a mine was as follows:

The Lower Kittanning coal and associated members are wanting in sections 6, 18, and 30, while they are represented by only small areas on the high knobs in sections 5, 7, 8, and 19. The Lower Kittanning coal and clay have about normal development in Section 32, but the Oak Hill clay is seldom present. The following measurements, which show the general relations of the members, was obtained along the road on the line of sections 28 and 33 :

The Lower Kittanning coal has been mined for local use on the farm of H. Poor, in Section 29. The thickness of the bed in this locality is reported to be approximately 2 feet 6 inches. In most of Section 28 the Oak Hill clay and often the Lower Kittanning coal are replaced by a massive sandstone. The coal, which has been mined, however, for domestic needs, is reported to be about 2 feet in thickness on the land of Jenkin E. Davis, and also on that of Silas Arthur. In the northern part of Section 27, on the farm of John Fink, the Lower Kittanning coal has excellent volume, while the Oak Hill clay is also well developed. The section follows:

The interval of the Lower Kittanning coal and related members is below drainage level in sections 25, 26, 34, 35, and 36. The following record was obtained in Section 20, on the land of the Southern Ohio Portland Cement Company:

The areas of the deposits of coal and clay in this interval are small in Section 17, but the beds are usually well represented. In parts of Section 16 the beds are replaced by thick sandstones, although at a few places they have normal development. In most of Section 21 the Lower Kittanning coal is especially well developed, as is shown by the following record, which was obtained on the farm of John Morris:

However, only a short distance west of this, on the land of Clement Baker, where the bed is also mined for domestic use, its volume is considerably less, as is shown by the following measurements:

In Section 15 the Lower Kittanning coal is generally thin, but the underlying clay has good volume. The Oak Hill clay in most of the area is wanting. The coal has excellent volume in local areas in Section 22, while the Oak Hill clay is also well developed. The coal bed here assumes a phase which is present in the Etna region in Lawrence County, and in the Coal Run field in Milton Township in Jackson County. The thickness of the member is increased by the addition of a third coal bench above the normal deposit, which consists of two coal benches, separated by a clay parting. This extra coal bench is usually impure, although, in the main, in part of the areas in which it is present it contains sufficient combustible matter for use in steam making^ brick burning, and other inferior purposes. The structure of the bed, noted in a mine near the residence of Opal Hawker, in Section 22, is given in the following record:

On the land of John Galbroth, in the same section, the Lower Kittanning coal is also mined for local domestic needs, and has abnormal volume, owing to a local expansion o{ the main coal bench. The measurements taken at this place are given below:

This coal has been mined for local use on the farm of Arthur MetCalf, who reports the Led to be about 4 feet in thickness, and to have much the same structure as is shown in the above section. The coal lifs IG feet above the Ferriferous limestone. This thick coal is somewhat local in extent, however, for at other places where the deposit was exposed the bed has normal thickness, or it is even less than this. Along Kyger Run the Lower Kittanning coal goes below drainage in the southern part of Section 23. The bed in this locality is very irregular in thickness, as it is often thinned or replaced by the thick overlying sandstone. Coal has been mined at a few places along the stream, and the bed is reported to be from 2 to 4 feet in thickness. This coal bed has been prospected by drifting on the land of George W. Keeton, in the northern part of Section 24. In Section 14, on the land of C. W. Burris, the coal has been mined by stripping. The deposit is reported to be thin and unsteady. The Lower Kittanning coal and associated clays are poorly developed in sections 12 and 13.

Along the road east of Pattonsville in the southwestern part of Section 3, the Lower Kittanning coal and associated strata were exposed for measurement. The record taken follows:

North of Goose Run, in the same section, on the land of the Superior Colliery Company, a good surface exposure of the rocks gave these measurements: p^ ^^

The Lower Kittanning coal in sections 4, 9, and 10 is generally somewhat thin, but the underlying clay has good volimie. Li most of the area the Oak Hill clay is replaced by conglomeratic sandstones.

Franklin and Lick Townships. - ^The Lower Kittanning coal is present in a few sections in eastern Franklin Township, but as the cover is shallow the coal is of little value. The member was found only in Section 36 in Lick Township, and it is wanting in Coal and Washington.

Milton Township. - In Milton Township the Lower Kittanning coal is mined for railroad shipment. The bed in restricted areas reaches its maximum thickness in Jackson Coimty, although the upper part is somewhat bony. The clay below the coal has good thickness and is of excellent quality, but it has not been utilized for ceramic purposes. The Oak Hill clay is also present in part of the region, yet it usually lies some distance above the Lower Kittanning coal. Id Section 36, south, Milton Township, on land of the Superior Colliery Company, the clay has good thickness, as is showtx by the following section:

A section showing the relation of members from the Tionesta or No. 3b coal to the Upper Freeport or No. 7 coal was obtained along the road that leads from Buckeye Furnace to Hoihouse Ridge, in Section 26. The lower Freeport and Middle Kittanning coals are replaced by the massive sandstone, which, as shoMoi elsewhere, often lies unconformably on the Lower Kittanning coal. The massive sandstone below this coal replaces the Ferriferous ore and limestone in some localities, aad often in local areas takes the place of the Clarion coal also. The measurements taken here follow: .,, .

On Hoihouse Ridge, in Section 27, a heavy blossom of the Lower Kittanning coal was seen, but the true thickness of the bed was not obtained. In Section 20 the members were exposed along the roadside, and the coal appeared thin.

Along Coal Rim, in sections 14 aad 23, the Lower Kittanning coal is mined for railroad shipment by the Mohawk Coal Company. The general structure of the bed here is much the same as it is in the Etna region in Lawrence County. There the bony layer or "niggerhead* ' above the main coal benches varies in thickness from an inch or two to 2 feet, but it has an average thickness of about 1 foot. The bone band in the upper bench, generally present here, is a common feature in the Etna region also. The section taken in the Mohawk mine is as follows:

Here the lower coal bench is reported to measure about 5 inches, while the clay parting above often thins to J inch. In Section 24, on Buffer Run, the Lower Kittanning coal is also mined for railroad shipment by the Superior Colliery Company. The general character of the bed in this locality is the same as that noted on Coal Run. The section taken follows:

The total thickness of the upper bench is reported to vary^from'S feet 10 inches to 4 feet 4 inches in thickness, the clay parting from 2 to 4 inches, and the lower coal bench from 2 to 4 inches. The clay below, which is of good quality, is reported to be quite thick. The tough shale above the coal forms a very good roof for mining. Along the road that leads from Rich Run to the ridge east in sections 13 and 14, the following rocks were exposed for measurement:

Geology Of Southern Ouio

The upper bench of coal, excluding the bony part, is reported to have a thickness of 3 feet near the center of the hill. The clay parting varies from 2 to 4 inches. In this region the Oak Hill clay above has excellent thickness and quality, while the associated shales are also well fitted for ceramic products. In Section 12, on the land of the Wellston Coal & Brick Company, the following rocks were exposed for measurement:

The Lower Kittanning coal is mined for railroad shipment by the Browne Coal Company, in the northern part of Section 2. The structure of the bed near the head of the entry is as follows:

The bony layer on the upper coal bench is wanting here, while the thickness of this bench is reported to vary from 2 feet 6 inches to 3 feet.

On land of the Geneva Coal & Mining Company, in Section 36, north, the Lower Kittanning coal, where exposed for measurement, gave the following record:

In Section 34 the Lower Kittanning coal is mined by the Minglewood Coal Company for railroad shipment. The bed has good thickness, and the coal in the lower benches is of excellent quality. The strata measured are given below:

The Lower Kittanning coal bed is characterized by being made up of two coal benches separated by clay. Both benches are very persistent, but the upper one is much better developed than the lower. In Jackson County the average thickness of the upper bench is about 2 feet 4 inches, while that of the lower is 7 inches. The maximum thickness of the upper bench, including the bony layer in the upper part, is 4 feet, while the minimum of course depends on the amount of erosion that took place preceding the deposition of the conglomeratic sandstone above. In local areas the bed is thinned to a few inches or completely replaced. Normally the lower bench seldom thickens to over 1 foot, while in some localities it measures only 2 inches. The clay parting expands in thickness from one-half inch to 1 foot 6 inches, but it has an average measurement of about 3 inches. The bony part of the upp^r bench of coal found in eastern Milton and northern Bloomfield townships is much the same in character as that found and similarly placed in the Etna region in Lawrence County. This layer varies in composition somewhat, but it never reaches that of highgrade fuel, while in some localities it is really a carbonaceous shale with thin coal bands.

The Lower Kittanning coal in Jackson County is worked for railroad shipment in Milton Township. In Section 34, north, the Minglewood Coal Company was laying tracks, and otherwise preparing to mine the bed when the region was visited in the summer of 1914. The main entry was then driven preparatory to turning rooms. The mine of the Browne Coal Company is located in Section 2, and is connected by switch to the Detroit, Toledo & Ironton Railway. The mine is electrically equipped throughout. Jeflfrey and Goodman machines are used in cutting the coal, while Morgan and Gardner motors are used for hauling. The coal is elevated to the tipple by chain elevators. The electric current is furnished by a 400 ampere dynamo, manufactured by the General Electric Company, and the steam is generated by 150 H. P. tubular boiler. The mine is well equipped throughout. The number of men employed is usually about

80, The Superior Colliery Company has a mine near the head of Bich Run, in Section 13, but it is idle at present (1914). Mine No. 11 of the above mentioned company is located on Buffer Run, in Section 24. It is a level-free mine, with the coal loaded from a tipple. The mine is electrically equipped, using Morgan and Gardner cutting machines and motors. The capacity is 450 tons per day, and the coal is shipped via the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Railway. The Mohawk Coal Company operate a pick mine on Coal Run, in Section 23. It is level-free, and mule power is used for hauling the coal. The capacity of the mine is 235 tons per day. It is connected by a switch to the branch of the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Railway. One shipping mine is in operation at present on the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Railway in Section 5, Madison Township. It is known as the Commercial mine, and is run by E. 0. Roberts. The mine is level-free. Mule power is used in hauling the fuel, which is mined by picks. The daily capacity of the mine is about 50 tons.

The usual method of attack in mining is to cut in the soft clay parting, but this method is not followed entirely, for in some mines the cutting is dons in the coal. By cutting in the clay, however, coal is saved. In another way this parting is objectionable, as special care is required to keep the mined coal free from admixed clay, which, if allowed to become wet during transit or storage, disintegrates and whitewashes the coal, thus giving it an unsightly appearance. During mining and handling the admixed clay is more or less reduced to fine material. Where the coal is screened the bulk of it goes into the smaller sized grades of fuel, such as egg, nut, and slack, thus leaving the lump reasonably clean. The amount of clay present is seldom sufficient to impair the real fuel value of the coal. The objection is mainly one of appearance and not of quality. The average thickness of the Lower Kittanning bed, taken from all the measurements made in Jackson County, is 2 feet 11 inches of clean coal in the two benches. Since the specific gravity of this coal is about 1.3, the total fuel per acre is approximately 5,160 tons of 2,000 pounds each. The yield in mining per acre, counting only 60 per cent, available, is thus about 3,100 tons. The clays associated with the Lower Kittanning coal give the bed a special value when considered for the basis of ceramic industries. This subject will be treated more fully under days.

The Lower Kittanning is classed as a coking coal, although it has been but little utilized for this product in Ohio. The sulphur content, and the tender nature of the coal, limit its value for use n the blast furnace in the raw state. It is a free-burning, long-flamed coal, qualities recommending it for the burning of ceramic products, especially where color of the ware is of importance. For this use it ranks next to the Quakertown coal. It is a good domestic coal, as it produces but little soot, and bums to a light powdery ash. For steaming purposes this

Sample from mine No. 11, Superior Coal Company, Section 24, Milton Township, Jackson County. Sample taken well under cover and from a fresh face. The sample was a section 5x4 inches and was cut by D. D. Condit in November, 1907.

From mine and surface exposures noted, the average thickness of the Lower Kittanning coal in Jackson County is sufficient for ease in mining, as the bed, including the 3 inch clay parting, measures 3 feet 2 inches. Usually the roof is a shale, tough and solid, but in some localities, aa noted in the stratigraphy, it is a massive sandstone, while at other places the Oak Hill clay lies directly on the coal bed. The shale or sandstone forms a safe roof, but the clay is held only with difficulty. Where both clay and coal are wanted, as is the case in the Oak Hill district, this association is a decided advantage in economy in the mining of both. In Milton Township, while the Oak Hill clay is moderately steady, it usually lies some distance above the coal; hence it is not detrimental in the mining where only the latter is wanted. Where only a foot or two of shale intervenes between the coal and the massive sandstone above, mining is somewhat dangerous, for percolating waters loosen the shale along the contact, and consequently it soon cracks and falls. This condition though is restricted to local areas. In general the roof of the Lower Kittanning coal is considered safe.

Everywhere the floor of the Lower Kittanning coal is clay, which is always plastic, but which in some localities is somewhat siliceous, and, therefore, harder. In dry mines this plastic clay causes no particular rouble, but in wet mines it causes muddy roadways for hauling, insecure footings for posts and tracks, and it requires additional coal to be left in order to prevent "squeezing" from the weight of the overburden.

the general mining conditions of the deposit, and the worth of the associated minerals are carefully considered, the Lower Kittanning coal is one of the valuable mineral assets of Jackson Coimty, and it bids fair to play an important part in the future development of the region.

Lower Kittanning Clay

The Lower Kittanning clay, when considered from the point of general ceramic utilization, is by far the most important clay bed in Jackson County, for it is well fitted for the manufacture of a variety of products such as stoneware, face brick, sewer pipe, fire proofing, second-grade fire brick, and paving block. In fact, this bed is the basis of a large part of the ceramic industry of the State, the total value of the clay products of which in 1913 was over $38,000,000. Except in the Oak Hill region but little attention has been paid to the value of this clay, although conditions are favorable for the success of such plants in other parts of the county.

When considered in a general way, the clays in the interval from the Ferriferous ore or limestone to the Lower Kittanning coal form the Lower Kittanning clay member. This is really divided into two clay beds, the upper one of which is directly associated with the Lower Kittanning coal proper, while the lower one belongs to a thin coal stratum which lies about midway in the interval. The upper clay bed is far more steady than the lower one, which is not commonly present in Jackson County, although well developed and quite persistent in the Etna region *of Lawrence County. The clays in both beds are much the same in character, and were formed during the same general swamp period that ended with the deposition of the Lower Kittanning coal. Below the upper clay, in a part of the Jackson County field, there is found a light-colored, fine-grained, clay-bonded sandstone, which also has good ceramic qualities. This really belongs to the upper clay bed, but it is too siliceous to be called a clay.

The clay of most importance lies directly below the Lower Kittanning coal, and, excluding the clay-bonded sandstone, it averages about 6 feet in thickness. The maximum thickness noted in Jackson County was 10 feet and the minimum 2 feet. The clay-bonded sandstone found in only a part of the field usually averages about 6 or 6 feet in thickness, but in local areas it exceeds this considerably, usually at the expense of the clay above. When both clay and claybonded sandstone are present the thickness varies from 10 to 15 feet. Because of the direct association of the Lower Kittanning clay and coal, both may be economically mined from the same workings. The average thickness of the two beds is about 9 feet, a convenient height for ease in mining. The usual method of attack is to mine the clay from below the coal until this loosens from the roof, then a light shot near the face brings the coal down. In this way the cost of mining the clay is from 30 to 60 cents per ton, while that of mining the coal is from 50 to 70 cents. Coimting only 60 per cent available, the yield per acre for the coal, as shown before, is 3,100 tons of 2,000 pounds each, while that for the clay, where the bed is 6 feet in thickness, is approximately 12,250 tons. Counting 3.5 tons clay per thousand brick this will produce 3,500,000 brick. With good kiln and steam economy one ton of coal will produce the steam for manufacture and the heat for burning 1,000 brick. This shows that only a small amount of additional fuel is required. It makes a vast difference in the amount of revenue brought into the county whether the coal alone is mined and marketed, or whether coal and clay are mined, worked into ceramic products, and then marketed. The average market price of Lower Kittanning coal will not exceed $1.50 per ton at the mine, and is usually below this figure, while the average price of face brick at the works, taken kiln run, is about $12.00 per thousand; hence, calculating on this basis, we get the following results:

The amount of money thus brought into the county from the sale of the ceramic products is nearly nine times as much as where the coal alone is sold. These features show that the industry should be encouraged, especially when the conditions are as favorable as found in eastern Jackson County. The conditions in the Wellston region are worthy of attention, for the field of clay and coal is large, the shipping facilities good, and the water supply along the Little Raccoon ample for all purposes. Also in this region there is produced a large amount of nut and slack coal, which, thro^Ti directly on the market, brings but little return, but which if used in the manufacture of ceramic ware would yield a fair profit. Some of the bony coal, now thrown over the dump, could also be utilized in this way.

The working qualities of the Lower Kittanning clay are so well known that little comment needs be made regarding them. It is the standard plastic clay in Ohio. Although the bed in Jackson County is only of medium thickness, the quality of the clay is on a par tvith that found in other counties, where it forms the basis of important ceramic industries. The general working qualities of the clay are very satisfactory from almost any point of view. The raw clay if allowed to weather goes down to a plastic mass, or if ground and mixed with water it soon develops excellent bonding properties. For some grades of ware the clay is somewhat too plastic, requiring dilution with other materials. The raw clay is readily reduced by any of the common methods of crushing-now used in the clay industry. The type of crusher in most general use is the dry-pan, which will reduce from 60 to 100 tons of this clay in 10 hours. The muds produced by pugging or wetpan tempering flow readily through the dies, seldom laminating or cracking to the extent to produce loss. Green ware, such as brick oi small pieces of hollow ware, in which the walls are not especially thin, dries safely, with but little attention in any of the types of waste-heat or steam driers in general use. When large or thin-walled ware, such as blocks or fire-proofing, is dried in the tunnel driers, the. temperature must be more carefully regulated, or direct loss of ware ensues. Also strains started here may develop diu-ing the -burning into cracks. The bonding and drying properties of the Lower Kittanning clay make it one of the standard sewer-pipe clays in Ohio. In this industry the drying is an important item, for often the ware is large, with medium thin walls, and with sockets which are especially liable to crack. Toughness in the green state is also required here, for the ware must be handled both on the drying floor and in the kilns. The burning qualities of the Lower Kittanning clay are excellent, for it matures to a good dense hotfy at about 1,800 or 2,000*^ P. The vitrification range is long, thus producing but little waste from overburned or underburned ware. The final fusion point of the clay is usually approximately 3,000° F., but it varies considerably from this on accoimt of the variation in the quantities of fluxing ingredients present. The total shrinkage, both drying and fire, is about IJ inches per foot. With siliceous clay it is somewhat less than this, while with fat, plastic clay it often reaches li inches per foot. Occasionally it exceeds the latter measurement. The ware stands up well imder firing; so at good maturity but little loss is occasioned by warping, twisting, or cracking. The natural color of the body at early maturity is a clear buff, at medium bums it is a light iron-mottled color, while at hard bums it has dark shades. Any of the colors produced are very pleasing and attractive, and they show but little change on weathering. The following analysis of liower Kittanning clay, made in 1910, by R. C. Purdy, of the Ohio State University, was furnished by the Pyro Clay Products Company:

The light clay-bond sandstone, found below the Lower Kittanning clay in a part of the Jackson field, is a good adjunct to the clay. It is especially valuable for mixing with the clay when a more siliceous body is required, thus correcting shrinkage, porosity, and ease of glazing. It has good working qualities, and it biirns to a light buflF color. For many grades of ware this should be worked with the clay above. The character of the clay-bonded sandstone is shown by the following analysis, furnished by the Wm. E. Dee Clay Products Company:^

This clay-bond sandstone burned to maturity is a dense strong body, very suitable for paving brick. It is also moderately refractory, as its final fusion point is about 3,100° F. When brick are desired to resist the action of acid slags, or to withstand severe abrasion ft moderate temperatures, this material may be utilized with exc:Ulent results.

The Lower Kittanning clay is well suited for the manufacture of stoneware, sewer-pipe, fire proofing, roofing tile, high-grade face brick, and second-grade fire brick. It may also be used in the production of terra cotta and paving block. The conditions are very favorable in Jackson County for the success of ceramic plants, and the industry should be encouraged. At present there are seven active brick plants in the Oak Hill district which use the Lower Kittanning clay to some extent. However, this (day with the associated shales forms the basis of only one plant, which is that of the Diamond Brick Company, located about one mile south of Oak Hill. The following gcmeral description of the plant was furnished by the general manager, Joseph J. Jones:

The Diamond Brick Company was organized on Feb. 27, 1903. The materials used in the manufacture of the diflferent grades of ware are soil, plastic clay, flint clay,

*H. B. Henderson and W. Stout, The Utilization of Ohio Clay-bonded Sandstones for the manufacture of Silica Brick, Trans. American Ceramic Society, Vol. XVIII.

and shale. The thickness of the deposits are as follows: soil 5 feet, plastic <2lay 14 feet, flint clay 3 feet, and shale 10 feet. The total thickness of all beds utilized is usually close to 32 feet. The general equipment of the plant is one 150-H. P. Atlas engine, two 125-U. P. Houston boilers, one American dry pan, one Raymond pug null, one American auger machine, and one American automatic cutter. The ware from the machines is loaded on steel cars, about 200 of which are used. The ware is dried with steam heat in 14 tunnels and is burned in 7 down-draft kilns which have a capacity of 70,000 each. Clarion coal is used foi fuel. The daily capacity of the plant is three cars of ware which is shipped via the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Ilaihx>ad. The kinds of ware made are hollow brick, fire proofing, fire brick, drain tile, and face brick.

There is a thin coal bed found between the two benches of the Lower Kittanning clay where these are present. This coal deserves a passing mention for the underlying clay really belongs to it, and not to the Lower Kittanning above. This thin coal, separating the two clay benches, is quite steady in the Etna region in Lawrence County, where both clay benches are well developed^ but it was only occasionally seen in Jackson County. When both benches of clay are present, a few inches of coal may be the only intervening stratum, or the coal with a few feet of shale or sandstone above may separate them. During the swamp period that began soon after the Ferriferous limestone and ore were laid down, the conditions were somewhat changeable. They were locally favorable first for the formation of a clay bed, followed by the deposition of a thin coal above, while in part of the area shale or sand.stone was laid down. Then the conditions became more uniform and the Lower Kittanning clay and coal were formed, the steadiness of which has been described elsewhere. The usual thickness of this coal bed, where present, is from 2 to 6 inches, although occasionally it exceeds this, but the thickness at no place where noted in Jackson County was such as to justify mining at present. A measurement taken in Section 35, north, Milton Township, is given below to show the general relations to other members:

Near Center Station, in Lawrence County, there is a coal bed with a maximum thickness of about 3 feet lying only a few feet above the Lower Kittanning coal. This is called locally the "Lost Seam*' coal, for the area is very small, and it was not seen elsewhere in the county. In local areas in northern Milton Township, Jackson County, a coal bed appears on the same horizon, but its thickness, where exposed, is only about 1 foot. This bed is correlated with the **Lcst Seam" of Lawrence County, mainly on account of the respective positions of both with reference to the Lower Kittanning coal. The stratum denotes local swamp conditions following the deposition of the regular bed below. A section ^vill be given to show its position with reference to other important members. The measurements taken along the road in the northern part of Section 2, Milton Township, follow:

This bed is also found in the shales above the Lower Kittanning coal in the mine of the Browne Coal Company. As the deposit is local and thin, where exposed, it is not economically important. There is a chance, however, that in small areas the bed may be found lying so close to the underlying Lower Kittanning coal that it can be mined along with the latter.

Hamden Ore

Near old Hamdcn Furnace, west of the village of Hamden, in Vinton County, there are found deposits of iron ore which contain a fair percentage of iron, but which are characterized by having an extremely high phosphorus content; this far exceeding the other native ores of the State. Locallv the ore is known as the Hamden ore; hence it is so designated in this report. Although this bed was not found well marked in Jackson County there are in a few localities in Milton Township ferruginous deposits which are at the same stratigraphic position as the Hamden bed; therefore, the member will be briefly treated here.

Kittannmg coal, or more definitely, at the base of the Oak Hill clay. Both the upper and lower surfaces of the deposits are very irregular, and the ore often replaces a part of the clay above. The ore is of swamp origin. The association of ore and clay indicates that it was laid down at the beginning of the swamp period that closed with the deposition of the Oak Hill clay. Along the outcrop the iron is mainly in the form of hydrated oxide; while under deep cover it is combined principally with carbon dioxide as the carbonate, which also indicates swamp deposition.

In the unweathered or carbonate ore the phosphorus is combined principally with lime as calcium phosphate, while in the weathered ore a part of the lime is replaced by iron oxide. The phosphorus content varies considerably in dififerent parts of the bed, being most concentrated in the lower layers. The percentage of metallic phosphorus varies from 2 to 12 per cent, but averages between 4 and 6. The phosphorus pentoxide thus constitutes about one-tenth of the total. The origin of the deposits is a subject of interest, but the discussion will not be attempted until more investigation has been made.

The measurements of the strata obtained on the land of the Puritan Brick Company, in Section 16, Clinton Township, Vinton County, are as given below:

The ore is of considerable value commercially, both for its iron and for its phosphorus content. Through the kindness of Mr. J. H. Frantz, of the Columbus Iron and Steel Company, the analysis of the ore was obtained. The composition shown by the average analysis of 29 cars of ore is as follows: Percy Daines, analyst.

This ore was first used by Haraden Furnace in making charcoal iron, which, owing to the high phosphorus, was very brittle and had a silvery appearance. At present a few furnaces uso, along with the Lake ores, small amounts of the Hamden ore to increase the phosphorus content of the burden. Used in this way it is more valuable than the phosphate rock often added for the same purpose. Used alone the ore makes a high phosphorus* iron. Under ordinary conditions practically all the phosphorus and about one-half the manganese found in the burden smelts \^'ith the iron. With silicon 2 per cent and carbon 4 per cent the approximate composition of iron made from Hamden ore is as follows:

Oak Hill Clay

The Oak Hill clay in the vicinity of Oak Hill constitutes the basis of important fire brick works, which represent by far the most valuable industry in Jackson County, depending on the utilization of native raw materials for its support. The clay here has been worked for many years, and the plants are very successful, partially due to good management and partially due to the quality of the material and to the close association of the clay and Lower Kittanning coal. The natural conditions exhibited here are not surpassed elsewhere in southern Ohio for both plastic and flint clay, and coal may be taken from the same mine. The firms enjoy a wide reputation for the quality of their products, and the industry has steadily increased both in the number of plants established and in the general output that each produces.

In a general sense the Oak Hill clay may be placed in the Lower Kittanning coal interval, but when considered in a more critical way the bed is distinctly separate and imrelated to the coq,l below, except in so far as the two are often closely associated in position. In local areas in the Oak Hill region the clay lies directly on the coal below, but passing northward the members are usually separated by a number of feet of shales or sandstones, the maximum thickness of which, observed by the writer, was 29 feet. The average interval between the two beds is about 5 feet, but intervals measuring from 5 to 15 feet are common. In fact superimposition of the beds is rather the exception. The Oak Hill clay was laid down during a later swamp period than that in which the Lower Kittanning coal with its underlying clay was deposited. The intervening strata show that, following the swamp period that produced the coal, the sea again invaded the area and through its action laid down the shales and sandstone, the thickness of which varies from place to place. Following this, swamp-like conditions again existed in restricted areas, during which the clay was formed. From the succession of strata in the interval from the Ferriferous limestone to the Oak Hill clay, it appears that the waters were at all times shallow and that only slight advancements or retreats of the sea were necessary to produce deposition on the one hand of clays and coals, and on the other of shales and sandstones. The repetition of coals and clays in this part of the Allegheny is probably only paralleled in the Mercer interval in the Pottsville, if even there. The sections showing* the relation of the Oak Hill clay to other members were given in those covering the Lower Kittanning interval, so they will not be repeated here. They illustrate the variable nature of the interval from the Lower Kittanning coal and also the unsteadiness of the bed as it passes northward and eastward.

The area of the Oak Hill clay field above drainage in Jackson County is not large as it is confined principally to western Madison Township, small areas in eastern Jefferson, central and western Bloomfield, and eastern Milton townships. Owing to the uncertainty of the deposits it is hard to get a good estimate of the total area, but probably it will not exceed 15 square miles, yet this is amply sufficient to maintain the present plants for many generations and to justify the establishment of others. The average thickness of the deposit is about 3 feet, of which approximately one-half is flint clay and the remainder plastic clay of good qualit3^ In local areas the bed has a thickness varying from 4 to 5 feet, of which from 2 to 3 feet is flint clay. A deposit 3 feet in thickness, counting 60 per cent available, will yield approximately 6,125 tons per acre, or it will supply a plant making 20,000 brick per day for more than 60 working days. The Oak Hill clay available in Jackson County is thus sufficient for future needs.

The Oak Hill clay bed is normally made up of flint clay and plastic clay, the former being found in the lower part of the deposits. There is no definite bedding plane separating them, although the gradation from one kind to the other usually takes place in the space of a few inches. In some localities there are a few inches of ferruginous clay in the lower part of the flint clay bench, while with few exceptions from 3 to 6 inches of the upper part of the plastic clay bench is colored dark with carbon and iron compounds, making this unfit for use. The ratio of flint to plastic clay in the bed is quite variable, for, while the average is about half and half of each, some exposures show but little for the purpose of manufacturing fire brick and fire clay products. The plant was built the same year, but was destroyed by fire about two years later. It was rebuilt the following year.

Up to this time the manufacture of fire brick through this section had not been attempted, the above named company being the first at Oak Hill, and among the first in what is now known ajs the Southern Ohio district. The rich beds of fire day, for which this territory has in later years become so widely known, up to that time were imtouched for manufacturing purposes. The only brick that were known here were the common red brick made entirely by hand process, and generally on the groimd where they were to be used. This type of brick was made chiefly from soil with possibly a little plastic clay to make the bond.

Owing to the excellent quality of clay used, it did not take the products of this first plant long to find a well-established place in the fire brick markets of the country. In a short time the company was unable to supply the demand. As soon as it had been proven that the material of this territory, of which there was such an abundance, would produce fire brick of a superior quaUty, other companies were organized from time to time, until today there are no less than seven plants at Oak Hill alone, engaged in the manufacture of fire brick and fire clay products. Under normal business conditions, they are all able to run up to their capacity.

The plant of the above mentioned company is located in the northern part of the town, on the B. & 0. S. W. railroad, and occupies about three acres of ground. The company also owns a tract of land situated about one-half mile southeast of the plant, just on the outskirts of the town, which is imderlaid with flint crown fireclay of the very best quality. The bed which is from 3 to 4 feet in thickness, lies just above the coal; hence coal and clay are mined from the same opening. There is also from 8 to 10 feet of good plastic clay in the same hill. For many years they received almost their entire clay and coal supply from this land, but for the last few years they have been receiving a large part of the clay supply from many small mines and gouges in territory surrounding the plant. This enables them to get a variety of different clays, which are adapted for different kinds of work. This clay, which is dehvered at the clay yard by wagons during the summer season, is piled outside to allow it to slack before it is used.

The buildings are all wooden structures. The main building has on the ground floor a 9-foot dry pan, a 9-foot wet or mud pan, molding tables, elevating machinery; on the second floor sand and clay bins, and rotary sand and clay screens. On this floor there is also a large store room for molds and patterns. To the east of the main building, and coimected to it, is the main dry house and dry floors. The main floor is 60 by 130 feet, while there is also another floor on the north of this, 32 by 84 feet.

These drying floors ars heated by live and exhaust steam, which circulates through pipes placed a few inches below the surface of the floor. During the day, while the machinery is being driven, only the exhaust steam is allowed to pass under the floor. This makes just enough heat to properly temper the brick for pressing. At night the live steam direct from the boilers goes under the floor and furnishes heat enough so that the brick are thoroughly dry by early morning. The brick are then removed from the floor and set in the kilns.

The engine room of the plant, which is joined to the main building on the west side, is 32 by 42 feet. Steam is furnished for the engine, pump, and drying floors, by a 150 horse-power Brownell tubular boiler. The pans, elevators, and other machinery are driven by a 100-horse-power engine. A 5,000 gallon water tank provides storage for the boilers. The water is supplied from a well about 100 feet away by a steam pump, which is housed at the well. A complete new engine room and brick boiler stack have been built within the last three years, and a new 150-horse-power boiler waa installed a year ago.

a capacity of about 12,000 standard brick per day. The clay, after being carefully selected and picked, is ground in the dry pan, and then elevated to the bins on the second floor. It is then let down into the wet pan, where it is thoroughly mixed and tempered. The mud is trucked out to the molding tables to be made into brick. As the brick are molded, they are carried out and laid on the hot floor \mtil they become dry enough to handle, when they are passed through the represses. After being pressed, they are again laid on the floor and allowed to remain until thoroughly dry, when they are ready to be placed in the kiln. This process usually requires from 12 to 15 hours. All regular standard brick are repressed.

We have four rectangular down-^lraft kilns, which have an average capacity of about 60,000 each Coal is used as fuel in the burning process. Storage room is furnished by a shed 50 by 180 feet, along the east side of which there is a spur track to the B. & O. S W. raiht)ad.

The leading brands of standard pressed brick, in descending order, are, Aetna Steel, Aetna Crown, Aetna, and Aetna O. After over forty years of experience, this company has learned that severe tests are required of a brick to withstand not only the heat resistance, but also the contraction, expansion, and friction, both from flame and wear. From the four leading brands named above, brick can be foimd suitable for any of the following purposes: blast furnaces, open hearth steel furnaces, locomotive and steamboat fire boxes, smelting furnaces, rotary cement kilns, lime, brick, pottery, and sewer pipe kilns, boiler walls, coke ovens, and for all purposes where a heat and abrasion test is required.

The following report concerning the plants of the Ohio Fire Brick Company and the Davis Fire Brick Company, which are under the same general management, was kindly furnished by the president, Mr. D. D. Davis:

The clays used are the Oak HiU flint and semi-flint, and the Lower Kittanning plastic. The flint clay from the Oak Hill member is about 3 feet in thickness, while the semi-flint clay is from 3 to 4 feet. The deposit of Lower Kittanning plastic clay has a thickness on our property of 9 feet. These clays are mined both by stripping and by drifting, but the main supply is obtained by the latter method. Partial analyses of the clays are about as follows:

The composition of the semi-flint clay is practically the same as that of the flint clay. The Lower Kittanning plastic clay is very low in iron compounds and is an excellent bonding clay.

The general equipment of the plant of the Ohio Brick Company follows: The buildings for covering the drying floors and for housing the machinery are constructed of wood. The power is furnished by a 150 H. P. engine, the steam for which is generated in a 250 H. P. boiler. The clays are ground and tempered in wet pans, as no machine-made brick are made. The mud is shaped by hand molding into ware, all standard shapes of which are pressed by hand represses when at the proper temperature. All brick are dried on open hot floors, which are heated either by steam or by air direct from coal-fired flues. The ware is burned in five down-draft kilns of 70,000 capacity each. The Lower Kittanning coal mined in conjunction with the clays is used for burning the ware, and for generating the steam for power. The plant is well supplied with storage sheds for protecting the brick from weathering influences. The annual capacity of the plant is 5,000,000 brick, 9-inch equivalents, per year.

of the Davis Fire Brick Company, except that the latter has six kilns of 70,000 capacity each, and that it has an annual output of over 6,000,000 brick. The standard brands of brick are Davis Crown, Davis, and Steel. The products manufactured are for blast furnace linings, hot blast stoves, steel mills, coke ovens, open hearth furnaces, and for many other general purposes. Both plants are connected directly by snatches to the Baltimore <Sr Ohio Southwestern Railroad, and indirectly to the lines of the Detroit, Toledo & Ironton and the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Da3rton Railways.

The Oak Hill Fire Brick and Coal Company^ of Oak Hill, OhiOi was established in the year 1873, for the purpose of manufacturing high grade hand-made fire brick. Our wares are made principally from two grades of clay, viz., No. 1 or flint clay, which is deposited in a bed of about 3 feet in thickness, lying directly over the Lower Kittanning coal, and No. 2 or plastic clay, which is deposited in a bed from 6 to 8 feet in thickness, lying just below the previously mentioned coal. The flint clay and coal are mined from the same opening, which is a horizontal drift, while the plastic clay is mined by surface stripping. Our plant is equipped with a lOO-H. P. engine, 125-H. P. boiler, two dry pans, one wet pan, and a seminlry press machine. We have two drying floors, with an area of 32,000 square feet of surface on which the brick are dried by fire flues running the entire length of the floors. Our capacity is 20,000 hand-made brick per day. We have seven down-draft kilns with a capacity of about 60,000 each. The plant is located on the Baltimore and Ohio Southwestern Railroad, which is our only shipping facility. Our storage sheds will hold 1,000,000 standard brick. We manufactiure three brands of brick which are designated "O. K. Crown," "A," and "H," respectively. These brick are used for blast furnace linings, hot blast stoves, cupola linings, coke ovens, boiler settings, lime kilns, rotary cement kilns, brick kilns, etc.

The following report describing the plant and mineral resources of the Wm. E. Dee Clay Products Company, located about one mile south of Oak Hill, was furnished the Survey by the superintendent, Robert E. Miller:

This property consists of nearly 200 acres of mineral land containing two beds of coal, and two deposits of clay which are different in character. One bed is a flint or No. 1 clay, while the other is a plastic or No. 2 clay. The plastic clay is used for the bonding material in the manufacture of hand-made first quality fire brick, while in the production of second grade fire brick, fire proofing, tile, and gas fuel, it is more largely used.

The deposit of flint clay is 3 feet in thickness, and the quantity yielded is 6,000 tons per acre. The bed of plastic clay is from 15 to 20 feet in thickness, and the quantity* available is approximately 25,000 ions per acre. These two beds of clay and the 3^oot stratum of Lower Kittamiing coal are in juxtaposition, the coal being between the two clay deposits. In addition to the above this property contains an 8-foot deposit of limestone known as the Ferriferous or Hanging Rock bed, and also a thin deposit of iron ore associated with the limestone. There are also 20 feet of shale immediately above the ore, which may be used for the manufacture of paving brick, and rough or smooth faced building brick. All of the above clays, coals, and shales are immediately in the rear of the plant; hence the raw materials are obtained at a low cost.

The plant is equipped with standard machinery, and the ware treated according to the best modem practice. The main building in which the machinery is housed is constructed of wood but is substantially built throughout. All machinery is erected on solid concrete foundations. The line shafting has no connection with the building, as it is supported by independent concrete piers. The main equipment is as follows: one 300-H. P. Bass Corliss engine, two high duty boilers, one 50-H. P. engine of Trotline type, one 20-H. P. engine of same make, two 6-4-6 hot and cold water piunps, one E. M. Freese Independent pug mill, one Freese Mammoth brick and tile machine, one Horton soft mud brick machine, one 9-foot American dry pan, one 8-foot wet pan, one 12-foot blowing fan, one 10-foot exhaust fan, one American revolving automatic cutting machine, two large Eagle represses, one automatic tile cutting machine, 200 steel drying cars, storage sheds, and other things necessary to make it a very complete plant.

This factory has the best designed and constructed drying department in the state of Ohio. It is a three-story fireproof building constructed of concrete and brick. This drier, which is 62 by 160 feet, has 12 tracks for drying the ware which is set on steel cars. Exhaust steam from the engine and waste heat from the kilns are used for drying the green ware. No exhaust steam is allowed to escape to the atmosphere until all of its available heat units have been extracted. After this is done, the water from condensation is utilized for feed water and is returned to the boilers at a temperature of about 212° F.

The burning is done in 6 round down-draft kilns, which have a capacity of about 70,000 each. These kilns are built on solid concrete foundations and have thick walls. Further they are firmly banded with heavy steel.

The following classes and grades of ware are marketed: hollow tile fire proofing, first quality fire brick, second quality fire brick for general purposes, coke oven brick, cupola and foundry ware, blast furnace linings, stove brick, boiler settings, grate tile, gas fuel biscuits and pretzels, rough faced building brick, and paving block. Both lump and ground clays are furnished for many uses.

The market for the entire output of this plant is the Middle West and South. The plant is located on the Baltimore and Ohio Southwestern Railroad. It has its own siding, 1,200 feet in length.

Red Kidney Ore

The Red Kidney ore deserves only a passing mention, as the member is seldom present in Jackson County. Its position is only a few feet abov(* the Oak Hill clay. The interval from the ore to the Lower Kittanning coal below varies from 6 to 20 feet, but averages about 10 feet. In local areas in Lawrence and Scioto counties the bed was worked to some extent during the days of the charcoal furnaces, but in Jackson County, from surface indications, it ^vas not so utilised. It is a kidney ore, having a dark red or brown color, where weathered along the outcrop, and from general appearances it is rather rich in , iron. Under heavy cover it is a gray carbonate ore, typical of the coal

Middle Kittanning Coal

The Middle Kittanning coal is not commercially important in Jackson County, although the bed is generally present in the eastern tier of townships. The great bed found in the counties north has thinned here to a mere fragment, and in its extension southward it expands again in Ohio only along the Symmes Creek Valley in Gallia County, and in the Sheridan region in Lawrence County. la Jackson and Lawrence counties the Middle Kittanning coal rates far below the Lower Kittanning in importance, and the materials associated with the former in no respect compare with the valuable beds of clays and shales occurring with the latter. Although thin, the bed at present yields a small amount of domestic coal, and in the future, as the thicker beds become exhausted, it may supply much needed wants. For this reason the bed will be traced across the county.

The Middle Kittanning or No. 6 coal is the next important coal in the ascending scale above the Lower Kittanning or No. 5. The interval separating the two varies from 20 to 60 feet, but the average is about 39 feet, while that separating the Middle Kittanning coal from the overlying Upper Freeport or No. 7 varies from 60 to 110 feet, but averages about 80 feet. The Middle Kittanning coal is separated from the Lower Freeport or No. 6a coal by shales and sandstones, the average thickness of which is about 37 feet.

The Middle Kittanning coal is found at a few places in the eastern part of Jefferson Township, but, as the bed is near the summits of the hills, the areas are small, and in parts of these the coal is badly weathered. The deposit extends over nearly all of Madison Township, where it has been worked for local use at a few places. The bed is wanting along the preglacial valley in western Bloomfield Township, and it is confined to the eastern half of Milton, but, at the present time, in both of these townships, the bed is not regularly mined, even lor domestic use.

Jefferson Township. - Small areas of Middle Kittanning coal are found in Sections 24, 25, 34, and 36, of Jefiferson Township. In Section 36, near the old stack of Cambria Furnace, the upper part of a section measured shows the following strata:

Madison Township. - The area of Middle Kittamiing coal in Madison Township is large for the bed, although found near the summits of the hills in the western tier of sections dips, so that it is at or near drainage along the eastern boundary. It is present in every section; however the areas in a few sections are very small. Its extent and relations to other beds will now be treated in a more specific way. In Section 6, south, the bed thickens somewhat and is mined for local use on lands of Margaret Hopkins, Evan Reese, and Margaret Evans. The coal in this locality is ^-eported to vary from 1 foot 8 inches to 2 feet in thickness and to be of very good quality, as it is free from partings or slate-bands.

On land of William D. Morgan, Section 31, the Middle Kittanning coal is worked to some extent for house use. A composite section taken there follows:

In Section 5, south, the Middle Kittanning coal, judging from surface exposures, is about 2 feet in thickness, while in local areas in Section 32 it measures about 3 feet. In this locality the lower bench of coal is from 1 foot 8 inches to 2 feet 2 inches in thickness, while the upper bench, when present, adds about 1 foot to this volume. This coal was formerly mined for railroad shipment by the Comet Coal Company, but the territory is not exhausted. House coal has also been mined at a few places. The character of the deposit in Section

The Middle Kittaiining coal is also mined, but by stripping, on the farm of John McCulgan in same section. He reports the coal to have an average measurement also of about 1 foot 11 inches. In Section 33, domestic coal is mined by drifting on the property of Smith Landrum, where the measurements of the bed practically duplicate those shown above. In Section 3, south, the upper bench of coal is often present, but as a general thing it is an impure cannel coal of little value. The structure of the bed noted at a mine on the farm of J. F. Morgan is recorded below: ^ j^

In places in the mine the lower coal bench has a thickness of 2 feet. In Section 34, the Middle Kittanning coal has been mined for many years to supply local domestic wants. In parts of the area both coal benches are pros?nt, and in this case the deposit measures from 3 to 4 feet in thickness. The lower coal bench is usually from 1 to 2 feet in thickness, and is of good quality. The following record obtained at a mine on the farm of W. E. Davis, shows the development where both coal benches are present:

The structure of the deposit shown in the above record was also seen at one mine on the property of John T. Williams, while at another opening near by only the lower coal bench was present, and it has a thickness of 1 foot 5 inches. In sections 35 and 2, south, the deposit is quite steady, but the upper coal bench is seldom present. However, in the latter section on the property of D. W. Williams, the upper coal bench is found. The deposit is mined here for local use. A record taken follows :

In this locality the parting between the two coal benches varies in thickness from 1 inch to 2 feet, while the upper coal bench is also subject to variations in thickness. The deposit is below drainage in Section 1, south. Coal has been mined for many years by drifting and also by stripping in Section 36, on the farms of Isaac Alban, J. A. M. Jones, and Jonathan Alban. The lower bench of coal varies from 1 to 2 feet in thickness, but averages about 1 foot 10 inches. The upper be-nch of the Middle Kittanning coal in this vicinity is seldom present. Near the mouth of a mine on the land of J. A. M. Jones the following record was obtained:

In this locality the Lower Freeport coal is often separated from the Middle Kittanning bed by a short interval as showTi by the following measurements taken along the road in the southeastern corner of the section. .

In sections 24 and 25, the Middle Kittanning coal is represented by the lower bench which has a thickness of nearly 2 feet. West of the village of Centerville, on the farm of John O. Williams, the following measurements were obtained in a drift mine which supplies a part of the local fuel needs: p^ j^^

The Middle Kittanning coal has been mined in a small way on the high knobs at several places in Section 21. The bed is reported to be from 1 foot 6 inches to 2 f(»et in thickness. The coal areas are small in sections 20 and 29, but the bed is quite steady although generally thin. In Section 30, on the land of Samuel Smith, the bed is mined by stripping for local use, and the structure shown is as follows:

At the mines of the Ohio Fire Brick Company, in Section 19, the Middle Kittanning coal is reported by the mine foreman, Mr. George Sharp, to reach 3 feet in thickness in local areas. The section measured and reported is as follows:

The Middle Kittanning coal is wanting in Section 7, and it is confined to small areas on a few of the high hills in sections 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9^ 17, and 18. Although the bed is generally thin on these ridges, it is rather steady, but it has not been worked for local use. In sections 10,. 15, and 16 the coal is thin, and in places it is replaced by thick sandstones. The best development of the bed observed in sections 11 and 14 is shoTVTi in the following record obtained on the land of David T. Davis:

The Middle Kittanning coal is usually poorly represented in sections 12 and 13, but the Lower Freeport coal in restricted areas has good volxmie. The following section of the rocks obtained on the farm of Howard Evans shows the interval separating the two beds: