Springfield Township (part 10 of 69)

This in turn stimulated the demand for labor. Farm implements must be built, and to accomplish this, laborers must be gathered together and organized. Hence our great factories which have made Springfield famous throughout the world, had their rise more than a half-century ago through need of labor to supply the wants near at home. Labor in Springfield has had a remarkable history. Thoug-h there have been thousands of workmen in the past, and their numbers legion today, there have been but few rhinor disturbances growing out of differences between the employer and the employed, and those that did occur were soon settled. Our laborers have usually been intelligent, independent, and progressive. Many of them have secured a competence, and thousands of them have acquired for them- homes. Mr. R. C. Holman, who is one of the best farm- .ers in the county, was chairman of the day.

By Mr. Julius C. Williams

At the beginning of the nineteenth century the proud City of Springfield was not known. The agricultural interests of our county were, indeed, in a very primitive condition. The wants of our pioneer fathers were few that could not be supplied by the rifle, as the forest at that time teemed with wild game of every kind, from the squirrel to the buffalo. The pioneers, as a rule, were expert huntsmen. The little log cabin afforded ample shelter from the inclemency of the weather.

Their implements of husbandry were few and rude, the axe, shovel, and plow being the essential tools in the early improvement of this county. The development of the agricultural interests of the county forms a history equally as interesting as the founding of the city that we today celebrate. It was the development of the agricultural facilities of the county that gave the inspiration to the fertile brains of our inventors and manufacturers.

-driven out by General Clark and his army in 1780. The Dayton, Sprino^eld & Urbana electric road passes through these lands. The present owners of said lands are Leander Baker, C. B. Crane, C. AI. Alinnick and brother. J. B. Crane, Dr. Marquart, Robert Lowry, and others. Then, as now, the principle products were corn, wheat, and flax. Those pioneers were progressive men, possessed with considerable will power, being determined to win for themselves and families homes of comfort in the wilderness, surrounded as they were with wild 1)easts and savage men. Many unfavorable conditions well calculated to deter and discourage, were met with, but, undismayed, they labored on, knowing full well that victory comes only through trial.

The wooden mold-board plow, such as you can see today in the rooms of your Historical Society, was an important factor in the development of the early agricultural interests of the county. A brush harrow was used in the preparation for the seed bed, and for the covering of the seed, the seed being scattered broadcast over the ground. At harvest, the reaping hook was used in securing the golden grain. Like Naomi and Ruth, our pioneer mothers were gleaners in the field. As a rule, after attending to their household duties, they invariably shared in the labor of saving the crops. Never in the history of our race was there a more devoted, heroic, self-sacrificing class of w^onien than were the pioneer mothers who first settled in this county, and your history will be incomplete unless a large space is devoted to their memory. It was their unwavering fidelity that made.it possible for the splendid civilization that marks our history today. After the harvest was secured, the grain was threshed out by beating with a rude instrument called a flail, one of which ought to find a place in the collection of the Historical Society. The grain was separated from the chafY by using a linen sheet, made by the mothers from the flax that grew u])on the farm. The flax brake, the spinning wheel, and weaver's loom were all necessary implements in the make-up of the farmer's outfit, and were valuable stepping-stones in the progress of our civilization, and in the development of the agricultural interests of this great country. These rude instruments of hus1)andry answered the purpose of our pioneer fathers as well. ])crhaps. as does our improved, up-to-date machinery of today answer our purpose.

The total numl^er of acres under cultivation in the entire county, at the date of the buildins;- of the first cabin on the site of Springfield, did not exceed 500, and the total product was less than three thousand bushels. And from this humble beginning, up to the present day, the agriculture of Clark County haskept in touch with every other legitimate industry of the county or city. Nowhere in the State of Ohio can be found a more prosperous or a more intelligent husbandry than is found within our borders. From the wooden mold-board plow we have passed to the use of the splendid steel gang plow. So when we stir the soil we ride on springs, and under cover. From the reaping hook we have passed the grain cradle, the back-breaking reaper^ the self-rake, and now ride in the shade while harvesting our grain upon the far-famed Champion self-binder, manufactured here in your city. From the simple flail and tramping floors used by our fathers for threshing grain, with the shaking fork and hand rake, we have passed through all the evolutions in that line up to the present, and rejoice in the use of the steam separator and blower manufactured by the O. S. Kelly Company.

We do all of the labor on the farm by machinery of the latest pattern. There is a happy combination of brain and brawn, and through the union the labor of the sunburnt sons of toil is lessened and the farm is made a pleasure. From being the mudsill of society, the farmer of today steps to the front, the peer of any who follow another calling or profession that men are engaged in for a living. From our own firesides we converse with parties in all parts of the county. By ringing the bell, pressing the button, or pulling the string, we feed and water the stock upon the farm. As it were, we ride in chariots of fire to church and market. The electric road has joined the city and farm so close that the ideas advanced in the book entitled "Looking Backward" are already superceded. Today the farm area of the county is 245,487 acres. The tax valuation of the same is $8,877,428.

There are now under cultivation 192,967 acres. There are 21,702 acres in meadow and pasture, 30,818 acres are in meadow land. Our annual products, according to the assessors' returns^ are as follows: Wheat, 853,080 bushels; corn, 2,716,325 bush- els; oats, 447,183 bushels; Irish potatoes, 51,175 bushels; sweet potatoes, 2.394 bushels; hay, 18,000 tons; tobacco, 265,860 pounds; broom corn, 15.640 povmds ; milk sold for family use, 470.745 o-allons ; butter sold. 515,233 pounds; eggs sold, 595,438 dozen ; grapes sold. 65,890 pounds ; apples, 9,979 bushels ; number of horses in the county. 6,017; number of cattle in the county, 19,465; number of hogs in the county, 16,286; number of sheep in the county, 29,995. The assessed value of live stock is $1,171,- 500. From the rude implements used by the early settlers of the county we passed through all the various steps of improvement until today every farm in the county is well supplied with modern machinery of the most approved pattern. All the agricultural interests of the county compare favorably with that of any other county in the State. As a rule our farmers and their families are contented and happy, a reasonable prosperity prevails throughout the county.

We will not weary your patience by recounting the trials and hardships endured, nor the victories won, by the agriculturists of the county during the past century. The real pioneer farmers of the county have all been gathered to their fathers, and their immediate successors will soon, very soon, be remembred only by the impress of their characters upon the history of our county. That they lived not in vain, we need only point to the proud condition of our times. A few more years and the last living tie that binds the honored memories of the past to the living present will be no more. Like the leaves of autumn, they are fast falling around us, and soon they will be known only by the fragments of their civilization, secured and preserved in the archives of your Historical Society.

And now, in the bright light of the twentieth century, let us pause for a moment and think of the feats of war and the triumphs of peace that have been secured during the period of history we have under consideration. They are indeed such as no dreamer ever could portray ; yea, the prophecy of the wisest could not have foretold it. Notwithstanding the complaint of the chronic grumbler, our people today are fed and clothed as no other people in the world. Xever in the history of nations was there such wealth found among the people, or such magnificent privileges enjoyed. Our children are educated in the best schools in the land, while our people are permitted to worship the true and living God in the best equipped churches on the face of the earth, and no one dares to molest or make them afraid. The news of the day is carried on the wings of lightning to every village in the land. The railroad permeates every part of the country, connects the two great oceans, and binds every State in the Union with a band of steel. The depths of the Atlantic have been made a whispering gallery, and today the glad tidings of freedom are sounded in the ears of eighty millions of contented and happy people, and long before the present generation passes away the electric current will be carrying messages of joy and sorrow, and be doing the errands of trade for a hundred million of human souls. Towns and proud cities are springing up all over our land as if by magic. The fairy stories of the Arabian Nights do not equal the realities of the present. The desert is made to bloom, while the husbandman rejoices in the cattle that feed upon the plains and hills ; our national channels of trade are made white with the commerce of the nation. All over this fa^"r county of Clark, happy homes decorate the hill tops and beautify the valleys, and in these homes virtue sits enthroned, the proud mistress of the heart's greatest joy, and the soul's purest sunshine. And from the rural homes of the land come ninety per cent of the men and wvomen who are moving the religious, political and commercial world today.' In view of such a wonderful history of the past, what may we hope for the future? We can only hint at the possibilities that rise up to bless the years as they pass by. And now, at the close of the first century of our existence as a city, we are lost in amazement as we look into the future and see the marvelous and boundless prospects that appear upon the horizon to bless the generations yet unborn. And yet we are only on the threshold of an existence as a nation. Are the victories over, the triumphs all won, or are we not to go on and gain grander and greater victories as the years roll on? Aly friends, knowledge is to be the key by which the future generations are to unlock the hidden secrets of nature. Here we rest, our minds all too finite to comprehend or measure the results that are growing out of the structure that our fathers erected here in the wilderness, one hundred years ago.

When James Demint, in 1801, selected the site upon which to erect his log cabin, he founded what was destined to be one of the greatest manufacturing and industrial cities of our great country. This pioneer settler could not have imagined the wonderful changes which have been wrought since he was the only inhabitant. Could he awake and view Springfield today, and note what wonderful progress has been made during this period, his astonishment would equal that of the leading character of Edward Bellamy's famous book, "Looking Backward," who was aroused from a sleep of one hundred years to see the city of Boston. In no direction has greater progress been made in Springfield than in its manufacturing interests. During this first one hundred 3-ears of our existence as a city, factory after factory has been built, which, with the assistance of the well-known high mechanical ability of Springfield's nvorkmen, have manufactured products which now reach every civilized portion of the earth, and have made Springfield known throughout the entire world as a city whose products in the Hne of manufacture in which it engages are unexcelled. It is universally admitted that the condition of any community is reflected by the condition of its wageearners. While Springfield has been so wonderfully progressive in an industrial sense, the proportion in which its working people have contributed to its advancement should not be overlooked. Without competent labor our city could not have progressed. Without competent labor nothing can be accomplished. In the words of the immortal Abraham Lincoln, "Capital is the fruit of labor and could not exist if labor had not first existed. Labor, therefore, deserves much the higher consideration."

This city numbers among its most substantial citizens some of the men who have for a greater or less period of time worked daily stipulated hours for a stipulated wage in the manufacturing and other concerns of the city. To fully appreciate this fact, one has but to witness one of the annual Labor Day celebrations given in this city on the first Monday in September. It has often been remarked by persons who have witnessed these celebrations, "Springfield should be proud of her workingmen."

While the conditions which surround the wage-earners in our city are not just what they should be, still considerable improvement has been made, and steady improvement is hoped for and expected in the future. That the conditions wdiich now obtain are as good as they are, can be attributed in a great measure to the work, educational and otherwise, of the labor organizations. These unions, formed primarily with the object of advancing their members intellectually, socially, morally and financially, have certainly accomplished a great deal toward elevating the workingmen and their families to the station in life which they should properly occupy.

Better wages, shorter hours, Saturday half-holidays, and better working conditions generally have resulted from their efforts, to say nothing of the education of the members on questions on which all should be informed, for it is admitted by those familiar with the subject that the trades union is one of the best intellectual training schools in existence.

numerable benefits through the influence of the associations devoted to their interests. Wages have been increased ; working time reduced ; the membership rolls have been largely augmented ; distressed members have received pecuniary relief ; general conditions have been improved and labor has been elevated to a higher position in the social scale."

While the efforts of the labor unions in this city have resulted in great benefit to the members of the organizations, these benefits have not been confined to them exclusively. The effects of their work have been felt and enjoyed also by those who have not held membership, nor contributed financially, or devoted their time to the work of making these efl'orts successful. When the trades union succeeds in securing something of benefit to its membership, these same benefits must naturally accrue to the entire craft, including those who are not members of the organization.

Previous to 1864 there was no organization of labor in Clark County. In the light of subsequent events this seems to have been due to the fact that the industrial conditions prevailing were entirely satisfactory. With the increase of population and the ever-changing methods of production and distribution, natural opportunities were lessened and competition grew fiercer and fiercer between investors on the one hand and wage-eaniers on the other, developing into a struggle of capital against capital and labor against labor.

Capital, to protect and advance its interests, organized ; for the same purpose its example was quickly followed by intelligent labor. Today we have on the one side an almost complete organization of employers in the various branches of industry, on the other, countless organizations of labor. The organization of only one of these forces would mean disaster and ruin to the other, therefore the organization of both is necessary to the success of each, and to conserve justly the rights of all.

Organization promotes higher civilization ; individualism is maintained, and the strong come to respect the weak. Our Republic exemplifies the merits of co-operation advocated by organized labor. Uncle Sam has been a union man for one hundred and twenty-five years. Without the co-operation of the States^ this greatest of nations could not exist. No one who understands our form oi ^-ovcnmu'iit wnuKl cxclumi;!.' il for any other. No claim is made lliat i)crfccti('ii has I)ocn reached in cinuUietini;- industrial affairs, hut throui^h orijani/ation a more perfect and equitable condition will be brougjht about. As rapidly as all come to realize the breadth and depth of a just economic condition, the advocates of an ine(|uitahle system of production and distrilMition will. ba]ipil\', lirow less. Keputable concerns will avoid those who, h\ attemptini;' to maiiUain a coiulitiiMi of reiluced consumption, seek to destroy all in the hope oi selfish _<;ain.

\Mien it is understood that short hours, and waives based on the \ahie o\ the thin;;- produced will mean steady and profitable employment and enable the consiuncr to buy back the product he has created to the extent of that which is bis just portion, thus increasing" consumi)ti(Mi, then really sound business metlunls will be understood and prevail universally. Many years of educational work may be necessary to secure a practical understanding of these principles. The labor organizations are seeking to do their share in this direction. It is a school for the workers while, in the meantime, they are endeavoring to secure a suibcient compensation and conditii>ns that will enable them to li\e comfortably.

The histor\- oi the labor movement in Springfield is very interesting, and a paper of this nature is entirely inadecjuate to a proper treatment of the subject ; however, a review of its work as comprehensive as possible will be attempted.

List Of Itnions Springfield. Ohio. 23T

Reorganized ii)OT, .April 2. New number dtxx 1890 - January i. Trades and Labor Assembly. 1890 - June 16. Brotherhood of Painters and Decorators. Xo. 167- 1890 - .\pril J. T^nirneymen P.arbers, No. 26. 1890 - December tj. Retail Clerks' National Protective Association, No. 190. 1890 - June 30. National l>n>therhood of Boiler Makers. No. 10.

Lodge 148. Reorganized ALay 14. iS*)8. 1891 - Xewspaper lunjiloyes' Cnion (kHraO. 1891 - September 28. 1 lod C'arriers' Pinion. Incorporated under laws of the State of (^hio. 1891 - June. P>rotherhood of Brass Workers. i8gi - Switchmen's .Mutual .\'u\ Association, Lodge 125. 1892 - Car Inspectors' and Repairers' Association. 1892 - Building Trades Council.

1892 - April 3. Order oi l\ailwa\- Conductors, Division j!,2i.). 1892 - Quarrymen and Limelnirners. Cold Springs Lotlge. Reorganized i8(;(). under .\. F. of L. 1892 - Teamsters' Union (liKal). Reorganized and chartered I>\

Fitters' and Steam Fitters' Helpers' Union, No. 97. 1892 - October i. National League of Musicians, No. 64. 1892 - Coal Drivers' Union (local).

To give even a brief history of each organization would occupy much time and seem but a repetition, therefore the history -of several of the older unions will be presented, which will, in a general way, cover the history of all.

Iron Molders' Union, No. 72, of Springfield, was organized in the month of March, 1864, with twenty-two charter members, and started on her course with John H. Blakeney, President;

Isaac Stewart, Vice-President : William Sykes, Recording- Secretary ; John Morrison, Financial Secretary ; James Ludlow, Corresponding- Representative ; John L. Jayne, Treasurer ; William Hope, Doorkeeper. Many of the members on the old charter list are still alive, and speak with pride of the good that was accomplished in many ways by the organization. Many are well-known and respected citizens, some having held positions of prominence and trust, others have successfully engaged in business, while a few are still in the "sand heap." In the list are found the wellknown names of William Irvin, for years foreman at Whiteley, Fassler & Kelly's, afterward at the Wickham & Chapman Company ; Timothy Hennessy, foreman for thirty-five years at James Leffel & Company's, afterward at the Leffel Wheel and Engine Company and the Trump Manufacturing Company ; William Shaw, foreman at Rinehart, Ballard & Company and the Springfield Engine and Thresher Company ; Fred Zigler and John Morrison, at the Warder, Bushnell & Glessner Company ; James Blakeney, foreman at the New Champion Shops for years, afterward at the Blakeney Foundr}^ Company ; John Shewalter, City Clerk for years, and now with the Springfield Gas Company ; Fred Schuchman, Chief of Police for a number of years and until liis death ; William Knox, foreman at the Thomas Manufacturing Company ; William Hope, at the Spring-field Brass Company ; James Hennessy, Richard Parker, Primrose Harley, James Ludlow, David Shannon, Jacob Shannon, Morgan Shieler and Daniel Hughes, the last named being still at the trade and an active member of No. ^2. Among- other good deeds done by the union at that time was the purchase of a lot in Ferncliff Cemetery for the burial of indigent brothers. The lot is still held and marked with the graves of two brothers. New lots have been secured in St. Raphael's and Calvary Cemeteries.

The panic of 1872 forced many of the members out of the city, and the charter was finally returned. The spirit of unionism did not remain dormant long, and. Phoenix-like, No. 72 was again soon re-established. In the reorganization, which occurred January, 1878, the following- officers were elected : Thomas Digan, President ; William Lobaugh, Vice-President ; Louis Luibel. Recording Secretary ; Charles Lobaugh, Financial Secre- tary ; D. I. Otstott, Corresponding Representative ; John Lynch, Treasurer. Headquarters of the National Organization had changed from Philadelphia to Cincinnati, and the officers were William Saffin, President, and Martin F. Hayburn, Secretary- Treasurer. The local union paid about $4,000 for sick and funeral benefits up to 1896, when this feature was incorporated in the National body. Since 1896 the members of No. ']2 have drawn sick benefits from the International to the amount of seventeen hundred dollars. The number of local unions at present is 374 ; roll of membership, 52,000. A sick benefit of $5 per week is paid. For this purpose $340,600 have been paid to June 30, 1901. Out-of-work benefits for the same period of time have amounted to $23,631. Members who pay their dues promptly W'hile working, have their dues paid when idle from the out-ofwork relief fund. When out on a sanctioned strike for better conditions or against a reduction of wages, members receive $7 a week. A death benefit of $100 is paid within thirty days after death, by the International, and an additional $50 after five years' continuous membership, while nearly all local unions add $50 to this amount.

The present officers of the local are : E. F. O'Brien, President; William Warren, Vice-Presidjpnt ; H, A, Gnau, Recording- Secretary ; Joseph Merkle, Corresponding Representative ; Charles Haerr, Financial Secretary ; John Spichety, Treasurer.

The employers' organizations are : Stove Plate IMolders' Defense Association, National Foundrymen's Association, and the American, the last recently formed. By an agreement existing between these organizations and the International Molders' Union, all disputes must be heard by a committee representing each of these organizations - a plan that has been very successful, and one that could wath profit be employed by all.

The second trade union formed in Springfield was the Typographical Union, No. 117, September i, 1868. The charter was issued by what was then known as the old National Typographical Union. The charter members were: J. H. Campbell, Frederick Meakin, T. E. Harwood, Nine Wartenbe, E. H. Osborne, W. T.

Brown and W. O. Meade. The names of the National officers attached to this charter were: R. M. Kechnec, President, and John Colhns, Secretary and Treasurer. Two of the charter members, T. E. Harwood and Wilham C). Meade, are still actively engaged in the printing business, the former having established and successfully conducted the business of the Harwood Printing and Publishing Company, publishers of the Daily Ga::ette, while Mr. Meade has for sixteen years been an employe of the New Era Company. The membership seldom .exceeded tw^elve or fifteen, and only through the efforts of Mr. Harwood and several others was the union maintained for even its short life. In June, 1869, the name National Typographical Union, which was instituted in May, 1852, was changed to International Typographical Union.. After a brief and uneventful career the local organization ceased to exist.

July 28, 1882, the union was reorganized. Thomas M. Proctor, since deceased, and W. A. Martin, now one of the directors of the Crowell & Kirkpatrick Company, w^ere the most active in forming the organization. Mr. Martin at that time w\is a member of the Dayton Union, and bears the distinction of l)eing the only member holding a card. Mr. Proctor had formerly been a member, but had allowed his membership to lapse. The first preliminary meeting was held on Thursday evening, July 6, 1882, in 'Squire J. J. Smith's office, in the Kizer Block, East Main street, with A. F. Poysell as chairman and Jacob Geiser, secretary. But seven signatures being required to procure a charter, it was decided to draw^ lots, the seven successful contestants to constitute a committee to make application for a charter. The drawing named T. M. Proctor, W. A. .Martin, Ralph Wetmore. W. H. Warner, R. W. Poling, J. II. Bennett and \\\ H. Newcomer. The International officers signing the charter were George Clark, President, and Mark L. Crawford, Secretary and Treasurer. Permanent organization was efifected August 2, under charter granted to Springfield Typographical Union, No. 117, and the following officers were elected : President, W. A. Alartin ; Vice-President^ T. ]\I. Proctor; Recording and Corresponding Secretary, S. P. Behrends; Financial Secretary. Jacob Geiser; Treasurer, Upton Elifritz; Sergeant-at-Arms. J. II. Pennett.

During the nineteen years of its existence, meeting places have been in Fried's Hall, Thomas Building, above 22 South Fountain avenue ; Commercial Building, South Limestone street ; Leitschuch Building, East Main street, and finally in the Johnson Building, West Main street, the present location. At present, and for many years past, the union has held its regular meeting on the first Monday evening of each month. The first scale of prices was adopted April 5, 1884. The first committee selected to draft a scale of prices consisted of W. A. Martin, W. E. Bratton, J. S. Reed, E. S. Ralph and A. G. Linn. The most notable amendments to the scale are : October 4, 1886, an increase of 12 1-2 per cent was asked ; after considerable discussion the matter was left to arbitration, and the Arbitration Committee, composed of W. R. Calhoon for the employers, Daniel Derrickson for the union, and Henry Davis, chosen by these two, decided in favor of the increase. December 2, 1899, an increase of 11 1-9 per cent was asked, and granted without any difficulty. June 4, 1894, a reduction in the hours from ten to nine a day, with a corresponding reduction in wages. Since 1900 the International has established the nine-hour day throughout the United States and Canada. October 2, 1899, an increase to the wages formerly paid for ten hours. February 5, 1900, all piece work was abolished. Present scale of prices : Day work, per week, foreman $17, assistant foreman $16, compositors $15, machine operators $18; night work, foreman $21, assistant foreman $18, compositors $18, machine operators $21.

The practice of paying employes in orders for merchandise became so detrimental to the craft that a resolution abolishing it was passed October 6, 1890.

The first local constitution adopted contained a clause providing for a death benefit of $25, to be paid from the local treasury. August 5, 1889, this was stricken out, the International having created a death benefit fund, now paying sixty-five dollars to a deceased member's heirs.

Two members have taken advantage of the opportunities for restoration to health atTorded by the Childs-Drexel Home for Union Printers, at Colorado Springs, Colorado. F. L. Seward was admitted to the Home in September, 1893. and again in May,

1895 ; C. E. Gulick, January 5, 1900. This Home is built on a of eighty acres of land within one mile of Colorado Springs, deeded by the Board of Trade of that city.

One of the greatest epochs in the history of the art preservative of all arts was the introduction of a successful type-setting and type-casting machine, the latter proving the most satisfactory. The first put in were two type - setting machines at the Hostcrman Publishing Company, July, 1894, In April, 1896, a type-casting machine was put in the office of the Sun Publishing Company (another one has since been added). The Crowell & Kirkpatrick Company put in two in September, 1896. The Daily Democrat and Daily Gazette each have one, the New Era Company one, and the Springfield Publishing Company three - a total of ten Mergenthaler type-casting machines. Many were fearful that the advent of the machine would compel a number to seek a livelihood in other fields of labor in a short time. Such was not the result. No. 117 met the problem in a business-like way. Contrary to the views of the pessimists, the machine has not been a detriment to the craft in this city or elsewhere. It has proven a great stimulus to the printing business, and the amount of excellent printed matter that can ^De procured for little money is nothing short of wonderful to many people.

As early as August 17, 1882, a committee consisting of T. AI. Proctor, J. H. Bennett, B. F. Redd and Upton Elifritz was appointed by the union to investigate the advisability of organizing a Trades Assembly in Springfield; and again, December 3, 1885, the committee being Jacob Geiser, J. W. Osbon and T. J. Creager. From the date of the founding of the Trades and Labor Assembly in 1890, the delegates from Typographical Union have been among its most active workers. The first delegates were : J. F. Funk, Felix Seward, W. S. Mannington. Ralph \\'etmore, R. W. Poling and T. J. Creager.

Those familiar with the conditions prevailing before the organization of the craft in this city now appreciate the wisdom of the movement. Not only have the wages of the employe advanced from time to time, but the condition of the printing business has as a matter of course continually improved. Before the union was formed men were receiving- from five to ten dollars a week, they now coinmand fifteen dollars and upward a week ; while poor prices for advertising and job work obtained, owing" to the exasperating competition which existed, now prices rule higher and the opportunities for destructive competition are greatly reduced, as each competitor knows the cost of the most important item - labor. There are four daily newspapers and fourteen book and job offices in the city.

Cigar Makers

Cigar Makers' Union, No. 45, was instituted in this city December 12, 1887. The first officers were: John A. Ritzert, President ; John J. Eisen, Vice-President ; Charles Euphrat, Jr., Recording Secretary ; E. Gunckel, Corresponding Secretary ; J. H. ]\lcLaughlin, Financial Secretary; Alvin Gladfelter, Treasurer. Previous to the organization of the union, cigar manufacturing in Springfield had not been successfully carried on, due mainly to the fact that outside firms controlled the trade. The ceaseless agitation conducted by the union in the interest of union-made cigars gradually increased the demand for the home product, which were manuactured by Newell Brothers, Stelzer & Kloeb, and Charles Euphrat. Later the firm of Johnson & Son was established. This firm employed on an average, previous to 1896, about forty-five cigar makers, and on one occasion, when a large contract was being filled, a force of about one hundred and fifty was employed. This firm always employed members of the Cigar Makers' Union, and during this period mutually harmonious and profitable relations existed. This policy was changed February 13, 1897. All of the manufacturers in the city, except one, which has recently located here, employ only members of the union. During the thirteen years of the local union's existence wages have been increased without any trouble, and conditions generally improved, and the eight-hour day maintained.

No. 45 has always been a leader in labor affairs. Its members were the prime movers in the organization of the Trades and Labor Assembly and other local unions. Their practical and persistent efforts in pushing their blue label, wdiich is placed upon all boxes containing cigars that are union made, has brought it to the attention of the entire public. Many of its members have held important and responsible positions in the Trades Assembly.

The Knights Of Labor

Throui^h the efforts of members of the Molders' and Typographical Unions the Knights of Labor movement was inaugurated in Springfield by the organization of Mad River Assembly, No. 2582, April 9, 1883. The charter list contained seventy-one names. The various labor papers at that time commented on the fact that this was the largest Knights of Labor Assembly ever instituted in the West. Among the charter members were : George W. Osborn, T. B. Manning, Charles F. Steck, Newton Steck. E. S. Ralph, Edward Crowley, Anthony Gallagher, Charles ^lills, J. C, Routzahn, Keller Routzahn, R. W. Poling, T. J. Creager, Frank Printz. S. P. Behrends, T. G. Swickheimer, W. L. Girard, E. C. Shirey, James Kizer, Albert Hohl, A. Cretors, Charles Jacob Geiser, Thomas Johnson, Peter Koefge.

For nearly two years the Assembly prospered. Early in 1885 the membership, which had reached nearly two hundred, had decreased to less than fifty, and it was a struggle for the small band to hold the body together. In the fall of 1885 the tide turned in favor of the organization, and for several years greater activity in organization work was experienced than ever known before or since.

Up to June, 1886, the following Assemblies had been instituted: Journeymen Tailors', No. 3980; Champion City, No. 4351 ; Lagonda, No. 4894; Germania, *No. 4903; Phoenix, No. 4950; Excelsior, No. 5007; Iron Workers', No. 5815; Western, No. 5816 ; Cigar Makers', No. 7825 - making a total of ten local Assemblies with a membership of more than two thousand.

the formation of a central body, and on September 5, 1886, a number responded to a call which resulted in the organization of District Assembly, No. 178: I. F. AIcDonald, W. A. Hance, E. M. Crumley, R. W. Poling and T. J. Creager, Mad River Assembly; Thomas Welsh, Tailors' Assembly ; James E. Carey, O. J. Paul and H. L. Hotchkiss, Champion City Assembly Joseph Hruza^ and Marzell Hofer, Germania Assembly ; S. G. Jones and A. B, Spielman, Phoenix Assembly; John M. Hauer and J. M. Pence, Iron Workers' Assembly ; Frank J. Buchanan, Western Assembly ; George J. Snell, Cigar Makers' Assembly.

By 1890 the Knights of Labor, which had become an international movement, began to wane, and nearly all the local Assemblies in Springfield had lapsed. Mad River Assembly, No.. 2582, was organized April, 1883, and continued in existence until the fall of 1896, a period of nearly fourteen years. Champion City Assembly, No. 4351, was the next oldest, and during its existence was an active rival of old j\Iad River in initiating and carr>'ing out plans for agitation and educational work and social features.

During the years 1886 and 1887, when the ten local assemblies and the District Assembly were enjoying their greatest prosperity, great interest was aroused in the study of industrial and economic questions. Many speakers of prominence and of National reputation were secured and addressed public meetings, and the circulation of literature was extensively conducted. No strikes or difficulties, except the unfortunate trouble in March, 1886, in which about 1,500 men were involved in a lockout, occurred. Relations between employer and employe were harmonious. The Knights of Labor finally closed their existence in- Springfield in 1896.

Trades And Labor Assembly

In January, 1890, the Cigar Makers' Union appointed a committee to visit all the labor organizations and recjuest each to appoint a committee of three to represent them at a meeting to be held in their hall, on the comer of Center and Main streets, January 26, 1890. The request was complied with, and on that date the following were present: Cigar Makers' L^nion, No. 45, Johix

Roth. E. J. Mattox. \V. W. Abell ; Typos^raphical Union, No. 1 17, Frank Funk, J. C. Heckman. Felix Seward ; Iron Aloklers' Union, No. 72, P. G. Griffin, J. C. Routzahn, David Myers; Carpenter and Joiners" Brotherhoock No. 284, J. D. Reeder, B. F. Conklyn, M. V. B. :\Iillcr; Bricklayers' and Masons' Union, No. 25, Joseph Griffin, Geors^e Kcrshner; Mad River Assembly, K. of L., No. 258^ W A^Hance, Frank S. Eagle, T. J. Creager; Champion Citv Assembly, K. of L., No. 435i, P- J- Miilhearn, James R. Keily. The following officers were selected: W. A. Hance, Chairman; T. J. Creager, Recording Secretary and Treasurer; John Roth, Sergeant-at-Arms. The purpose of the meeting was to effect a delegate body to study and discuss subjects of interest to the working people, and to procure public speakers from time to time. This meeting marked the beginning of the Trades and Labor Assembly. On March 2, 1890, Springfield Trades and Labor Assembly, with seven bodies represented, formed a permanent organization by electing the following officers: President, David L. Elvers, Molders; \'ice-President, John Patton, Carpenters ; Recorciing Secretary, T. J. Creager, Mad River Assembly ; Corresponding Secretary, J. C. Heckman, Typographical Union ; iMuancial Secretary, Felix Seward, Typographical Union ; Treasurer, W. A. Hance, Mad River Assembly.

T. V. Powderly, Grand Master Workman of the Knights of Labor, was secured, and addressed a public meeting at the City Hall. March 18. 1890. ^^layor Burnett presided at the meeting.

lllicrcas, The necessity for unity of action among the working classes o/this citv has been fully demonstrated, and believing sudi unitv of action can be best accomplished by an organization composed of delegates selected by tb.e various Trade and Labor Organizations ; and.

Whereas, Unity, guided by intelligence, is a source of strength, and enables us to concentrate and direct our efforts toward the desired end. and acquire the patience which enables us to wait for results ; all organizations, The Trades and Labor Assembly of Spring'field and Vicinity has been organized, and consists of delegates from such regular Trade and Labor Organizations of Springfield and Vicinity as shall endorse the Constitution and By-Laws contained herein, and pledge themselves to use their utmost efforts to secure, by every legitimate means within their power, the benefits that will accrue through intelligent co-operation with each other on all matters affecting the interest of Labor.

Samuel Gompers, President of the American Federation of Labor, and W. H. Kliver, First Vice-President of the Carpenters' and Joiners' Brotherhood, addressed the second public meeting at the City Hall. C. M. Nichols presided.

Some of the speakers since have been : Hon. Ralph Beaumont, Rev. M, C. Lockwood,, J. G. Galloway, Mrs. Mary L. Geffs, Hon. John McBride, Miss Eva Valesh, M. W. Wilkins, Mrs. Luther, P. J. McGuire, Father McGlynn, W. D. Mahon, Rev. Herbert N. Casson, Eugene V. Debs (twice), IMayor Jones of Toledo, Father McGrady, and others, from abroad. ^Nlany times local speakers have favored the Assembly, among whom have been : Rev. S. P. Dunlap, R. S. Thompson, Rev. C. W. Barnes, Hon. James Johnson, Jr., Dr. R. B. House, Professor Carey Boggess, W. A. Martin, Dr. Seys, and others. During the seasons of 1900 and 1901, Professor Charles Zueblin, of the Chicago University, was secured and delivered two courses of six lectures each. The subject of the first course was "Phases of British Municipal Life," and of the second, "American Municipal Progress."- Professor Zueblin's lectures were illustrated with stereopticon views. All of these lectures were free to the public, which has shown its appreciation of this popular method of education by large attendance. In providing public lectures from time to time the Assembly has remained steadfast to its original purpose. Among other things, the Assembly has taken an active interest in civic aft'airs.

In 1890 and 1891, the Assembly, by every means in its power, agitated in favor of the Australian system of voting, and in January and April, 1891, petitioned the Legislature to enact the Mallon Ballot Reform Bill, also for the bill creating the State Board of Arbitration, and the law preventing the employment of hired Pinkertons or armed bodies of men. It rejoices in the recognition

-the State has given to the requests of organized labor in creating "the departments of Inspection of \\'orkshops, Factories and Pub- He Buildings and the Bureau of Labor Statistics. When the street railway corporations of the State sought to secure the passage by the Legislature of the ninety-nine-year franchise bill, the Assembly co-operated with organized labor throughout the State to prevent tlie passage of this measure. It was defeated. The present Cigarette License Law was advocated by it and secured by the untiring work of State Senator Plummer.

One of the most bitterly contested measures that came before the Legislature was the bill requiring street car companies to vestibule the front platforms of their cars, primarily for the protection of the motormen. The railway companies did everything in their power to prevent the passage of this measure, known as Senate Bill No. i86. Trades and Labor Assembly, representing -organized labor of Springfield, united with organized labor of the State in a movement to secure its passage. Public interest was awakened; press and pulpit discussed the merits of the bill, and their influence and power was largely responsible for its passage by the Seventieth General Assembly in 1893.

In 1890 the Trades and Labor Assembly began to observe Labor Day, and has continued the custom to the satisfaction of all. It is attended with parades, in which all classes and employments join ; it presents entertaining and instructive speakers for the day, and furnishes various amusements for the entertainment of those present. Its purpose is to emphasize the place of labor, and to make the laborers feel that there is a place for them in the economy of social life which neither they nor society at large should forget. The observance of the day has become a fixed fact in Springfield, and has done much to bind together the various unions in the general brotherhood.

The success that various unions have won in securing shorter hours of labor in many factories and employments should not remain unnoticed. By fair but earnest agitation the workday has been shortened without loss to production. This has added to the comfort and satisfaction of those affected. All advances that have been made for the better condition of wage-earners have come from the united stand thev have taken, not for destructive conten- tion, but for improvement to all concerned. Labor will always do the best for the employer when it does the best for itself. We believe the harmony that has generally been characteristic of the relation between labor and capital in Springfield will continue, and both will prosper in the century on which we have now entered.

Woman'S Day And Educational

Saturday, the loth, was a day of much interest. Subjects had been left for it that were of most vital importance to the entire community - Woman's Work, and Education. The real history of the progress of our city could not be written without taking notice of what woman has done in the home, in society, in church, in moral training and culture, in temperance, in benevolence, and in works of charity. Her life has been woven into the fabric of society, and a morning given for her to relate some of the things which she has done to fashion the life of our city was due the importance of the place she has occupied. The only regret is that more time could not be given to present other phases of her work. Mrs. F. M. Hagan presided at the meeting and happily introduced those who had part in the program, after making the following address :

Mrs. F. M. Hagan'S Address

Our city is one hundred years old. This would be quite a venerable age for a woman, but our city is just in the prime of life. She is robust in health, handsome in appearance, kind and generous of heart, brilliant mentally, and prosperous financially. Is she faultless? Ah, well, it would not be very kind to talk of her shortcomings on her one hundredth birthday. If she is not quite as temperate, not as neat, as she ought to be, let us not put our criticism into words, but inwardly resolve that during the early years of her second century we will do everything in our power to correct whatever faults she may have.

We, the women of Springfield, are proud of her, and of our part in making her what she is, and it is of this that we have come together to talk this morning.

Taking a backward look, we see that the women of the first quarter of the century were a brave, courageous group, who endured hardship with fortitude, a noble band who made possible all that we women of today enjoy. The pioneer woman was a brave martyr. To her we may well look back with reverent awe.

During the first two quarters of the century woman's influence radiated from two centers, the church and the home; and we, the women of the last two quarters of the century, take pride in still claiming these as our chief spheres of action.

The ruddy glow that shone from the windows of the first log cabins was the only thing that kept many a man in those early days from giving up in discouragement and despair the struggle to wrest from the wilderness a home. From the home of Simon Kenton came the name of Springfield, given to the little settlement by Mrs. Kenton. To a pioneer woman, Mrs. Smallwood, belongs the honor of establishing by her influence the first place of public worship in Springfield.

As the years have rolled by, one by one, an increasing population has required of us a broader philanthropy than that centered in home and church. Times there have been when our city made demands upon our devotion, our patriotism ; when great questions have inspired us to larger sacrifices of time and energy ; when growing intellectual activity spurred us into a broader field of literary attainment. The papers to be read in our hearing this morning will tell us how the women of Springfield have responded to these calls of our city.

A history of what the women of Springfield did for their friends, their husbands, sons, and, in many cases, fathers, at the front, and for their country, would be a long one. Their work corresponded, in spirit and devotion, to that done by the soldiers in active service. First and chiefly, was the giving up of their men to the cause, and their generous and long-continued work in behalf of sick and wounded soldiers in field and in hospitals. Our Soldiers' Aid Society, organized December 3, i'863, was all that the title implies. It would be impossible to name all who deserve praise and grateful remembrance from present and future generations. They numbered by hundreds. There were efficient leaders and workers among them : Mrs. Richard Rodgers, Sr., Airs. Joseph Cathcart, Mrs. Major William Hunt and her daughters - Mrs. Edwin B. Cassily, Mrs. Mary Tiers and Mrs. Chandler Robbins - Mrs. Richard D. Harrison, Mrs. James S. Goode, Mrs. S. A. Bowman, Mrs. John Foos, Mrs. John H. Rodgers, Mrs. N. Kinsman, Mrs. Alfred Williams, Mrs. Nimrod Myers, Miss Frances Rodgers, Miss Mary J. Clokey (now Mrs. Porter), Miss Jennie King, Mrs. Peter A. Schindler, Mrs. Oscar Bancroft, Mrs. William Wright, Mrs. Colonel Sanderson, Miss Belle Montjoy, Miss Emma Torbert, Mrs. J. A. R. S. Guy, and many others who were associated with the writer in the work of administering to the needs of the sick soldiers, working for years in collecting vegetables for their use. One elderly lady, nearly 90 years of age, recently told me that she emptied her front hall and used it for a storeroom for boxes to be filled with garments to be sent to the soldiers, she herself sitting up until midnight nearly every night to make the buttonholes for all those garments, making thousands of them during the war.

The ladies of the city, both young ladies and the older ones, met in bands at the homes, after collecting material, and sewed for the families of soldiers who were at the front. The elderly ladies who could do nothing else, stayed at hbme and knit socks to be sent to them. I have a long list of articles, numbering hundreds, donated by the Springfield Aid Society to the Great Western Sanitary Fair at Cincinnati, on December 19, 1863, the money value of which was $1,076.46.

With the co-operation of these ladies the Clark County Auxiliary to the Great Western Sanitary Fair contributed $5,580 of the $234,000 raised for the general fund. The Clark County Auxiliary was awarded a beautiful silken banner for the largest donation. The banner is now on the south wall of the court room.

A room in the old Willis Hotel, now "The Miller," was devoted to the work, where men and w^omen, young and old, chopped cabiDage and packed pickles and other food supplies in barrels and boxes and forwarded them to the proper persons at the front. A prominent figure in the rooms was the stalwart form of the veteran Alfred Williams, now, with a large number of his fellowworkers, in the better land.

Very early in the war our people, largely our women, provided our Clark County boys with blankets and provisions. There was a Yoimg Ladies' Sewing Society, of which Mrs. Judge J. S. Goode was President, and Miss Jennie King w^as Secretary, the managers being ]\Irs. S. A. Bowman, Mrs. G. W. Benns, Mrs. John Foos, Miss Sarah Baker and Miss Emma Torbert. ]Miss Anna Cummings was Treasurer. The work of all our women was arduous, but was gladly done. The members of their familie.? accepted cold lunches at home, so that their noble representatives could render efficient services in the aid rooms. There were many women who could not be at the aid rooms, but went to the homes of those W'ho could go, and cared for their children while they were at the rooms at work.

No history, however long, could do justice to this great topic. It might be said that the representative women of our city were, with few exceptions, engaged heartily in this work, and rendered a service to which no writer's pen can do justice. In connection with this, it should be borne in mind that with the women of all portions of the county the story is the same, continued indefinitely. It is a proud one, only second in importance to that of heroism and patriotic devotion in the field.

My subject on the program, as you have seen, is "Woman's Work for Charity." With your permission, I wiH change the word charity to love. I beheve we will all find, before I am through, that it suits my subjects better, as I have a variety of them. To give an account of woman's Christian and benevolent work done in our city during the last century would carry us back long before any of us had a beginning, and before our beautiful city was filled with homes. We had in those early days of small beginnings, large-hearted Christian women, unselfish and true, and, as I recall the pleasure it gave me to listen to the story of their lives, I was satisfied they were their lirothers' keepers, as we are commanded to be, not only in words, but in deeds. We have been told to cast our bread upon the waters, and we shall have it returned to us ; after the patient waiting, the golden harvest. Our mothers taught us the best lessons of our lives, when they said live for others and forget self. By so doing, we are made women in heart. When our mothers were young in years, it seems now they were old in wisdom. When sickness or sorrow came into our homes, the trained nurse could not be had as in these days, but our large-hearted neighbor was ready to minister to the suf- fering and the dying. A sad picture to many here today, who have seen nearly all that has heen dear in life pass from them. Only a little more time remains to many of us. Shall we fill up the blanks with deeds that will be helpful to others, or mire in the pool of selfishness ?

The work, as far back as I can find any record, is the work of the Woman's Benevolent Society, organized soon after the war, Mrs. Guy, Mrs. John Foos and Mrs. Elizabeth Flynn, I remember very well as workers in this Woman's Benevolent Society. Mrs. Guy told me she had forty calls one day for help, ofteit twenty and thirty. The sick, the suffering, a^ well as the poor,, were cared for, and this work was done before we had street cars, and telephones. Could Mrs. Foos and Mrs. Guy tell you the story of their work, as well as that of the many noble women who labored with them, it would be of much greater interest. After a number of years this work became so laborious, that they had a meeting called to organize the Associated Charity work, which has been faithfully carried on by Mr. Cumback, his assistants, and Board of Managers.

About twenty-five years ago, some women interested in benevolent work started a sewing school in a small way. At first the meetings took place in rooms given free of rent to those interested in the work. As the school began to grow, larger quarters were desirable, and a room in the Court House was placed at the disposal of the school. The expense of buving the materials used was defrayed ])y the Associated Charities and ])\' private donations. Many comforts and quilts were made and distrilnited to persons who applied to the Associated Charities. In 1895, it was thought best, as the school had grown, to organize the work on a strictly business basis. A constitution was adopted, and a president, two vice-presidents, an executive committee of five, a treasurer and secretary were elected. It was decided to give an annual tea at the home of one of the officers, in order to support the school for the year. Only at this time was the public called upon to do anything for the school. Thus far these teas have been a great success, and this is partly due to the fact that some of the best amateurs and professionals have been kind enough to provide entertainment for those who attend the functions. The moncv made is used to buy materials for crarments. Every year from lift}' to one hundred little Rannel skirts are made by the children for themselves, also many g-ing^ham aprons. The quilt, or comfort department is a very important one. Everything^ that is made in the school is given to the children. The kitchen garden department has been very successful ; here children are taught to set the table, wait on the table, make beds, etc. The youngest children are put in what is called the kindergarten, although it is not strictly such. The school is undenominational, and the women interested in the work consider this indispensable to its success. The first vear of the organization the average attendance was 140, but last vear it was 190. There is a shoe fund, which provides those who need them wdth good strong shoes. At Christmas time a treat is given to the children, in the shape of candies, oranges and nuts. At the last meeting of the year, rewards are given to the children who have been neat and clean, and have not been absent more than once. The school has been steadily growing, and it is hoped that it will continue to do so until we have manual training in the public schools. I think ]\Irs. Haywood was the first president of the Industrial School. Mrs. H. H. Bean now fills that position in an able manner, giving the annual teas at her residence.

The first organization of the women after the Benevolent Society, was the Needle Work Guild, which was organized December 4, 1894, nearly seven years ago. Mrs. George Winwood was the organizer, and her efforts have been successful and bellyful. We often wonder how we could get along wdthout the Needle Work Guild. Since it was organized, they have given out 13.590 garments, $1,016.96 to buy shoes and other articles. The Needle Work Guild was a branch of the National Needle Work Guild of America, and was divided into seventeen sections, with president and secretary for each. The work has always been done in October and November, in the way of collecting these garments, and they are distributed immediately.

The Young Woman's Alission, in its fourth year of active work, has an acti\'^ membership of fifteen young women. The Mission aims to alleviate distress and suffering among Springfield's sick poor. And while the funds are used only for the sick

-ones, yet in many cases help is given to other members of the family. During the winter season, the members meet to sew once a week, and in this way sheets and pillow cases, baby wardrobes and comforts are provided for the year's work. Visits to the sick are made by the young women themselves, and suitable reading matter, dainty bits of food, etc., are usually taken on such visits. A library was collected for the Mitchell-Thomas Hospital, and placed there through the efforts of the Mission. Most of the books were donated through the kindness of those interested in the work. We hope in the future to increase the size of this library, and in this manner lighten the weary hours for the sick. A remarkable fact is, that during the three years' service, no member of the Mission has ever been unkindly received when visiting. The officers and board most earnestly request the cooperation of the public in reporting cases of illness, and bringing to notice such as come within its bounds. Miss Jane Hall is President of the Young Women's Mission.

The Woman's Christian Association of Springfield was organized in November, 1896. It was the outgrowth of a work commenced several years ago, known as the Deaconess' Home. The Woman's Christian Association is a work of love, akin to that of the Young Men's Christian Association, religious and uplifting in its aim. We have now the Clark Memorial Home for Aged Women, the Relief Home, and the Needle Work Guild, all under the care of this association. The regular work of this association was commenced in a house on the corner of Columbia street and Market street, now better known as North Fountain avenue. The work of this association is to care for women and children, take care of children when the mothers worked, so a day nursery was established. A few }ears ago, the Relief Home was removed to Jefferson street, at one time the home of Dr. Ramsey, now owned by Mr. Ross IMitchell. The house was too small, as we had so many little children wanting a home, so a few weeks ago, we moved into a pleasant house, surrounded by grand old trees, making it attractive and comfortable for the children. The house was at one time owned by Mrs. Baker, who moved there from Cincinnati. Mrs. Baker was greatly beloved, as was also her charming familv. The Relief Home, with Mrs. Reed as matron, and other helpers, cares for from eighteen to twenty-five children. Eighteen are now in the Home. I never see the children in the home but the little pathetic title of a poem comes ta my mind, "Some Mother's Darling," surrounded once with the love of parents, brothers and sisters. Can anything appeal to our better natures with more tenderness than the child without a home? Let us give them a home, not a house only, built with the things that perish, hut a home filled with sacred memories ; give them the sympathy that fills the, heart, and the happiness that will bring peace to them. The children in this home have friends whocare for them. They all have some one who pays for each, onedollar or one dollar and tw'enty-five cents per week. Many circumstances have brought them into the Home, death of one or the other parent, separation, or sickness. Is not this Relief Home well named, and will not some one here today help these little ones ? I am sure no work in this city has greater claims upon us. The children will now sing, antl as their sweet voices lift us up tobetter living, wil not gifts be made to the Home today ?

The Clark Memorial Home 'for Aged Women was given tO' the women of Springfield by Mrs. Charlotte S. Clark, in May, 1899, in memory of her son. The contract for remodeling thehouse was given to Mr. James Dalie. The architect was Mr. Robert Gotwald. The old house was made new by the i6th of November, 1899, when the house was opened to callers from 2 to 5 in the afternoori and from 7 to 10 at night. Every room, at that time, was furnished and occupied. The i6th of next November we will have occupied the house two years. The gift of Mrs. Clark was a noble and generous one, and to the last of our organized Woman's Christian Association work. Mrs. Charles Stout is- President of the Woman's Christian Association ; Mrs. George Winwood, Chairman of the Clark Home, and Miss Mina Shafer the efficient matron. The Home was given to the women of Springfield who were left alone and needed a home. A payment of $200 is made by those entering the Home, and property they^ raay be possessed of at their death should revert to the Home.. The building cost, to remodel, $3,000, the furnishings about $2,000, and the expense of supporting the Home for one year isabout $1,200. The women living there have a home. I wish all of you could <?o throuf^h the Home. Every Thursday afternoon and evening- are set apart for visitors at the Home, aUhough they are welcome at any time. I hope if I am honest enough to give jou a true statement of our financial condition, you will not cease being generous, although we liave ])romised not to do any general soliciting until the Young Men's Christian Association is out of debt ; but that, you know, will not be much longer, for the dedication will be the 17th of September. We expect in February to put an annex to the building, as we have many applications for entrance to the Home. We have now the plans given us by Mr. Gotwald, for the addition to the Home, ]\Ir. Gotwald charging us nothing, having sent us his receipted bill of $175 on our opening day. We are now out of debt, with $600 in bank, and with $4,500 toward the endowment. But with this( encouraging statement, I am sure much work would have had to be done aside from the generous gifts we have received, had not Hon. John W. Bookwaiter given us his beautiful new hotel for an entertainment, and his check for $500, for which we made him an honorary member of the Board of Managers, adding $500 to the endowment fund, which is now $4,500. Mr. Bookwalter, while abroad last winter, lieard of our $2,500 indebtedness on the Home, and sent us $2,500, thus canceling our indebtedness. We are very grateful to any one who lent a helping hand by contributing in any way to the Clark Home. I wish I could give the names of all who have helped us in any way, but to name a few and not all. would not be kind or just. The subjects assigned me have required some labor, but if I have interested any person in any branch of work T have spoken of, then some good has been accomplished.

Now, one word about the gymnasium for women, girls, children and small boys. This branch of work has been si>oken of, as well as a rest room for wage-earning girls. Those of you who have visited the Woman's Christian Association in Dayton, the home years ago of Mr. John P. Winters, who contributed largely to the association when they bought the building, and has continiied his contributions, have seen the fine g\'mnasium for those above mentioned, and have observed the method of giving instruction. We can have the assistant gymnasium teacher here, if we have the rooms in October. We ho])e since we

Woman's Benevolent Society, the Industrial School, the Needle Work Guild, the Woman's Christian Association, the Relief Home, the ClQ|rk Home, the Young Women's Mission, all of these are the outcome of the Benevolent Society, organized soon after the war. I regret we can not give you more of the women's work in Springfield of the century closing with 1901.

When the subject of Women's Clubs is under discussion, the term is conceded to mean the great movement which started with the organization of Sorosis in New York City and the New England Woman's Club, in Boston, in 1868. Which of these twa clubs started first, does not interest the average Western woman, although the club women of these two great Eastern cities have spent much bodily and spiritual force in making good the claimsof their respective clubs to priority - energy which might have been used to much better purpose.

women. As there are no records, it is somewhat (UiTicult to find out anything- very definite concernino- it. There seems to be a mistiness about the descriptions that baffles the matter-of-fact chronicler. This club was in existence during the 70's. The families of Judge and Dr. Rodgers, the Warders, Brookes, Bishops, and doubtless many others, belonged to it. x\s the identity of the author of the Waverly Novels w^as concealed at first, and he was called the "Great Unknown." so this club, to carry out a certain air of mystery, called themselves the Great Unknown, which was shortened to the G. U.'s. The modern woman's club is accused of taking itself too seriousy ; not so this early club. Its mission seems to have been to delight and entertain each other. The papers of the late lamented Henry G. Rodgers are remembered with distinctness. A younger brother also, though not a member, contributed sketches which foretold a talent that has carried his fame around the world. :Miss Helen MacBeth is remembered by some very witty verses. ^Irs. Lott Clarke delighted the club with her Shakespearean readings. This much has been gathered concerning this club, which, in the memory of its members, always seems to Ijc in the soft glow of "that light that never was on land or sea." The first w^oman's club of which any record has been kept is a Chautauqua Circle known as the Worthington Scientific and Literary Circle. It was organized in 1878 l)y Mrs. Ruth A. Worthington. whose name it bears - who was at that time ])rincipal of the Springfield Seminary. It has a limited membershii) of thirty, and but one charter member is now a member - Miss Ellis'sa Houston. This club has always taken high rank among Chautauqua Circles and has been a vital hel]) in all movements of tb.e town which required women's aid.

These circles should have a well-defined place of honor in the educational development of the nineteenth century. Emanating from the famous Chautau(|ua Assemblies, they first encouraged systematic courses of reading and study and subsequent examinations therein. They have been a large factor in raising the average of education and general intelligence : they have penetrated everv village and hamlet as well as large cities, and may truly be called the university of the middle-aged woman.

unlike anything that preceded it ; one unique feature being that the impulse to start these clubs seemed to be spontaneous and from all parts of the country at once. Beginning in 1868 - many clubs were formed through the 70's - many more in the 80's and 90's - until now there are over a million of women in clubs, and thev are found all over the country, the latest accession to the General Federation being from Alaska.

Although they were started as literary clubs, they seem at once to be ready to stand for all that will promote education as well as a high public spirit and a better social order. All phases of education, from the kindergarten to the university, have felt the force of their encouragement. Summer schools for teachers, night schools, vacation schools for children, university extension. are all avowed subjects of interest in the women's clubs. Library extension, in the ])ractical form of traveling libraries, has been fostered by them in all State Federations, and in some States the centers have been at the front in securing the legislation necessary to secure them. At a recent meeting of the American Library Association, Mr. F. A. Hutchins, of the Wisconsin Free Library Commission, said: "The advancement in all library interests is due in large part to the women's clubs. * * * In most of the States they are doing more than the librarians in the establishment and spread of libraries."

The first woman's club in Springfield was the Traveler's - founded in 1888 by Mrs. J. W. Murphy. It had at first thirty members, afterward raising its numlier to forty, and later adding an associate list of ten members. It has brought lecturers to the city, the most noted being the great Egyptologist, Amelia B. Edwards. This club, appreciating the great aid the Springfield Public Library was to its researches, added a beautiful oak clock to the furniture of the Warder Library.

The Traveler's Club has had the honor of furnishing the leading officer of the State in the General Federation, and for the last four years Ohio's member of the Board of this large organization has come from this club.

The second club, in point of time, is the Fortnightly, wdiich was founded in 1891 with the active encouragement of the Traveler's Club. This club also has brought several noted lecturers to

The third club started in Sprinp^field was the Monday Afternoon Club. It was founded by five ladies, who united for the purpose, who were the first officers and formed the executive board. They are Mrs. J. S. Crowell, Airs. H. S. Bradley, Miss Ella Lasley, Mrs. T. J. Kirkpatrick and Mrs. Ralph Hunt. This club has maintained the standard of the other Spring-field clubs and now has for president Mrs. T. J. Kirkpatrick.

The fourth club was the Tuesday Club, which is composed of women younger than the two former clubs. It was founded in 1893 by Blanche Essex Phillips, who has since passed into the higher life. The charter membership was sixteen, which was afterward extended to thirty. It has always had high aims and ambitions, and has done conscientious work. ]\Iiss Laura Winger is now President. These four clubs, all members of the General Eederation - the Traveler's, Fortnightly, Monday Afternoon, and the Tuesday - united in inviting the club women of Ohio to meet in conference in Springfield in October, 1894, to discuss the advisability of forming a State Federation. This had been attempted twice before in other towns, but the attempts were failures. All clubs in the State, federated and unfederated, were in- A'ited. The responses astonished the most sanguine. Ninetyeight clubs were invited and seventy-eight responded, and before the convention adjourned a State Federation was formed which now leads all other State Federations in number of clubs enrolled, and ranks very high in practical work accomplished.

The Study Club was started by a group of girls still in school in 1896. These were Emma and Alice Penfield, Louise Anthony, Emma Black, Elinor Collette, Georgia Todd, ]\Iary Gotwald and Mary Pringle. It has done most creditable work ; its programs of study showing care and thought, and through its own exertions funds have been raised which have lieen used for others, usually the City Hospital. Like all the other clubs mentioned, this club Iselongs to the State Federation and has always sent delegates to State Conventions.

The latest clulj to organize is the Research Club, which was first known as the Study Club. Its charter members were eight in number - Mrs. x\nnie Atkinson, Airs. George D. Grant, ]\rrs. Martin M. Grant, Mrs. Clarence L. Lafferty, Mrs. Frank E. Sawyer, Mrs. George C. Van Cleef, Aliss Ida Van Cleef, Miss Elizabeth C. Wright. This number was afterward increased to twentyfive. It is now a member of the State Federation, with Mrs. Chase P. HotTman, President.

The latest feature in life in Springfield was the organization of the Springfield Woman's Club, in May of the present year, with Miss Ballard as President. The two oldest clubs, the Traveler's and Fortnightly, first invited all the federated clubs in the city to join in forming a large club, believing that more eflrective work could be done in this way than by working singly. The other clubs, however, did not feel that the work they were doing would be best done as proposed, and declined to assist. Subsequently the Traveler's and Fortnightly effected an organization which they hope and have confidence to believe will be a nucleus of a large and effective organization. Its membership is practically unlimited, and those actively interested hope that with the large fund at their disposal the new club will be able to command the services of distinguished lecturers and secure experts in all the departments of study and work which the club will undertake. It has only two departments, namely, Literature and Art, and Sociology. Under the comprehensive term of vSociology they will investigate all the modem problems of the day, or such of them as demand the practical attention of a city the size of ours.

There are doubtless other clubs in town which are doing effective work in developing the individual members and which are a power in their respective neighborhood. Definite information has not been forthcoming, much to the regret of the compiler of this record.

In the beginning of the second century of our city's existence and the twentieth century of the Christian era, there is another evolution in club life which is much to be desired. It is not good for man or woman to be alone, and the club life, with all that it implies, subjectively and objectively, will never reach its highest efficiency until the membership is composed of men and women,

By Mrs. George Frankenberg

We are not willing to let Springfield's Centennial pass without speaking of the temperance movements which have interested her citizens from time to time. In the early settlement a distillery was one of the most welcome improvements, and a hundred years ago the best people considered whisky a necessity. If some made fools of themselves by the too free use of it, it was only a laughing matter. It is claimed by some that there were fewer drunkards then than now. Remember, there were fewer people to drink, and we were free from the modern saloon with all its diabolical inventions for enticing the young, and making drunkards - and liquor made nowadays contains more poison, and more dreadful effects result from its use than in olden times. When. Springfield was beginning to build up, no barn or mill raising, or log rolling, was attempted without a good supply of whisky. The invited hands would be insulted, and never respond again to such an invitation, if the whisky was not provided.

Indeed, the women passed liquor to their guests, and real whisky at quiltings, rag-sewings, and wool-pickings. I heard my mother tell of being at a wool-picking at ^Irs. Dodson's (who lived about where the Fosters now live, east of town). In the afternoon whisky and apple pie were passed around. The wool was, of course, greasy ; napkins and finger bowls were not known then. Aly mother said she declined to partake of the refreshments. I do not know how she made her excuse. \Mien I was a child, seventy years ago, my father had liquor on the sideboard, wine glasses, and the table decanters. Cherry-bounce was a favorite drink, and these decanters usually were filled wath the bright red cherry bounce, and every caller was treated. The old farmers out about Harmony and Buck Creek stopped on their way from town, and I remember that sometimes they did not ride away quite so straight as when they came. My father never failed to show his hospitality, and treated his callers freely, although he seldom tasted liquor himself.

The "muster days" were also times when liquor passed freely among the "blue coats." My father, as some here remember, was a general of the militia. General Anthony and General Samson Mason also were in office at that time. Sometimes the general muster, a yearly event, was held in a large open field just west of where Oakland Chapel now stands. I wish to tell of what I think was the first temperance meeting ever held in Springfield. There was a great excitement over temperance in Western Pennsylvaniaso that some went so far as to cut down their orchards. This began to reach Ohio in about 1830, and in the summer of 183 1 a young man named Fairchild came West and lectured. The first meeting here was held in the old red brick Court House, and was a wonderful meeting. Twas a little girl. My father and mother took me with them to this temperance meeting. Invitation was given for people to sign the temperance pledge. Much to the astonishment of my mother, my father marched to the front and signed this pledge. I think he was the first man in Springfield to sign a temperance pledge. My mother was somewhat troubled over it, although she thought my father had done a grand thing. "But," she said, "it is right in the midst of harvest ; your men will leave ; they are used to having the liquor every day in the field. And in two weeks you are to have the Beaver Creek Mills raised. Who will come to your raising without liquor?" My father said : "Well, I am convinced of the sin of intemperance, and wonder that I never saw it in the light of a sin until to-night." The next morning he called the men all together, told them of the temperance meeting and what he did there, urging them to do the same. "Now," said he, "I should like to have your assistance in rolling up out of the cellar the barrel of liquor and empty it to run down this drain through the orchard into the pig pasture, and if any man is not willing to work without liquor, I will pay him ofif. Any who stay and work without, I shall raise their wages." The men helped to empty the cherry bounce, which ran through the pig pasture, and I. remember how drunk our hogs got that day, after eating- the cherries from the Hquor. When I see a drunken man I think of those staggerin"-, drunken hogs. Not a man left my father's employ, and I was so proud of him I wondered why he was not at once made President of the United States. It was a joy to my little heart to carry the cups and help carry the cofifee to the field that day. The impression on my mind never was effaced, and helped me ever to stand firm for temperance. Well, the Beaver Creek Mills were raised, and one or tw^o men here may remember it to have been a perfect success as the first raising without liquor. Other temperance movements came, and in some cases seemed to die out, not one, hoiv^ever, hut that some drunkard zvas reformed, some soul saved. There has been much good accomplished by every revival of temperance, and lately people are beginning- to study more closely the evils of intemperance and teaching it in our homes and schools.

I wish to speak of the Woman's Temperance Crusade. This crusade had a beginning, in Ohio, in Hillsboro and Washington Court House. Mrs. Thomson, of Hillsboro, led out the first band there and read on that occasion the One Hundred and Forty-sixth Psalm. Dio Lewis, about this time, visited Hillsboro, and came here to lecture. His talks informed and enthused the Springfield women on the temperance question. At that time we had a Woman's Benevolent Society, Mrs. Guy, President. She appointed a prayer meeting-, which was held February, 1874, in the Presbyterian Church. The subject of prayer was temperance and asking for Divine aid in the work. This was a wonderful meeting-. With the devotion came a feeling of awe. The women felt that they were about to be numbered among the handmaidens of the Lord, and His Spirit was to be poured out upon them. On February 10, 1874, the first band of Crusaders started out from the First Presbyterian Church. In front of a saloon on Main street it held a prayer meeting, and crowds listened to the Bible reading, singing and prayers. On Februar}' 11 another meeting for prayer was held in Center Street Methodist Episcopal Church, and no old Crusader will ever forg-et that meeting. It was held at 10 o'clock a. m., and before noon we had all become so filled with the conscious presence of the Spirit that all fear and reluctance of praying on the street, and in saloons, had vanished. From this meeting' the second band marched forth on that most wonderful crusade. This was the first time I had gone out, and I remember I walked with Mrs. Jane Anderson - she a Methodist, I a Presbyterian. I had in my mind tried to convince myself that I need not engage in this work and pray in public, because I was a Presbyterian. And now, I feel that one great blessing through this Crusade was that sealed lips were opened, and the women of all the dififerent denominations came together in a closer bond of union than ever before. Oh ! what a blessing that Crusade has been, and will continue to be, in uniting Christians of all names.

I should like to have go on record the names of every selfdenying, brave, Springfield woman who engaged in this most remarkable event in the history of this city. I know, however, that I could not recall the names. Mother Stewart came here some years before the Crusade, and from the first proved herself to be a most earnest and valuable temperance worker. But when, through this wonderful baptism upon our women, so many less prominent persons than Mother Stewart took in hand the leading of bands, visiting saloonkeepers, and trying to convince them of the harm they were doing, etc., this local temperance work was divided among many ; and Mother Stewart was called upon to go from town to town to lecture, and even to cross the Atlantic Ocean more than once to assist in temperance work in England and Scotland. And we shall ever feel thankful for the assistance received from the pastors of every church in Springfield - their aid and prayers. The Rev. M. W. Hamma was an enthusiastic helper in the work. Mr. Clifton Nichols deserves mention for his timely aid in many ways ; and. being an editor of one of our leading papers, had occasion to befriend the women and the cause through his editorials. Many things occurred to prove the good being done in those street meetings. I have known rough-looking boys and men to stop, evidently to make fun or disturb the women, and after a touching song or pleading prayer these rough ones would go away with tears in their eyes. There were conversions right on the street, and often there was heard from some bystander, "God bless you." Sometimes these praying bands were badly treated by the saloonist or some rough persons, but oftener were invited, or at least allowed, to hold meetings in the saloon.

Close Upon the Crusade came Francis Murphy, and for -months those wonderful Murphy meetings were held in the old Market House and in Black's Opera House. Hundreds signed the Murphy pledge. Some failed to keep it, others thank the Lord today for that pledge, because it helped them to reform. Now, Springfield was helped by the temperance Crusade, and by every temperance movement inaugurated here, notwithstanding the cry from some, "What good has ever come out of the Crusade or all these temperance excitements?" Every temperance wave has worked to save some struggling, sinking soul. One of the fruits of the Crusade here is that we have now the three well organized Woman's Christian Temperance Unions, all working harmoniously, although on somewhat different lines. Each is accomplishing much good. We need today a crusade against the liquor traffic ; perhaps not at all on the former plan, for as time goes on, new plans must be adopted. It surely cannot be that with the advance that Springfield has made in one hundred years she will be slow in anything pertaining to the good of the rising generation. No, I believe that when this beautiful city celebrates her two hundredth birthday, the saloon will be referred to as a thing of the past and forgotten.

During the woman's meeting an exercise was given by five little girls - Dorothy Hypes. Ruth Eraser, Margaretta and Adelaide Thomson and ^Margaret Hagan. This exercise was called, "When Grandma Was a Girl." and lectured by word and pantomime how grandma spun, knit, sang and danced. This dance of the olden time was then further portrayed by eighteen little girls and boys from St. Raphael's School, who, dressed in Oriental costume, gave the minuet. Their names were as follows : ]\Iarie Garrett. Emma Kavanaugh, Norene Kennedy. Helen Griffin, Marie Jones, EHzabeth Fitzgerald Helen r.urkc. Marie Stelzer. George O'Brien. \\'alter Reilly. John Burke. Ralph Lobaugh. James Swords. Raphael Shea. \\'alter Bentz. William Mulligan.

Education

In the afternoon the paper on "Education'' was read. There was a good attendance of teachers and friends, who listened with eagerness to the reader. The great State of Ohio was cradled in the atmosphere of education. It commenced with the ordinance of 1787, it was continued in the Constitution of 1802, and for fifty years there was perhaps no message of the Governors of the State to the Legislature that did not discuss and urge the cause of education. It took half a century to reach free schools, but their condition today shows how well the people of the State appreciate what the early statesmen did in laying the foundation of our school system. Springfield has always taken pride in educational work. For more than fifty years she had the advantages of numerous private schools. They were of excellent character and were taught by men who were experts in their line. During the last half-century great advances have been made in the public schools, in extent of courses ofifered, in character and qualifications of teachers, in buildings, in appliances, and in methods and management. While private schools of elementary grades have about disappeared, the presence of Wittenberg College, with its opportunities for advanced work, has done much to elevate the standard of education in our city, and has brought the advantage of a collegiate training to the doors of many young people to whom the opportunity would never have come had not the college existed here. ( )ur city has reason to feel proud of what has been done, and for what is now offered for the mental training of her youtli. It was fitting that the closing of the Centennial should deal with this subject, which is of such great concern to all our citizens. At this meeting President John S. Weaver presided.

Readers of the Waverly novels will recall a character in "Old Mortality" who spent his life caring- for the tombs of those Covenanters of Scotland who were harried to the grave by a ruthless persecution. The inscriptions were cleared of moss and lichen, or even recut, that the deeds of Scottish martyrs might not be forgotten, nor the lesson of their lives lost to later generations. This paper is possessed of a modest ambition - to gather from the scanty records, or fix in writing from the personal recollections of those who were actors in the early school scenes, such facts as will show the growth of education in Springfield.

In the spirit of "Old Mortality.'' the task is undertaken in the belief that it is worthy of record if any man or woman has given anv time to the work of instructing youth, either in elementary learning or in the more advanced branches of study. Whatever rank this community now holds, or may, in the future, hold as a place of culture, the foundations were laid long ago in the little schools which dotted the streets and byways of our now fair city. Both those who builded as best they could and those who budded better than they knew, are deserving of honor at our hands. Though only for a few weeks, or months at most, the lives of teacher and pupil touched, neither was altog-ether the same as before the contact. Keyond reasonable doubt every teacher was the means of imjiartino- a moral or mental uplift to some responsive spirit in th.e little i^roup that gathered about the masters and dames of our primitive schools, and whose names therefore are lovingly cherished as sweet links binding- the soul to the happy past. "How far that little candle throws its beams" is the proper fig;ure to describe the influence which these centers of radiant energ-y have had in the fomiative period of many lives, but with noone to record his deeds, the fame of the wisest and best of men would soon become a dim and fading- tradition. The retrospect of one generation made Goldsmith to exclaim :

\Mien the Xew Zealander stands on the ruins of Londort Bridge, philosophizing on the fallen greatness about him, let hinr find monuments as enduring as Time to the memory- of those schoolkeepers who wrought their lives into the multiplying and perpetuating lives of their pupils. The fondest hope is, that thisrecord mav be found so accurate that the future narrator in this field will not be compelled to the laborious search for materials, but will find a faithful outline, requiring only filling in and working out of details as fact or fiction may direct his purpose. As this paper is onlv a contribution to the educational history of the city, criticism is made welcome - to cut out wdiatever isnot authoritative, to add what is omitted, and to supnlement what is but partlv told, that form and permanency may be given to local pedagogical history.

Schoolkeeping in Springfield goes back to the day of the log school, earth or i)uncheon fioor. roughly hewn slabs for seats,, windows glazed with oiled paper, quill pens, few maps, no charts, and appliances most meagre compared w^ith the lavish expenditures of todav.

Teachers of those pioneer times had a stock of human nature similar to the endowments of the present-day men and women^ and hence the widest variations in discijiline were to be met, though nearlv all were firm supporters of the theory alleged to liave been formulated by Solomon. Xot much discussion was made over the nature and objects of punishments; they were adjninistered, and the pupil was left to figure out for himself their <iifferentiations. whether remedial, punitive or corrective. Like of civilization, like bastions, or like beacons on surf- "bound shore, these little schools bore a large part in the triumph of intelligence over ignorance and superstition.

Assuming that the antiquary is strongly marked in all. it will t)e interesting to name the buildings still standing which served as the "noisy mansions," or to point out the sites once occupied "by them. It is surprising how many places, especially in the older part of Springfield, were once school sites. While for a time woodcraft and the use of the rifle were the essentials of culture -demanded by a backwoods life, yet the ringing declaration : morality and knowdedge being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged," acted as a leaven in the rugged natures of the dwellers on the banks of Buck, and steps were taken to provide schools of the same enjoyed elsewhere in this part of Ohio.

In the year 1806. on the site occupied by the Lagonda National Bank and contiguous properties, in a building of logs. Nathaniel Pinkered opened the first school in Springfield and has the credit of giving as full a course of instruction as was usual in those times.

Before Mill Run was diverted from its natural bed to furnish power for the paper mill once operating near North street, its course to Buck Creek followed the line of the present Center street sewer. The portion of the town lying to the west of this stream was called "Old Mrginia." Close to the west bank of Mill Run. in a frame or log building about where Schaeflfer's feed and grain store now stands, was a school known as Smith's Academy. The -date of the opening of this institution cannot now be fixed, but was probably about 1813. Samuel Smith, the proprietor of this somewhat famous and well patronized school, was assisted in the of smaller pupils, by his wife, in her home near by. An Englishman by birth, he enjoyed the telling of marvelous tales at ihe expense of the rough soil and rigorous climate of New Eng- land, where he had hved before coming- to Ohio. Smith's fondness for ardent spirits, which he was at no pains to repress, is responsible in part for the Munchausen character of these stories, which his serious manner of telling led his younger hearers to accept as veritable facts. After his career as teacher, and after changing his too bibulous habits, Samuel Smith became justice of the peace, and lived to a good old age, honored by all who knew him.