Springfield Township (part 21 of 69)

Loan Association. The- directors gave tlie management of affairs very largely to Charles E. Morris, who was attorney of the as.sociation and at one time police judge of the city. Mr. Morris appropriated a considerable amount of the funds to his own use and afterwards served a term in the penitentiary for the same. The association went into liquidation and the assets were purchased or taken o-\'er by the Springfield Building & Loan Association. So the actual amount of loss to depositors was not very large.

Aljout 1903, a branch of the Indemnity Building & Loan Association was established in this city, doing business on Market Street, on the east side about midway between High and Main Streets. It seems that the management of branch institutions in building and loan associations has not been generallj- a success, and the head institution which is located at Cleveland became involved and went into liquidation. It was finally taken over by some other association and the business wound up. E. G. Banta of Urbana was manager largely of this institution.

Other loan associations have at times transacted business in this county, some successfully and others unsuccessfully. It would seem that people having money to deposit should place the same in Ih" care of those whom they know, and associations managed by local people ought to afford more security than those managed elsewhere.

opened for business on January 5, 1907, with a capital stock of $200,000, and surplus of 3^0,000. The last statement (Sept., 1907) showed deposits of $369,- 299, the assets and liabilities of this concern at this time being $626,861. It is located in the new Fairbanks Building on the northwest corner of Main Street and Fountain Avenue. N. H. Fairbanks is president and H. E. Freeman, secretary and treasurer. The following constitute the board of directors : Stacy B. Rankin, Chase Stewart, Lee B. Corry, Edward P. llolman, H. S. Kissell, P. E. O'Brien, Paul A. Staley, N. H. Fairbanks, Louis M. Levy, Greorge C. Lynch, Dr. Charles G. Ileckert, Jacob Koblegard, M. L. Milligan, and W. H. McCord.

In the chapter on mills we have noted the large number of industries that were established on Mad River, Buck Creek and Mill Run. At the time these mills were put into operation the age of steam had not arrived, water-power furnishing the necessary force to propel machinery. To the excellent water-power supplied by these streams is no doubt attributable the fact of Springfield's later growth as a great manufacturing center.

It was the water-power of Buck Creek that induced the building of the Barnett Mill, and the oil mills that were erected in its vicinity. These other mills brought to our town men of a manufacturing spirit. It was the water-power of Buck Creek no doubt that induced Pitts in 1842 to locate in Springfield and manufacture his afterward celebrated Pitts Threshing Machine.

The growing industry of manufacturing oil from flax seed induced John Foos to purchase mills previously erected on this creek, and it was the water supplied by Buck Creek that induced John H. Thomas and P. P. Mast in 1856 to lay the foundation of the P. P. Mast Co.

Farther up, at what now is the suburb of Lagonda, the water-power of this stream again played an important part in the establishment of the manufacturing industries of the city. Here Simon Kenton, in the beginning of the century, constructed his rude mill. Others followed, until in 1830 the entire then existing village was purchased by Mr. Jeremiah Warder, the father of Benjamin and William Warder, who were afterwards prominent in the industrial atfairs of Springfield. As time went on, the demands of the people for manufactured products changed, and the progress of agriculture created a desire and a demand for machinery in the agricultural field. While there were establishments along other lines that have remained to this day, yet the manufacture of agricultural implements has seemed at all times to be the leading industry. It was in the decade from '55 to '65, or thereabouts, that the manufacture of these implements took on a wonderful impetus in our city. Previous to this, in 1837, David West, who died about 1904, commenced the manufacture of buggies, and for a half century continued in that business, and finally erected what is known as the West Block, immediately north of the market-house.

In 1840 William Whiteley, an old time resident of this couuty, began the manufacturing of the celebrated Whiteley plow, which for along time was considered the best on the market. Mr. Whiteley was the uncle of Amos and Wilham N. Whiteley, afterwards prominent in the industrial affairs of our city. He died about 1890.

About the same time that William Whiteley commenced manufacturing his plows James Leffel entered upon his industrial career in the City of Springfield. Previous to this he had erected the Hertzler Mills. In 1840 he built his foundry between the National Road and the Big Four Railway near Buck Creek, west of the city. Afterwards, having invented the celebrated Letfel Water Wheel, he and his sonin-law, John W. Bookwalter, became the owners of the old shop located where the Grand Opera House now stands, and on the ground north of the railroad.

Mr. Leffel died in the prime of life in 1866. In 1845 Mr. Leffel and William Blakeley erected a brick foundry on the north side of Buck Creek, a little east of Limestone Street. There they afterwards made the Buckeye Cooking Stoves. Mr. Leffel was no doubt the most distinguished manufacturer of his time, he having been connected in other manufacturing enterprises.

In 1847 James Driscoll began the manufacture of carriages and established a business in that line that was second to none. For a long time the business of this firm was carried on in a building on the north side of Main street, situated about half way between the First Presbyterian Church and Factory Street. His sons and successors afterwards built the main part of the building located on the north-east corner of Center and Columbia Streets, now used as a place for the manufacture of grave vaults, etc.

In 1850 Mr. Benjamin Warder commenced manufacturing various kinds of machines and in 1856 Ross Mitchell became associated with him in the manufacture of Ketchum Mowers, Densniore Selfi-aker, New York Reaper, Ohio Harvester, the Buckeye Mower, Marsh Harvester, etc.

The Marsh Harvester was the reaping machine that was first used in elevating the grain. It was provided with a platform upon which two men stood, who tied the wheat as it was elevated up to them.

In 1855 Mr. William N. Whiteley made the first successful "Champion machine." In the next year he associated with him Mr. Jerome Fassler and in the following year Mr. 0. S. Kelly. This firm was the precursor of the great industry that afterwards followed in the manufacturing of Champion machines. So great had become the popularity of and the demand for the Champion machines, that in 1868 the firm of Wardei', Mitchell & Co. abandoned the manufacture of all other machines and under an arrangement with Whiteley, Fassler & Kelly manufactured thereafter only the Champion. In the previous year. 1867, the "Champion Machine Company" was formed for the express purpose of manufacturing the Champion machine for the Southern and Western tej-ritories. In the establishment of this last company, Amos Whiteley, Robert -lolmson, W. W. Wilson and others entered the manufacturing field, so up until 1887 and '88 we had these three large establishments manufacturing the Chaml)ion machines. So far did this industry take precedence over all others in our city that the town itself received the sobriquet of the "Champion City."

the Lagonda firm while this industry was showing such great evidence of prosperity. In 1882, the old firm of Whiteley, Fassler and Kelly dissolved, and Mr. Whiteley became the sole proprietor and began the erection of the celebrated East Street Shops. Along in '85 or '86 Mr. Whiteley having indorsed paper for Mr. E. L. Harper of Cincinnati, became financially embarrassed and with him Amos Whiteley, who was president of the Champion Machine Company, so after a while the firm of Warder, Mitchell & Co. became the sole manufacturers of these celebrated machines.

The East Street Shops wei-e afterwards sold and various other industries there established. The Champion Machine Company's shop became the property of the Superior Drill Company, which in time was absorbed by the American Seeding Company. And the firm of Warder, Mitchell & Company, Mr. Mitchell having retired and Mr. Glessner having been taken in to the firm, became the firm of Warder, Bushnell & Glessner. In 1902 this establishment became a member of the International Harvester Company and today manufactures reapers and mowers with a diversified line of other agricultural implements.

In 1856, as indicated heretofore, John H. Thomas and P. P. Mast began the manufacture of cider mills and grain drills. This industry was continued liy them until ]871, when Mr. John H. Thomas withdrew and established the Thomas Manufacturing Company. This latter firm was largely for a time engaged in the making of hay-rakes, cider-presses and articles of that kind. P. P. Mast continued to be the moving spirit in the old company until his death. After Mr. John H. Thomas retired from the firm of Thomas and Mast, Mr. C. A. Gardiner, W. C. Downey and A. W. Butt became members of this firm.

In the latter pai't of the sixties the firm of Ferrell, Ludlow & Co., composed of Mr. Alphonso Ferrell and Mr. Abraham Ludlow, were engaged in the manufacture of cider-presses. Later on this firm became Ferrell, Ludlow & Rodgers, and in 1872, Thomas, Lndlow and Rodgers, there having come into the firm besides Mr. Ludlow, Mr. I. W. Rodgers, Joseph W. Thomas and Charles E. Thomas, they entering into the manufacture of what afterwards developed into the Superior Drill. This company was afterwards reorganized into the Superior Drill Company, with Captain A. M. Winger,^ E. L. Buchwalter, Charles S. Kay and others as the moving spirits. The Superior Drill Company in 1897 having sold their shop, which was located on the east side of Limestone Street between the Big Four and Pennsylvania Railroads, to the Pennsylvania Company, entered into negotiations for the purchase of the shop which formerly was the property of the Champion Machine Company, and afterwards became the owner, and there, with very great success, manufactured the Superior Drill until the American Seeding Company was formed, when it was taken into that large corporation.

In 1884 Gustavus Foos, having in previous years, by an unfortunate turn of the wool trade, lost the greater part of his fortune in which he was engaged, with his sons W. S. and Robert formed the Foos Manufacturing Company and began the manufacture of corn grinders- and articles of that kind. This shop was lo-

King Duilding

The oldest establishment in our city that has continued in the same family is that of the IT. V. Bretney Company, engaged in the manufacture of leather, etc. This firm was established in 1829 by Harry Bretney at its present location on East Main Street. It was afterwards conducted by Charles, his son, who continued the business until his death, when the grandson of the original founder, Harry V. Bretney, took it in charge.

The tirst I.effel T\irbine Water Wheel manufactured in Springfield, was only about ten inches in diameter, and was first installed under seven foot fall in a flume in the basement of the Methodist Protestant building (now the Grand Opera House). It was used for furnishing jiower for a large Adams' book press to print the "Methodist Protestant," and the "Penny Telegram" and "American Ruralist."

The "Penny Telegram" was purchased by Hastings and Nichols and combined with the "News" and later the "Republic," requiring four presses for the combined establishment. Under normal conditions this little wheel could do the work; but Mill Run on which the power depended, like some men, had the habit of getting high and low, which in either case diminished the fall. And sometimes a fish would attempt suicide by entering the wheel and pai'tially closing the gates thus shutting off the power. Back water from obstructions to the Mill Run at one time flooded the press-room and the basement

This caused the building of the Mill Run sewer, insuring immunitj^ from all such trouble in the future. The water power became so unreliable that it was found necessary to get power for the printing establishment by a shaft from the Letfel AVater Wheel Works located on the south side of Mill Run.

This shaft was protected except where it passed over Mill Run. But one cold winter night Mill Run froze over and the school children were playing upon the ice when the writer was horrified to see a little ten-year-old girl revolving around the shaft, her feet with every revolution striking the hard ice.

As soon as possible the engine was stopped and the little girl removed to an express wagon which was passing when it was found one of her legs was broken. Her first recovery from the shock was manifested by the exclamation, "Where is my shawl?"

Defunct Industries

While the city has been constantly adding new industries, yet in our progress we have lost several that in other places have developed into extensive establishments. The first of these was a paper mill which was established in 1827 on Buck Creek by Ambrose Blount. James Lowry and Jacob Kills. This mill was put in operation in 1828 and for a time was operated as a hand paper mill, and continued adding new methods until 1861, when it was making all kinds of paper. From 1836-1861 it was operated by J. W. Kills & Son. They made an assignment and the mill was afterwards adapted to other industries. The nearest thing that we have had to an industry of this character since that time was the one some years ago conducted by J. W. Hanes and Frank J. Webb, at Enon Station.

As early as 1817 Griffith Foos had an oil -mill on the corner of Linden Avenue and Monroe Street. This mill was afterwards moved to where the Herb Bitters Establishment now is, on East Street, and used as a cotton factory and flax-mill. Mr. John Foos at one time was extensively engaged in this business.

In 1861 he purchased the oil-mill built by James Barnett in 1842 on Warder Street, and in 1863 he bought the Steele, Layman & Co., oil-mill which was built by Oily Taylor in 1846, and also located on Warder Street. These industries were moved to a mill on the cliffs immediately west of the Factory Street bridge on Buck Creek. It was a considerable industry in its time, but went out of existence some fifteen years ago.

About 1814 Ira Paige and Jacob Woodward had a woolen factory near where the old -paper-mill was located on Mil! Run. There is somo dispute as to whether Maddox Fisher conducted a cotton mill in 1814 near the same location.

In 1847 Babbitts & Olds established their woolen mill on the power purchased of the Barnetts. This mill was immediately east of the present grist mills of xVnsted & Burk. It was conducted with success until 1874, when the power was sold to Warder & Barnett and this industry ceased to be a factor in the business life of our city.

It may be interesting to know that ot one time Springfield had fair prospects of becoming the center of the car manufacturing industry. Perhaps if it had been continued we might have had the very extensive shops of Barney & Smith, now located at Dayton.

In 1852 Jacob Winger and Anderson built a shop immediately south of the Grand Opera House, where for a time they built box and flat cars, and it may be also interesting to know that, as early as 1852, this firm built a number of what were then called Jackson Cook Reapers, the first reapers ever built in this city. These shops were sold to Mr. Leffel and converted into shops for the manufacture of his water-wheel.

In 1842 John A. Pitts the inventor of the Pitts Threshing Machine, moved to Spring-field from Rochester, New Yoi'k, and established a manufactory immediately east of Limestone Street and north of the bridge. This was a very prominent manufacturing establishment in its time, as the "Pitts" was a machine known all over the country. It was conducted after his death by his sons.

In 1866 and '67 the property passed into the hands of Cliarles P. Ballard and James W. Reinhart, and afterwards it was oj-ierated )iy the heirs of these two parties, and Mr. L. H. Pursell, under the firm name of Reinhart, Ballard & Co. Along in the eighties Oliver S. Kelly became interested and finally purchased the entire plant and devoted it to other industries.

For some time after the invention of sewing machines, and while they were protected by patents, there was very great profit in their manufacture. In 1875 a company was organized by Mr. John Foos and others for the manufacture of the sewing machines that had been patented by Mr. St. John of Bellefontaine. This manufacturing establishment was located on the northeast corner of Center and Main Streets, and some of our leading citizens were interested in its success. It was however never a very prosperous concern, as the patents on the general principle had expired, and as this cheapened sewing machines very much on the market the profits were not as large as they had been, and the older firms were better able to meet the competition of the new firms that had thus come into existence. Finally the industry was abandoned after having had an existence of some ten or fifteen years. Other establishments for the manufacture of various machines have come and gone, but the above are the principal ones that manufactured articles that might, under more favorable conditions, have caused their development into great and prosperous establishments.

"VVliile tliis firm has gone out of existence, or become merged into others and thus liecomes one of our defunct establishments, the "Champion" machines are still made by the International Harvester Company. This firm was composed of William N. Whiteley, a native of Clark County, Jerome Fassler, a native of Germany, and Oliver S. Kelly, another native of Clark County. The latter two are deceased. The former still is engaged in manufacturing enterprises in our city. Mr. Whiteley has been given the credit, and with a great degree of justice, for estal)lishing the manufacture of reapers in our city on a large scale. To his inventive genius the "Champion" reaper owed its existence. It has been said of ]\Ir. Whiteley, by those who were competent judges, that he was not only a gi-eat inventor but the greatest collector of inventions that our country has known. The financial success of this firm was no doubt due largely to Oliver S. Kelly. The firm began ojieration in '56 and '57, and continued until 1882, when Mr. Whiteley bought out Kelly and Fassler and moved the shops to the gigantic structure just erected known as East Street. This firm had its shops where the Arcade Building is now located. The part used for an office is now occupied by the When Clothing Store, in the northwest corner of the Arcade Building. In its ]ialmiest days this firm employed from 700 to 800 men. Mr. 0. S. Kelly after his retirement built the Arcade and with his son Oliver purchased the threshing machine works formerly belonging to the Pitts and afterwards to Reinhardt, Ballard & Co. Mr. Fassler retired from business altogether.

other men - Robert Johnston, W. W. Wilson, U. P. Jeffries and others - 'Organized a company to be devoted specially to the manufacture of the Champion machine. This tirm erected buildings on Monroe and Gallagher Streets, and continued actively in the manufacture of this machine imtil Mr. Amos Whiteley became embarrassed in 1884. In the meantime Robert Johnson had retired and become engaged in other manufacturing enterprises; likewise D. P. Jeffries, who was largely instrumental in organizing the Lagonda Bank and who for many years was its cashier, also retired, and contracts were made by Mr. Whiteley for the interests of other stock-holders. However, upon Mr. Whiteley 's embarrassment the shop began to go down and finally ceased operations. The stock for a time was held by a sjmdicate and the shops finally sold to the Superior Drill Company. This firm at one tirne emjiloyed from 800 to 1,000 men.

In 1876 J. M. Evans and three brothers established what was known as the Evans Manufacturing Company. Afterwards a new corporation was organized called the A. C. Evans Company and a factory was built on Dibert Street west of the Panhandle Railway. This shop showed great prosperity during the life time of Mr. A. C. Evans and was used for the manufacture of corn planters, harrows, potato diggers, and implements of that character. Mr. Evans died about 1894, and the business began to decline. Afterwards the shop and business were sold to the American Seeding Company, who transferred the business to their other houses and sold the plant to the Patric Furnace Company.

In 1878 H. J. Creighton began the manufacture of the Common Sense Engine in a7i alley between High and Washington and Market and Center Streets. This establishment was afterwards sold to Yakey & Byers, who built a shop on the corner of Mound & East Streets, now occupied by the Herb ^ledieine Company. The property afterwards passed into the hands of Mr. Janey and finally was abandoned as a manufacturing establishment. Yakey and Byers were attorneys. C. F. Yakey died and A. T. Byers went to Texas, where he is still living.

This was a company incorporated in 1875 as Kissell, Blount & Co. which purchased the building formerly occupied by the Babbitts and Olds woolen mill on AVarder Street. The firm was engaged in the manufacture of cultivators, hay rakes, double shovel plows, and implements of that kind. It continued in operation for about ten years when it was abandoned.

About the year 1885 the manufacture of tricycles, boys' wagons, and similar articles, was started in this city, a shop being built on Park Street north of Columbia. This plant was afterwards sold out to the Springfield Gas Engine Company and the manufacture of tricycles was abandoned.

Present Industries

Among the present industrial establishments of Springfield the Champion division of the International Harvester Company is no doubt the most extensive. This firm oecui^ies and is the owner of what was formerly the plant of Warder, Bushnell and Glessner Shops on Buck Creek, in what was called Lagonda. The plant is the successor, through various mutations, of the plant established in Lagonda in the beginning of the century. In 1850 Benjamin Warder was the moving spirit, and in '56 or '57 he became associated with Ross Mitchell and afterwards with Asa S. Bushnell. When Mr. Mitchell retired, George B. Glessner of Chicago became active in its operation. Towards the latter part of its existence Mr. Warder was not actively identified with its business affairs, he having moved to Washington, D. C, where by wise investments in real estate he accumulated great wealth. Governor Asa Bushnell stayed with the firm until it entered the trust, when he, too, retired. Mr. Glessner remains an officer of the trust company known as the International Harvester. This firm employs from 1,500 to 2,000 persons and does not confine itself to the manufacture of reaping-machines, but manufactures also hay-rakes, hay-teders, mowing-machines, hay-presses and articles of a like character.

This is one of the old firms of the city, and was organized in ] 856 by P. P. Mast, lately a resident of Champaign County, and John H. Thomas, a newly fledged lawyer, whose ancestry came from Maryland. They began the manufacture of cider-mills and grain-mills, where the shops of the firm are now located, on Warder Street east of Limestone. The firm of Thomas & Mast continued until 1871, when Mr. Thomas withdrew and established the Thomas Manufacturing Company. The firm was reorganized as P. P. Mast Company. From that time on until his death, Mr. Mast was the -controlling .spirit in this enterprise. In 1860 Charles A. Gardner, who died some twenty years later, became identified with this firm and in 1862 William C. Downey, and in the same year A. AV. Butt. These men retired in the eighties and afterwards engaged in other enterprises. Both are now deceased.

After Mr. Mast's death Mr. Charles R. Crain became the president and manager of this establishment and so continued until 1905, when the controlling interests passed into the hands of other parties. This company was organized in 1871, with a paid up stock of .$500,000. Howard D. Maize is now president, P. A. Lewis, vice-president, and H. H. Sellers, secretary. In 1895 this firm purchased what was formerly the private residence of James D. Stewart, on North Limestone Street, north of the Soldier's Monument, which they converted into an office building and now occupy it for that pur- Xiose. This firm is largely engaged in the manufacture of the Buckeye Grain Drills and Corn Plows, etc., employing from 250 to 350 men.

that were formerly the property of the Champion Machine Company. This division, however, is the successor of the old Thomas, Ludlow & Rodgers firm which did business for a number of years, where the Union Depot is to be erected, and which afterwards became the Superior Drill Company. A number of persons have been actively identified with this industry. In the old Thomas, Ludlow and Rodgers firm, Abraham Ludlow, a native of this place, was the moving spirit. He afterwards became largely identified with the Springfield Malleable Company; he died in 1906. Alfonso Ferrell was a brother-in-law of Mr. Ludlow. The Thomases that were in this firm were Charles E. and Joseph W. Charles E. Thomas is still a resident of this city. Joseph W. lives in California. Wlien the Superior Drill Company was organized Captain A. M. Winger, lately deceased, E. L. Buchwalter, and Robert Johnson became the moving spirits of the new concern. When the Superior Drill Company was taken into the trust and became a division of the Champion Seeding Company, these three men, with Charles S. Kay, became members of the new firm. Captain E. L. Buchwalter became president of the American Seeding Company. In a short time Mr. Winger, Mr. Kay and Mr. Johnson retired from the active operations of the firm, Mr. Frank C. Johnson, Robert Johnson's son remaining as an official. The old Superior Drill Company was a very successful firm, having a large foreign market for its products, notably in Australia. The firm employs from three hundred to five hundred

This company exists as the result of the efforts of John H. Thomas, after he severed his connection with the firm of Thomas & Mast. It was incorporated in 1886. The stock is largely, if not all, held by the Thomas family. This firm originally made lawn-mowers and cider-mills and afterwards branched out into the manufacture of bicycles and portable engines, grain-drills, hay-rakes, etc. William S. Thomas, a son of the original founder, is now president and treasurer, Charles E. Thomas, vice-president and H. H. Bean, secretary. The plant is located on South Limestone Street, immediately south of the Panhandle Freight Depot. It employes from 250 to 350 men.

In 1876 Boyd Ilotsenpiller & Company began the manufacture of cloth-covered caskets on Washington Street, east of Limestone Street. Afterwards this firm manufactured burglar-proof vaults. When the Driscoll carriage shop, located on W. Columbia Street, was for sale, it was purchased by the then members of the Springfield Metallic Casket Company. This corporation was formed in 1886 with a capital stock of $200,000 and has been a growing concern. C. E. Patric is president, Paul A. Staley, vice-president, E. N. Lupfer, secretary, Charles S. Kay, treasurer, and Charles H. Heiser, superintendent. From 150 to 200 persons are employed.

and afterwards Crowell and Kirkpatrick, and is engaged in the publishing and printing of the "Farm & Fireside" and afterwards the "Woman's Ho?ne Companion," in the plant located on the northwest corner of High & Factory. Upon Mr. Kirkpatrick 's retirement Mr. Crowell became the sole proprietor until the stock was disposed of to parties in New York. It was incorporated in 1906 with a capital stock of $1,750,000. G-eorge H. Hazen is president, J, S. Crowell, vice-president, Fred L. Collins, (?ecretary. In the neighborhood of 300 persons are occupied in the business of this firm.

and the business was continued from that day up till 1878 by William Foos and Mrs. Letfel, the widow, and John W. Bookwaiter. At this time Mr. Foos retired and Mr. Bookwalter became practically the sole proprietor. The present company was incorporated in 1890 with a capital stock of $2.50,000. John W. Bookwaiter is president, F. M. Bookwalter, vice-president and treasurer, J. A. Bookwaiter, secretary, and A. F. Sparks general manager. It employes in the neighborhood of 250 persons and has been a very profitable establishment for a number of years.

This company is engaged in the floral business, and it is said that it is the largest rose house in the United States, possibly in the world. It was incorporated in 1890 with a capital stock of $20,000. It is located on South Limestone Street near the south corporation line. J. M. Good is president, Frank E. Good, vice-president, and Harry F. Good secretary and treasurer. About 150 persons are employed.

This firm was originally established by James Ijetfel in 1862 and engaged in the manufacture of the celebrated turbine water-wheel. They purchased shops on S. Limestone Street, immediately north of the Big Four Railway Company on the west side and continued there until the early eighties, when the present plant was built on the Big Four Railway, south of Lagonda Avenue. Mr. Leffel died in ] "^65

In 1889 there was organized by Mr. William Irwin, John W. Chapman and Henry Wickham, the firm which was known as Irwin, Chapman & Wickham, and which engaged in a small way in the manufacture of piano plates. Mr. Irwin died a few years afterwards and the other members purchased his interest and continued to run the establishment until a few years ago, when Mr. Chapman retired. The plant is located in the eastern part of the city along the Big Four Railway, and is doing a very extensive business, Henry Wickham being president, and James Johnson, Jr., vice-president. It employs from 300 to 400 men. Mr. Wickham died in November, 1907.

This firm is a branch which came here from Iowa in 1890. It is engaged in the manufacture, as its name indicates, of metal wheels. The plant is located at the corner of "Wheel & Larcli Streets. G. AVatson French is president, J. L. Hecht, general manager, Nathaniel E'rench, vicepresident, Thomas B. Carson, secretary and treasurer, and H. J. Rober and AV. H. Stackhouse managers. It emi>loy3 from 200 to 300 men.

This firm was established prior to 1879, for in that year they removed from the old Kills Paper Mills, to the plant which they now occupy on the Big Four Railway, south of Lagonda Avenue. The firm was incorporated in 1889, with a paid up stock of $50,000. Chandler Robbins and J. A. Myers were the principals in this original concern. Mr. Robbins retired retired some ten years ago and Mr. Myers died in 1904. C. F. McGilvary is vicepresident and superintendent and H. E. Myers secretary. From 250 to 300 men are employed.

This company was incorporated January 1st, 1884, with a capital stock of $115,- 000. The original proprietors were Gustavus Foos and his sons Robert and William Foos. After Gustavus' death the business was continued by the brothers until 1904, when the sons of the late Charles Bauer became the owners of the majority of the stock. Charles L. Bauer is president, L. E. Bauer, vice-president, AV. A. Bauer, treasurer, and AV. E. Copenhaver, secretary. The plant is located on the southeast corner of Burt and Sheridan Avenue. This firm is engaged largely in the manufacture of gi'inding-mills and

This firm was incorporated in 1891, with a capital stock of $50,000. The principal moving spirit was P. E. Montanus. It is located on the southwest corner of Southern Avenue, and the Pennsylvania Railway Company's line and is engaged, as its name indicates, in the manufacture of machine tools. P. E. Montanus is president and treasurer, Paul A. and Edward S. Montanus, vice-presidents. From 100 to 150 men are employed here.

This company was incorporated in 1890 with a capital stock of $350,000. At that time Oliver S. Kelly was the principal o^mer. It was the successor of the Rheinhart, Ballard & Company. This plant was located on N. Limestone Street immediately north of Buck Creek. For some time this firm continued in the manufacture of threshing machines. This was afterwards abandoned and grinding-mills and articles of that character made. At present it is engaged largely in the manufacture of piano plates. 0. AV. Kelly is president, E. S. Kelly vice-president, both sons of Oliver, and A. L. Kelly, son of 0. AV. Kelly, secretary and treasurer. This firm employs from 200 to 400 men.

And Represiontative Citizens

using various parts made from malleable iron encouraged the founding of an industry of this kind. The plant of this establishment is located in the west part of Springfield and covers considerable ground. The business of the company is entirely to make malleable iron castings to be used by other firms in the manufacture of their j^roduct. For a number of years it has been the property of the Ludlows, A. R, Ludlow being president until the time of his death (1906), and T. R. Ludlow, secretary and superintendent. It employs from 300 to 400 men.

This company was incorporated in 1898 with a capital stock of $60,000. The company formerly did business in the East Street Shops. When those shops were burned they erected their present plant on the southwest corner of Plmn and Fair Streets. They make gas engines. Charles A. Miller is president, C. H. Over, vicepresident, and A. J. Smith, secretary. Fifty men are employed.

This company was incorporated January 1, 1880, with a capital stock of $300,- 000. The moving spirits at that time were P. P. Mast and John Foos. It is engaged in the manufacture of wind-wheels, iron fence, lawn-mowers, force-pumps and articles of that character. Its plant is located on Isabella Street, between Main and Columbia. Richard H. Rodgers is now pi-esident, W. H. Rayner, vice-president, C. A. Harris, trea.surer, and F. R. Burton, secretary. It employs from 100 to 200 men.

This company was incorporated in 1892 with a capital stock of $300,000. It is engaged in the manufacture of railroad supplies and also makes piano plates. The firm recently occupied the large malleable iron foundry erected in connection with the East Street Shops. This was burnt down in the last year and rebuilt. N. H. Fairbanks is president, M. L. IMilli-

In 1872 Tjouis Patric & Company began the manufacture of hot-air furnaces on South Center Street. Afterwards the plant on Washington Street was purchased immediately west of the Palace Hotel. There the business was conducted until 1905 or '06, when the firm purchased the plant formerly belonging to the A. C. Evans Company on the corner of Dibert and the Pennsylvania Railway Company's line, which they occupy at this time. The company was incorporated in 1900 with a capital stock of $40,000. Isaac W. Rodgers is president, Tjouis Patric, vicepresident, and R. R. McGregor, is treasurer. From fifty to seventy-five men are employed.

of Greenmount Avenue and the Big Four Eailway. John Hoppes is president, Paul A. Staley, vice-president, and Fuller Trump general manager. This firm like- -n-ise employs in the neighborhood of TOO men.

This company was incorporated February, 1890 with a capital stock of $100,- 000. Until some four years ago they transacted their business on Washington Street at the former plant of the Patric Furnace Company. Afterwards they purchased the old tricycle works on Park Street, in the western part of the city. As the name implies, gas engines are the principal products. Richard H. Rodgers is president, Addison S. Rodgers, secretary and William B. Rodgers, treasurer. Fifty men are employed.

This firm moved to Springfield from New York St^te, E. W. Ross and his father-in-law, Mr. Fitch being the principal parties interested at that time. It was incorporated in 1890 with a capital stock of $100,000. The firm is engaged largely in the manufacture of ensilage and feed-cutters ; it also makes a popular manure spreader.

M. L. Ross is president, John L. Zimmerman, vice-president, J. B. Cartmell, treasurer, and E. W. Ross, secretary. The shops are located at the junction of Warder Street and the Big Four Railway. They employ from 100 to 150 men.

in its original establishment. It was incorporated in 1897 with a capital stock of $150,000. It is located now in what were formerly the Bar & Knife Shops, used in connection with the Champion Machine Company, on the northeast corner of Linden Avenue and Monroe Street. As the name implies the firm is engaged lO. the manufacture of gas engines. Scipio Baker is president, C. E. Patric, vicepresident, Randolph Coleman, secretary and Harry F. Snyder, treasurer. Employment is given to about 100 men.

Lighting & Heating Plants

The improved system of lighting the city with gas dates back to 3850. The Springfield Gas, Light and Coal Company was then organized, with Mr. E. C. Gwyn, Sr., as superintendent. The price was $6.00 per thousand. The Springfield Gas and Coke Company was chartered in 1849, with a capital of $5,000, increased now under the name of the Springfield Gas Company to $420,000. The original officers were Charles Anthony, president, and James S. Good, secretary. Afterwards John Kinsman & Co. purchased the business, and later Governor Bushnell became a very large stockholder. Finally the stock was purchased by eastern parties, who were likewise the owners of the natural gas franchise. The plant for the manufacture of artificial gas was formerly on North Fountain Avenue, near the creek.

In 1903-4 the new plant was erected in the western part of the city near the junction of the Indianapolis and Cincinnati branches of the Big Four Railway Company.

Natural gas was introduced into Springfield about 1888, the original source of supply being' in the gas fields of Mercer County. This supply became insufficient, and a line was extended to the Fairfield County fields. The price to private consumers is twenty-five cents a thousand, with a meter rent of $8.00 per year. Artificial gas is $1.00 per 1,000. The supply has remained reasonably satisfactory.

William A. Scott, Theodore Troupe, Charles Pierce and others established an electric light plant in 1882 in the old Driscoll Carriage Factory. The original price was $150 per year for street arc lights. This has been very substantially reduced: An old church was purchased on the south side of Washington Street, east of Center, and a plant installed there. This plant was afterwards sold to the Peoples' Light, Heat & Power Com])any, and by them dismanteled. The franchise was first sold to the same parties that own and control the street railways, and then to the Peoples' Light, Heat & Power Company.

This corporation was established in 1901, with a capital of ^$175,000. It has for its purpose the furnishing of heat, power and light to private individuals, as well as to the city. E. S. Kelly is president and general manager. Alfred Cavalier, recently deceased, was secretary and treasurer. This plant is located immediately north of the passenger depot of the Big Four Bailway.

This body was incorporated in 1905, with a capital of $2,000,000. Its object is the same as that of the Home Lighting, Power & Heating Company. John L. Zimmerman is president, L. M. Ferguson is vice presid(5nt, W. W. Keifer secretary and Charles S. ICay general manager. At present there is considerable rivalry between these two heat and power companies. This firm purchased the plant and franchise of the Springfield Electric Light Company.

The Barnett flouring mills constitutes one of the oldest of the present industries of this city. At one time it might have been justly termed the leading and biggest of the establishments of our growing toAvn. In 1841 Samuel and James Barnett, brothers, bought from Joseph Perrin, Richard Rodgers and Jeremiah Warder the land and water power for the mill the}' immediately thereafter erected. In 1847 Samuel bought out his brother James and conducted the business himself until 1859, when he was succeeded by his son W. A. Barnett and William Warder. The firm of Warder & Barnett ran the flouring business until it was sold \o Ansted" & Burk in 1897. Mr. William Warder died some ten years previous to this date, and Mr. Barnett having passed the allotted three score and ten years, the business has been allowed to decline; probably the general depression in business from 1892 to 1897-8 had something lo do with the matter. Colonel J. W.

Burk, the junior member of the new firm, is a hustling, stirring business man, and today tlais is one of the leading flouring mills of the state. Mr. Burk is now serving his second year as president of tiie United States Millers' Association. When the present firm purchased the plant it had a capacity of 150 to 200 barrels of flour per day. Now it has a daily capacity of from 800 to 900 barrels and gives employment to fifty men.

Three steel tanks were erected in 1903, each having a capacity of 25,000 bushels. In this latter year a new warehouse and an office building was added to the old mill, and all together constitute a very fine plant. The water power is one of the best in this part of the country.

The splendid ledge of rocks of a limestone formation along the banks of Buck Creek and ]\lad River has made the stone and lime industry one of importance to the city of Spring-field. The stone quarried is of excellent quality and is extensively used for building purposes, mostly for the laying of foundations. However, when dressed, very handsome structures are made of this stone. Tlie lime that is made from this rock formation is not only of good texture, but possesses a whiteness that is surpassed by none. Springfield lime is universally recognized as being made from the best possible formation of limestone rock to be found amTvhere. This industry may have had more to with the early progress of the city of Springfield than we are now aware of. In the days liefore the advent of the steam railwav the ease with which good building material could be secured would naturally be an influential factor in the growth of a new community. "\Miile the quarries now located within the corporate Jimits of Springfield are worked, if at all, to but a limited extent, they earlier formed quite an industry of our growing village. It is not possible now to name many of the persons who were engaged in this industry, but in the '50s and early '60s we know that David Shaffer, who was then one of the enterprising and thriving citizens of our town, ran the quarries on North Limestone Street, and possibly some on the west side of Fountain Avenue. After him came Christopher Thompson, another prominent citizen, who was for a time president of the Lagonda National Bank. He was succeeded by his son, William S. Thomjison. who afterwards retired to a farm now owned by the Country Club and who, for many years, was a director in the Lagonda Bank.

Mr. George H. Frey, Sr., who for a long time was active in many of Springfield's important business enterprises and who is still living, being now past four-score years of age, for a time managed these quarries, which are now entirely abandoned.

As early as 1850 J. L. and Ambrose Pettigrew, brothers, began the stone Imsiness by opening up a quarry on North Plum Street, which is still slightly used. For many years they were actively engaged in the stone and lime business. During the time that these quarries were in opei'ation, four and six-horse woodwagons could be seen almost daily in various parts of the county, each with a four or five-cord load of wood, pursuing their way toward Springfield. This wood was used in the burning of lime and these lime manufacturers became purchasers of much of the surplus wood that was cut away in making clearings to accommodate the growing commimity.

The Pettigrew brothers died some ten years ago and very little has been done in this direction since that time. Goingwest from the city we find an old quarry down the river immediately west of the old Rubsam Mill. This quarry has been worked for a good many years, latterly by J. W. Rubsam, but it is only operated to a limited extent at this time. In the vicinity of Durbin the industry has had a more vigorous growth than in any other part of the county; in fact, practically all the stone and lime business is conducted now by three firms at this place, to-wit, the Mills Brothers, the H. L. Moores Company and the Moores Lime Company. Formerly a man by the name of Digan conducted quarries in this vicinity, and for a long time A. L. Holcomb was the owner of the quarries now operated by the Moores people. Mr. Holcomb for many years was active in this industry. He has been dead some eighteen years. The Moores Lime Company at present does considerable business, principally makinglime and shipping it, employing seventy to eighty men. The Mills Bi-others, William, Jr., and R. R., own^d a quarry situated where Limestone City is now located. Their business is quite extensive, employing from eighty to ninety men. George Sintz was for a time in the business here.

crossing, is the old Paden Quarry. For a number of years past stone has been taken therefrom by Mr. Samuel Taylor. Not much is being done there at this time. On Mill Creek Valley, not far from what is known as the Rebert Pike, Andrew Reljert for many years was actively engaged in the stone business.

Quite an excavation was made in the stone ledge along the west bank of this creek. Some years ago this old abandoned quarry was purchased by P. E. Montanus, a prominent manufacturer of our city, and an embankment was thro-wn up around the lower part of it, and it now furnishes a splendid lake.

In later years the stone quarries that were located along the railroads are most prosperous and no doubt will continue to be operated for years to come.

About 1890, or within a few years thereafter, two old breweries went under English control. The Vorce & Blee brewery, located on East Columbia Street, near Spring, was established in 1840. The Engerf & Dinkel brewery, which is on the corner of Penn and Section Streets, was established in 1849. iVll of the original proprietors of these institutions have passed away some years ago and they are now conducted by an English corporation. Lewis Phillips is secretary and treasurer.

The Home City Brewing Company was incorporated in 1905, with a capital of $100,000. The plant is located at the northwest corner of Main and Bell Avenue. J. L. Coleman is president and Jacob Solenbersrer secretary and ti-eas-

Under the above heading we have particularized a considerable number of our leading manufacturing establishments. No doubt we may have missed some that deserve to be mentioned, but lack of space prevents us from going into further detail.

In the November number of the "Ohio Magazine" appears an article by W. S. Thomas, in which he has grouped and mentioned the industries of this town. The first division he makes is that of agricultural implements, eleven in number, namely :

"Buckeye Feed Mill Company, Champion Division of the International Harvester Company, D. D. Funk, P. P. Mast & Company, 0. S. Kelly Company, Foos Manufacturing Company, Superior Division of the American Seeding Machine Company, Mast, Foos & Company, Thomas Manufacturing Company, Whiteley Co-operative Company, E. W. Ross Company.

"The foregoing factories employ 4,200 men and 200 women, using a capital of about $6,000,000, and Avith an annual product of about $8,000,000.

"The thirteen factories in this group produce gray iron, malleable iron and brass castings, machine and shop tools, emery wheels, steel wheels and nails. This group contains thirteen factories as follows :

"Steam engines, portable, threshing and stationary, have been built here for some years, and engines of some kind are now made by seven different factories. This group comprises seven factories as follows :

"The twenty-four factories in this group make furnaces, stoves, iron work, bridges, iron fences, fire escapes, boiler cleaners, railroad frogs, .switches, etc., clothes wringers, trucks, undertakers' hardware, electrical specialties, sheet metal work, plumbers' supplies, boilers, roller-bearing axles, wire bale ties, saddlerv, hardware, etc. There are now

"All business being so dependent upon some kind of advertising, it is quite natural to find here a group of enterprising publishers, printers, lithographers, engravers, binders, etc., who are issuing three daily, five weekly, two farm papers, besides printed books and circulars by the million, to be sent all over the world, and every piece of which makes Springfield known to some one. This group contains fifteen houses as follows :

"There are twelve of these houses in Springfield, with a growing trade throughout the countiy ; one of them alone is selling two and one-half millions of rose plants each year. The twelve fii'ms in this trade are as follows:

"Highland Floral Company, McGregor Brothers Company, George H. Mellen Company, Goode & Reese Company, A. R. Aldrich, C. L. Reese, T. A. McBeth, J. L. Maxwell, John A. Doyle & Company, Schmidt & Botley, Leedle Floral Company, Springfield Floral Company.

"This group comprises four medicine companies, one embalming fluid company and two coffin factories, making seven industries in all as follows:

"Springfield also has nine large factories, each one having a specialty of its OAvn. They consist of one gas plant, two electric light plants, one rubber factory, one rubber tire plant, two breweries, one road roller company and one automobile factory. The product of each is well indicated by its name as follows :

"Home Brewing Company, Springfield Breweries Company, Spring-field Gas Company, the People's Light, Heat & Power Company, the Victor Rubber Company, Springfield Rubber Tire Company, the Home Light, Heat & Power Company, the Kelly-Springfield Road Roller Company, the Oscar Lear Automobile Company.

"These factories employ 1,000 men and 300 women, use a capital of $1,400,000, and their present product amounts to $2,100,000, annually growing larger. ' '

Springfield has never taken much of a position as a distributing center for merchandise; indeed, the commercial activity of the town is so over-shadowed by the manufacturing industries that all others appeal- insignificant. At this time, as stated by Mr. Sharpe in an article in the Ohio Magazine, there are sixteen establishments in Springfield that may be classed as of a wholesale character. The principal of these are three wholesale grocery establishments, one notion house, one tobacco and cigar house and some commission houses.

In 1882 James Carson and D. Q. Fox came to Spring-field from Xenia, and under the name of Carson & Fox purchased the wholesale grocery business that had been conducted for some years previous to this time by Charles H. Bacon, and before his time by Horr and Bacon. Their place of business was on the northeast corner of Washington and Limestone Streets. Carson & Fox continued business for fourteen years, having dissolved in 1896. Each partner established a new house of his own; one, known as James Carson & Company, is located in a building which the firm owns immediately north of the Kelly Building, occupied by the "News."

In 1895 Steele, Hopkins & Meredith came to Springfield and purchased the establishment that had been run for a few years, owned by B. F. Funk & Company.

In 1901 and 1902 this firm purchased ground on West High Street, between Fountain Avenue and Center, and erected thereon their present commodious building.

The Springfield Paper & Merchandise Company was organized about 1895 by David King. Its place of business is on North Limestone Street, in the Winger Building. Other wholesale houses in the tobacco field might be mentioned: Leo Bretzenfelder, Garnier Brothers, August Stelzer and others in that line.

The Spring-field Confectionery Comjiany wholesales in its line. C. T. Crum is the moving spirit in this business. It is located on South Limestone Street, not far from High. A number of other firms mav wholesale in a small wav, but the

It being impossible in a work of this kind to give all the present retailers, we will mention some few in the past who have transacted business in the city.

Among the old established groceries was that of the J. D. Stewart Company. This grocery establishment existed in the city of Springfield from 1860 until the present year. The owner was quite a character in his time. He had an unfortunate habit of becoming intoxicated, but he was a shrewd business man, and it was a common saying that "Jim Stewart knew more drunk than a great many people did sober." The grocery was on the west side of South Limestone Street, where the Zimmei-man Building is now located. After Mr. Stewart's death it was run by R. N. Stewart until this year, when he made an assignment and was wound up. Another old time grocery was that kept by Mr. Charles H. Shaffer at No. 51 East Main Street, and afterwards on South Limestone Street. Mr. Shaffer some years ago sold out his business and recently died (1907). Along in 1865 and '70 Frederick Zischler kept a grocery store about midway between High and Main on the east side of Fountain Avenue, and was very largely patronized. Other establishments have come and gone. Today the town has what might be expected of it in this line for a city of its size. John Funk, Sr., an active business man of this city from 1850-1880, built the building on the southwest corner of Main and Center Streets, and with his sons, Henry, C. C. and John, carried on a grocery there.

Twenty-five or thirty years ago three stores had the principal dry goods business of the city. Baldwin's was located on the northwest corner of Limestone and Main Streets. The princij^al proprietors were John H. Baldwin, who died in 188L and Henry Baldwin, recently deceased, who was a son of Jonah Baldwin, a pioneer resident of this town. This house went out of existence shortly after the death of the senior Baldwin.

The Murphys had a store in Springfield for a good many years. The senior, James Murphy, came here in 1844 and established the business, and upon his death it was taken up by his sons, William R. and James "W., and continued until 1895. It was a popular establishment and well patronized.

No house in the dry goods line is better remembered than that of the Blacks, Robert T. Black conducting a dry goods establishment in this city as early as 1847. At this date Andrew C. Black, who afterwards ran the stoi-e, came to Springfield and became a partner of Robert T., who was a brother. William M., another brother, afterwards became a member of the firm. For some time the Blacks conducted a dry goods establishment in the old Trappers Corner, where Levy's Clothing House is now located. The business was continued as Blacks' Store for a number of vears after William Black

At present the dry goods trade is largely controlled by two establishments. In 1873 the Kinnanes, father and sons, Edward, John and James, and Edward Wren, a son-in-law, established a store in the Commercial Building. This was conducted for some years as Kinnane & Wren ; afterwards the partnership dissolved and Mr. Wren conducted the business alone at the old stand until the department house was erected on East High Street, now occupied by the Edward Wren Company. After the dissolution of Kinnane & Wren the Kinnane brothers, John, Edward and James, moved into the new Bushnell Building, and although the two senior members of the firm have since died, the business still continues in charge of James, a brother, and John, Jr., a son of John. Sr.. deceased. Both of these stores have a very large assortment of articles in the dry goods line.

From the sixties to the nineties Abraham Lessner kept a clothing store located where the Spring-field Hardware Store is now located, opposite where Jason Phillips, Sr., had a tailor store on East Main Street. About the same time a Jew by the name of Kauffman, designated as "Pop Eye," kept a clothing store on Main Street. Others of that period have passed away.

(1907), had a large store in the Commercial Building on South Limestone Street and was in the clothing business in this town for a number of years.

Another old establishment in the same line is that of M. D. Levy & Sons, located on the southwest corner of Fountain Avenue and Main Street. This firm has likewise been in the town for many years. During the 'SOs and '90s the Remsberg Brothers conducted a clothing store on E. Main Street, two doors west of Limestone.

J. M. Knote has been in the business for a good many years. A present large establishment in that line, in addition to the Kauffmans and Levys, is the "When," which came here some twelve or fifteen years ago and located on the southeast corner of High and Fountain.

Ludlow's Drug Store was one of the leading stores in that line for a half-century or more. The original founder. Dr. John Ludlow, was born in Springfield in ISIO, and a long and active life identified him with many of the prominent interests of the town. In later years he was succeeded in the drug business by his son Charles, and tlie store was located on East Main Street, not far from Limestone. It has gone out of existence some ten years.

For a long time William T. Smith carried on the drug business on Fountain Avenue opposite the Odd Fellows Building. He recently (1907) died.

pharmacy at No. 41 East Main Street and for forty years has continued in business at that location. In 1869 the old building on the southeast corner of Fountain Avenue and Main Street was torn down and subsequently a drug store was established by Ridenour et Cobelantz. Within a few years thereafter Mr. Theodore Troupe became the proprietor, and still continues to transact business there.

Forty or forty-five years ago A. Aron established on the north side of Main Street, not far from Fountain Avenue, a jewelry store. He continued in business there for some years and afterwards removed on the south side of Main Street, opposite the Bushnell Building, and continued there until his death. The business is now run by his son. John H. Mulholland commenced the jewelry business in the city of Springfield in 1856 and continued in that line until he lost his life by the burning of Black's Opera House in 1903. He had his store in several parts of the city and was a leader in his line.

Mr. C. C. Fried practically commenced the jewelry business in Springfield in 1858, when he served an apprentice under a Mr. Grossman. Afterwards he worked for B. Allen and for John P. Allen. In 1872 he opened his own store and conducted that until his death in 1907. The business is now conducted by his son and is located on East Main Street, a few doors east of Fountain Avenue. Other leading establishments in that line at the present day in Springfield might be mentioned as Hofman & Company and Margileth & Mc- Farland. Ben Allen and John P. Allen

Among the ]iromineut dealers in shoes might be uientioned John A. Reifsnider, who came to Spring-field in 1854, and al)0ut the time the Civil War broke out he established the business. In 1863 he was joined by his brother, and Reifsnider's Shoe Store was one of the best known in Springfield.

In 1868 Mr. E. S. S. Rouse established a shoe store on Fountain Avenue and continued in that business until along in the '90s, when he was succeeded by 0. 0. Rouse and J. W. Parsons, and a few years thereafter this firm ceased to do business.

Herbert S. Huffman conducted a shoe store for a while on East Main Street, not far from the Kiser Building. Afterwards Starkey & Scowden established a large shoe store in the Arcade. Mr. Scowden having embarked in other business, Starkey became the sole proprietor until his death (1905), when it was disposed of and is now owned by Mr. Nisley.

Among the old established and well known dealers in shoes the name of George Hoi-ner, father of Judge William R. Horner, should not be omitted, as he was in business for a long time in this city, latterly having a store on West Main Street, not far from Center. Among the present shoe stores are Oscar Young on East Main Street, Routzahij & Wright on Fountain Avenue and Horner Brothers, grandsons of George, conduct a store in the Bookwalter Building on Limestone Street. Stimmel & Powers conduct a store on West High Street, not far from Fountain Avenue. Ben Best for a time "cobbled" while not performing the onerous duties of city marshal.

The pioneers in this line were William Grant and John Leuty. William Grant was an Englishman and came to Springfield in 1836 and established himself in the meat business. He continued here his entire lifetime. His sons, William and Martin, now continue the business in a store on West High Street,' opposite the Arcade.

John Leuty was likewise an Englishman and came to this city in 1833 and afterwards became a partner of William Grant, whose sister became his wife. They were partners for twenty-five or more years. The store is still continued by his son, James L., on Fountain Avenue, not far from High Street. Other persons in former times who engaged in this business, it being continued in some cases by their sons, were the Weigels, on East - Main Street, and the Krausses on South Taylor Street, and John Swonger was in this business for a number of years and is still living, aged ninety-two years. William Detrick was likewise for a long time engaged in the same business. Aaron Reeder was also in the meat business. Almost all the large packing houses now have branches in this city.

The Leutys conduct an abattoir on North Plum Street; the Grants have one on North Bechtle Avenue, and Mr. Steve Huffman has one not far from the location of the Grants. No general packing business is done in this citv.

Among the livery men that may be mentioned who were prominent in this city twenty-five years ago was Benjamin Holloway. He commenced the business in this town in 1845 and continued until his death. He had a stable in various parts of the city; latterly it was located where Wren's Department House is now. He was succeeded by his son Christy, and after his death, which occurred about 1892, the business passed into other hands. Along in the '60s and continuing until the building of the Soldiers' Monument, Mr. Charles Cathcart conducted a livery stable east from the Court House. For a long time Nimrod and Edward Myers conducted a livery stable on North Limestone Street, uumediately north of the St. James Building, which is still occupied for that purpose.

In 1865 S. and A. Deffenbaugh opened a livery stable on North Limestone Street, immediately opposite the Myers stable, and continued in that business until they sold out to Henry Erter some ten or fifteen years ago. The building was sold to Captain Amaziah Winger, who tore it down. Mr. Erter continued in business in the new building, where the "Sun" office is now located, until 1906, when this old livery site passed out of existence. Some ten years ago Isaac Johnson erected a livery barn on South Spring Street, where John 0. Swords now conducts a livery barn. On the same street, a few doors north. Joe O'Brien has a livery barn. In 1898 the late John S. Foster built a livery stable immediately south of the Court House. This property afterwards was purchased by David Carter &

Son, who continue the business. John S. Foster in the meantime built a stable on West Columbia Street, a short distance west of Fountain Avenue, which is still conducted by his son, John K.

Away back in the '40s and '50s Charles Stout, the father of Mr. Stout who is now secretary of the Springfield Building and Loan Association, ran a livery stable on West Main Street, not far from the location of George Derrickson's present stable. Afterwards, along in the '60s, Josiah DriscoU built the Derrickson Stable, and for thirty or more years, until his death in 1895, Driscoll's Livery Stable was considered among the best in the city, Mr. Driscoll himself giving .supervision over the management. LTpon his death it was purchased by the present owner, George Derrickson.

P. E. Bancroft, recently deceased, was an old time merchant of this city. He commenced business practically at the place where he continued until his death, in 1907, in 1851. His business is continued by his son Robert, and is located a few doors east of Fountain Avenue on Main Street. Other persons engaged at present in the hat business may be mentioned as 0. F. Hypes, who has a store in the Bookwalter Building; J. S. Bethel, located in the Fisher Building, and John Sullivan, in the old Sharpe Building on South Limestone Street.

Joshua Gore, for a long time a citizen of this place, about 1840 conducted a hardware store, afterwards a dry goods establishment and later in life a hat store on East Main Street, with Herbert Huffman

For a long time in the '6O3 and early '70s Doty & Rhinehart conducted a hardware store where the Woods Brothers are now located on East Main Street in the Ivizer Building. This store afterwards passed into the hands of the Hamilton Brothers, William and Fin, who continued the operation of this business until the latter part of the '80s. It was one of the leading stores of its time. About the same time that Doty had his store. Major Brown and William B. Baker had a hardware store on Main Street in the building immediately west of the Bushnell Building. Later the Springfield Hardware Store was established in the room vacated by the post office, where the Gotwald Building is now located, on the southeast corner of Limestone and Main. Phil Wiseman and J. S. Kitchen were the principal proprietors. William Diehl died in 1894 and was in the hardware business a long time in this city. He founded the establishment now conducted by his son Wallace, immediately west of the First Presbyterian Church.

Shortly before the death of Mr. Diehl he and his son George conducted a hardware store in the building immediately west of that occupied by the Elder & Tuttle establishment. From the sign of the Lion on the roof the Lion hardware was so called. U. H. Gurney, George Eberly and Forest Rice are largely interested in his firm.

Tuttle, under the firm of Elder & Tuttle, established the hardware store now called the Vulcan on East Main Street. About the same time the Springfield Hardware Store was established in its present quarters in the Zimmerman Building. Henry Wiseman is the moving spirit recentlj'. Charles H. Bigler is connected with this firm.

John Hugel and E. S. Heiserman conduct a hardware store on East Main Street, opposite the Bushnell Building. Mr. Hugel was for a long time clerk in the Hamilton store. AV. F. Tuttle & Co. have a store on Fountain Avenue, opposite the King Building.

John D. Smith came to Springfield as early as 1837; he left, but returned about 1844 and opened a book binding and book establishment in Trappers corner, and continued there for some sixteen years. In 1879 J. D. Smith Co. was formed. He afterwards conducted the same with his son-in-law, E. T. Thomas, in a building where the Bushnell Building is now located. Upon his death the plant was purchased by the Springfield Bindery.

The Barretts began a blank book and book binding establishment in this city, their business being founded about 1860 by the senior, E. L. Barrett. It is now divided among his sons, one l)ranch jjublishing blanks for township officers and the other those for the Prol^ate Court and the Court of Common Pleas. C. H. Pierce came to this city in 1857 and first opened a news stand in the post office, which was located in the old building on the Gotwald corner, and afterwards succeeded to the newspaper business of J. D Nichols. Mr.

Pierce commenced in a small way, handling the Cincinnati newspapers, delivering them for a time from house to house, and finally established the present business, which is conducted by his son Roscoe and others in the Odd Fellows' Building. During the seventies Rev. J. W. Gunn conducted a book store in the room immediately west of the alley across from the Bushnell Building, now occupied by S. T. Font's candy store. The following gives the number of leading establishments of our city:

"One morn I miss'd him on the 'custom'd hill. Along the heath, and near his favorite tree ; Another came - nor yet beside the rill. Nor up the lawn, nor at the wood was he.

"The next, with dirges due, in sad array, Slow through the church-way path we saw him borne. Approach and read (for thou can'st read) the lay Graved on the stone beneath yon aged thorn.

"Here rests his head upon the lap of earth, A youth, to fortune and to fame unknown, Fair Science frown 'd not on his humble birth, And Melancholy mark'd him for her

"Large was his bounty, and his soul sincere: Heaven did a recompense as largely send : He gave to Misery all he had - a tear ; He gain'd from lieaven ('twas all he wish'd) a friend.

When James Demint made his plat in the city of Springtield Septepiber 5, 1803, three lots were reserved as a burial ground. This is what now constitutes the old burial groimd or graveyard located west of Center Street on Colmnbia. Until the year 1844 this was used as a public burial ground for the city. In earlier times it was common for persons throughout the country district to have small burial lots located on their own farms, which they used as a burial ground for the family, and consequently not so many were buried then in the city burial ground as is now the case. This old plot of ground has been abandoned for the use of burial purposes for a number of years. Frequently it has been proposed that the dead should be taken up and re-interred in Ferncliff, or some other .suitable place, but to this there have always been some objections, resulting probably more from the disinclination to disturb the tinal resting place of those old settlers than from any other reason.

In 1842 or '43 the City Council made arrangements to purchase a tract of land which was then far outside of the city limits beyond the raUroad along the National Pike. This property was transferred to the city in 1845 by Cyrus Armstrong. For many years Greenmount Cemetery was the popular place of burial for the citizens of Springfield and the immediate locality. A dwelling house for the use of the sexton was built in 1868. The space allotted for burial purposes in this cemetery has been practically all taken, and it is scarcely ever now used for burial purposes. Louis Kindle was superintendent from 1862 until his death in the '90s, Lewis E. Staley being the present superintendent.

The rapid growth of the city soon made it evident that the space occupied by Greenmount Cemetery would not long avail for the burial of the dead of our city and community, so on June 13, 1863, the matter was brought up before the City Council by Mr. William Warder. A committee was afterwards appointed from the various "n'ards to take the matter under consideration, and on August 3d these committees made re]3orts and a plan of organization was adopted. The amount of stock was limited to $10,000 in shares of $300 each. A special act of incorporation was passed in the Legislature in 1848 and a constitution and by-laws were afterwards adopted. The subscriptions were in the nature of a loan and were to be paid back with interest out of a sale of lots. The original officers were Dr. Robert Rodgers, S. A. Bowman and D. Shaffer, trustees for three years; G. S. Foos and Chandler Robbins for two years and "William Warder and John Ludlow, trustees for one year.

In 1863 seventy acres of ground were purchased for $7,000 from the heirs of Henry Bechtel. The grounds were dedicated in 1864. Hon. Sampson Mason presided and the grounds were dedicated by the Rev. Samuel Sprecher. Travellers who have had ample opportunity to pass upon such matters have said that the entrance to this beautiful city of the dead along the north banks of Buck Creek, beneath the overhanging rocks, was surpassed by no other piece of natural scenery tlie world over. Not only in this entrance, but the general contour and elevation of the land is such as to adapt it most beautifully to the purpose to which it is consecrated, and our citizens may be justly proud of the place they have prepared for the final repose of those who are no longer makers of our city's history. A number of very fine monuments have been placed in various parts of the grounds. The mausoleums of John W. Bookwalter, Governor Bushnell, P. P. Mast and W. H. Blee are works of art

A massive granite shaft indicates the solid character of the late John H. Thomas, and a huge block of granite well attests the last resting place of the city's benefactors, J. and D. L. Snyder.

It would be impossible to enumerate the many other appropriate and beautiful monuments that adorn the last resting place of the many persons who have been buried in various places throughout these grounds.

Near the center a little mound' is set apart for the burial of Clark County's soldiers, of whom 208 lie buried there at this time. The association now owns about 170 acres of ground, not more than fifty acres of which is used at this time for burial purposes. The number of burials that have been made in these grounds up to November 8, 1907, was 11,- 796. The annual expenditure is somewhere in the neighborhood of $10,000. It is kept up from sales of lots and interest on an endowment fund of $45,000.

Many of our citizens have from time to time sensed upon the Board of Trustees. A little lake at the foot of the hill is the donation of 0. S. Kelly, formerly mayor, and a prominent manufacturer of this city. Gustavus Foos took very great interest in making the contour of the eastern slope, but perhaps it is not too much to say that to no person is so much due for the general manner in which these grounds are beautified as to the late John Dick, who was superintendent of this cemetery from 1863 until his death some three or four years ago. Mr. Dick was born in Scotland from a family of professional landscape gardeners. His father removed to Cincinnati in 1867 and was there employed in that business. Mr. Dick studied in the Koyal Botanical Gardens of Edinburg, the best in that country, and came to the United States in 1854 and was employed for a time on Long Island, laying out parks, subsequently coming to Springfield on the recommendation of Adolph Strauch, who was superintendent of Spring Grove, Cincinnati. The entire grounds are a monument to his industry and ability in making still more beautiful the admirable work of Nature.

At this time from fifteen to twenty persons are kept constantly employed in taking care of the grounds. In 1887, or thereabout, the beautiful stone residence of the superintendent was erected near the Plum Street entrance. It is now in contemplation to erect a chapel for general purposes south of the Plum Street entrance and likewise to erect a large general utility house near the McCreight Avenue entrance.

In 1853 Rev. Morris Howai-d bought three acres of land in the southeast quarter of Section 17, Springfield Township, lying on the north side of the National Road, two miles east of this city, and established a burial place for the members of the Catholic Church, intending to have it consecrated, but this was never done.

In 1864 leather Thisse purchased six acres, which was then just outside of the corporate limits on Lagonda Avenue. These grounds were consecrated by him and until other Catholic Cemeteries were established it was used as the sole place of burial by the Catholic Churches of our city. It is now entirely within the city limits, and not much space remains to be used for burial purposes.

In 1878 St. Bernard's congregation, through their then pastor. Father Schuchardt, purchased ten acres west of the Urbana Pike and now opposite to the grounds of the Country Club. These grounds were consecrated by Most Reverend J. B. Pursell and are used for burial purposes by the St. Bernard's congregation.

The space set aside for burial purposes in the Lagonda Avenue Cemetery having become very much depleated, additional grounds were purchased for cemetery purposes in Section 14 of Springfield Township, located about two and a half miles southeast of the city and the short distance of what is Imown as Locust

Grove. These twenty acres have been set aside for this purpose and the. greater majority of Catholics belonging to the St. Raphael's and St. Joseph congregations use this place for burial purposes. It has been given the name of Calvary. The ground was dedicated November 1, 1889, and the first person buried was Patrick Welch, in that year.

The Press

There seems to be some discrepancy as to when tlie first newspaper was printed in Springfield. Oscar T. jVIartin, in Beers' History, makes the date 1820, and Mr. C. M. Nichols, in his address before the Springfield Centennial, makes it 1817 - two sources of information to which we are indebted for much of the information contained in this article. Whether or not the first paper was established in 1817 or 1820 is not very material, but we know that at the later date one George Smith ])ublished a paper called The Farmer. This paper was printed upon a small sheet a little larger than a foolscap sheet. It advocated the principles of Madison's administration.

Smith's office was in a small log house situated on the southeast corner of the lot on which the First Presbyterian Church now stands. In the year 1820 a religious paper was started under Rev. Saul Henkle, called the Gospel Trumpet. It was soon removed to Dayton.

About 1821 the Fanner became the property of Henry Rogers and its name changed to The Farmers' Advocate. Henry Rogers disposed of the paper to his brother, Benjamin H. Rogers, who continued it under the name of the Western Pioneer. Benjamin H. Rogers died in 1884 and the paper was published for some time by his brother, Simeon Rogers. In 1825 George W. Jewett was the publisher. He moved the office to a new building on the Court House Square. In 1828 Benjamin and Moses M. Henkle became the owners of the Western Pioneer and in 1829 Colonel William A. Camron appears to have been the owner. In 1831 the press and materials were owned by Jeremiah Warder, and Edward H. Cummings became the editor.

In 1833 a paper was started called Farmers' Chronicle. This was absorbed in a short time by the Pioneer and for a time the paper was issued under the name of the Pioneer and Chronicle. In 1836 it resumed its old name of Pioneer. In the same year a paper called Calumet and Warclnb, advocating the election of General Harrison, was published by J. D. Nichols. It did not continue longer than the campaign. It was renewed in 1840 and again advocated the election of General Harrison.

In August, 1849, the name of the Pioneer was changed to that of the Republic and the office was removed to Main Street, where in 1840 a disastrous fire occurred. In 1848 it began the issue of its tri -weekly number. In 1853 the Republic became the property of Wick, Frey & Mayn, with their office in King's Row, Limestone Street; George H. Frey, still living, was its editor.

Histoey-Of Clark County

In 1861 the Reimhlic was sold to W. F. Coggswell. In this same year the Springfield Daily Evening Telegraph was published by Henry C. Croft. The Telegram was subsequently sold to E. R. Gard and by liim to Mr. Kost, and the latter disposed of it to Messrs. Hastings and Mcliols; they consolidated it with the Daily News. In 1864 Hastings & Nichols became the owner of the Republic and consolidated with this paper the Mad River News.

In 1867 the WeeJcly Advertiser was started, of which paper Mr. Oscar T. Martin was for a time the editor. In 1872 it became the property of the owners of the Reptiblic and was consolidated with that paper.

In 1879 the Spr%ngfi.eld Daily Times was published, but did not long survive. Along in the eighties a paper was published called the Champion City Times. About this time the Globe was started, publshed by the Winter Brothers and edited by a Mr. Perkins, a very brilliant man, who years afterwards, when he had left the city, committed suicide. This paper consolidated with the Times and in 1883 or '84 the Globe and Republic be came consolidated, with Governor Bushnell as the principal owner, and was then called the Globe Republic. It was afterwards sold to Cotes Kinney, Mr. Nichols and others.

Along in the nineties the Press Republic became the pro]5erty of Mr. Arthur D. Hosterman. Mr. Hosterman had previously become the owner of the Champion City Times, and the paper was then called the Times Republic. Later it was sold to Ed. S. Kelly and was issued under the name of the Press Republic.

Mr. Kelly continued the publication of the paper until 1905, when it was sold to its present pro]:)rietor and became consolidated with the Democratic paper and was continued as a morning paper under the name of the News. This practically ended the career of this paper, as up to this time it had been Republican in politics, while now it is Democratic. It may be interesting now to go back to the Democratic branch of this consolidation.

For a long time the Republic was printed in the building which had formerly been called the Willis House, or the National Hotel, and was located on Main Street, on the ground now occupied by the eastern part of the Bnshnell Building, and it continued there until it became the property of Mr. Hosterman. It was then moved to and occupied a part of the old church, removed on the building of the Kelly Building, on the east side of South Limestone Street, not far north of the railroad.

In 1839 there was issued the Mad River Democrat. It did not live a very great length of time. In 1846 the Union Democrat came into existence, edited by John M. West. In the following December its name was changed to the Clark County Democrat.

of William Mossgrove and E. G. Dial, who removed the same to Urbana, where the name was changed to Expositor of the Fourth Congressional District.

In 1852 the paper returned to Springfield and became the property of William Boggs, and afterwards, after going through various hands, became the property of Ellfritz & Balentine, who changed the name to the Transcript, Mr. E. C. Balentine, now of Washington, D. C, being the editor. This paper afterwards became, through various changes, the property of Mr. T. D. Wallace, largely, who published the Springfield Daily Democrat, with Mr. Harry E. Eice as editor. In 1905 this paper became the property of the owners of the present Daily News, who had previously bought the Press Republic.

The owners of the Democrat had previous to this time become the owners of the Sunday News, which was started in Spring-field in 1879, and was edited by D. T. West. Mr. West was a very able man and his scathing denunciations were excelled by none. Thus it will be seen that the Daily News becomes the successor of a long line of former newspapers in this district in both the Eepublican and Democratic ranks.

It is owued and controlled largely by Mr. Cox, a resident of Dayton, the editor at present being George E. Hippard. It is a large paper issued principally as an evening edition, the present proprietors having changed it from a morning to an evening paper.

In 1873 T. E. Harwood commenced the publication on a small scale of the Commercial Gazette, which was afterwards changed to the Gazette and when the old Press Republic ceased to be a Eepublican paper the name was again changed to the Republican Gazette. Mr. Harwood continued to be the proprietor of this paper from its commencement in 1873 until his death in 1905. During this time Eobert Nelson, now of Los Angeles, California, was for a while editor, and latterly Charles E. Folger occupied that position; Mr. Folger being at present the oldest active newspaper man of the city. This paper was for a long time conducted as an independent, but about 1890 changed its policy and became largely Eepublican in its tendency, although still retaining in some measure its independent character. After the death of Mr. Harwood it was continued by his sons for a short while and then became the property of Thomas J. Kirkpatriek, who is the present projirietor. Mr. Kirkpatriek had previous experience in journalism, having been one of the founders and for a long time actively interested in conducting the Farm and Fireside; later he became owner of one of the Akron papers.

The Gazette had very few changes in its location. It was issued for twentyfive years or more from the Kizer Building, located immediately west of the alley on the south side of Main Street between Limestone and Fountain Avenue. Mr. Harwood afterwards purchased the building located on the northeast corner of Spring and Main and there continued the operation of the paper until his death,

Mr. Kirkpa trick assumes the general management and controlling editorship of this paper. Since he has had control he has infused new life into it and it is now a leading paper of the town and county.

The Morning Sun came into existence in 1894 and was caused chiefly by some disagreement among the then owners of the papers in the city and a number of leading printers. These printers organized themselves together and formed a stock company and began the issuance of this paper. It has continued under practically the same management up to the present time. For a long time Enos Conrad was the president and manager. It is independent in politics, although somewhat inclined to favor Democratic policies.

It is located immediately south of the west County Building. It was first located on Main Street, East of Spring, afterward occupying the rooms immediately south of where it now is, it having moved into its present location in December, 1906. It is a live and vigorous morning paper and for that reason commands a large country subscription, as the paper can be carried in the morning deliveries of the rural route. Fred S. Wallace is the present managing editor, Walter L. Harrison being general manager.

In 1877 P. P. Mast & Co. issued a small agricultural paper which they called the Farm and Fireside. It was issued originally, largely for the purpose of advertising the productions of P. P. Mast & Co. In 1879 the paper changed its ownership, although P. P. Mast continued to have a controlling interest: he and J. S. Crowell and T. J. Kirkpatrick became the owners. This firm continued the ownership of this paper until Mr. Mast's death, when Crowell and Kirkpatrick became the proprietors.

Afterwards Mr. Crowell, having purchased Mr. Kirkpatrick 's interest, became the sole proprietor and conducted the business under the name of the "Crowell Publishing Company." He continued as sole proprietor and manager until 1906, when the present proprietors, pineipally New York people, became the owners. It has grown to one of the largest agricultural papers of the country, having a circulation close on to 500,000. It is issued twice a month and occupies one of the most complete printing establishments in the country, located on the northwest corner of High and Factory Streets.

In 1885 Messrs Crowell and Kirkpatrick started the publication of the illustrated monthly periodical known as the Woman's Home Companion. This became a strong rival to the Ladies' Home Journal and has now a circulation of near 250,000.

In 1890 publication of the Farm Neivs began here under the proprietorship of J. N. Garver. It was afterwards sold to the Simmons Publishing Company, who now issue the same from their office located on rhe southwest corner of Washington and Mechanic Streets. It has a circulation of

In 1895 Arthur D. Hosterman became the principal proprietor of the Poultry Success. It is a journal particularly devoted to the raising of poultry and has a circulation of about 35,000. This is one of the leading poultry journals in the county.

On September 11, 1874, Louis Weixelbaum and Jacob Schoenthal established the Springfield JoH/w-fli, a paper loublished in German. They continued to occupy the sole field until 3890 when Louis Jorth established the Adler.

In 1891, Schoenthal having died, Weixelbaum became the sole proprietor of the Journal and on August 1, 1895, he purchased the Adler and its subscription list and changed the name of the paper to the Journal Adler.

The office of the Journal, until after the death of Mr. Schoenthal, was in Black's Opera House Building. Thereafter, having become connected with the bindery business, it was moved down to its present location in the Bowman Building on W. Main Street. It is a paper fairly well patronized by our German inhabitants and it is edited by a man of ability.

this city. In 1841 a religious journal called the Presbyterian of the West was published here edited by Kev. J. Dunlap and Rev. W. D. Smith. This publication was afterwards moved to Cincinnati.

The Gospel Herald was published in New Carlisle in this county in 1843. In 1847 a little pamphlet was published here called the Moss-Covered Bucket, and in 1858 the American R.uralist was published and existed for two years. In 1846 the Western Recorder was issued from the press in this town. The name was afterwards changed, in 1855, to the Western Methodist Protestant and in 1866 to the Methodist Recorder. This paper was afterwards moved to Cincinnati. During the Woman's Crusade, D. C. Ballentine and others edited a paper for a short time called the Daily Leader. The Cliampion Reaper and j\Iower Company in 1870 published a paper called the Illustrated Champion for gratuitous distribution, and about the same time Rinehart, Ballard & Co. published the Illustrated Springfield Thresher to advertise the threshing machine. Somewhat along the same line was Leffel's Mechanical News, which was first issued in 1871. It became quite a noted paper in its line and in 1886 was moved to New York.

R. S. Thompson published the Live Patron and the New Era for a number of years, having quite an extensive circulation, especially among the grangers. For a long time it was the official organ of the Ohio State Grange.

It suspended a few years ago. On several occasions there have been Lutheran pul)lications issued from the various i>rinting offices of this town.

Two of the persons having much to do with newspaper work in Springfield in former years are still living, namely, George H. Frey, Sr., and George W. Hastings. Mr. Frey has had a long and active career; for a nimiber of years he was County Commissioner and was a member of the first board of Water Works Trustees besides having filled other places of trust. George W. Hastings, by reason of failure of his eyesight, has not been actively identified with business affairs for a number of years past ; otherwise, however, enjoying good health at a ripe old age.

Clifton M. Nichols deserves more than a passing notice when speaking of newspapers of Springfield, Ohio. For more than thirty-five years he was in the editorial harness, all that time practically with the old Republic, and of him it can be said that his aim was always to make a news- ]iaper that was clean and truthful, earnestly upholding the principles of the party to which he belonged - the Republican. After he left his editorial work he became secretary of the Board of Trade and continued in that position until his death in 1903.

Mention should likewise be made of Charles E. Folger, who as reporter and editor was an active newspaper man of this town for thirty years or more. Mr. Folger was for a time on the Gazette then on the Press RepiMic and then again on the Gazette, having retired from that paper upon Mr. Kirkpatrick, a gentleman of much originality^ energy and ability, becoming the owner.

Republic for some six or seven years previous to his becoming postmaster in 1898. One of the brightest newspaper men this city ever had was Mr. George W. Perkins who edited the Globe while it was owned by the Winters Company. He afterwards went back to his native state, Kentucky.

In the writing of spicy editorials and the trenchant use of the English language he was perhaps without superior. Major W. H. Dugdale for a time was editor of the Democrat. He left the city in 1881.

Coates Kinney, the famous author of "Rain on the Roof," and other poems, for a time was largely interested in editorial work on the old Republic.

Robert T. Nelson, who afterwards became prominently identified in newspaper work in Los Angeles, California, was the first editor of the Gazette.

Captain D. C. Ballentine, now in Washington, D. C, for a long time was editor of the Transcript and the Democrat. Captain Ballentine was a writer of force.

R. S. Thompson wielded the editorial pen with ability in his paper the Neic Era. He is still living in the city engaged now in other business.