Scioto Township (part 9 of 14)

Union Township. - In Union Township, the Sharon coal was seen only on Gravel Hill, although there are other places with rock stratigraphically above the Sharon conglomerate. Coal for local use was mined for several years on the land of Jacob Fraser on Gravel Hill, in Section 19. The rocks measured there are as given below:

Here the coal is reported to have a thickness ranging from 1 foot 8 inches to 2 feet 4 inches. From Gravel Hill to the next ridge west the Sharon conglomerate rises about 50 feet, and the coal is probably wanting, for it was not found or reported. There are a few points west of Pecks Creek, also, with rocks above the Sharon conglomerate, but no coal was seen.

Beaver Township. - ^There is a small area of Sharon coal in eastern Beaver Township, although in part of this the bed is thin or bony. In Section 26, on land of Henry Bapst, the following rocks were exposed:

On the main ridge north of this the blossom of the Sharon coal was seen at several places, but no good sections were obtained. The coal is patchy and generally thin.

Jackson Township. - The most productive area in Pike County is in eastern Jackson Township, where the coal has a fair average thickness, and is father persistent. Coal for local use has been mined for

The Sharon coal was opened on land of J. W. Overly, in Section 2. Mr. Overly reports the thickness, where opened, to be from 2 feet 4 inches to 2 feet 6 inches, and the coal of good quality. The section taken along the road south of his home is as given below:

Coal has been mined for local use on land of Willis Hartley for many years. Here there is a pebbly sandstone above the coal, which is quite similar in character to the conglomerate below. On the outcrop there was only 8 feet of conglomerate exposed, but Mr. Hartley says in the hill this has a thickness of 20 feet. The shale or draw slate above the coal is also reported to be wanting under heavy cover. The section taken shows the following relations:

Along the road in the western part of the same section the coal rises about 15 feet in approximately 100 feet. The section measured is^as follows:

South of Allen Church, on land of Samuel Graw, the Sharon coal with the heavy conglomerate above is exposed at the old mines near his home. The section taken follows:

Sandstone, massive, interbedded, with scattered pebbles and thin gravel layers, resembling the conglomerate below the coal. May be called a conglomerate ,_ . 18

In the southern part of Section 3, on land of J. D. Walker, the Sharon coal is being mined for local use. The thickness is reported by Mr. Walker to var>* from 1 foot 5 inches to 2 feet 6 inches, but to average about 1 foot 8 inches. The quality of the coal is ver>' good The pebbly sandstone or conglomerate was seen above the coal here also. The following are the measurements of the rocks exiK)sed:

West of this, on the high knob in Section 4, the sandstone with pebbles found above the horizon of the Sharon coal is about 60 feet in thickness. It lies directly on the conglomerate, which is also very thick and very pebbly.

In Section 31, just north of Allen Chapel, the Sharon coal is wanting, but the Sciotoville clay Ues on the conglomerate, or the pebbly sandstone above the horizon of the Sharon coal. Xo distinct line of disconformity was noted between the two conglomerates. The section taken follows:

North of this, on the Isaac Wiekline farm, coal has been mined for a number of years, and the thickness is reported to varj' from 2 feet 4 inches to 2 feet 6 inches. The following section was obtained at the. mines:

On the northwest comer of Section 31^ on land of Jasper Bowman, the coal has been mined for local use. The bed here is reported to vary in thickness from 1 foot 6 inches to 2 feet 2 inches, and to average about 1 foot 8 inches. The heavy sandstone stratum is found above the coal, but in places shale, varying from a thin parting to 3 feet, separates the two. The following rocks were exposed for measurement:

In Section 30, on land of W. H. Sprague, the stratum is made up of bone shales with thin coal bands, while along the ridge northwest of this the coal is wanting. The section taken near Mr. Sprague's house is as given below:

In Section 22, near the home of Peter Lew, Jr., coal is mined for local use. The stratum is reported to have a thickness of from 1 foot 10 inches to 2 feet 8 inches. The bed shows irregularity of 'deposition, for there is a dip of 20 feet to the north in about 100 yards. The blossom of the coal was seen at a few places along the ridge north of this in Section 19, but, as the cover is shallow, it has not been worked. In the northwest corner of this section the rocks exposed were as follows:

On the high point near Chimney Rocks there are about 75 feet of strata above the horizon of the Sharon coal. The blossom of the coal was not seen. West of the main ridge in eastern Jacksou Township, which is the productive area, the coal seems to be very thin or completely wanting, although there are many hills above the horizon. On some of these the Sharon coal is replaced by the heavy sandstone above, which lies directly on the conglomerate. On some, both the Sharon conglomerate and coal are wanting, and the rocks near the horizon of the Sciotoville clay are in contact with the Logan sandstone or shales.

The estimated area of the small field in Marion and Union townships is only about 400 acres, of which, from surface indications, not more than 60 per cent is productive territory; while the area of the large field in Beaver and Jackson townships is approximately 2,000 acres of which, judging from the distribution of the mines, about the same per cent is productive. The total area in Pike County, in which the Sharon coal has sufficient thickness and cover for mining, is approximately 1,400 acres. Due to the uncertainty of the bed this estimate may be somewhat high. The coal for many years has contributed a i)8iTt of the local fuel supply. On Allen Ridge it is the main reliance. Although the coal has been drawn from a part of the productive area, the supply yet available is ample for local wants for many years. So far the mining has been done in a rather haphazard way, for the mines are worked usually only a few months during the fall and winter. The method usually followed is single entry with side rooms, little provision being made for ventilation or drainage. The coal cars are pushed by hand. The system used admits only of mining close to the outcrop, so the main bodies of the coa4 are yet untouched. The area and thickness of the bed, with the limited fuel demand, are not sufficient to warrant operation on a large scale. The bed varies in composition and structure in much the same way as in the Jackson field. In some localities it is made up of quite pure coal, in others of rough bony coal, and in others of black bony shales with thin coal bands. The coal averages rather high in ash, which is light colored and powdery, but low in sulphur. It has a good solid structure and a bright color. It bums readily and has good heating power. On the whole the bed is of importance for a local fuel supply. -

The sandstone which is found above the Sharon coal in a part of this region, and which in places is very pebbly, having all the characteristics of a true conglomerate, is of interest. The pebbles in this sandstone are similar in composition and shape, but average somewhat smaller in size than those in the true conglomerate below, both evidently derived from the same original source. It is questionable whether this pebbly sandstone should be considered a part of the Sharon conglomerate, although in some localities the two are quite alike in structure and general appearance. The Sharon conglomerate varies from a very coarse-grained pebbly conglomerate to a medium finep^rained sandstone, and this sandstone above the coal has the same usually to thin layers near the base of the deposit, or are distributed irregularly throughout the mass. This sandstone is pebbly only in local areas, while the Sharon conglomerate- generally contains more or less coarse material. Pebbles are common also to strata higher in the Coal Measures, notably, the Guinea Fowl ore, the sandstone below the Quakertown coal, and that above the Lower Kittanning coal. The time interval between the deposition of the Sharon conglomerate and this sandstone was of suflScient diu-ation to allow the deposition of the Sharon coal, and in some localities a few feet of shales and shaly sandstone. In the localities where the intervening coal and shales are wanting, as a general rule, there is a well-defined disconformity between the two deposits, but at some places no separation was evident. The deposition of the coal and shales involves elevation changes or restriction of current action. . In this sandstone, a part of the material, including the coarser pebbles, may have been derived also through erosion from land masses of conglomerate, the existence of which, during this period, is indicated by the pronounced disconformity noted in localities to the south, where the conglomerate ex:=^ tends into the upper measures to the horizon of the Sciotoville clay. The evidence points more to similarity of conditions during deposition - ^the same as existed during the formation of the coal beds - than to a direct relation between the two deposits. In the opinion of the writer, the pebbly sandstone deposits above the Sharon coal should not be considered a part of the Sharon conglomerate.

Only a few small pockets of ore, which were placed with some confidence on this horizon, were foimd in Pike County. In Section 23, Marion Township, on land of W. M. Lyons, ore was formerly mined for the Star Furnace Company, Jackson, Ohio. Mr. Lyons reports the stratum to vary in thickness from 4 inches to 1 foot 6 inches, and the ore to Tbe of good quality compared to other native ores. The ore was mined by stripping. Here the Sharon conglomerate is wanting and the stratum lies close to the Logan sandstone. No section was obtained, as the strata were more or less covered when the region was visited. The same ore was also mined for the same company south of this on lands of William Ehrman and G. W. Keller. Here the stratum is reported to have a thickness of from 10 inches to 1 foot 6 inches, and the quality to be the same as that on the Lyons property. This ore was also exposed along the road in the southern part of Section 3, Jackson Township. Here it lies close to the Sharon conglomerate which is massively developed. The value of the deposits is small.

the area the clay is replaced by massive sandstones, but even where the strata are mainly shales the member is seldom present. In Section 19, Union Township, on* land of Jacob Fraser, the Scioto ville clay was seen well above the Sharon coal. The relation of the Scioto ville clay to that of the Sharon coal and conglomerate below is about normal. The section taken on this land is as follows: p^ j^

In Section 28, Marion Township, on land of Earl Brown, pieces of good quality flint clay with a heavy *'pink eye" clay below were seen on the outcrop. Here the Sharon conglomerate shows a decided roll; the clay lies close to the crest of this and the Sharon .coal in the trough to the east. Along the road that leads from the ridge to McDowell Creek, in Section 27, the clay was seen also lying close to the conglomerate. The Sharon coal here is wanting. The rocks exposed are as given below: p^ ,^

North of Allen Chapel, in Section 31, Jackson Township, on land of Joseph Hartley, an exposure of very good flint clay was seen. It lies close to a conglomerate, the upper part of which appears to be the same as the pebbly sandstone or conglomerate found above the Sharon coal just south of Allen Chapel. The section recorded is as follows:

" The Sciotoville clay in Pike County has practically no economic value, for the deposits are small, widely scattered, and far from transportation facilities. The quality of the clay observed on land of Joseph Hartley is very good, but the territory apparently small. These deposits are of interest stratigraphically, for they form connecting links in. the chain of deposits extending northward from the Scioto County fields to those in Vinton County, and they also show the wide distribution of the Sciotoville clav.

Anthony Coal

The Anthony coal lies just above the Sciotoville clay, but in Pike '^ unty only a thin stain or blossom was noted, and that in but two tics.

Sandstone Near Horizon Of Sciotovillb Clay

The sandstones near the Sciotoville clay horizon in some localities are quite pure, approaching glass sand quality. They were noted especially in eastern Marion Township. On the high hill near the line of sections 27 and 28 the deposit measured 12 feet in thickness. The sandstone there is light colored, rather fine-grained, and quite free from clay, mica, or iron minerals. It is used locally for foundation and bridge stone. It appears to correlate with the sandstone observed near Glade in Jackson County.

Items Of General Interest

The large number of perennial springs in the regions where the Sharon conglomerate is well developed are of interest, as they afford an ample supply of very pure water for both man and beast. In this respect there is a marked contrast between these regions and those where the rocks are Mississippian shales and sandstones, for, in~ the latter, constantly flowing springs are few, and the waters of these generally poor. These springs usually issue from near the base of the conglomerate, which, as previously described, forms many bold cliffs and gorge-like valleys. In the heat of the summer, around those springs, especially when sheltered by the cliffs and trees, are foimd cool retreats for the live stock. Many of the springs have a strong flow of water, and issue well above the valley plains, so that irrigation in a small way may be carried on during the dry summer months, cheaply and profitably. Their value for truck gardening is worthy of consideration.

The high sandy ridges, especially in the regions ^here the Sharon conglomerate is prominent, are excellent fruit lands. The trees, when given proper attention, bear abundantly, and the fruit is highly colored and of excellent quality. Orchards on this ridge land may be cultivated and sprayed with ease. The conditions for marketing at present ' are somewhat unfavorable, but with the extension of good roads into the hilly regions these conditions will be improved. There is also some good fruit land in the old preglacial river valleys in eastern Pike County. The parts best suited are the high terraces and those on the main plains, which are well drained by small streams. The areas that are swampy, or have a hardpan close to the surface should be avoided.

A few small but very good orchards are found in the old Teays River Valley a few miles east of the Scioto River. The largest orchard in the region, however, is located in the valley of the Portsmouth River, about 1 mile east of Wakefield. The owner, W. W. Tibbals, kindly gave the following information concerning it: "The farm, which consists of 186 acres, is located on the top of a ridge, which has an elevation from 800 to 850 feet above tide. More than 100 acres are as level as the land in the Scioto bottoms. From this level tract the land slopes to valleys on the north, south, and west; hence it has natural conditions favorable for perfect air and water drainage. The orchard covers a territory of 80 or 90 acres, and consists of about 11,000 peach trees, the main varieties of which are Carmen, Belle, Elberta, Old Mixon, Stump of the World, Chairs Choice, Smock, and Salway.

"Modem methods have been employed in caring for the trees fnwn the beginning. The trees are headed low; hence more than 75 per cent of the fruit is gathered without ladders. The trees are sprayed from one to three times each year, which keeps them in good condition. The entire orchard has been cultivated from the time the trees were set. During May or June the ground is either plowed or disked. It is then harrowed frequently until late in July. Cow peas are then sown for a cover crop and for soil enrichment. The trees are very thrifty and the fruit produced is large and perfect. The fruit ripens just between the southern crop from Georgia and the northern crop from Michigan; hence it ripens at a time when fruit commands good prices. With the modem methods of orchard heating and smudging a crop failure seldom occurs. Considering the low price at which undeveloped land in Pike County is valued, I consider this an excellent territory for an investment of this kind."

Chapter Iv

This county is of special interest for its ceramic products. The manufacture of fire brick began in 1864, and the business has remained prosperous, as the ware enjoys a good reputation and a wide market. This region is also one of the recognized centers of the paving brick industry of the State. For years the charcoal iron furnaces were important, but these have been dismantled. The ores, coals, and limestones have but little economic value, but the vast wealth of clays and shales indicates a bright future for the established ceramic industry.

Scioto Coimty lies in the southern part of the State on the Ohio River, which thus forms its southern boundary. It is bounded on the east by Lawrence and Jackson counties, on the north by Pike, and on the west by Adams. The area of the county, according to the latest government estimate, is 640 square miles. That part of Scioto County east of the Scioto River only will be treated in this bulletin.

The surface of Scioto County has been extensively modified, both by the present streams and by preglacial streams. The region is rough and broken, except the flood plains of the Ohio, Scioto, and the preglacial Teays rivers. The flood plain of the Ohio along Scioto County is generally narrow, but that of the Scioto averages from one and onehalf to three miles. A preglacial stream (Teays) ran northward across the county through the California Valley from the present Ohio Valley near Wheelersburg into Pike County near the village of California. This old valley is from one to two miles wide and very level, excepting that part from Wheelers Mills, south, which has been dissected by the Little Scioto, and left notably terraced. The flood plain of the Little Scioto, north from where it enters the California Valley at Wheelers Mills, is usually very narrow, seldom exceeding one-fourth mile in width. The Pine Creek Valley in Scioto Coimty averages about one mile in width along the lower course, but narrows to one-half mile in Vernon Township. That part of the county that lies between the Scioto and the California valleys is exceptionally broken and rugged, as it has been dissected by many small streams, which have cut deeply into the Waverly sandstones and shales, thus forming hills with steep bluffs and narrow ridges. The area east of the California Valley, although traversed by numerous small streams, is more varied, as the soft coal formation strata have yielded more readily to erosive forces, which have thus widened the valleys and rounded the hills. An exception to this is in Madison Township, where the streams in cutting through the massive Sharon conglomerate have left the hills steep and the valleys gorge-like.

The Ohio River receives directly or indirectly the waters from the entire region. The Scioto River, which enters the county from the north, flows south, and empties into the Ohio at Portsmouth. It receives the drainage of only a small territory east of the stream, which comprises Valley Township and the western parts of Clay and Jefferson townships. The Little Scioto River, which is formed by. the junction of Brushy and Rocky forks, flows southward, and empties into the Ohio near Sciotoville. It is the most important stream in the eastern part of the county, and, as it lies in the basin of the old California Valley, it drains Harrison, Madison, and parts of Porter, Clay, Jefferson, Bloom, and Vernon town^^hips. - Pine Creek, which heads in Lawrence County, flows southward into Scioto Coiiinty, and empties into the Ohio above Wheelersburg. It drains parts of Green, Vernon, and Bloom townships.

A system of preglacial rivers, which flowed northward across the county, and greatly modified the topography, can be traced by their old valleys, that now are of special interest on account of their hist-ory, and on account of the fertile farming lands found in them. These old rivers left large areas of level or gently rolling lands, which otherwise would have been broken and hilly; thus the valuable uplands of Dogwood Ridge, with the level belt extending northward past Harrisonville and Stockdale, are but the flood plain of the old Teays River. The effects of the old rivers are shown also by the meanderings and directions of tbe courses of some of the present streams; for example, the waters from the head of Long Run, which rises about three miles from the Scioto, and three and one-half miles from the Ohio, travel over 30 miles before they finally reach the latter stream. The tortuous course and gorgelike valley of the Little Scioto, from Harrison Mills north to the county line, is due to the stream having been formed from several tributaries of the old Teays River. The history of the main stream has been givenby W. G. Tight, who made a careful study of the region. The two old rivers of importance recognized by him are the Teays and the Portsmouth. California Valley.' - North of Wheelersburg and near Stockdale, in Scioto

'Prof. Paper No. 13, United States Geological Survey. Drainage Modification in Southeastern Ohio and Adjacent Parts of West Virginia and Kentucky, by W. G. Tight, pages 57-58.

- Valley of the preglacial Teays Iliver near Wheelerebtirp, Scioto County. This valley is about 150 feet above that of the Ohio River, and more than 1 mile wide

B. - An old valley near Bloom Station in Scioto County cut at nearly right angles by Halea Creek. The main valley appears in the background.

County, and extending into Pike and Jackson counties, is the old California Valley, which has been described by the author and Mr. Frank Leverett, and correlated, with considerable confidence, with the Flatwoods and Teays valleys, on the basis of the grade of the old valley floor and the deposits found upon it, which consist of gravel beds of quartz pebbles overlain by silt deposits. The southern portion of this valley is very deeply cut by the Little Scioto River and its tributaries, but the northern portion, in the vicinity of California Flats, and the area extending thence northward to the Scioto at Waverly, are very perfectly preserved. Its featm-es may easily be observed from the train on the Ohio Southern Railroad at Beaver. Between the Ohio at Wheelersburg and the Scioto at Waverly this floor has at present at least five water partings across it, which is suggestive of the great length of time which has elapsed since its abando^unent and the establishment of the present drainage. The elevation of the valley floor where it is cut by the Scioto Valley is, as near as can be estimated, about 600 feet above tide. This would make a grade of about nine inches to the mile between St. Albans, W. Va., and this point, a distance of about 100 miles. As indicated in the articles referred to, the topographic features of the California Valley are quite identical with those of the Teays and Flatwoods valleys, and the history of the cycles through which this region has passed is almost exactly similar to that of the other valley.

The deposits on these old valley floors differ markedly from those on the floors of the present through-flowing streams, that is, the Ohio and Scioto rivers. In the preglacial valleys the deposits are characterized by the presence of thick beds of clays with interbedded sands and by the absence of notable amounts of gravel, the pebbles of which are composed of limestone or igneous minerals, while along the Ohio and Scioto rivers the deposits are marked by the thick beds of sands and gravels, and by the composition of the materials, some considerable part of which is from limestone and granitic rock. In general the deposits are of two distinct types, and they represent two periods in the history of the streams. Thin beds consisting, in the main, of sandstone bowlders and pebbles, flint from the Maxville, Pottsville, and Allegheny limestones, and quartz pebbles from the Sharon conglomerate, which outcrops in the adjacent hills, are usually found lying on or close to the bed-rock, while above this are present heavy beds of light gray or bluish clays, where unweathered, with interbedded sands, which in places are highly comminuted. These deposits represent the deposition work of the streams during their period of normal activity. Along the margins of the old valleys, and on the water divides of the streams now dissecting them, heavy beds of clays, highly stratified, and distinguished by their plastic, soapy character, and by their freedom from sand, compose the upper layers of the valley deposits. These clays were laid do^Ti in quiet waters during the slack-water or flood stage, which resulted from the damming of the lower courses of the streams by the advancing ice sheet.

Portsmouth Valley.* - Excepting the Teays River, the most important of these old streams thus mapped and described by Tight is the Portsmouth, which, flowing northward from the city of the same

Between Soiotoville and Portsmouth the valley is again constricted, and there is another col, which wiU be called the Portsmouth col. The valley is not so narrow at the Portsmouth col as at many other points where it has cut through old divides, but the bordering hills are very high, rising from 350 to 400 feet above the river, and presenting very steep faces and often vertical cliffs to the river front, so that, while the valley is not so narrow, the location of a col at this point seems certain.

At Portsmouth the river valley bends southwestward and increases considerably in width. To an observer in the Scioto Valley the valley of the Ohio below Portsmouth seems the natural and direct continuation of the Scioto, and to the observer in the valley of the Ohio below Portsmouth, looking up the river, the Scioto Valley seems the natural and direct continuation of the Ohio Valley, as the Scioto River Valley broadens as one passes up the Scioto^ while the valley of the Ohio narrows rapidly upstream above Portsmouth.

These features at this point are very suggestive with reference to the direction of the old drainage lines, and indicate that the old valley was continuous between the Scioto and the portion of the Ohio below Portsmouth.

It is interesting to note that all the smaller tributaries of the Ohio further downstream in this section enter the valley in a direction opposite to the course of the river. At Quincy, at the mouth of Kinnicoiiick Creek, the topographic features indicate that the continuation of the valley of the Kinniconick was normally up the present Ohio Valley, or northeastward; and below the mouth of the Kinniconick the Ohio Valley begins to narrow rapidly until it reaches another marked constriction, in the vicinity of Manchester, where it is evident, from the steep sides of the valley walls and the elevation of the table-land on each side, that the river has here crossed another col, which win be known as the Manchester col.

East of Lucasville, and also in the northern part of Valley Township, northeast of Clifford, fragments of what evidently represent parts of the old Portsmouth River Valley are distinctly noticeable, as these high plains contrast strangely with the rugged topography of the country eastward, where the hills rise about 400 feet above them, or with the flood plains of the Scioto about 150 feet below these high plains. The elevation above tide of the surface of these plains, where least disturbed by the dissecting streams, is about 680 feet, while that of the rock floor, as nearly as could be determined, is about 640 feet. These figures agree with those of the California Valley, and thus tend to establish its relationship to the preglacial drainage. A comparison of the deposits on the rock floor of these upland plains to those on the flood plains of the Scioto shows also that the materials forming them were not derived from a common source.

The deposits on the flood plains of the Scioto are made up of alternating beds of gravel, sand, and silts, the first often very thick and the particles well sorted. On examination the pebbles, in the main, are found to be granite or limestone. This material is of glacial origin, as the gravel trains are easily traced to the drift sheet farther north. The deposits in the upland valleys east of Lucasville and northeast of Clifford are different in character. The headwaters of the Portsmouth River, as defined by Tight, reached the Upper Silurian limestones in Adams Coimty, Ohio, and Lewis County, Ky. The main basin was carved from Devonian and Carboniferous rocks, which consist principally of shales and fine-grained sandstones. Irregular deposits of Maxville limestone, Sharon conglomerate, Sciotoville clay, and thin coals are found on the high ridges along the eastern rim of the basin. Fluvial deposits derived from such rock would be clays and fine-grained sands principally. The rock floor of these old stream beds is formed of Cuyahoga shales and sandstones, and the deposits at present, as nearly as could be determined, are from 20 to 50 feet in thickness. The deposits, where examined, show the following jgeneral structure and composition: on the bedrock there is a layer only a few feet in thickness, which is made up of clay, sand, and gravel, with some bowlders, ore nodules, and cherty masses; the next layer, which constitutes the main body of the beds, consists of irregular interbedded sheets of variable thickness of clays and of fine-grained sands, with some pebbles and cherty material scattered promiscuously throughout the mass, while the upper layer is usually clay. The bowlders examined were sandstone, and their texture is ^bout what would be expected from locally derived sandstones or freestones. No limestone bowlders were noticed, but they may be present, for, owing to a lack of exposures, the chances of observing the lower layer of these deposits are few. The ore nodules are evidently from local sources, as ferruginous concretions are abundant in the Cuyahoga and Logan shales. On the horizon of the contact of the Pennsylvanian and Mississippian rocks there is found a thin, rather persistent stratum, which is made up of brecciated cherty material from the Maxville limestone, quartz pebbles from the Sharon conglomerate, and iron ore, the latter acting as the bonding material. This stratum, occurring well towards the summits of the ridges east of the Scioto, is the source of the cherty material now found incorporated with the clay, s^nd, and gravel on these old valley floors.

The gravel deposits are made up principally of two kinds of pebbles; one derived from the local sandstones, and another less abundant/ originally derived from igneous rock. The percentage, shape, and size of the quartz pebbles in the latter suggest strongly that this material was derived mainly from the Sharon conglomerate, which is present in local areas in the eastern part of the basin, and not from the drift sheet to the north.

The disintegration of shales and argillaceous sandstones produces sediments consisting of clays and fin^-grained sands. Since this class of rock makes up the thick strata of the basin walls, fluvial deposits in the valleys, under normal conditions, would be, in the main, sediments of this type. The evidence thus tends to show that the sedi-? ments were derived from local material and laid down by the old pre- Rlacial stream. From the above it is thus seen that there is a marked difference between the deposits in these upland valleys and those along the Scioto. The latter bear distinctly the stamp of glacial influence, while the former do not.

From a consideration of basin areas the Portsmouth River was only about one-fifth the size of the present Scioto, which has obliterated most of the preglacial valley from Portsmouth to Waverly. The course of the old stream, judging from the few distinct remnants of the old valley, was somewhat tortuous, but well intrenched in the broken land. The valley of the Scioto River averages between IJ and 2 miles in width, while that of the Portsmouth, as nearly as can be determined, was about 1 mile.

These old preglacial rivers, which flowed northward through the territory for a very long period, cut broad valleys, and reduced the contour of the adjacent hills to more gentle slopes, thus developing large tracts of level or moderately level lands which are quite fertile, and well suited for agricultural purposes. The area of this land in the California Valley alone amounts to more than 30 square miles, and that in its tributaries amounts to at least 20 square miles. The area of this land in the original Portsmouth Valley cannot be determined, for a large part of the Scioto Valley is the work of the present stream, but the area was evidently less than that in the California Valley, as the volume of water, owing to the more restricted basin, was much smaller. The fragments of the old valley seen east of Lucasville and northeast of Clifford have an area of about 10 square miles.

These old valleys are not only of value for their fine farming lands, but they afford natural outlets for roads and railroads. Most of the pikes of the county follow them closely.

All the surface rocks in this region are of sedimentary origin, having been deposited by the agency of water. They consist of sandstones, conglomerates, shales, limestones, coals, iron ores, and clays. The thickness of the Mississippian sandstones and shales, which varies from place to place, is usually about 800 feet, while that of the Peimsylvanian strata, measured from the bottom of the Sharon conglomerate, if present, to the Middle Kittanning coal, which just caps some of the highest knobs, is approximately 490 feet; hence the total thickness of Carboniferous rocks is between 1,200 and 1,300 feet. All the stratified rocks found in this region belong to the Mississippian and Pennsylvanian, except the gravels and silts deposited by the old preglacial rivers and those laid down by the present streams, which belong to the Quaternary. All the strata have a fairly uniform dip south of east. Figured from the Sciotoville clay deposits as a base, the dip east is 43 feet to the mile, that south 13.5 feet, and that south of east 44.5 feet.

first described, as they have no direct relation to the rocks of the Missis* sippian and Pennsylvanian systems, which are then taken up in ascending order, beginning with the oldest.

Lower Kittanning, Newcastle, or No. 5 coal. Lower Kittanning clay and shale. Ferriferous, Limestone, or Baird ore. Vanport, Ferriferous, Hanging Rock, or Gray

Recent River Deposits

Deposits of alluvium and gravel, which were laid down principally during inundation periods, and which vary greatly in thickness, are found on the flood plains of the present streams. Along the Ohio and the Scioto rivers these deposits consist generally of thick beds of gravel, overlaid by beds of sand and clay. The gravel is largely of glacial origin, as it contains much limestone and granitic materials, which have been transported from the glaciated regions by the glacial and present streams. It is hard to define the work done by the glacial and by the present streams, as the latter receive a large quantity of material from the same source as the former received their loads.

The gravel beds along the Ohio, and especially along the Scioto, furnish much material for concrete, ballast, and road work. For concrete work the gravel is usually graded by screening into sizes, which may then be proportioned to the quantity of each desired. The bulk of the gravel thus used at Portsmouth is taken from the Scioto beds. The Norfolk & Western Railway used large quantities of this gravel for ballast, and formerly the county roads in the Ohio and Scioto valleys were faced with it. At present limestone has largely replaced gravel for road work. Most of the sand used in this vicinity in concrete, cement, and lime mortars was formerly taken from the Ohio and Scioto beds, but at present it is taken mainly from the latter source, as the sand beds along the Scioto are more available, and the sands contain fewer coal particles, which are objectionable for cement facings and for

We obtain our material from the Scioto River, some being taken directly from the bed of the stream, and some from a bar thrown up by the current. Our apparatus is an overhead cableway with clam-shell bucket operated by a three-drum friction engine. The material is dumped from the bucket into a hopper which feeds it to the revolving screens where it is sized and washed at the same time and thence conveyed by gravity to the storage bins. We have three grades of material: the mixed sand and gravel just as it comes from the river; the washed, screened sand; and the washed, screened gravel. We have been in operation for only a year ami a half and estimate our sales for the year 1913 at about fifteen thousand yards. Our material has given good satisfaction for plastering, brick-laying, concrete, and aU that class of construction work.

The deposits laid down on the flood plains of Pine Creek and the Little Scioto are largely the work of the present streams, while those found on the terraces and' uplands are due mainly to the preglacial^ streams. The present streams do not head in the glaciated region, and they were not at any time directly connected with it; hence the gravel foimd along these streams contains but little granitic material, except some quartz pebbles foimd along ^the Little Scioto which are derived from the Sharon conglomerate. The gravel is composed mainly of soft sandstone, derived from the Carboniferous rocks, but, owing to lack of better material,^it is used locally for concrete work and for road facing. The sands along these streams contain silty material, which restricts their efficiency for cement mortars, as the extremely fine silica or alumina from this material becomes a component of the cement which is thus thrown out of the proper silica-alumina-lime ratio. They are used only to supply the local needs.

The clays of recent origin found along Pine Creek, and 'along the Ohio, Scioto, and Little Scioto rivers, are valuable for ceramic purposes, but as yet they have been used to only a small extent. They are well fitted for the manufacture of drain tile, both common and face red brick, fire proofing, and roofing tile. Several small yards at Portsmouth formerly worked these clays for common brick, but they now use Cuyahoga shale.

The company was organized in 1877 and incorporated in 1S96. The days used are of alluvial origin and are obtained from the upper flood plain of the Ohio River. The deposit, about 12 feet in thickness, consists of light or imweathered oby, and of yellow or weathered clay. Both clays have much the same working properties. Th^ have excellent plasticity and are quite free from deleterious materials, such as bowlders, iron concretions, or sand. The mining of the material is a simple matter, as aU that is required is to remove the soil, then loosen the clay by explosives, or by the pick. The ware is manufactured as follows: The clays are first put through a crusher to break up the lumps, then they are formed into a plastic mud in a pug mill. The properly tern- - pere<i mud then goes to the tile machine which shapes it into the size of ware desired. No difficulty is encountered here, as the clay produces an excellent body which is quite free from laminations, or body checks, and sufficiently strong to withstand factory handling. The ware is dried both in steam driers and on open floors, the method followed depending somewhat on the weather conditions and on the size of the tile. When thoroughly dry the ware is set in the kiln which is of the rectangular down-draft type and is 14 by 34 feet in size. Coal is used for fuel. The total shrinkage of the ware is moderately low; hence a rather uniform ware is produced. The vitrification range is sufficiently long to give good economy in the quantity of standard waxe produced. The clay goes to a good body which, when properly burned, has a deep cherry red color. AM sizes of standard and special tile are made for the trade, wliile red brick are produced when ordered. The shipping facilities are the Norfolk & Western Railway, and the Ohio River.

These deposits are the work of the preglacial streams, and of those formed by the shifting of the former during the Glacial Period. These old river deposits are well represented by the undisturbed gravel and alluvium in the California Valley on Dogwood Ridge, north of the village of Wheelersburg, and on the flat lands from Wheelers Mills to Stockdale, in Pike County. The deposits are made up of sand and clay with but little gravel and are often 40 or more feet thick. Clays make up the bulk of the beds.

The later deposits formed along the streams during glacial time are well defined by the terraces on the lower course of the Little Scioto River. Near the mouth of the river these deposits are principally fine-grained sands, but* farther up the stream they are clays, with but little sand; hence it appears that the former were laid down in slowly moving currents, while the latter were deposited in still or slack waters, or under lake-like conditions that existed in this valley during Pleistocene time. In the Scioto Valley only remnants of these old deposits are found. The preglacial deposits are made up mainly of sands and clays, while those of glacial age are gravels and sands. The clays are by far the most important of these Pleistocene deposits, although they are used but little at the present time.* These beds contain large amounts of clays, well fitted for the manufacture of the common grades of ware, such as drain tile, both common and face red brick, roofing tile, and fire proofing.

The strata that make up the hills just east of the Scioto River belong to the Mississippian system. As the rocks dip eastward these beds go under cover a few miles east of the Little Scioto. They disappear on the Ohio near Haverhill; on Pine Creek, near Powellsville; on Plum Fork near the Harrison-Bloom Township line; on Frederick Creek near the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad; on Laurel Lick Run near Pinkerman; on Bear Run, in Section 4, Bloom Township; on Holland Fork, in Section 24, Hamilton Township, Jackson County; on Meadow Run or Little Scioto near Mabee; on Bucklick Creek, in Section 16, Hamilton Township, and north of this nepr the Scioto- Jackson County line. The formations that make up this series of rocks are Bedford, Berea, Snnbury, Cuyahoga, Logan, and Maxville. From surface measurements and from drill records the total thickness of the six formations is between 600 and 800 feet. Just east of the Scioto River the estimated thickness varies from 700 to 800 feet, while in the eastern part of the county the measurements obtained from drill records place the thickness between 600 and 700 feet. The rocks of the Maxville formation are limestone, while those of the other formations are, in the main, siliceous shales and argillaceous sandstones. The Bedford, Berea, and Sunbury formations in southern Ohio have not been subdivided, but the Cuyahoga and Logan formations have been separated by Hyde into several members, which will be named later. ^

In Scioto County, east of the Scioto River, the Bedford formation appears along the flood plain of this stream in ,the northern part of Valley Township. Owing to deep cover it is seldom exposed for observatioli, and is not available for economic uses. This formation consists of shales with thin and medium bedded sandstones which are widely spaced.

In that part of Scioto County discussed in this bulletin the Berea formation is above the waters of the Scioto River in Valley Township. The formation is made up of sandstones, which vary in thickness from 1 inch or less to as much as 5 or 6 feet, and of shales which are also quite variable in thickness and usually very siliceous in character. As a general thing the bulk of the deposit consists of sandstones, although this is not always the case. Along the outcrop these sandstones are light gray or slightly yellow in color, but under heavy cover they are light blue, owing to the presence of ferrous oxide pigments. In the main, these sandstones are composed of finely divided quartz, with clay and iron compounds for the cementing material.

The Berea sandstones are well exposed in the cut of the Norfolk & Western Railway near the pumping station at the village of Clifford. Most of the layers at this place are from 2 inches to 3 feet in thickness. The usual measurement, however, is from 6 inches to 2 feet. The layers are highly ripple marked, and are broken into blocks by joint planes. A few of the layers show concretionary structure and a marked variation

^J. E. Hyde, Stratigraphy of the Waverly Formation of Central and Southern Ohio, The Journal of Geology, Vol. XXIII, Nos. 7 and 8, October-November and November-December, 1915.

in thickness. Most of these rocks are quite weather resistant, but a few of them have a tendency to shell when exposed to severe conditions. In this area the Berea sandstones have been used only for minor purposes, such as walks, foundations, culverts, and retaining walls.

The Sunbury formation, which is composed of dark shales, is the next division of rocks in ascending order in the geological column. East of the Scioto River the beds are found above drainage from the vicinity of the village of Lucasville to the Scioto-Pike County Une. Records of drill tests made in southern Ohio tend to show that the Sunbury shales and also the Berea sandstones are quite persistent. The usual thickness of the Sunbury formation is from 20 to 30 feet, although these measurements do not represent the extremes. These shales are characterized by their large content of carbonaceous matter. In this respect they bear a close resemblance to the shales of the Ohio formation of the Devonian system. Further, they are conspicuous on account of their dark, or coffee brown, color, and on account of their finely stratified structure. They are hard fissile shales, not easily attacked by weathering agencies, and they often contain many small concretions of pyrite. The Sunbury shales are not economically important at present, yet they may be utilized in the future as a source of valuable compounds produced by destructive distillation.

This formation has been subdivided by Hyde into three members, which are Henley, Buena Vista, and Portsmouth. Rocks belonging to this formation are found along the east bank of the Scioto River from the Ohio River northward to the Scioto-Pike County line. They extend well towards the headwaters of the eastern tributaries of the Scioto River, and appear along the courses of some of the western tributaries of the Little Scioto River. Along the Ohio River the formation passes below drainage near the mouth of the Little Scioto, just east of the village of Sciotoville.

The Henley member, which forms the lower part of the Cuyahoga formation, consists of siliceous shales, which as yet have not been used, but are well suited for ceramic purposes. The Buena Vista member lies above the Henley and is made up of sandstones and shales, which east of the Scioto River in this county have but little value. The Portsmouth member, which forms the upper part of the Cuyahoga, consists of shales that constitute one of the most valuable assets of Scioto County.

In a general way the Portsmouth member is represented along the courses of the streams in the area lying between the preglacial California Valley and the Scioto River. These deposits are very im- portant along the Ohio River from Portsmouth to Sciotoville, where they form the basis of an important paving brick industry. The following section, taken at the mines of the Peebles Paving Brick Company, shows the general r -racter of the deposit:

The Portsmouth shales in this locality are fossiliferous, and afford good collecting. The fossils are usually found in ferruginous concre-. tions.

Economic Value

The Portsmouth shales form the basis of the extensive paving brick industry in the vicinity of Portsmouth and Sciotoville. The quantity of suitable material in these beds is practically unlimited, as the shales have been attacked only at a few places along the outcrop. At present the mining is confined to blasting the shales from the sides of the hills, or to working the beds by short entries. Owing to the availability and thickness of the shales the cost of mining the material is low.

The working qualities of these shales are excellent. On exposure they weather down to mud with good plasticity. This property is also easily developed in the manufacture of the shale into brick by grinding it in dry pans, screening to remove the coarse material, and working with water in a pug mill. This process produces a good bonding of the mass. For paving brick, the column, as it is forced through the die of the brick machine by the auger, must not crack or laminate, as these are vital defects. In general, excess plasticity develops lamination, while insuflScient plasticity produces crack. This shale gives a column not subject to either of these defects to any considerable extent. The brick show good structure throughout.

The brick are then pressed, loaded on cars, and taken to the drying tunnels. With many shales the direct loss of ware in the tunnels, due to cracks and checks, seriously impairs their value for ceramic purposes. Drying strains which develop during the burning of the ware as cracks, checks, warping, or dishing, are also often produced in the drying tunnels. Ware from this shale dries safely in almost any type of drier. From the drier the ware goes to the kilns, where it is set and burned. For paving brick certain general qualities are demanded by the trade. Brick, to withstand heavy hauling when laid in the streets, must be free from laminations, checks, and cracks. If these are present the brick are soon reduced to small pieces.

Shales with high drying and fire shrinkage are liable to warp and twist during burning.. With this shaJe the total shrinkage is low; hence but little ware is lost through this defect. The shrinkage generally reported is one-half inch drying and one-half inch fire, or the total shrinkage is approximately one inch per foot. Vitrification develops the hardness, toughness, and low absorption required in this class of ware in which the finished product must be a dense, stony mass. The components to be considered here are of two kinds: those that tend to fuse to a glassy mass, and those that tend to remain rigid or resist solution. If the former predominate, the mass fuses to a brittle glass, with but little toughness or abrasive power. If the components producing rigidity are in excess, then the mass has an open, porous structure, unfitted to withstand the strains required. When the components are properly adjusted, a dense, stony, tough mass is produced, which resembles what is obtained from the natural Portsmouth shale. The vitrification range is another important item. This is the interval from incipient fusion to deformation. If this range is short the brick on the head of the kiln will be fused before those on the bottom of the kiln have started to vitrify, so ware will be lost either by overbuming on the head or by imderbuming on the bottom,. The most active common components are magnesia and lime, which are both low in this shale. The bimiers at the present plants have no difliculty in obtaining good results from top to bottom of the kilns.

The colors usually demanded for first-class brick by the trade are from dark red to nearly black. The iron oxide in the shale is sufiiciently high to give a dark red in a hard burn, under oxidizing conditions of firing, and a nearly black under reducing conditions during the latter part of the bum. The white or yellow scum on brick gives them an unsightly appearance, although it is not detrimental to this class of ware. The scum is produced either during drying in the tunnels or during the first stages of water-smoking in the kiln, but generally in the former. If the water in the green brick, which holds soluble salts in solution, is allowed to collect in beads or drops on the surface of the ware, and is then evaporated, the salts are deposited and remain as scum. Care in the drying and in the water-smoking of the ware will usually overcome this defect. The quantity of soluble salts in the Portsmouth shale is small, but scum is produced at times in the ordinary practice of manufacture. Formerly, glazed paving brick were demanded by the trade, but this grade at present is seldom required. The siliceous nature of the clay, and the high temperature of maturity, reported to be from 2,000 to 2,200° F., are both favorable for ease of salt glazing.

All points considered, the Portsmouth shale stands as one of the best in this state, or even in the United States, for the manufacture of high-grade paving brick. The deposit extends from the western boundary of the county to the Little Scioto River. The shipping facilities of the region are also good. The low freight rates on the Ohio River open the markets along this stream, and along the Mississippi. The two railroads, the Norfolk & Western and the Baltimore and Ohio Southwestern, afford means of shipping directly into the eastern, northern, and western markets.

This region is also favorably situated for fuel, as the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad connects directly with the Wellston and Hocking coal fields, while the Norfolk & Western Railway enters the great southern West Virginia and southwestern Virginia fields. Gas from the West Virginia fields is also piped to this region, and is used by two firms as the main fuel supply. The firms manufacturing paving brick from the Portsmouth shale are as follows:

The Portsmouth Paving Brick Co , Portsmouth, Ohio. The Peebles Paving Brick Co , Portsmouth, Ohio. The Carlyle Paving Brick Co., Sciotoville, Ohio. The Scioto Fire Brick Co., Sciotoville, Ohio.

The plant, located in the northern part of Portsmouth, conomenced making brick in 1892. The material used is weathered and unweathered shale (Portsmouth) front the beds in the hill just north of Portsmouth. These are mined along the outcrop from surface workings, by quarrying. The power at the factory is furnished by two 80-H. P. boilers with one 150-H. P. engine. The brick manufacturing equipment proper is one Phillips & McLaren dry pan, one Freese pug mill, one American Clay Machinery Company brick machine, and one Bonnot repress. Waste heat is used in drying. The eight down-draft kilns have a total capacity of 840,000 brick. Coal is used exclusively in burning the ware. The capacity of the plant is 25,000 standard paving block per day. Tests on our ware rate it with the best made in the United States. The ware is marketed principally in Virginia, West Virginia, Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, and Michigan.

The plant of The Peebles Paving Brick Company is located about one mile east of the city of Portsmouth in Scioto County, and is bounded on the north by the rails of the Norfolk & Western Railway, and on the south by the Ohio River. The company was organized on Feb. 5th, 1902, for the purpose of manufacturing vitrified paving brick exclusively. The holdings of the company consist of two separate and distinct plants, each having a daily capacity of approximately 50,000 brick.

The shale from which the brick are made is dug from the face of the hills about one quarter of a mile distant from the plant by a Marion Model-60 steam shovel, and is hauled in dump cars by locomotives to the plant. The power plant consists of four horizontal tubular boilers, each rated at 125 H. P., which supply power for one Harris Corliss engine which at present is developing about 250 H. P., and one Excelsior slide-valve engine which is furnishing approximately 240 H. P. Each engine has its own plant to run, which consists of two 9-foot Bonnot dry pans, one 12-foot Bonnot pug mill, one "C" Special Bonnot brick machine, one E. M. Freese Model-T-60 reciprocating cutter, and on our No. 2 plant two Bonnot Canton-Special repressers. The product from this plant is repressed block and from the No. 1 plant it is the Dunn wirecut lug block, which of course does not require pressing.

The brick are dried by the waste heat system which is supplied from cooling kilns by exhaust fans. The No. 2 plant has ten rectangular down-draft kilns each having a capacity of about 110,000, while the brick from the No. 1 plant are burned in the Haigh process continuous kiln which has 69 chambers each holding approximately 12,000 brick. Recent reports of testa which we have received from various cities using our block show them to average about 16 per cent imder the Specifications for Testing Paving Brick as prescribed by the National Paving Brick Manufacturers' Association.

Our shipping facilities consist of Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern, and Norfolk & Western railroads, and the Ohio River. We ship annually several million brick by water to down-river points.

The Carlyle Paving Brick Company was organized May 2, 1905, and is an Ohio corporation. Our capital stock ' is $80,000, although we have invested double this amount since the plant was organized. Our plant is located one mile west of Sciotoville, Ohio, on the lines of the Norfolk & Western, and Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern railroads, Portsmouth electric line, and Ohio River. We have facilities for loading by rail and by river. The Ohio River has been of great assistance in disposing of our output. We have been able to ship by water to all southern points located on the Ohio and on the Mississippi rivers, and have thus disposed of from thirty to forty per cent of our output. '

The production of pur plant is one million brick per month. We are equipped with a 260-H. P. boiler and engine, one Champion crusher, two 9-foot Stevenson pans, piano*wire screens, Freese pug mill and brick machine, rotary cutter, two Eagle represses, and other necessary machines. The double-decked drier, possibly one of two of this type in the United States, consists of 12 tunnel tracks. It is equipped with two hydraulic elevators to raise and lower the wet and dry brick and is operated with waste heat drawn from our kilns by large fans. We have eight rectangular kilns, 18 feet wide and 86 feet 6 inches long, with a capacity of 115,000 brick per kiln. These are filled and drawn once every twenty-five to twenty-eight daj's and they have been very satisfactory. For fuel in burning we use coal that is shipped by way of Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad from Blackfork, Carbondale, and Canaanville. All of these coals have given us satisfactory results.

Our brick have been tested and used in l^e following cities: Chicago, 111.; Dayton, Chillicothe, Columbus, Toledo, Cincinnati, Portsmouth, Ironton, Ohio; Huntington, Welch, W. Va.; Louisville, Covington, Newport, Bellview, Maysville, Ashland, Lexington, Winchester, Ky.; Memphis, Tenn.; Albany, Jeffersonville, Ind.; Norfolk, Roanoke, Suffolk, Va.; New Bern, N. C; and Detroit, Kalamazoo, Mich. We have had numerous tests made of our ware and on several occasions offered to furnish a rattler so that each car load could be tested separately. We shipped 1,100,000 brick to New Bern, N. C, and furnished a rattler to test each car load if desired. We did the same last year at Winchester, Ky., where we furnished 500,000 brick. We are now shipping brick to Sidney, Ohio, under the same conditions, and our rattler is testing each car load or as often as the engineer cares. Our brick are usually sold under a guarantee of less than 18 per cent loss in the old standard rattler, and of less than 21 per cent loss in the new standard rattler. The city of Roanoke, Va., made a test in 1906 in which our brick lost 13.73 in the old test. NcT^port, Ky., made a test in 1908 in which

B. - Sciotoville clay with the overlying Anthony coal expoeed in the cut of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad near Gephart, Scioto County. The Sharon conglomerate at this place lies just below the clay.

the average of two tests was 13.8. The city of Dajrton, in 1908, made two tests in which the average was 13.68. In 1909, John Minwegan, Chairman of the Paving Conmiittee of the city of Chicago, stated, ''Carlyle paving brick shipped to Chicago are of the best quality in this country. Have highest and most severe rattler test. Will answer any further inquiries." In 1905, we furnished the city of Kalamazoo, Mich., with enough brick to lay a street, and we asked them what the condition of the brick was on May 20, 1911. Their reply was as follows: ''Yours of recent date received. Would say that your brick are very satisfactory and that they stood up as well as any that we have used.'' In 1910, Mr. Wetherford, City Engineer of Memphis, Tenn., made two tests on the old standard rattler which gave him 11 per cent loss on one test and 13 per cent on the other.

In a general way we regard the shale used in the Portsmouth district equivalent 'to any material used in the United States for the manufacture of paving brick. With a reasonable amount of care the best tests, and the most durable pavements, can be secured and we believe the plants in the Portsmouth district can show more miles of good paving than any other one when the output is taken into consideration.

The Scioto Fire Brick Company operates a paving brick plant as a separate department to their fire brick works. The following report on the paving brick plant was kindly furnished by A. M. Turner, general manager and treasurer of the company:

The plant is located on the Ohio River at Sciotoville. The materials used are Portsmouth shale from the base of the hill just west of the plant, and plastic clay on the Sciotoville clay horizon from near the top of the hill. The materia are mined both by surface working, and by drifting. The power at the factory is furnished by a lOO-H. P. boiler and«.engine. The dry pan, pug null, presses, and tunnel drier have a capacity of 16,000 brick per day. The brick are dried in the tunnels by waste heat from the kilns, or by heat from steam coils with induced circulation by fans. The burning is done in seven rectangular down-draft kilns with a capacity of 40,000 brick each. The fuel used at present is natural gas, but the kilns are equipped also for coal. The annual capacity of the plant is 3,000,000 brick. The numerous tests on our brick rank them with the very best made in the United States.

Two firms manufacture both filler and line wire-cut building brick from the Portsmouth shale. They use a large per cent of the surface or weathered shale with the unweathered which gives a suitable working mixtiu-e. The burned ware has good structure and color. G. H. Heinisch, Portsmouth, Ohio, who uses this shale reports as follows:

The plant is situated on Gallia street in the east end of Portsmouth. It was built in 1910 by Heinisch and King, but is owned at present by G. H. Heinisch. The material used is Portsmouth shale, both weathered and unweathered. The plant is equipped with a 75-H. P. engine/ 150-H. P. boiler, Stevenson dry pan, Freese pug mill, and brick machine. Exhaust steam is used in drying the ware, which is then burned in five up-draft kilns. The capacity of the plant is about 2,000,000 common building brick per year, most of which are used locally, but some are shipped by the Baltimore <fe Ohio Southwestern or Norfolk & Western railroads to points in Ohio, Kentucky, and West Virginia.

The other plant using this shale is the East End Brick Yard, operated by C. E. King. The yard is located at Gallia street and Mabert road, Portsmouth, and the material used is the blue and gray or weathered shales. The brick are manufactured by the stiflf-mud process, with machinery , made by the C. W. Raymond Company, Dayton, Ohio. The drying of the ware is done inv4 tunnels, using hot air for the expulsion of the moisture, while the burning is done in both up-draft and down-draft kilns. The daily capacity ot the plant is 12,000 building brick.

This shale has not been used for sewer pipe, although its working and burning properties are well suited for the manufacture of this ware. The shale may be lacking somewhat in plasticity, but this can be supplied by mixing with it a small quantity of plastic clay or weathered shale from the Sciotoville clay horizon which is found on the main ridges above the shale deposits. The ware dries easily without checking, and it is sufficiently strong to withstand factory handling in the green state. It bums to a good dense body with low shrinkage, an(J takes a salt glaze readily. The proximity to the fuel supply, and to the shipping facilities are also favorable for success in this industry.

The Logan formation in southern Ohio has been subdivided by Hyde into 3 members, which are Byer, Allensville, and Vinton. In the territory under discussion Logan rocks extend in a general way eastward from the Scioto River to a few miles east of the Little Scioto River. Along the Ohio River they are found well towards the summits of the main ridges at Portsmouth, but, owing to the dip of the strata south and east, they disappear below drainage near the eastern boundary of Green Township. The Logan formation is made up primarily of sandstones and shales, although in local areas it also contains thin beds of conglomerates, and iron ores. As a whole, the rocks of this formation are not especially important, yet some layers of the sandstones are used for minor purposes.

The rocks of the Maxville limestone are the youngest in the Mississippian system and lie directly below the Sharon conglomerate of the Pennsylvanian system or below the base of the true coal formations. This formation is represented only by isolated patches or pockets of limestone. The Maxville beds were laid down on the floor of the Logan and were then cut away from the top, which action left only small isolated areas that stand out like islands in the ocean. The evidence tends to show an extended period of erosion at the close of Maxville time. Pebbles of Maxville limestone, altered to chert, are abundantly present in the basal beds of the Coal Measures, especially where the Maxville has been removed by pre-Pennsylvanian erosion.

the top of the Logan, especially in the regions where the Maxville limestone is not present. As the Maxville deposits are small and widely scattered it is hard to study the base of the beds, but the similarity of the chemical analyses of the upper layers, when followed from Olive Hill, Ky., to Ironton, Ohio, and then to the McGugin and Harper deposits along the Lawrence-Scioto Coimty line, with the change in elevation seen on Woods Ridge, and at other places, indicate either a basal disconformity or a variation in the thickness of the beds in different localities. The disconformity at the top of the Maxville has been shown by W. C. Morse in his report on the Maxville limestone.'

The Harrison ore, which commonly overlies the Maxville, and is there very intimately associated with it, is believed to be rather the basal member of the Pottsville, and is so treated. It is not improbable however, that the top of the Maxville limestone has been altered to an ore by iron-bearing solutions subsequent to the deposition of the Pottsville, in which case the ore bed is not a stratigraphic bed, but the altered top of the Maxville. This is referred to again in the description of the Harrison ore bed.

Clay Township. - Both the Maxville limestone and Harrison ore are found in local areas in Clay Township. From here the formation passes southward into Kentucky, where, on Tygert's Creek, and at other places the * limestone has excellent volume and purity. In the vicinity of Olive Hill and Lawton Station the limestone is approximately 90 feet in thickness. North of Portsmouth, Ohio, in sections 3 and 4, Clay Township, 3 small areas of Maxville limestone are fourd near the summits of high knobs. These deposits are about on the level of the Sciotoville clay found one-half mile east. On the Jesse Weimer farm, near the head of Munn Run, in Section 26, is found a small pocket of limestone which is also represented by scattered nodules of flint and limestone on 2 high hills just southwest of his property. This nodular zone lies a few feet below a heavy sandstone, which about 1 mile north forms the roof of the Sciotoville clay. In Section 22, on the property of Ernest Cline, both the Sciotoville clay and Maxville limestone were seen on the outcrop. The thickness of the limestone, which is flinty in character, was not obtained. The interval reported by Mr. Cline from the clay to the limestone is from 8 to 12 feet.

Harrison Township. - Isolated patches of Maxville limestone were found only on Woods Ridge, in Hiirrison Township, but the brecciated flinty ore is far more widely distributed. In the northwest comer of Section 24 a few small areas of Maxville limestone are found near the summit of the ridge in the vicinity of deposits of Sciotoville clay.

Both deposits appear to be on the same level^ but no section showing the relation of the two beds was obtained. Just east of this the Sciotoville clay is well developed, and it lies directly below a heavy sandstone, as IB shown by the following section taken at the "Old Egypt" workings on the land of the Scioto Fire Brick Company:

In the eastern part of Section 24, on the Woods farm, the Maxville limestone is separated from this sandstone by an impure clay which may represent the Scioto ville member. The section follows:

On the Henry Rider farm, in Section 20, one mile southeast of the Woods deposit, the intervals between the Sciotoville clay and Maxville limestone, and the Sciotoville clay and the heavy overlying sandstone, are greatly increased as shown by the section given below

All that remains of the original deposits of the Maxville limestone in Scioto County is thus a few scattered remnants of limestone. If the normal Maxville limestone had a thickness represented by that found at Ironton^ where the strata measure 97 feet^ then the period of erosion at the close of Mississippian time was of considerable duration. Further, at least a part of the erosion of the rocks in the upper part of the Logan formation, which has been noted under this heading, took place during this period. This disconformity is pronounced throughout most of the eastern part of the county.

The Maxville limestone in Scioto County, except on the Joseph Harper farm, is thin, and the areas of the deposits small. It has but little value except locally for road making, although it was used in a small way for a flux by Harrison Furnace. In the Harper deposit there is at least 36 feet of good stone, but the area is unknown. A test, drilled or the Adam Brandt farm one-half mile north, failed to find the limestone, but south of this, near Olive Furnace, in Lawrence County, a record furnished by William McGugin shows 36 feet 9 inches of limestone. This deposit probably covers a considerable area, and in the future may be important. The quality of the limestone is shown by the following analysis of a sample from the upper part of the stratum in the Harper shaft. Analyst, Paul Overmeyer:

The qualitj' of the stone is shown by the above analysis to be very high-grade, and to be well suited for the manufacture of cement, for iron and steel furnace fluxes, for agricultural lime, and for other uses demanding a lime low in silica, clay, magnesium, sulphur, and phosphorus. The stone is dense, and makes good road ballast. The deposits are valuable and well worth thorough prospecting by people desiring high-grade material.

The Pennsylvanian system is divided into 4 formations, only 2 of which, Pottsville and Allegheny, appear in Scioto County. The full thickness of the Pottsville formation is present, but only the lower part of the Allegheny is represented. The Pottsville rocks extend from the Scioto River to the eastern boundary of the county, but the Allegheny rocks occur only in Bloom, Vernon, and Green townships.

The Pottsville formation embraces the rocks from the Maxville limestone to the Brookville coal of the Allegheny formation and consists of conglomerates, coals, clays, shales, thin limestones,- sandstones, and iron ores. In a general way, these rocks just cap the highest knobs of the main ridges east of the Scioto River, and then, owing to the dip eastward, they gradually descend and pass below cover in Lawrence County east of the Lawrence-Scioto County line. When all the members are present the formation is about 400 feet thick, but, owing to the irregularities of the lower members, often it is represented bv not more than 300 feet of strata. The Pottsville formation is sub- divided into a number of members, which are shown in the general section, and which will be taken up in the order of their age, beginning with the oldest.

Harrison Ore

There is commonly an ore bed immediately over the Maxville limestone which is usually so intimately associated with, and welded onto the limestone, that it might readily be interpreted as the top bed of the Maxville. Orton so regarded it, and called it the Maxville ore,^ but Morse has shown that a similar ore in the Jonathan Creek region of Muskingum County is undoubtedly post Maxville, and almost surely basal Pennsylvanian.' In southern Ohio the apparent continuation of this ore bed is found not only over the isolated pockets of Maxville limestone but extensively at the base of the Coal Measures where the Maxville is missing by erosion, and its occurrence in every way indicates that it is the basal bed of the Pennsylvanian. The name Harrison ore is proposed for this member from Harrison Township, Scioto County.

Where the Maxville limestone is absent the Harrison ore is usually composed of a brecciated mass of flinty material derived from the Maxville, quartz pebbles and weathered sandstones, which are cemented by iron oxides and argillaceous components. In this form it is probably a sedimentary member, but it is not impossible that in some places this ore horizon is merely the iron-cemented basal conglomerate of the Sharon and not a true stratum. Where the ore rests on the Maxville limestone it is much more homogeneous, and the brecciated or conglomeratic character is absent. In this form it is commonly welded to the Maxville limestone in such a way as to suggest that it really belongs to and is a part of the Maxville. It is not impossible that the ore in some of these occurrences at least, is due to replacement or infiltration of the top of the limestone by iron from solutions ^rculating in the overlying porous sandstones and conglomerates, the iron derived from the higher iron-rich beds of the Pottsville. While this possibility must be kept in mind, Morse found that, even where the top of the Maxville limestone beds appeared to be altered in this way, the ore bed was equally developed where it rested on the shale beds of the Maxville and quite distinct from them. This indicates that the ore bed where it rests on limestone is a true sedimentary stratum belonging at the base of the Pennsylvanian.

The material of the Harrison ore, thus, varies greatly from place to place. From the evidence it is probable that it is a stratigraphic horizon throughout most of its extent, but it is possible that in places it is due to local alteration of previously existing beds, especially where

Harrison Township. - ^The Harrison ore, which is somewhat fossiliferous, was found at the forks of the road, on Niner Ridge, in Section 20. The measurement of the strata along this road is as follows:

Id Section 12, on the Samuel ^lonroe farm, near the Little Scioto River, an ore was fonnerly mined for use at Harrison Furnace. This ore is probably on the Harrison horizon, but as only small fragments were seen its position was not definitely determined. It may be Sharon ore, the position of which is above the Sharon coal. On the Harrison horizon a deposit of ore ami cherty material, hnng only a few fett below a heavy sandstone, was noticed on the high knobs of the main ridge just north of Long Run, and along the line of sections 5 and 6. Loose flinty ffaterial was also observed at other places on the ridge.

Madison Township. - The Mawille limestone was not foimd in Madison To^\Tlship, but the ore is present in several localities. In the eastern part of the area, where the Sharon conglomerate is present this breeeiatul mass of flint and ore occurs directlv below the base of the conglomerate, although it is not persistent by any means. The relation of the Harrison ore to other well recognized beds is sho\i"n in the following composite measurement, taken on the knd of Samuel Shoemaker, in Section 26:

Jetferson Township. - In Jefferson Township the brecciated Harrison ore is well represented near the summits of the main ridges, and is often from 2 to 3 feet in thickness. It is found at the base of a thick sandstone, which is evidently the equivalent of the Sharon conglomerate. No sections were taken showing the relation of the ore to well known beds, for only the Sciotoville clay is present in the areas, and this is confined to a few small isolated patches. The Maxville limestone was not found.

Valley Township. - The Harrison ore deposits extend westward along the main ridges from Jefferson Township into Valley, and have much the same character. The Maxville limestone is wanting.

Porter Township. - In that part of Porter Township west of the Little Scioto River the Maxville limestone was not found, while the brecciated Harrison ore is present in only a few localities. In the part east of the above mentioned stream the ore was observed more frequently, but the limestone was not seen at any place. On the hill at the mouth of Sugar Run, on the farm of Joseph Jenkins, in Section 14, the following members were measured:

The Sharon ore in the above section is remarkably fossiliferous, while the Harrison ore contains only a few poorly preserved remains. In the bed of Lick Run, on the farm of John Sweinberger, the Harrison ore lies at the base of a thick sandstone, which is the equivalent of the Sharon conglomerate. This section is given on page 485.

Green Township. - The Maxville limestone has not been found. The Harrison ore here has much the same general character as it has in the townships considered, but at a few places it has exceptional

In this localit^"^ the brecciated material should hardi\' be called an ore, as it is only a conglomerate mass of flint, ore, and clay, in which the iron oxides constitute only a small part of the whole.

Harrison Furnace used the Harrison ore to a limited extent. The deposits are uncertain, but often have good thickness, although the quality of the ore is generally poor, as it is siliceous or is admixed with cherty material. The ore is of no importance at present.

Sharon Conglomerate

The deposits of Sharon conglomerate vary from a true conglomerate carrying large quantities of coarse pebbles to a medium-grained sandstone with but few, if any pebbles. In Scioto County it is best developed along the Little Scioto River from the Pike County line to Harrison Mills, and thence south to Section 1, Porter Township. It lies in a basin the main axis of which is nearly due north an:l south. Both the upper and lower surfac(S are very irregular. The erosion at the end of Mississippian time was quite extensive, as the uppei members of these rocks are cut away from the top, leaving isolated knobs and ridges, and in places deep channels, which may represent old river valleys. The irregularity of the lower surface of the conglomerate is caused by its being deposited on this uneven floor, and the greatest thickness of the bed is in these shallow channels. The irregularity of the upper surface of the conglomerate appears to be due largely to the action of the currents that deposited it, and not to that of later modifying agcQcies. However, certain features indicate that after deposition the bed in local areas became a land mass and was changed to a slight extent. The conglomeratic sandstone found above the Sharon coal, imd the pebbles noted in the Guinea Fowl ore, appear to have been derived from this source. The bed in Scioto, Jackson, and Pike counties usually ends somewhat abruptly, which would not- be the case if acted upon for any considerable length of time by the leveling agencies of erosion, as it should then thin gradually, and should finally fade out in the other deposits. A bed 30 or 40 feet thick may go out in less than 100 yards by thinning from the top, or from both the top and bottom. It thus appears to have been laid down by strong currents on the greatly eroded floor of the Mississippian rocks, and to have been but httle disturbed by later agencies.

Clay Township. - The Sharon conglomerate was not found in good development in Clay Township, but thin irregular masses of sandstones, which evidently represent the member, occur at a few places. In most of the area the Sciotoville clay lies close to the Logan.

Porter Township. - In Porter Township, the Sharon conglomerate, although somewhat better defined than in Clay Township, lacks continuity and characteristic development. It is usually a sandstone containing but few, if any, pebbles, and the deposits, confined to local areas, often mere patches, are outliers from the main body of the conglomerate found in northern Scioto, western Jackson, and central Pike counties. A few sections will be given in order to show the relation of the Sharon conglomerate to other members. On Lick Run, on the farm of Joseph Sweinberger, in Section 20, the following strata were measured :

Just north of this, in Riepenhoff Hollow, the Anthony coal and Guinea Fowl ore were found lying close to the underlying Sharon conglomerate, but the beds were not definitely fixed by measurements. The conglomerate, or rather the sandstone, phase of the member, is present at a few places along Pine Creek, in Porter and Green townships. The relation of the Sharon conglomerate to the Anthony coal is illustrated in the following record, taken on the farm of Caroline Gleim, in Section 22:

Green Township. - ^The Sharon conglomerate in Green Township is represented only by scattered patches of sandstones, with occasional pockets of pebbles. The deposits are found in a few localitirs on Pine

Creek and along the Ohio Valley. A composite section, taken on lands of M. Eakins and H. Miller, on Patton's Run, shows the relation of the Sciotoville clay and Harrison ore to the Sharon conglomerate. The measurements obtained follow:

A thin stratum of Sharon conglomerate was seen on the land of H. C. Feurt, on the top of the hilLjust south of Franklin Furnace. Here the bed lies only a short distance below the Sciotoville clay, as shown by the record given below:

The horizon of the Sharon conglomerate passes below the flood plain of the Ohio River, north of the village of Haverhill. This member is below drainage in Vernon Towmship.

Harrison Township. - In Harrison Township, west of the old California Valley, only small . scattered pockets of Sharon conglomerate are found, but east of this valley, especially along the Little Scioto River, many massive cliffs of this rock are exposed. Some of the best exposures are on Plum Fork, in Section 36, at the mouth of Frederick Creek, in Section 13, and near Wallace Mills, in Section 1.

The rocks exposed in the cut of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad, in Section 36, show the Sciotoville clay lying directly on the Sharon conglomerate, which is massively developed. The section follows:

Bloom Township. - The Sharon conglomerate is found above drainage cnly in the western part of Bloom Township. The bed is well developed along Frederick Creek, in sections 17 and 18, and along the Little Scioto River, especially in parts of Section 6.

Madison Township. - The thickest deposits of Sharon conglomerate in Scioto County are found in Madison Township. Although wanting in some localities,, the member is quite persistent in most of the area, but variable in thickness and in composition. A few sections will be given in order to show its thickness and to show its relation to other members. On the property of John Alexpnder, in the western part of Section 15, the rocks measured are as follows:

South of Whitf* Gravel Church, in Section 11, on the land of Francis Warren, the recorded section shows about the normal relation of the lower members of the Pottsville formation:

Valley and Jefferson Townships. - Excepting a few thin deposits of coarse-grained sandstone which represent the member, the Sharon conglomerate is wanting in Valley and Jefferson to^vnships. ^ The rocks cf the Logan formation lie close to the horizon of the Sciotoville clay of the Pottsville formation.

The Sharon conglomerate, when composed largely of pebbles, makes a good material for roads where the traffic is not heavy. It takes some time to pack, but when this is accomplished it produces a solid bed that lasts for several years. It has been extensively used in Madison Township for this purpose, and is reported to be very satisfactory. Along Millstone Run, where best represented, the deposit which varies in thickness from 20 to 70 feet is composed of loosely cemented sand and gravel. The pebbles having sizes from one to oneeighth inch make up from 30 to 70 per cent of the mass. The gravel is mainly quartz pebbles, which, if crushed, washed, and sized, would produce good abrasive material for sand-blasts and similar uses. The cost of mining and preparing limits somewhat its use for concrete and tor other common purposes.

Sharon, Jackson Shaft, Or No Coal

The Sharon is the lowest coal bed of any importance in this State. Since its position is just above the Sharon conglomerate this stratum was appropriately designated Sharon coal by the geologists of Pennsylvania. When both conglomerate and coal are present, the interval separating the two beds is at most only a few feet, while in some places no intervening space exists, as the coal lies directly on the conglomerate rocks. The Sharon coal is represented only at a few places in Scioto

County, although the horizon of the bed extends from the Scioto River to a few miles east of the Little Scioto River, and east of the Ohio from Wheelersbiirg to Haverhill. In this area the member is above drainage in all the townships except Vernon. A number of measurements of the rocks will be given in order to show the relation of the Sharon coal to other important members, and to show its areal extent.

Clay Township. - Although the Sciotoville clay, the position of which is above the Sharon coal, is present at a number of places along the main ridges in Clay Township, the coal bed was not observed. Here the clay stratum lies very close to the Maxville or Logan rocks; hence the conditions appear to show that the Sharon coal was not deposited, or, if the bed were laid down, that it was eroded before the deposition of later coal formation rocks.

Porter Township. - The Sharon coal is poorly represented in Porter Township. Thin beds of dark carbonaceous shales, which appear to mark the horizon, are present at a few places on Lick Run and on Pine Creek. Deposits of good coal were not found in this township.

Green Township. - No coal of value was noted on the Sharon coal horizon in Green Township, although black shales with thin coal bands, lying only a short distance below the Sciotoville clay, are present in a few localities. The usual relation observed is shown in the following section, taken on the land of Conrad Gerlach, which is located one and one-half miles north of Franklin Furnace: ,

Harrison Township. - Thin impure deposits of coal and carbonaceous shale on the Sharon coal horizon were noted in several localities in Harrison Township east of the preglacial California Valley, but the member is scarcely represented in that part of the township west of this old waterway. This bony *coal lies on the Sharon conglomerate, which, locally, is massively developed in this eastern area. The deposits here have no economic value.

coal is above drainage along Frederick Creek to the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad, along Bearwallow Hollow in the western part of Section 7, along Laurel Lick Run to near the village of Pinkerman and along Bear Run to the central part of Section 4. The member is poorly developed, but is of interest on account of its relation to the Sciotoville clay, which has excellent volume and continuity in western Bloom Township. A record taken on the land of William Tripp, in the soutliwestern part of Section 7, shows the relation of the Sharon coal to other important members higher in the geological column, and is given below:

In Bearwallow Hollow, Section 7, the Sharon coal was mined at one time for house use, and is reported to be about 2 feet in thickness. Near the Baptist Church, in Section 5, the horizon of the member is marked by black shales, the position of which is shown in the following section:

Madison Township. - In Madison Township there are scattered patches of Sharon coal which have sufficient thickness for drift mining in a small way. The stratum lies close to the underlying Sharon conglomerate where this is present. A few sections will be given in order to trace the extension of the member northward to the important field of this coal in Jackson County. In Section 26, on the farm of Samuel Shoemaker, the Sharon coal has been prospected to determine its value. The bed consists of a thin layer of coal with carbonaceous shales. Sciotoville Mint clay of excellent quality is exposed on the hill above the coal bed, while the Harrison ore was formerly mined below the coal. The record obtained at this place follows:

The Sharon coal has been prospected along the outcrop at other places in this locality. West of the Salem School the blossom of the member, with associated black shale and siliceous clay, was exposed in the road near the home of J. J. Bonzo. This coal has been mined by drifting on the Ace May property, near Wallace Mills, in Section 36. The deposit is reported to be made up of a layer of good coal 1 foot in thickness, underlaid with a layer of Tcannel coal of about the same thickness. The blossom of the Sharon coal with an ore above was seen at two places in Section 24. West of this, in Section 23, on the property of William Kronk, the Scioto ville clay, with the Sharon coal only a few feet below, was exposed. The section taken at this place follows:

1 foot 8 inches in thickness. In the same section, on the farm of John Alexander, this coal has been mined for local needs by drifting, and is reported to be from 2 feet to 2 feet 2 inches thick. In the northern part of Section 15, near the head of Higgins Run, a small area of Sharon coal is present, which has been mined by drifting for a number of years. The following section was taken on land of Harvey Odle:

2 feet 2 inches, and^the clay below varies from a few inches to 2 feet. The bed has also been mined on the land of Wayne Hicfkman, in Section 16, and is 1 foot 8 inches in thickness. South of White Gravel Church,.

The blossom of the Sharon coal was exposed in Section 12, on land of Jasper Gulp. The following section shows the interval to the Scioto- ^^"^ clay: p^ ^^

On the ridge north of Dry Run, in Section 2, the blossom of the Sharon coal lying close to the conglomerate was noted at a few places. In Madison Township the Sharon coal is quite persistent in the area in which the Sharon conglomerate is present, but it seldom thickens to over a few inches, except in a few localities. It is usually marked by black bony shales with thin coal bands.

Jefferson Township. - The Sharon coal is wanting in Jefferson Township, except in a few localities where it is represented by a few inches of coal with black shales or clays. A section taken on the land of Joseph R. Keller, in Section 22, follows: p^ j^