Scioto Township (part 2 of 14)

At the old Glen Nell mine, in Section 20, Washington Township, the Sharon ore lies close to the Sharon coal, as shown by the following section :

In some parts of the mine the ore is reported to lie on the coal while in other parts it is a foot or two above. It is also reported very uncertain. The relation of the ore to the coal below is shown in a section taken on land of J. L. Goodrich in Section 16, Washington Township. The section is given below :

The Sharon ore was found, along the road that leads from Ray to the ridge m the northern part of Section 12, Jackson Township. The ore and its relation to other members is shown in the following section:

The Sharon iron ore has been worked at only a few places in Jackson County. The old charcoal furnaces obtained small amounts of ore from this horizon, and the present furnaces have used some obtained as a secondary product from coal mines. The ore is low in iron, usually siliceous, and variable in composition. A partial analysis of the black band ore from the mines of the Star Furnace Company was furnished by Mr. H. L. Clay, and is as follows:

Tiio supply of these ores is limited, but small amounts may be obtained in the future in restricted areas as a secondary product from mining the vSharon coal.

Shale And Sandstone Above The Sharon Coal

Above the Sharon coal is a shale deposit, rich in fossils of coal formation plants, which evidently belongs to the same general time cycle rts the coal below. The line of contact with the materials above is \isually well marked, as this is either a massive sandstone, which in places is only a few feet above the coal, or a siliceous clay carrying a thin coal stain. The thickness of the deposit varies from 4 to as much as 30 feet, but the usual range is from 10 to 20 feet. It has a gray color due partially to organic matter, and a coarse texture compared to that of the ordinary shale. On exposure to the weather, it breaks down to a mud with medium plasticity. It is a siliceous shale, low in fluxes and from general appearance well adapted for the manufacture of ceramic products. No tests were made by the Survey, but the nature of the material suggests its fitness for the manufacture of paving brick or sewer pipe. No use has been made of this shale in Jackson County.

The massive sandstone, containing more or less quartz pebbles, found above the horizon of the Sharon coal in Pike County, and described in that report, is also prominently developed in Jackson County. In many localities the sandstone lies directly oh the coal, L e., it forms the roof of the bed, while in other localities the sandstone and coal are separated by shales, the thickness of which is quite variable, ranging from 1 foot to 20 or 30 feet. There is no well defined unconformity at the base of this sandstone. It does not gradate into shales in this region at least, but is often broken into layers with shales intervening. In some localities the sandstohe is wanting also, and in a general way the shales thicken in passing southeastward. The association and g(^neral structure of the deposits rather suggest that both materials were brought in by the same general currents, but that the shal( s were laid down in protected or quiet spots. Shifting of the line of current action would give the interbedding noticed in some localities. The large quartz pebbles may have been derived entirely or in part from land areas of Sharon conglomerate, for they are very similar to the pebbles in this member. There are other sandstones above this that are coarse-grained, and contain some fine pebbles, which would thus indicate a common origin. This sandstone may correlate with that of the Lower Connoquenessing of Pennsjdvania, since it has much the same general character and position. It has iio special economic value, but has been worked for sand at a few places.

Sciotoville Clay And Anthony Coal

The Sciotoville clay and Anthony coal are found above drainage in the western part of Jackson County, in a belt extending northward from the Scioto-Jackson line in Hamilton Township to the Jackson- Vinton line in Jackson and Washington townships. Neither the clay nor the coal is persistent, as many wants are found in the belt. Only small areas of high-grade flint clay are found on the Sciotoville horizon, and in a few places only is the Anthony coal of sufficient thickness or quality to be worthy of consideration.

The Anthony coal is found directly associated with the Sciotoville day. During the deposition of these members many local variations of level, or changes of conditions, took place, as will be noticed by an examination of the sections recorded. Thus, on account of the variable nature of the interval, it is hard to state definitely the position of the coal with reference to any particular bed on the clay horizon, as these change rapidly, and as the interval is often made up of a series of clays, very similar in appearance, separated by the coals or carbonaceous shales. In some cases the heaviest coal deposit lies directly on the flint clay; then again, it may be separated from this by several feet of plastic clay> or by a series of plastic clays, with thin coals or black shales intervening. In this bulletin the coal stratum d maximtun thickness, found on this general horizon, has been designated the Anthony coal, although that found in one locality may not have been laid down at exactly the same time as that found in another, but both were deposited during the Same general swamp conditions.

Hamilton Township. - The Sciotoville clay and Anthony coal extend across Hamilton Township, but the areas above drainage, in which the deposits have good thickness and quality, are somewhat local. High-grade flint clay is less common than the plastic clay. No information in regard to the extent of the beds below cover w^as obtained.

In Section 28, on the land of R. A. Dever, both the Anthony coal and underlying Sciotoville clay are found with good thickness. An entry has been driven into the hill and some coal mined. The mouth of the mine is just across the line in Scioto County, where the strata exposed are as follows* where the coal is thiiii but on the other side, where the coal is thick it is absent, or at least not exposed. On the land of F. M. Dever in the eastern part of Section 28, the deposit has been opened, and some flint clay, which is of good quality, mined for brick making. No section was obtained. In Section 27, at the Valley School, the Sciotoville clay has been mined on the land of Delmer Dever, while the Bear Run coal is worked on the hill north of this on the land of S. B. Gilliland. The clay mine has fallen, so no good exposure was obtained. The clay mined was a hard flint of good quality. A section taken here is as follows:

The Sciotoville clay and Anthony coal go under cover near the eastern line of Section 27. The Sciotoville clay is exposed in Section 21 near F. M. Dever's house, but no section was taken. It is a flint clay of good quality. In Section 14, on the land of Philip Meldick, the rocks exposed just south of the bridge that crosses Little Scioto River are as follows:

In the eastern part of Section 11, on the land of Vinton McCoy the Anthony coal has been mined in the bed of the stream just east of his house, and also in the bed of the small stream north of the house. The section east of the house is as follows:

This coal comes to the surface again farther up the creek on the land of J. W. Davis, in Section 12, where it has been benched in the bed of the stream. A measurement made on the lands of J. W. Davis and Hugh Gilliland is as follows:

In Section 16, on land of Philip Flaker, on Bucklick Creek, a series of plastic clays with intervening carbonaceous shales and thin coals is present, a section of which is given below:

The clay or coal on this horizon is found in several places farther up Bucklick Creek, but neither is of much value. In Section 4, near the cross-roads, on land of George W. Karn, the following section was taken:

In the southeast comer of Section 28, on land of Adam A. Gahm, the horizon is represented by carbonaceous shales and plastic clay. The sfjction taken follows:

In the northern part of the same section, on land of Harvey Gahm, the flint clay is exposed in the bed of a small stream. Mr. Gahm, who dug through the stratum, reports it to be as follows: and Eliza J. Pierce. East of this, on the land of Martin Wastier, the Jackson Sand Block ore has been worked. The section here, as near as could be obtained, is as given below:

These members are also present just west of Petersburg, but are of no importance. Near the head of Sugarcamp Creek, south of the Fairview School, the upper part of this horizon was noted in the bed of the stream on land of Fred Yingler. A section taken from here to the school is as follows:

In sections 9 and 16, on the isolated knob west of Wm. B. Pratt's house, high-grade flint clay occurs at this horizon on lands of Mr. Pratt and Fred Flaker. The clay bed was not exposed. A section is given below:

In the northwest cprner of Section 6, on the Robert Lamb property, high-grade flint clay occurs at this horizon. Measurements made on this farm follow:

In Section 6, Scioto Township, on land of Joseph West, high-grade flint clay was exposed at the surface on the knob near Mountain Ridge Cemettry. Below this the Sharon coal has been opened, but here it is very bony, while to the west, on the Lamb property, it is of good quaUty. The coal lies on the Sharon conglomerate, which to the west or south is found very massive and pebbly. The section measured follows :

South of this, in Section 5, on the land of J. T. Rhea, excellent quality of flint clay was seen on the outcrop, but its relation to other members could not be determined, as the rocks were largely covered. The Same quality of clay was also observed on land of Margaret Moles in S( ction 8.

found only in Section 14, but plastic clay was noted at several places in the eastern part of the area. A few sections of the rocks will be given in order to show the general relations of these beds to other well recognized strata. On land of Martha Lake, Section 23, Liberty Township, the following rocks were exposed along the roadside:

In Section 14, on the property of Simon David, a flint clay of good quality was exposed on the outcrop. From general appearance it is the Scioto ville clay. The section follows:

Lick Township. - On a branch of Buffalo Skull Creek, near the crossing of the Jackson and Chillicothe road, a section was taken on the land of Charles Walden, Section 18, Lick Township. It is as follows^ :

Coal Township. - In Coal Township the Sciotoville clay and Anthony coal are best represented in the southwestern part in sections 6 and 7. The horizon is above drainage along the valley of Pigeon Creek in the northwestern, part also, but the members are seldom present. In Section 7, on land of Arthur Howe, the Sciotoville clay, part flint of good quality, the Quakertown coal, and black shale on the Sharon coal horizon are found. The section measured here is as given below:

On the Charles McKinniss land, in Section 6, the clay is exposed by the side of the road near the foot of the hill. The section exposed is as follows: '

Jackson Township. - ^The only locality in Jackson Township where the Sciotoville clay and the Anthony coal show normal development is along Pigeon Creek, in the vicinity of the village of Ray. In local areas here the clay is of good thickness and quality, while the coal has sufficient volume to be mined for local use. Along the road that leads

Mr. Harf>''r nports that the overlN-ing sandstone replaces the coal, and that the bed is not regular. North of this, in Section 2, on the land of Amos Linton, the roeks exjx^se^l were as follows:

Jackson Ootjmtt 85

In Section 2, Jackson Township, on the land of A. Speakman, the Anthony coal has also been opened and worked in a small way. The coal was not seen when the region was visited, but it is reported to be 1 foot 8 inches in thickness. The section obtained is as follows:

In Section 1, north of Pigeon Creek, on land of the Chillicothe Brick & Coal Company, the Sciotoville clay has been mined for shipment. The clay is of good quality, but the bed was reported to be uncertain. In this region the Anthony coal, which thickens in places to as much as I foot 8 inches, has been mined for local use. The structure of the clay deposit reported is as follows:

The flint clay in this locality lies in pockets, which are quite local. About 100 feet west of the clay mine the structure of the deposit observed in an old opening is as follows:

The Sciotoville clay was formerly mined on the Richland Furnace land in Section 4, Richland Township, Vinton County. The record obtained here will also be given:

The Sciotoville clay was found at two places in Vinton County north of Richland Furnace and is thus shown to extend across Jackson County, entering from Scioto to the south and passing into Vinton to the north. It is not persistent, as in many places it is wanting, being replaced usually by heavy sandstones. The variability of the structure of the deposit is also pronounced. In some places it is made up of a number of strata of clays varying in quality and texture, while at other places it may be represented by a single stratum. In Jackson County only small areas of the hard flint clay, characteristic of the deposit in Scioto are found, but in these the clay is generally of excellent quality. The strata of plastic clay vary in thickness from place to place, and the clays vary in quality, from the impure, irony "pink eye" and siliceous types to the light pure grades.

The Anthony coal associated with the Sciotoville clay is thus found to be thin or shaly, except in a few small local areas where it reaches some thickness and a high state of purity. Coal on this horizon is as constant as the clay below. The irregularity in the structure of these members can be accounted for only by a succession of local changes in the swamp conditions during the period of depositioin. A study of the recorded sections suggests that a mere shifting or a slight changing of conditions only is necessary for the deposition of clay in one case or coal in another.

Th(» value of this clay for the manufacture of high-grade refractory wan* has been treated in the report on Scioto County, where this deposit forms the basis of the long established and prosperous fire brick industry. Tlie high-grade flint clay of this member in Jackson County is rcHiric^tcd to comparatively small isolated pockets, which should bi' thoroughly prospected by the drill before the establishment of brick works. Counting 60 ])er cent available in mining, one acre of clay when* tin* clrf)()Hit averages 3 feet in thickness "will mine a little more th/in 0,()(K) toJiH. It takes 4 tons of clay to make 1,000 brick, so a j)I/int with a diiily capacity of 15,000, running 300 days per year, will rrqiiin* about 1S,0(K) tons of clay, or the clay from 3 acres of land, and for a 20 years' run the actual acreage of good clay 3 feet thick should be at least 60. From the exposures noted the most promising fields are in the southern part of Scioto Township and in the southwestern part of Coal.

The amoimt of plastic clay on this horizon greatly exceeds that of the flint, as the beds are usually much thicker and far more persistent, but for high-grade refractory ware the soft clays are inferior to the hard flints. These highly aluminous plastic clays may be utilized in the manufacture of a special grade of metallurgical ware, in which great density and resistance to the action of slags or gases, and in which only moderate refractoriness are required. The best of these plastic clays, often as low in fluxes as the flints, withstand safely a temperature of 3,000° F. before fusion, but vitrification sets in much earlier.

Buff and iron mottled building brick, very durable and attractive, are easily made from these plastic clays. When burned at moderate temperatures, the clay, on account of the high alumina vnth the small amount of iron oxides, goes to a bright golden buff, and when burned harder it changes to the brownish tint and then to the iron mottled shades. The ''pink eye" clays, or those with the high iron content, under hard firing, give blacks, but when diluted with other clays they give the large black blotches on a lighter background which is quite pleasing to the eye. These clays, especially where part of the deposit is semiflint, are well fitted for the manufacture of the highest grades of building brick. Under these conditions the working qualities are very good throughout the whole operation, and the ware is dried and burned safely with only a small loss.

The problem of winning the material is that of mining by drifting, but the conditions usually are good, as the roof materials are either tough shales or sandstones. Owing to the character of the material and the thickness of the deposits clay is mined much cheaper than coal. Ordinarily the cost runs between,25 and 50 cents per ton.

The quality of the Sciotoville clay'in Jackson County is shown by the following tests. An analysis of the McKinniss fire clay is first given:*

The above are analyses of flint clays, and compare favorably with those from this horizon in Scioto County, or near Olive Hill, Kentucky. The total fluxing components are under 5 per cent, and the silica-alumina ratio indicates high refractoriness. They are hard flint clays, similar in every respect to the typical clay in the Sciotoville region.

These beds in Jackson County have scarcely been touched. Near the Valley School, in Section 27, Hamilton Township, a small amount of clay was mined by benching and drifting, and was hauled by wagon to a brick plant at South Webster, in Scioto County. A few cars of clay were mined by stripping on the Flaker and Pratt properties in sections 9 and 16, Scioto Township. This was shipped to the brick works at Sciotoville, along with a small amount taken from the Lamb property in Section 6. The clay on the Howe land, Section 7, Coal Township, has been worked along the outcrop on the point of the hill. The deposits near Ray, in Section 1, Jackson Township, were worked in a small way also.

Future prospecting may show several fields in Jackson County where the clay has good volume and quality, and where the acreage is amply sufficient to warrant the establishment of brick plants. The proximate relations of coal and clay in this region are favorable conditions for manufacture. These clay deposits are worthy of careful examination and testing.

In Jackson County the Anthony coal is of more interest for its stratigraphic relation than for its economic value, as it adds but Uttle to the mineral wealth of the county. The best value is obtained when the Sciotoville clay below is of good quality, and both may be mined from the same entry. At only a few places is the bed of sufficient thickness to be mined, and at these it exists as local pockets of limited ' areas. At present it furnishes a small amount of house coal, dug usually by benching in the beds ot the streams, or along their banks where the cover is shallow. In quality it varies from very pure coal to bone coal and to carbonaceous shales.

In Section 28, Hamilton Township, on land of R. A. Dever, the deposit is 3 feet thick, and has been mined from a short entry, but only a small amount of coal was removed. It has been benched from the bed of the creek on land of Vinton McCoy, in Section 11, and on that of J. M. Davis, in Section 12. Here the bed varies from 1 to 3 feet in thickness and the coal is of good quality. Near the McCoy Church it has been worked also, but the stratum is only 11 inches in thickness. In Section 4, on George W. Kam's land, the bed is divided into two benches, with a total thickness of 20 inches. This has been worked for local use. North of this, on Sugarcamp Creek, the deposit is represented by carbonaceous shales with thin coal bands. The next place of any considerable thickness is in Section 7, Coal Township, on the Samuel Anthony land. The thickness reported is 3 feet 6 inches, while that on the McKinniss land, in Section 6, is about 3 feet. It has been mined in a small way for local use in Sections 1, 2, and 12, Jackson Township.

Guinea Fowl Qbe

The Guinea Fowl ore is found on the same general horizon as the Sciotoville clay and Anthony coal, and the sections showing the relation of these members give the position of the ore, hence they will not be repeated here. The ore lies either directly or only a few feet above these members, and is only moderately persistent, as many wants are noted. In thickness it varies from a few inches to 2 or 3 feet, but averages 6 or 8 inches. Under heavy cover the iron is in the form of the carbonate, while along the outcrop or under shallow cover this has weathered to the hydrated oxides. The general characteristic of the ore is the high content of phosphoric acid and silica. In some samples the latter, in the form of quartz sand or quartz pebbles, or both, makes up a large part of the total volume. The composition, size and shape of the pebbles suggest that they were derived from the Sharon conglomerate, parts of which existed as land masses during the period of deposition of the ore. On account of its lean^ siliceous nature^ the ore was used but little by the charcoal furnaces. Compared to the high-grade Lake ores its value is low, but it may be used to some advantage where special grades of high phosphorus iron are desired.

In northwestern Scioto and southwestern Liberty townships, in some localities, there is a sandstone which is quite poor, varying in thickness from 10 to 30 feet, and occurring near the horizon of the Sciotoville clay. It is light colored, except where stained with iron oxides from surface weathering, and quite free from clay, mica, or other impurities. It is usually fine-grained. The quality approaches that of glass sand, and in the futiu-e the deposit may have some value.

The maximum development of the now known Ohio deposits of Quakertown coal is in Jackson County, where it has been worked since 1872. This bed has proved to be one of the county's most valuable assets, adding much to the wealth and activity of the region. The original field is largely worked out, but the production at present is of importance as the coal is of excellent quality, and thus commands the highest market prices. The area of the field is much larger than that of the Sharon, and the deposit is more regular and persistent. It is foimd at its best near Wellston and Coalton, where the stratum often reaches a thickness of 4 feet. This coal, free burning and low in ash^ is quite generally recognized as superior for domestic purposes to any other found in this state.

The Quakertown coal lies from 80 to 100 feet above the Sharon coal, while the average interval separating the two is about 90 feet. Its position above the Sciotoville clay is from 30 to 50 feet, with an average of about 40 feet. The interval from the Quakertown to the Bear Rim coal above is from 20 to 30 feet, and to the Lower Mercer limestone almost 102 feet. When the full thickness of the Sharon conglomerate is considered, the Quakertown coal lies near the middle of the Pottsville formation.

The area of the known workable field of Quakertown coal in Jackson Coimty approximates closely 40 square miles. In Lick Township the Quakertown coal is found near the summits of the highest knobs in the western part of Section 18. It extends eastward through sections 17, 16, and the parts of 21, and 15 north of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad. The coal, thin and bony, goes under cover near Young America Furnace, where it is present in the bed of the stream^

In Liberty Township the most western exposures noted are just west of the old Pine School, in Section 11, and north of this in Section 2. At these places the horizon of the coal is near the summits of the highest knobs, at an altitude of about 880 feet. The bed is also exposed at a number of places in sections 1 and 12. In Jackson Township the Quakertown coal was not found west of the deposit exposed near Canter's Caves, in sections 25 and 36. The deposits in this locality are from 860 to 900 feet above sea, and confined to the high knobs and ridges. From here the Quakertown coal extends eastward across Coal Township to Milton. It goes below drainage in the hollow east of Davisville, west of Altoona, in Section 34, and in the southwest part of Section 27. In Washington Township it is wanting or very thin west of Pigeon Creek, while east of this it is also poorly represented. On Glen Nell, at an elevation of about 780 feet, the coal is somewhat thinned and broken by the heavy overlying sandstone. Near the head of the hollow, east of Primrose School, in Section 16, the blossom exposed indicates a thin, bony bed, while along the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad, in sections 10 and 15, thfe stratum is generally thin and uncertain, although it has been mined at a few places. On Sand Run, on the land of S. H. Ogier, it is found just above drainage, but was not observed east of this. In Milton Township the coal is reached by shafting only. In the old Marietta River Valley, near Wellston, the rock cover, excepting the fluvial deposits, is quite thin, but going eastward the dip of the strata soon carries the coal far below drainage. The existing workable area, from the present information obtained by drill records, is confined to the northern half of the township, and in a part of this the coal is unstead3^

The Quakertown coal is due above drainage in southern Lick, eastern Scioto, western Franklin, and eastern Hamilton townships, but here it is either completely wanting or represented only by a few inches of coal or bony shales.

The structure and regularity of a coal bed, the character of the roof and floor, and the utility of the associated materials, are all important in determining the value of a deposit. The Quakertown or Jackson Hill coal, in the main part of the field, is made up of a solid bench with no partings, but near the edge of the field the structure and character change. In the productive area the thickness of the stratum is quite regular. It is subject to local variations where rolls or arches in the floor are encountered, but no wants are found. The roof of the bed is tough shale, except in a few localities where this is replaced by sandstones, and the floor material is either a siliceous clay or a clay-bond sandstone. The associated materials have no exceptional value. The general relation of the Quakertown coal to other important members has been outlined above, but a more detailed report of the interval will be shown by numerous sections taken throughout the area.

Lick Township - In Section 18, Lick Township, on the property of David Nicholls, the Quakertown coal has been mined near the summit of the hill, and the Sharon just below his house. The following section shows the various strata exposed for measiurement:

In the same section, east of the above, a small area of Quakertown coal has been mined on the land of C. Mapes, where the bed is 2 feet 6 inches thick. In the northern part of the section, on the property of John M. Simpson, the following rocks were observed :

On a branch of Buffalo Skull Creek, Section 18, near the crossing of the Jackson and Chillicothe road, on land of Charles Walden, the strata were measured by Professor E. B. Andrews, and reportedfas follows:"

On the property of Mrs. J. G. McKittrick, in Section 17, the Quakertown coal has been mined on the hill north of the house, and a blossom^ of what apparently represents the Sharon coal, is present on the road level near the house. Just north of this, on the property of Jonathan Cahorn, the Quakertown coal measured 2 feet 5 inches.

South of the above, and east of the main ridge, on the Simon L. David property, in Section 21, the Quakertown coal, only one foot in thickness, and the Bear Run coal were both exposed in the same hollow. The section recorded follows:

In Lick Township, south of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad, the Quakertown coal disappears completely, or thins to a stain, but the Bear Run coal, with the black band ore and bone shale, is present in several localities. North of Young America Furnace, in Section 15, the Quakertown coal was seen in the bed of the stream near the residence of Mrs. J. Butts, and the Bear Run coal on the hill about 20 feet above. The Bear Run coal was also uncovered at several places farther up the stream. . A composite section here is as follows:

The Quakertown coal is due in the comer of Lick Township southwest of Jackson, and what appears to mark its horizon is a thin layer of bone shales, with some cannel coal in places. A section taken just east of the furnace, on lands of the Jackson Iron & Steel Company and of Charles Rav, in Section 30, is as given below:

In the eastern part of the same section, on land of J. J. McClung, the Bear Run coal has been mined in a small way, while the blossom of the Quakertown is seen in the hollow to the south. The section taken is as given below:

This cannel coal goes under cover near the southern boundary of the township, but the Bear Run and Vandusen coals above are found in a number of localities. No section was obtained, however, showing the three coals in the same interval.

Scioto Township. - In Scioto To\vTiship the Quakertown coal, represented by a few inches of a bony cannel coal, was observed 'at a few points. On the property of T. A. Henderson, in Section 1, the rocks exposed are recorded below:

The blossom of coal on this horizon was seen in a few other localities in Scioto Township, but nowhere was the deposit found to have any considerable thickness. In Hamilton Township also, only thin .^stains representing the Quakertown coal were observed, while in much [ofj^the territory even these are wanting. iJ!^

Liberty Township. - In Liberty Township the Quakertown coal is found in good thickness near the summits of the high hills and ridges in the northeastern part. In Section 13, on the land of Louis Ray, both the Quakertown and Sharon coals have been mined, and the Sciotoville clay, lying close above the Sharon coal, is also found. A section measured here follows:

On the land of Elmer Richard, in Section 12, the blossoms of both the Quakertown and Sharon coals were exposed with thicknesses of 3 and 2 feet respectively, and are separated by an interval of 70 feet. Along the ridge in the northwestern part of this section Quakertown coal is mined for local use. On the farm of Alfred Poe it measured 3 feet 4i inches in thickness. The Quakertown coal is also mined on land of Samuel Montgomery, in Section 11, for a local supply. The coal is of excellent quality, and .Mr. Moi;itgomery reports that the stratimi in this locality measures from 2 feet 6 inches to 2 feet 8 inches, but in places thickens to nearly 4 feet. The blossom of the Quakertown coal was uncovered in the road near the old Pine School, and below, on land of W. B. Ste£Fy, the bony blossom of the Sharon coal, lying on the massive conglomerate, was exposed in the bed of a small stream. The section measured gave the following relations:

Oeolooy Op Southern Ohio

In Section 1, on the property of James Wilson, the Quakertown coal is mined for local use, and measured 3 feet 1 inch. In the same section, east of Little Salt Creek, the Quakertown coal is present on the main ridges, but no good exposures were found.

Jackson Township. - In Jackson Township the Quakertown coal is confined principally to the high ridges and hills in sections 25 and 36. The deposit in this locality has good thickness and the coal is of excellent quality. In Section 36, on land of William McKinniss, coal is mined for local use. The record obtained here shows the following rocks:

In Section 25, on land of John Spanover, the blossom of the Quakertown coal, and an ore that occurs frequently above the coal horizon, were exposed along the road. The measurements of the rocks follow:

On the knob north of Canter's Caves, on land of Lawrence Harris, the Quakerto\^^^ coal has been opened. This is the most western exposure found in southern Jackson Township, and the coal, where observed, was 1 foot thick. This bed has been mined for local use on the farm of W. A. Johnson, but the thickness was not determined. The section given below was measured from an exposure of Quakertown coal on land of C. W. Haslett, to the hollow east:

North of this there are a few knobs and ridges, whose elevations are such that the horizon is due on them, but the Quakertown coal is either very thin, or replaced by the heavy coarse-grained sandstone, for no coal of any considerable thickness was found. The heavy sandstone present on these ridges is the same as that seen at Richland Furnace.

Washington Township. - ^The Quakertown coal is unsteady in Washington Township, for in only a small part of the territory the stratum is represented by coal of minable thickness. In some localities it is entirely replaced by heavy sandstones, and in others it is made up of bone shales with thin coal bands. The tracing of the Quakertown coal, and various other members, from the Coalton field north to the coal bed found near the level of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad, in sections 10 and 15, and from this point southeast to the Quakertown coal in the Wellston field, shows that the deposit in sections 10 and 15 is on the same stratigraphic level as that of the Quakertown coal in the Wellston and Coalton fields, and that it is evidently correlative^ as it bears also the same general relations to various other members as does that of the known Quakertown. In the locality specified above, the average of six measurements from the coal to the Lower Mercer ore gives an interval of 103 feet, while the average for all the measurements taken in the entire Quakertown field gives an interval of 102 feet from the known Quakertown coal to the Lower Mercer ore or limestone. As near as could be determined the horizon of this coal bed is about 30 feet above the Sciotoville clay deposits seen north of Richland Furnace, and this position also identifies it as Quakertown coal. At Glen Nell, in sections 20 and 21, both the Sharon and Quakertown coals have been mined. A composite section taken from here to the summit of the hill near the Town House, where the Black Flint outcrops, covers nearly the entire Pottsville formation. The section given below shows the members exposed and the measurements recorded:

Geology Of Southern Ohio

In Section 16, near the Primrose School, Sharon coal is mined inja small way for local use. Along the road that leads to the ridge east of this a blossom of coal is exposed near the foot of the hill which corre« lates as Quakertown. The composite section obtained here, and given below, shows much the same relations as that taken at Glen Nell:

Near the level of the railroad track in Section 15, on the land of W. W. Manning, the coal has been opened, and a small quantitj'^ of fuel mined. A composite section taken on land of W. M. Walbum, in Section 10, shows the following relations: p^ j^

On land of W. W. Manning, this coal, and also the Lower Mercer, have been mined for local use. The carefully taken section here shows the following members which were exposed, and the intervals separating them:

On land of S. H. Ogier, in Section 14, the Quakertown coal has been opened just above the level of Sand Run, and is reported by Mr. Ogier to have a thickness from 2 feet 2 inches to 2 feet 4 inches. A section taken there follows: p^ j^

A section taken from the Superior Coal Company's Mine No. 2, to the summit of the knob on land of E. C. Wallace, shows a number of important members above the Quakertown coal. The section obtained is recorded below: p^ j^

In Section 24, on land of Clyde Foster, the Quakertown coal was formerly mined by shaft, and the Lower Mercer coal has been opened on the hill above.

Coal Township. - In Jackson County the Quakertown coal has its maximum development in Coal and western Milton townships. This area has been the center of mining activity for about 40 years, and, although the best of the field is practically exhausted, the bed is yet an important asset to the region, as it yields a good supply of most excellent fuel. In Coal Township the stratum has good thickness and continuity, and extends over practically the whole area.

In Section 7, near Bierlytown, on the Arthur Howe property, the Quakertown coal, found near the summit of the hill, and the Sciotoville clay, of good quality, about 45 feet below, have both been mined. Below the latter, black shales on the Sharon coal horizon have been prospected. A section taken here follows:

On the Charles McKinniss land, in Section 6, the Quakertown and Anthony coals have been mined, and the Sciotoville clay, very flinty, and of good quality, was exposed in the road near where it crosses the stream. A section here is as given below:

In Section 31, on the land of Gilbert Lucas, the Quakertown coal has been opened, and is reported to be from 2 feet 6 inches to 2 feet & inches in thickness. Along this ridge, on lands of the abpve meij^tione^i party and C. W. Haslett, there is a small area of imworked coal, which, from surface indications, and reported results of prospecting, has good thickness and value. In Section 30 the QuakertoAvn coal is thin or wanting. In the northern part of Section 29 the stratum is thin and imsteady. Jacob Sells operates a wagon mine on his property in Section 32. He reports the bed in the territory now worked to vary in thickness from 2 feet 5 inches to 3 feet 2 inches, and to average 2 feet 8 inches. . The coal here is i>f excellent quality. The Lower Mercer limestone is found on the summit of the high hill west of his residence, and the interval to the coal somewhat above the average, is 127 feet.

On the Sells property, on the hill south of the pike, he reports that in a part of the area cannel coal makes up the upper part of the stratum, and locally the entire bed is cannel coal of superior quality, which in some places has a thickness of 4 feet. This at present is exhausted, as the deposit was local, not carrying in force even to the adjacent properties. In the same section south of this, at the railroad mine of the T. J. Evans Coal Company, the stratum is reported in places to be very thin, while in other parts of the mine it thickens to 3 feet. In Section 8, at the mine of the Jackson Hill Coal Company, the interval from the coal to the Lower Mercer limestone on the knob north is 115 feet by aneroid measurement.

In Section 4 most of the coal area is practically exhausted, but small amounts are yet mined for local use. On land of Samuel Richard the coal measured 2 feet 11 inches, which is about the general thickness of the Quakertown bed found in the large mines formerly operated in the region. The field near Coalton formerly yielded a large supply of coal, but the quantity produced at present is small. In Section 33, on land of John F. Shook, the section obtained and given below shows the interval from the Quakertown coal to the Lower Mercer limestone:

A small wagon mine is operated on land of W. R. Hamilton, in Section 28, where the coal measured 2 feet 6 inches in thickness. The stratum is reported to vary from 1 foot 8 inches to 2 feet 8 inches. North of this, at the mine of the Buckeye Coal Company, which is nearing exhaustion, the coal measured 2 feet 6 inches. The coal in this locality is reported to vary from 2 to 3 feet, but to average about 2 feet 6 inches. The heavy sandstone above forms the roof of the mine in places. Along the road in the western part of Section 27 this sandstone was found lying close above the coal, and in local areas replacing it. The disdonforqiiity notbd at the base of this sandstone seems to account for the unsteadiness of the coal northward, as the deposit is wanting, thin, or broken into benches, with irregular sandstone partings. In Section 34 a few mines are yet operated, but the main body of coal is exhausted. Here the continuity and thickness of the bed are very good, as they are also to the south in Section 3.

The Quakertown and Bear Run coals were seen on the property of M. H. Harrison, in Section 8, Coal Township, where both have been mined. The relation is as given below:

The coal in the Chapman mine measured from 2 feet 6 inches to 3 feet 4 inches. In the Glenroy area the Quakertown coal has an average thickness of 3 feet 4 inches, with a max mum of 4 feet and a minimum of 2 feet 6 inches.

In the southeastern part of the sect'on the coal thins and becomes bony, while south of this, in Lick Township, it disappears completely. A composite section, taken along the road from near Young America FiuTiace, north to the summit of the hill near the house of R. L. Channell, in Section 10, shows the following members and the condition of the Quakertown coal:

In the southern parts of sections 11 and 12 the Quakertown coal is reported thin and bony, while in sections 1 and 2 the available supply is not large. In sections 35 and 36 the bed is reported to have excellent thickness, but at present the mines are worked out. In Section 26 the Superior Colliery Company still operates its No. 3 mine, but the future supply is relatively small. At present there is one railroad mine which still has a small undeveloped territory in Section 25.

Milton Township. - From Coal Township the Quakertown coal extends eastward into Milton, and in fact it is reported that the best of the entire field in Jackson County was that 4)art originally worked in the vicinity of Wellston, where the bed has a regular thickness of about 4 feet. The coal in this area has excellent quality, and is now exhausted, except small blocks left in the old mines where the cover is shallow, or the dip such as to cause trouble from water. As the Quakertown coal extends eastward from Wellston, there is a general gradual thiiming of the stratum, but no drill records defining the eastern border of the field were obtained. From reports, the southern extension of thick coal is within the northern half of the township. Future drill work may locate other small areas in the eastern part of the county. The Brown Coal Comptoy operates a small railroad mine n©rth of Wellston, in Section 31, Milton Township, but no record of the strata was obtained. In sections 6 and 7, the bed is pro-ctically exhausted, and the mines abandoned. The Domestic Coal Company operates a mine in Section 32, north, where the following measurements were obtained:

The thickness of the coal is reported to vary from 2 feet 6 inches to 3 feet 10 inches. At the mine of the Wellston Colliery Company, in Section 5, the average thickness of the bed is 2 feet 6 inches. The coaJ in this mine is reported to vary in thickness from 1 foot 10 inches to 3 feet. The quality of the fuel is very good. In Section 8 good blocks of coal, which were left by the unsystematic way in which the mines were formerly operated, are reported to be present, while in sections 17 and 18 some imdeveloped territory is found. A drill test made in the eastern part of Section 18 by the Superior Colliery Company shows that the Quakertown coal has good volume in this locality, as it is 3 feet 2 inches thick. In Section 33 a composite section, taken from the No. 12 mine of the Superior Colliery Company, to the hill west, and given below, shows the most important members from the Lower Kittanning to the Quakertown coal:

Geolxxiv Op Soutuern Ohio

Mr. Richard Samuel, Jr., reports the coal in the Wainright mine of the Maynard Coal Company to vary in thickness from 1 foot 8 inches to 3 feet 8 inches, but to average 2 feet 2 inches. The quality of the coal here is very good, and the stratum is quite free from bone or shaly partings. South of the above, in Section 9, at the No. 9 mine of the Superior Colliery Company, the measurements obtained are given below:

The bed in this mine is reported to vary in thickness from 1 foot 10 inches to 4 feet, but to average about 2 feet 6 inches. There are local rises or rolls in the floor of the mine, upon the summits of which the coal thins. The mine of the Elk Fork Coal Company, in Section 3,

In this locality the thickness of the coal is quite constant, varying only from 2 feet 2 inches to 2 feet 4 inches, and the quality is excellent. South of this, m Section 10, the Quakertown coal is also present in good volume, as the drill record furnished by the Superior Colliery Company shows 3 feet of good coal, underlain by 1 foot of bone coal. A record also furnished by the Superior Colliery Company shows the general condition of the Quakertown coal in Section 13. The driller's log follows:

Terms in brackets were supplied by the writer. Near the head of Rich Run, in Section 12, a shaft was sunk for the Quakertown coal, but no records or information concerning it were

T\iH Qfiakcrtown coal is an asset of importance to Jackson County, Vjt xL*: \}f'd haM yielded during more than 40 years of mining, a greater r»rr*rTi'i*; than any othcT member, far surpassing that of the Sharon f:f/iid, iuj rirrarest rival. Wellston, Coalton, and the villages adjacent, ow*: thijr ri*yf to the* Quakerto\\Ti coal, which has also been an imly/rtjxiii tfU'Xor in tlie development of Jackson. Although the best '/ tfj: fif'ltl in praciirally exhausted the knowTi area of thin coal, averagjx-lf )f^^.x%t'U 2 and 3 feet, is at least 10 square miles, and future drill work may exUmd this ar(»a, or reveal outlying pockets. The average V.i/khfM of the h<*d in tli(» six mines now operating east of Wellston » 2 f':':t 0 .ijchrs.

'J tut (^uakiTtown bed, although it may be thin, has several features iri;i/:h aid eonhidcrahly in its mining. The stratum is, with few excepiujsthf itU'iiU coal, i. <»., it is seldom broken by bony or shaly partings, 9uA t'Vi^u wlK-re these an; present tliey lie either on the top or the bottom f/f the iU'inmii, ho they may be separated without difficulty. Sulphur #»jjcrKions or bands are not common. Owijig to these features the UiiuiA f'j}iil in clean and bright, and thus it goes into the market in good i'^ju<iiiuni. The rr^of material is usually a thick tough shale, although in a few localities it is sandHtone. This shale forms a safe roof, and allows a high percentage; of the total coal to l)e mined. The mines are seldom troubhfil with draw slate or horsebacks, but rolls or local dips are occasionally encounterc^d. The floor material is a rather hard siliceous clay, which makers a good footing for posts and pillars, and does not work up itimly into plastic mud along the haulways. No tests were made of this clay, l>ut from general appearance it is fitted for light and buff building brick. Where the coal is thin about 2 or 3 feet of this clay is removed from the main haulwaj's, and it may be used with some economy for c(Tamic products, for at present the cost of mining it is a direct loss. The high quality of the coal, the freedom from partings, and the character of the roof and floor, enable the Quakertown bed to be mined at a low cost, even where the stratum is thin.

In general, the mines at present are worked by the single entry system, and the rooms turned from the cross entries. Induced circulation of air is produced by fans. The coal is cut both by hand and machines, but in most of the larger mines the latter method is used. The electric machines in general use are Jeffery, Morgan-Gardner, and Goodman. The coal is gathered by mule power, except in the mine of the Elk Fork Coal Company, where storage battery motors are used very successfully. This motor, designed and patented by C. K. Davis, does away entirely with mule power, and is constructed to gather coal in low workings. The mine foreman reports that the motor is very reliable, and able to do a large amount of work at a low cost per ton of coal. In all the large mines the main haulage is by motors; the t3i)es in general use are JefiFrey, Morgan-Gardner, and Westinghouse, The railroad mines in operation in 1914 were as follows:

A brief description of some of the mines in the region follows: The T. J. Evans Coal Company operates a level-free mine about one mile west of Coalton. About 25 men are employed, and the output is about 70 tons per day. The coal is hauled by mule power, but the pumps and fans are operated by steam. They are driving their main entries westward into new territory. In this region coal is also hauled to the cars by wagon from the Jacob Sells and other small mines. The Buckeye mine of the Emma Coal Company, located in Section 28, Coal Township, is nearing exhaustion. It is a level-free mine, using mule power for hauling the coal, and steam only for running the fans and pumps.

Between Coalton and Jackson tliere are several mines still in operation, some of which have imdeveloped territory, while others are only drawing pillars in old workings. The Emma Coal Company is drawing pillars from its Jackson Hill mine in Section 8. The Price jnine kjH W. A. Gosline & Company, in the same Bection south of this, is praMrticalhr abandoned. The Grace and Hurd Shaft mines, in Section 10, are working mainl}' in old territory, but report large blocks of unworked coal. The level-free Chapman mines, in Section 9, report some UBWoriced territory. The Armstrong Mid Crescent mines, in Sf^ion 10, Lick Township, have undeveloped territory, but the coal is somewhat bony.

The coal in the mines east of Coalton and near Glenroy, although they are located in worked territorj', is not yet exhausted. Owing to the uns3'stematic way in which the field was originally mined large quantities of coal are available from the old works and from isolated blocks of solid coal which were left for various reasons. The annual tonnage of the Twin-Ada mine, which is located in the heart of th(» original Quakertown field in Jackson County, 18 about 10,000 tons. The fuel is of exceptional purity, and the b(»d has an average thickness of 3 feet 4 inches. This company reports that it has yet a solid block of coal with an area of 25 acres, In sides heavy pillar coal in many acres of old works. The No. 4 mine of the Superior Collier>' Companj^, located in Section 1, Coal To^viiship, has good areas of undeveloped territory in sight, and many pillars in the old part of the mine which will also furnish large quantities of fuel. The mine, which is a shaft 96 feet in depth, has a daily capacity of 200 tons, and is situated on the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Railway. The coal bed is from 2 to 4 feet in thickness, but it has an average measurement of about 3 feet.

West of Wellston two railroad mines are in operation. The No. 3 mine of the Superior Colliery Company, in Section 26, Coal Township, has a daily capacity of 200 tons. The coal varies from 2 to 4 feet in thickness. The best of this field is largely exhausted. Both mines are reported to ha\x are^is of thin coal which will last for several years.

The main body of Quakertown coal at present lies east of Wellston. -The BrowTi Brothers operate a small shaft mine just north of the town, but the area is small and the coal thin. In Section 32, Milton Township, the Domestic Coal Company operates a shaft mine connected by switch to the Detroit, Toledo & Ironton Railway. The mine is equipped with modern mining machinery', and has a capacity of 300 tons per day. They report 60 acres of unworked territory ahead, and the present workings are not yet exhausted. The bed in this locality has good thickness, and the coal excellent quality. The mine of the Wellston Colliery Company is located in Section 5, and comiected by switch to the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Railway. The mine is electrically' equipped, using electricity for lighting, hauling, and cutting. The pumps, fans, and hoisting machinery are run by steam. They report a good area of thin coal, and a block of thick coal ahead.

Detroit, Toledo & Ironton Railway. The mine is equipped with modem machinery. They report a good area of coal averaging about 2 feet 2 inches in thickness, and also a block of thick coal almost 3 feet 6 inches in thickness. The Superior No. 12 mine of the Superior Colliery Company is located in Section 33; ai^d connected by switch to the Detroit, Toledo & Ironton Railway. The mine is equipped with inclined and shaker screens, Mitchell dump, steam hoist, Jeffrey electric cutting machines, and Morgan-Gardner motors. The coal is gathered by mule power. The capacity of the mine, when rimning full, is 300 tons per day. They report an area of coal averaging about 2 feet 6 inches in thickness, sufficient to last for a number of years.

The mine of the Elk Fork Coal Company is located in Section 3, Milton Township, and on the branch line of the Detroit, Toledo & Ironton Railway. The equipment is modem and the mine more carefully managed than any other in the region. Storage battery motors instead of mules are used here for gathering the coal. The output is about 100 tons per day. The bed here, although thin, is very uniform, ranging from 2 feet 2 inches to 2 feet 4 inches, and the coal is of excellent quality. The area ahead is reported large.

The Superior No. 9 mine of the Superior Colliery Company ia located in Section 9. The shaft, 138 feet deep, is equipped with steam hoisting machinery. Steam is used also for the pumps and fans. The hauling and cutting is done by electricity, but the gathering by mule power. The stratum in this locality varies considerably in thickness. The mine foreman reports the bed to expand from 2 feet 10 inches to 4 feet, but to average about 2 feet 6 inches. He also reports a large area ahead, the boundaries of which are not definitely known. This is the most southern mine east of Wellston.

The quality of the Quakertown coal ranks it as one of the very best domestic coals in this state, and on a par with the best of those in West Virginia and Pennsylvania. On accoimt of its merit, it has long enjoyed a wide reputation in the western and northern market?, and has commanded the highest prices. With few exceptions, the bed is free from shale and clay partings, and from pyrite nodules and bands. It mines clean, and on standing discolors but little, as the amount of pyrite and clay present is very low. There is also only a small amount of "mother coal" in the stratum which differs in this respect from the Allegheny coals in the region. It is a free bumilig coal, igniting readily, but producing good heat and lasting quite well. It bums freely from the time lighted until consumed. The amount of smoke produced is low, considering the amount of volatile matter contained. For domestic use one of its leading features is that it produces practically no soot and it was formerly sold on the market as sootless coal. In this respect it is much superior to the Allegheny coal of the region. Owing to the purity of the coal, it is somewhat tender, and does not withstand ship-

'Viax.*r:<ywii must be claased as one of Ohio's very best coaJs. The y.'w f::.; hir and ash contents, &nd the free burning and sootless qualities, vith high heating value, make it a standard domestic coal ip-^-pXt. «::rpRafi6<ed. Owing to the superior quality of the Quakertown *XA^ \zjh cr^^npetition to dislodge it from the market has been very k/r^T.. &nd reports have been circulated that the field is exhausted, but \:iA «tA*^nw^t is far from the fact, since the known unworked areas '/*sriiy the affirmation that many millions of tons of this valuable fuel af»- yf-x available.

Kidney Ore

' In the region north of Jackson there is found an unsteady deposit of ki/lnf'3' ore, which occurs above the horizon of the Quakertown coal and b^low that of the Bear Run. It was formerly mined by stripping along the outcrop for smelting in the old charcoal furnace. The bed iij U-st represented in the northern part of Lick and the southern part of Coal townships, although it was found occa*sionally at other places in the county. The ore is of the limonite tjrpe along the outcrop, but where un weathered under heavy cover it is a carbonate. The following section, taken on the property of Mrs. J. G. McKittrick, in Section 17, Lick Township, shows the position of the ore with reference to the Quakertown coal:

On land of John W. Simpson, in Section 7, Coal Township, the kidney ore, with both the Bear Run and Quakertown coals, was seen. The section taken and given below established its relation with reference to the coals:

In Section 25, Jackson Township, on land of John Shannon, the kidney ore and the blossom of the Quakertown coal, were exposed along the roadside. The measurements taken follow: in Jackson County. At times the stratum is of some aid in tracing the coal horizons found above and below this deposit. No fossils were noticed in the ore, but no particular attention was paid to this feature.

Bear Run Coal

The next member in the ascending scale worthy of attention is the Bear Run coal, which is found from 20 to 35 feet above the Quakertown coal, or from 45 to 80 feet above the Sciotoville clay, but the latter interval averages about 60 feet in Jackson County. Although wanting in many localities the bed can be traced with some degree of certainty from Scioto County northward through Jackson into Vinton.

In the area above drainage in this county the Bear Run coal is best developed in local districts in Hamilton, Scioto, and Lick townships, although the member is found also in Jefferson, Franklin, Liberty, Coal, and Washington. In the latter townships the bed is generally thin and often wanting. A marked feature of the member is the variability in character of the materials that make up the deposit. It may be represented by cannel or bituminous coal, black band ore, bone shale, or almost any combination of the above. A fossiliferous zone, which is of some aid in tracing and correlating the member, is found closely associated with the coal. In the Dever Valley Lingula tighti occurs in great numbers m the shale that forms the roof of the coal, and northeast of Jackson it is found in the black band ore or bone shales, which are directly related to the coal.

On Bear Run, in the northern part of Bloom Township, Scioto County, the Bear Run coal has good thickness, and has been worked for many years. This productive area extends northward into Jackson County, and is of some importance in the Dever Valley, where it furnishes the local fuel supply.

Hamilton Township. - In Section 37, Hamilton Township, the Bear Run coal has been mined on land of S. B. Gilliland, and the Sciotoville clay was seen near the Valley School on the property of Delmer Dever. The section taken is as follows:

When the region was visited the Bear Run coal was being mined on land of E. C. Gilliland, in Section 26, where the following relations were noted:

In Section 24, on the land of H. H. Stevenson, the Bear Run coal has been mined by stripping, and just above it the Vandusen coal was worked in a small way by entry. Mr. Samuel Stevenson reports the Bear Run coal to be from 1 foot 6 inches to 1 foot 10 inches in thickness, and the Vandusen to vary from 1 foot 6 inches to 2 feet 2 inches in thickness, and both coals to be of good quality. The Bear Run coal lies just above a sandstone, which in some localities thickens and replaces the coals. This sandstone is highly cross-bedded, and in parts of southern Jackson County changes to a series of thin to mediumbedded flaggy sandstones with shales intervening. Here the two coal beds are quite close together. The section obtained is recorded below:

A good exposure of the deposit was obtained on the land of Edward Toppins, in Section 25, where It was being benched near the base of the hill. The section follows:

Near the head of the Dever Valley, in Section 24, the Maxville limestone is found in the bed of the stream on the land of Amos Canter, and about 20 feet above this on the Joseph Woods property the Bear Rim coal has been mined. A section from the limestone to the summit of the hill to the east is given below:

Along the Little Scioto River, north of the Dever Valley, the horizon of the Bear Run coal is made up of thin and medium-bedded flaggy sandstones. The coal was not found exposed at any point. This was the case also on Bucklick and Little Bucklick creeks.

Scioto Township. - On Sugarcamp Creek the Bear Run coal thickens again, and has been worked at a few places. Near Grahamsville, in sections 26 and 27, Scioto Township, the thin blossom of the

Geology Of Soitrern Ohio

In Section 26, on land of Jehiel Haley, the Anthony coal was found in digging a well, and on the hill north of this the Vandusen coal has been opened. To the west of this the Bear Run coal has been mined on land of A. A. Rehs. The Bear Run coal has also been mined on the property of John Miller, in Section 22. South of the Fairview School, in Section 23, the interval from the Bear Run to the Vandusen coal is short.

In Section 11, on the isolated hill west of the Portsmouth-Jackson road, the Bear Run coal has been mined on land of Oliver M. Mercer, and the Jackson Sand Block ore on that of Garrett Brothers. The ore and coal openings are some distance apart, so the section following is not very accurate:

Near the residence of J. M. Broyles, in the western part of Section 12, this coal has also been mined for local use. The Bear Run coal goes under cover along Buckeye Creek on the land of William T. Inman, where it has been stripped in the creek bed. The interval to the Little Red Block ore, or Lower Mercer horizon, is as given below:

On the branch of Salt Creek that heads south of the furnace of the Jackson Iron & Steel Company, the Bear Run coal is represented by dark carbonaceous shales, with occasional pockets of thin coal. Near the head of the stream, on land of J. M. Johnson, Section 12, Scioto Township, these dark shales, with thin coal bands, are well exposed in the creek bed, and the Lower Mercer ore is found on the hill to the west. A composite section taken here is as follows:

Lick Township. - South of Jackson, in Lick Township, the Bear ' Run coal horizon is well marked, but it carries coal of good quality at only a few places. In Section 31, on land of H. Hunsinger, the carbonaceous shale on the horizon was exposed as follows:

In the eastern part of Section 31, on the land of J. J. McClung, the coal has been mined in a small way where it is 2 feet thick. The maximum thickness of the coal in this locality, reported by Dr. McClung, is as follows:

The Bear Run coal has been prospected at several places south of the deposit on J. J. McClung's land, but the bed is represented mainly by black carbonaceous shales. A composite section on lands of F. H. and James Mayhew is as given below:

East of Jackson, in Lick Township, the Bear Run coal thickens, and has been opened at a number of places. In Section 21, on land of D. D. Evans, an entry was driven some distance into the hill to determine the character of this coal. The structure of the deposit reported by Mr. Evans is as follows: ,

In the same section, north of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad, on the property of Simon L. David, both the Bear Run and Quakertown coals were exposed on the outcrop. The section measured follows: ^

The Bear Run coal was exposed along the stream north of Young America Furnace. A composite section east of the residence of Mrs. J. Butts shows the following members:

In Section 8^ on land of M. H. Harrison, the Bear Run coal has been opened. The deposit is reported to be about 2 feet in thicknesSy and the coal to l)e of the cannel type. The section taken follows:

Coal and Washington To%^n8hip8. - In northern Coal and in Washington townships the Bear Run coal is largely replaced by the heavy sandstones found above the Quakertown bed. In the creek bed, in the hollow north of the No. 3 mine of the Superior Collier}'^ Company, Section 23, Washington Township, irregular lenses and bands of coal were seen in the sandstone. The coal lies just above the line of disconformity between the sandstone and the shale below^, and evidently represents the Bear Run coal in a broken and unsteady condition. The irregular lenses are about 40 feet above the Quakertown coal. North of this, the coal, in much the same condition, w^as noticed at several places, but in a few localities it is regularly bedded. In Section 10, on land of W. W. Manning, the following record was obtained, which shows the position of the Bear Run coal with reference to the Quakertown and Lower Mercer:

The extent above drainage of the Bear Run coal, where of sufficient thickness for mining at present, even in a small way, is confined to a few areas more or* less restricted. The most southern field of Bear Run coal in Jackson County^is foundta the Dever Valley in Hamilton Township. The best of this field extends eastward from near the Valley School to where it goes under cover near the Hamilton-Jefferson line. The thickness varies from 1 foot to 2 feet 6 inches, with an average of nearly 1 foot 10 inches. South along Tattle Creek it is thin or wanting, since oft^n the deposit is replaced by massive sandstones. Along the Little Scioto River north of the Dever Valley this coal is also thin or wanting. It is not known whether the coal extends eastward under heavy cover as no drilling has been done in the region. The next area noted where the Bear Run coal has any considerable thickness is in sections 22 and 23, Scioto Township. The thickness in this small field is from 1 foot 6 inches to 2 feet. This area apparently extends northward across the main ridge to the head of Buckeye Creek in sections 11 and 12, where the thickness of four exposures measures from 1 foot 8 inches to 2 feet. In the valley of the small stream south of the furnace of the Jackson Iron & Steel Company the deposit is represented by carbonaceous shales with thin coal bands, and is of no importance. In the eastern part of Section 31, Lick Township, there is a small area: in which some good coal has been obtained. South and east of this, where exposed, it is thin or bony. Another area is along the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad from near Jackson to Young America Furnace. In this area the thickness and structure of the bed, and the character and quality of the coal, are quite variable. Three openings showed a thickness of 1 foot 10 inches of good coal. The area extends northward into Coal Township, but is quite restricted, for in northern Coal and Washington townships the bed is largely replaced by massive sandstones.

The Bear Run coal, in the Dever Valley, has been worked in a small way for many years, and is mined at present for a part of the local fuel supply. Although the deposit is thin, the coal is of excellent quality, and the mining conditions good, as the roof is a tough shale and the floor a sandy clay. The stratum consists mainly of only one bench, in the upper part of which is found from 1 to 8 inches of cannel coal. The mining has been confined to coal along the outcrop, or reached by short entries, so the supplj' for local consumption yet available will last for years.

The next field, extending from the head of Sugarcamp Creek to that of Buckeye Creek, has been worked at a few places where the coal has a thickness of about 2 feet. The structure of the bed is much the same as that in the Dever Vallej", part tending towards the cannel type, and the quality of the coal is excellent for domestic use, as it belongs to the high volatile free-burning class. The area of the workable field south of Jackson, from the indications of the exposures noted, is very small. The coal has good volume on lands of McClung and Farrar, where it has been mined by entries. The available supply is largely exhausted.

The Bear Run coal in the field along the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad, northeast of Jackson, has b(K»n opened or worked at only a few places, as the deposit is thin and variable, and as the Quakertown coal adjacent to the ngion is easily obtained at present. The deposit is made up of caimel coal, bituminous coal, bone shale, and black band ore, or some combination of the above. The thickness of the strata and the order of sequence changes from place to place, thus making the mining somewhat difficult and uncertain.. The maximum thickness of good coal measured, part of which is cannel or of a cannel nature, was about 2 feet. The tough shale or sandstone forming the roof, and the carbonaceous shale, clay shale, or sandstone forming the floor of the stratum, are thus of such character as to give safety and yield in mining. The associated black band ore is sufficiently rich in iron to be of value to the local furnaces for metallurgical use. Tests, which are reported satisfactory, have bee^n made of the bone shales for their utilization as pigments for mineral paints.

The quality of the Bear Run coal in the Dever Valley field is excellent. It is free-burning, low in sulphur and ash, and has good heating qualities. The character of the coal is sho^^Ti by an anaU^is of a sample from land of Enoch Canter, Section 24, Hamilton Tox^nship, which is as follows:*

The Gilliland coal of southern Hamilton Township, as sampled by Mr. C. N. Brown, and analyzed by Professor Lord, shows the following constitution:^

On the land of Mr. Price, Section 18, Lick Township, the Bear Run coal lies 32 feet above the Quakertown, and is a cannel. The analysis of a sample of it is as follows:*

At present the Bear Rim coal is of some value locally for small domestic supplies, but in the future, as the thicker coals reach exhaustion, this, with other thin beds, will becopoie of more importance.

Jackson Sand Block Ore

The productive field of the Jackson Sand Block ore is southwest of the town of Jackson, and includes the southwestern part of Lick, the southeastern part of Liberty, and the northeastern part of Scioto townships. The deposits, altliough somewhat isolated and irregular in structure, occur in the same general interval which is that between the Bear Run and Vandusen coals.

Shales, thin to medium-bedded sandstones, with shales intervening, massive sandstones, or some combination of the alxjve strata, make up the interval which is from 20 to 40 feet in thickness. Layers of the thin and medium-bedded sandstonts, which have bet^n enriched by iron compounds, constitute the ore beils. These deposits may occur interbedded in shales, or at the. top or well (hn\'n in the s^^ries of sandstones, but the richest beds are those in the shales, or in the upper part of the sandstone series. The position at which they occur in the interval varies from place to place; thus beds worked in one locality' may not be on the same level stratigraphically as those worked at another.

'Under heavy cover the iron is in the form of the carbonate, while along the outcrop, or under shallow cover, whtTC the weathering agents have been active, it occurs in the hydrated oxide forms. The sandstone strata are fine-grained, ripple marked, more or U*ss ferruginous, and contain plant fossils. Apparently the iron compounds were deposited with the sands in shallow basins in which the waters were charged with iron salts and decaying organic matter. The deposits, as a usual thing, have a higher iron content along the outcrop, or under shallow cover, where local enrichment from percolating water has taken place.

The Jackson Sand Block ore has been mined on the land of Martin Wastier, in Section 26, Scioto To^\iiship. The following section shows the strata exposed for measurement:

Just north of this, in the same section, on the property of J. M. Pierce, the ore has also been mined, and is reported to be from 3 to 4 feet in thirknr*ss. A small pocket of ore has been mined near the summit of the hill on land of James I. Garrett, in Section 9. The record follows.

The deposit of Jackson Sand Block ore on the property of John M. Com, in Section 2, was being worked when the region was visited. The ore layers, which are quite variable in thickness and number, are interbedded in shales. A section of the mine is as follows:

Another section in the same mine, about 100 feet from the above, shows the variability of the deposit, hence the measurements are given below:

In Section 3, on Thomas Wade's land, the ore measured 2 feet in thickness. On land of T. A. Henderson, in Section 1, the ore was mined in a small way, and is reported to be 1 foot thick.

In Liberty Township, just north of the Com mine, on land of Howell and Jones, Section 34, the Jackson Sand Block ore is interbedded in sandstones. A section shows the following relations:

Near the summit of the hill just south of the old Hammertown mine, in Section 35, the ore has been dug along the outcrop quite extensively. A section is as follows:

In the southeastern part of Section 35, on the Johnson farm, the ore has been mined in a small way for years. A measurement showed 2 feet 2 inches of ore, but elsewhere, under heavy cover, the ore is reported to be 6 feet thick. This ore has been mined along the outcrop at a few places in Section 25. The rocks seen on the Elisha Sc\u*lock property are as follows:

In several localities in the southwestern part of Lick Township the ore has been mined also in a small way. On lands of the Jackson Iron & Steel Company and Charles Ray, in Section 30, the following members were noted:

The Jackson Sand Block ore, as the name implies, is a sandy or siliceous ore with a blocky structure, as the beds are regularly jointed. The iron content varies from the lowest limit used for ores to about 45 per cent, but in the bulk of the ore mined it is from 30 to 35 per cent. The lime and magnesia, often amounting to several per cent, give an additional value, as they flux directly part of the siliceous gangue of the ore, and as they tend to promote ease of fusion of the silicate impurities. The phosphorus, usually high, and the manganese about normal, make the ore a desirable constituent in the smelting of foundry iron. An analysis of the ore furnished by the Jackson Iron & Steel Company is as follows:

The ore varies from 1 to as much as 8 feet in thickness, but usually averages from 2 to 3 feet.- In some localities the ore is interbedded in sandstone, while at other places in shale. So far most of the ore has been mined by stripping along the outcrop where the overburden is not heavy, but the general conditions for drift mining are favorable. Also the demand by the furnaces for outcrop ore has been greater as the iron is in the form of the oxide, and the metal content usually higher. There are large quantities of this ore yet available, but the cost of mining and the low market value, when compared to the siliceous Lake ores on a unit basis, have seriously impeded its utilization at present.

The gangue is in such form that but little enrichment of the ore is possible by any of the common forms of concentration now in use. Washing and careful selection would free the ore from some deleterious clay and shale materials which are derived from the roof and_ floor, and mechanically mixed during the mining operation. Cleaner ores would increase both the market and market value. One objection in general advanced by furnace people to the use of native ores is that the foreign material in them is usually considerable, and also variable in amount.

Vandusen Coal

The Vandusen coal, where present in the southern part of Jackson County, lies from 15 to 30 feet above the Bear Run coal, and from 70 to 100 feet below the Little Red Block or Lower Mercer ore, but in the central part of the county the latter interval thins, measuring usually from 60 to 70 feet. In the northern part of the county the member is usually wanting, but, when present, it is represented only by a few inches of impure coal, or a foot or so of carbonaceous shale. The Vandusen coal in Jackson Coimty is best represented in Hamilton,

Scioto, and Franklin townships, where the average thickness of the bed is about 1 foot. It is found also, but in a thin and unsteady condition, in Jefiferson, Lick^ Liberty, Coal, and Washington townships. The deposit, where present, is usually very thin, seldom exceeding one foot, but the coal is of fine quality, and on this account it is mined by benching along the outcrop, and in the beds of streams where the cover is shallow. At but one place, and that was on land of H. H. Stevenson, in the Dever Valley, was the bed found of sufficient thickness to warrant mining by drifting at present, but in the future this may be done. General sections showing the strycture of the deposit and its relation to other members will now be given.

Hamilton Township. - The relation of the Vandusen to the Bear Run coal is-shown in the following section, taken on land of H. H. Stevenson, Section 24, Hamilton Township.

Here the Vandusen coal has been mined to some extent by entry for local use. Samuel Stevenson reports the thickness of the bed in the mine to vaiy from 1 foot 6 inches to 2 feet 2 inches. The coal is of excellent quality and the roof very good. On land of E. C. Gilliland, Section 26, Hamilton Township, the Vandusen coal has been opened but not worked. A section taken at this place shows the following relations:

The rocks exposed on the lands of Vinton McCoy and Wm. H. Gahm, Section 11, show the relation of the Vandusen coal to the Lower Mercer and Anthony members. The record follows:

Franklin Township. - In Franklin Township, along the headwaters of Fourmile Creek, the Vandusen member has been stripped at many places for domestic fuel. A section taken along the road from Fourmile Greek to the ridge in Section 30 shows the following relations:

The following section, showing the relation of the Vandusen coal to other members, was obtained on land of B. E. Lyons, in Section 18, Franklin Township:

In Section 20, on the land of David Simmons, the Vandusen coal was exposed in the bed of the stream, and to the west on property of Henry Hughes a cannel coal on the Lower Mercer horizon was seen. The following composite section was measured on lands of D. C. Colby and George Rehs, in sections 7 and 8, Franklin Township:

Scioto Township. - Along the stream east of Fairview School, in Section 13, Scioto Township, the Vandusen coal has been benched in several places. A composite section on W. T. Plummer's and H. A, Wykle's land is as follows:

Other Townships. - Northward from Jackson in Lick, Coal, and Washington townships, the Vandusen coal is scarcely represented. In most of the area the interval is made up of heavy sandstones which replace the bed, but even where shales predominate the horizon is seldom marked by more than a stain of coal, with a thin, siliceous clay below. The field of the Vandusen coal is from Jackson south to the Dever Valley, and from this point it extends on into Scioto County. It is best represented in Franklin, Scioto, and Hamilton townships.

The Vandusen coal is of but little importance at present, as a source of fuel supply for the bed is thin, seldom exceeding one foot in thickness, but the coal is of excellent quality. .It is a bright, dense, bituminous coal, very free from shaly bands and sulphur nodules. It is an oily coal, tending somewhat towards the cannel types, and bums with a free open flame. The dense nature of the coal, with that of the shales above, protects it from the weathering agencies, so the stratum is found in good condition where only a few feet of cover exists. On this account it is benched along the outcrop and in the beds of streams.

Along the headwaters of Little Scioto River north of Mabee, and along those of Fourmile Creek, where the bed is best developed, it furnishes a part of the local fuel supply. The deposit, where one foot thick, will produce about 750 pounds coal per square yard of surface. The roof of the coal in most places is a heavy deposit of shale, well suited for ceramic purposes, but the floor is either a sandstone or a siliceous clay having no special value. The bed is too thin to be mined alone successfully by drifting, and the associated materials are not of enough value to warrant this method. The main value of the Vandusen coal lies in the fact that it may furnish a small local supply of good fuel in a region where the other coals are also thin or bony.

Lower Mercer Coal

The Lower Mercer coal, in only a few localities in Jackson County, is of sufficient thickness and purity for utilization, as the member is more often wanting, or represented by a series of carbonaceous shales with thin coal bands. The position of the Lower Mercer coal in the southern part of the county is from 35 to 55 feet, with an average of 45 feet below the Lower Mercer or Little Red Block ore. In the northern part of the county, where the Lower Mercer limestone is also present, the coal is separated from the limestone by an interval of about 25 feet. It lies directly or only a few feet below the Boggs ore, but the latter is seldom found in Jackson County.

On the Lower Mercer coal horizon there are several coal strata that are closely related, for they were laid down during a continuous but more or less interrupted swamp period, in which a very irregular series of thin coals, highly carbonaceons shales, carbonate ores, and siliceous clays, inter-stratified with thin shales and sandstones, were deposited over a wide area. A coal stratum observed on this horizon in one locality may not be the same as that found on the horizon in another place only a few miles distant, but both coals belong to the same general deposition period.^ In fact, several coal beds occur in this interval which is only a few feet in thickness.

County to central Vinton. It was not traced farther north. In Jackson County the Lower Mercer coal is found in parts of Hamilton, Scioto, Franklin, Lick, Coal, Milton, and Washington townships, but it is best represented, however, in parts of Hamilton, Scioto, and Washington townships. The member will be traced in a general way across this area.

Hamilton Township. - The Lower Mercer coal extends across Hamilton Township, where it has been, prospected at several places. This coal bed is shown in the following section, taken on the Joseph Wood property, in Section 24: p^ j^

North of this, on the same property, Mr. Wood reports the coal, where prospected, to be 2 feet in thickness. When visited flQlS) the Lower Mercer coal was being mined on land of Roy Shumate in Section 2. The structure found is as given below: p^ j^

Franklin Township. - The Lower Mercer coal has-sbeen opened on land of Henry Hughes, in Section 20. In the northwest comer of Section 21, on land of G. W. Masters, the section obtained is as given below:

On land of John Sheward, in the same section, the coal has been mined for domestic use. This coal is also represented on the property of Coiu-ad Sheward, Section 16, where the following record was taken:

The relation of the Lower Mercer coal to the ore and Vandusen coal is shown in the following section, measured on land of James Mayhew, in Section 5:

Lick Township. - In Section 34, Lick Township, on land x)f W. L. Brown, the coal was exposed, while on the ridge south, in sections 2 and 3, Franklin Township, the ores and Ferriferous limestone are present. The measurements recorded are as follows:

North of the Globe mine, on land of E. L. Long, the Lower Mercer coal and the Black Flint ore, which has been worked near the summit of the hill, are found. The section taken is as given below:

A composite section taken on the property of Michael Radcliff, in Section 23, show^s the relations of several members. The thickness of the coals was reported by Mr. Radcliff. The section follows:

Coal Township. - East of the Grace mine, in Section 10, Coal Township, the thin cannel coal and the limestone are exposed in the bed of the small stream. The section obtained is as given below:

R. S. and J. E. Thompson, in Section 12, Coal Township. The depth of the shaft is reported to be about 100 feet, but no exact information was obtained regarding this. The coal here is a tough cannel, the same as that seen south in Lick Township. The section obtained follows:

The coal was also noticed at other points in this locality. North of Coalton and west of Wellston the bed was not observed, but in Washington Township the stratum is more persistent and better developed, for at a few places it is mined for a local domestic supply.

Washington Township. - In Section 24, Washington Township, on land of Clyde Foster, the Lower Mercer bed has been prospected by entry, but the coal was not seen as the roof had fallen. The following section was obtained:

On the same ridge east of the above the outcrop of the cannel coal was noticed at a few places, but it was not measured. It occurs also farther west. Along the road that leads west from Hamden, in Section 13, the Lower Mercer limestone and coal were well exposed for measurement. A composite section taken there follows:

A composite section taken along the road in Section 11 shows the relation of the Lower Mercer coal to higher members. The Measurements taken are given below:

In Section 10, on land of J. C. Reed, the Lower Mercer coal has been opened in the hollow, and above on the hill the blossom of the Tionesta coal, and a good exposure of the Black Flint, were seen. The Lower Mercer coal was reported to be 2 feet 2 inches thick. Just north of this and in the same section, on land of Robert Wilcox, the Lower Mercer coal is mined for local use. The bed is reported to have a thickness from 2 feet 4 inches to 2 feet 8 inches. The upper part of the stratum is represented by cannel coal, the thickness of which varies somewhat, but usually averages about 4 or 5 inches, while the coal in the remainder of the bed tends somewhat toward the cannel types. The following section was obtained at this point:

This coal has also been mined on land of W. W. Manning. The thickness of the bed here is reported to be the same as that on the Wilcox property. The section obtained, and given below, shows several important members both above and below the Lower Mercer coal:

Passing westward the bed thins, and at no place was it found to have any considerable thickness. It is usually represented by carbonaceous shales with siliceous clay below. The bed extends northward into Vinton County, but it was not followed far in that direction.

The Lower Mercer coal is of but little importance in Jackson Cotmty, for the areas in which the bed is of sufficient thickness for mining are small. Local pockets, which are worked in a small way, and in which the thickness of the deposit is from IJ to 2^ feet, are found in a few sections in the northeastern part of Hamilton Township. Along the headwaters of Fourmile Creek in Franklin Township this stratum has been prospected at several points, but the coal is thin or bony. The horizon is marked more by the series of carbonaceous and bone shales than by coal strata.

The bed is regularly mined by drifting in one locality in northern Jackson County, and that is in Section 10, Washington Township, although at a number of places it has been benched in stream beds or

B. - Clarion and BrookviMe conis in tlic tunnel of the Hockinp Valley llailway near Oretou, VintoD County. The Clarion coal lies directly below the massive sandstone, and its lower bench is indicated by the upper white paper. The lower paper indicates the position of the Brookville coal, which here is only 1 foot 8 inches below the CInrion.

along the outcrop where the cover is shallow. In Section 10 the stratum has ample thickness for ease in mining, as the usual range is from 2 feet 2 inches to 2 feet 8 inches. The roof material here is a tough shale, while the floor material is a firm, siliceous clay, both conditions favorable for underground mining. In most of the area the bed is represented by dense cannel coal, or by both cannel and ordinary bituminous coal. In the cannel coal the ash is usually high, while in the bituminous part it is about that found in average coal. The bituminous part shows considerable sulphur in the form of pyrite or marcasite. The clay below the bed has but little economic value, as it is generally quite siliceous or shaly, and seldom more than 2 or 3 feet in thickness. The thickness and quality of the clay are not such as will justify its mining along with the coal for ceramic uses. The main value of the Lower Mercer coal is for small local domestic supplies.