Springfield Township (part 9 of 69)

The advance that has been made in operative surgery by reason of Lister's Great Discovery has rendered possible and eminently successful that which, in the day of Dr. Dunlap, was most hazardous and hardly considered justifiable. His name should be honored for his courage.

One other name I must not fail to do honor to - that of 13 r. £. M. Buckingham, who, for more than thirty years held a most prominent position in our city as a physician and gentleman. All who knew him deplored his death. Dr. Buckingham was a son of Milton and Belinda Cooley Buckingham. He was born in Athens County, Ohio, m 1824. Graduated from Kenyon College in 1845 ; T^Q3.d medicine in this city with Dr. Robert Rodgers, and began the practice of medicine here in 1849, during the cholera epidemic of that year. In 1849 ^"d 1850 he attended lectures at Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, where he graduated. His whole professional life was spent here.

Dr. Buckingham was of the finest type as physician and Christian gentleman, and his death was sorely felt by those to whom he was endeared by long years of association both in and out of the profession.

Andrew C. McLaughlin should not be forgotten. JJorn. I believe, in Clark County. An old doctor of the William McClure type. The soul of honor, richly endowed by nature, with limited opportunity to obtain an education, yet he became a power in his day and generation. So pure was his diction, and because of his ponderous weight, among his intimate professional brethren he was known as ''Webster Unabridged." A gentleman beloved and appreciated by those who knew him.

There were many, I doubt not, among those who, in the longago, practiced medicine in our community, whose names should be mentioned with honor. But of them I find no record. They are remembered by few living.

Well am I aware of the imperfections of this sketch of the medical profession of our county, yet with the material at hand and the time that could be devoted to this history of the men of the past, no better could be done.

It had been my purpose to end my paper at this point, but the suggestion of General Keifer, our chairman for the day, leads me to add a few words upon the changes that have taken place in the profession of medicine since the days of long ago. It would be, I fear, tedious to my audience to mention the advance in knowledge made during the last hundred years. Let it suffice to call your attention to some of the progress that has been made in the latter half of that period :

In 1850 we had practically no instruments of precision. The microscope, with its wonderful disclosures, was incomplete and possessed by few. Ausculation and percussion were just beg-inning to be appreciated.

The theor}' and practice of ascepis had not yet entered the mind of man. Bacteriology was only known to be sneered at, and although we talked learnedly about infectious diseases and of a contagium riviim, our words but covered our ignorance. The cause of not one contagious disease w^as known, perhaps not suspected. Pathology as now understood was not taught. Disease was largely considered an entity, and its treatment wholly empirical. Abdominal surgery was still in the womb of time. Ovariotomy was believed by many of the wisest in the profession to be only a little less criminal than nuirder. The terrors of an inflamed appendix were not recognized or known as a potent factor in the death rate. Sanitary science was practically unknown, and plagues and pestilence were deemed visitations of the wrath of an ofifended Deity, to be combatted by prayer and fasting.

priceless boon of anesthetics was just fairly becoming of general use. The X-ray was undreamed of. Crude ideas and cruder medicines were all we possessed, and I can remember but two alkaloids in- use, quinine and morphine.

Did I not fear to weary you, many - very many - more items of progress might be mentioned. No longer are we under the domain of any man or school. No man's dictum is taken, unless the evidence is at hand with which to prove the truth of his assertions, and facts are considered of far more importance than theory. To quote the ideas of Dr. Charles Reid, late President of the American Medical Association, a new school of medicine is soon to be born. Not Allopathy, nor Homeopathy, nor Eclecticism, nor Osteopathy, nor Christian Science, nor any other pathy or ism, but a school founded on the researches of the laboratory and dissecting room, on the discoveries made by the microscopist and chemist - the prevention, not tne attempted cure of disease ; a school that shall secure to every man pure air, pure soil, and pure water. When that day comes, the doctors will vanish from the face of the earth, and the millennium will begin.

In the afternoon the pioneers held their meeting. Mr. W. M. Harris, Secretary of the Clark County Historical Society, presided and read the following paper :

This has been advertised as Pioneer Day, but as there is a difference of opinion about there being any pioneers living, yet, since some of us are early settlers and some of us are native born here, we will just call ourselves pioneers. If there is any honor in the name, we will appropriate it to ourselves and let the fellow that is dead kick about it if he wants to. We, the old people that are living, are the connecting link between the old pioneers and the younger gel^erations that come after us. We are here today to tell what we know about early days.

The pioneer left us very little written history. What we get is mostly what has been handed down by word of mouth from one generation to another, something like in Bible times, when they had no books. There has been more real history of Clark County gathered together and written in the last three or lOur years than for fifty years before that time. You ask, is that so, and why is it so? This has been brought about by the organization of the Clark County Historical Society, which was organized in the fall of 1897. I quote here a few lines from the circular written by Professor B. F. Prince, President of the Society :

At that time it (Clark County Historical Society) declared its purpose to be "the collection and preservation of information relating to the history of Clark County and the State of Oliio. and the securing of relics illustrating life among the pioneers, securing collections of art and articles of historical value, with such books, papers and documents as may relate thereto. It included, also, such history and mementoes of the Civil War as might Ijc found in possession of the old soldiers now residing in our midst, and which, if gathered together, would not only be objects of interest, but would become a valuable source of education in patriotism to the generations that are to follow."

The society has kept its purpose steadily in view, and now, if you should visit the rooms, 34 Bushnell Building, you will say : "Wonderful! How did you collect so much in so short a time?" I will not stop to give the names of the many citizens who have assisted in making this historical collection, and now, before I go any further, allow me to urge all to become members and help the good work along. One thing more before I go further : this country owes much to the old soldier of the Civil \\'ar, and this is another feather in his cap. It was the Grand Army of the Republic that called the first meeting for the purpose of organizing the Historical Society.

I was born in this city in 1832, and my earliest recollection is that my father, William M. Harris, was running a sawmill about four miles south of Springfield, on Mill Creek, about a half-mile west of where Emory Church now stands. The family lived in a log house that stood on the hill about half-way between the church and sawmill. My recollection about that old mill is that its style was most primitive, the machinery was very crudely made, the saw frame had direct connection by pitman to the flutter wheel ; the motion was so slow that the sawyer could eat his dinner while the saw would cut through a sixteen-foot log ; after a cut had been made, the log had to be worked back by foot power, the sawyer walking on the large ratchet wheel with wooden pins to step on. That mill was torn down and a new one built in its place with a large over-shot wheel, which in turn rotted down and disappeared many years ago ; even the stream that furnished the power is almost dried up. The land for several miles up the stream was boggy and spring}-, and used to furnish water the year round, but it has been ditched and dried up until now there is hardly enough water to run a grindstone.

In January, 1839, my father died. I went to live with my grandfather, Adam Mayne, who came to this county from Georgetown, D. C, in 1825, and during the thirties kept a tavern on the old stage road running from Cincinnati to Springfield. This tavern, called "Travelers' Rest," by A. Mayne, four and one-half miles from Springfield, was run until the pike was built from Cincinnati via Dayton to Springfield, when the stage coaches and travel mostly left the mud road. Did I say "mud road?"' Well, that word hardly fills the bill, for much of the year it was more like a river of mud without any bottom, even after the corduroy roads were built. They were too narrow for two teams to pass in opposite directions, and woe to the team or teamster that had to turn out into the ditch. It was never done without a great, big kick, and sometimes blows ; and when the stage coach with the United States mail came along, the other fellow had to give the road. When the stage driver would meet any other team, he would call out : "United States mail ! Turn out !" And turn out he (lid. without a second invitation, for any person delaying the United States mail was liahle to arrest. Neil & Vorhees was the name of the old stage line, and they had their troubles with these new mud roads, for they drove all night, no matter how dark or how hard it stormed. I saw one stage lying on its side near Mill Creek, another astride a stump with the tongue broken, near where Ik'attytown now is.

This tavern I spoke of was not only for people who had their own conveyance, but the passengers on the stage coach often took their meals there, and the stage company kept a few extra horses in the barn. There was scarcely a day that some of the horses were not disabled. Xo doubt some of the young people wonder how the women did the work those days, and how thev did the cooking without stoves. Well, they did it. and did it well. The bread and pies were mostly baked in a large brick oven out of doors. I have often gone out to hunt for soaie old. dry and !)roken fence rails to make bake-oven wood. Then the old kitchen fireplace would take in four-foot wood, and the large crane would hold quite a number of kettles at once. They had the large tin reflector, the large waffle irons, with handles nearly four feet long, and, last but not least, the Dutch oven. But the people had to be careful and not let the fire go out, for that was before the day of matches. I recollect when the neighbors came to our house to borrow fire. T don't think they ever returned it.

There was a boy, a near neighbor of ours, and about my age, and he and I were nearly always together. This boy was afterward Major Philip Kershner. of the Sixteenth Ohio Regiment. The militia used to muster on Jacob Kershner's (Philip's father's) farm. That was what they called little muster. \\'illiam Kershner was the caj^ain. He was afterw^ard brigadier general of the Clark County militia. ( )nce a year all the militia in the county had to turn out ; that was called the general, or big. muster. My uncle. Benjamin F. ^layne. was an officer on the staft' of the brigadier general. At the little mu>^ter the people ate dinner in Kershner's barn. Some of the men took so much of something to keep them cool that thev got hot for a fight, and the\- had the fight in the barn.

the men reap. There were alxiut twenty-five men cutting' grain with sickles. Phihp took me to the shady side of a shock of wheat. He put his hand hetvveen the sheaves and took something out. T said: ."What is that?" He said: "That is whisky." I said: "What is it for?" "To drink," said he. "What do they drink it for?" I asked. He said: "To keep the men cool; they could not harvest without whisky to keep them cool." I thought that was all right. He and I hoth tasted it. 1 thought it was real good, but that is not all the story. That winter my father died, and as I said. I went to live with my mother's people. Early in the spring my uncle, Benjamin Mayne, was sowing oats broadcast, and the neighbor's chickens would pick them up before they could be harrowed under, so my uncle came to the house for me to keep the chickens out : but in a few hours the sun got very hot and I started home. M}- uncle saw me going, and called : "Hey, there ! Where are you going?" T said : "Going home." He said : "\\'hat are you going home for?" "Oh, it's too hot out here." Uncle laughed and said: "What will vou do when harvest comes?" "Oh," I said, "we will have whisky then." ]\Iv uncle, while he lived, took great pleasure in telling that story.

I recollect when the farmers went to wash their sheep in the river, thev took something to keep themselves from getting cold, and I could never tell the difference between what they drank to keep themselves cool when it was hot, and what they drank to keep themselves warm when it was cold. It looked alike and tasted alike, but I very soon learned that neither of them was good for the purpose it was used.

This road bv the tavern was a great thoroughfare for tlriving fat hogs to market from the northern part of the State to Cincinnati. It made a good home market for corn, for the farmers that lived on the road. Our people sold nearly all their corn to tlie drovers. Not only hogs, but some of the early settlers tell of large droves of turkeys that were driven through to Cincinnati.

I think I could give the names from memory of nearly all the people who lived on or near the road froiu S])ringfieUl to Yellow Springs - that is, from 1836 to 1850; but will only mention a few of them in addition to those alreadv sooken of. In the first farm house south of town lived William Huntington; aliout three miles out lived an old Revolutionary soldier, who was known by everybody as Grand-daddy Lane. About three and one-half miles out was I\lr. Reif. He was an all-'round mechanic ; he made nearly all the strain cradles used in that i)art of the country ; that is, after grain cradles came into fashion. I have already spoken of Jacob Kershncr. He was a soldier of the War of 1812. In early days he ran a blacksmith shop, just a short distance north of where Emory Church now stands. That was in the days when only charcoal was used : no other kind could be had in this ])art of the countrv. In the thirties a log schoolhouse stood in almost the same place where Emory Church now stands. It was in the midst of a thick wood ; it had two doors, one on each side ; a laro^e fireplace at each end. and a puncheon floor. Reuben ^filler, formerly of this city, taught school there, also Immanuel Mayne, the oldest son of Adam Mayne, taught school there. Near by, a little southeast, stood a log house in which lived "Granny" Layman, the widow of a Revolutionary soldier. Six miles out there was another taveni and stage house, kept by Moses Mills, the father of Jacob Mills, of this city.

Of one thing more I wish to speak ; that is, how the people went to mill, market, and meeting. To church, if not too far away, thev walked : if it was three to five miles, they went on horseback, sometimes the wife sitting on the horse behind the husband, carrving the baby in her arms. Later on the farmer would take his whole family to church in the farm wagon. To market, they went mostly on horseback, carrying the basket of butter and eggs on the ami. Later they used the farm wagon for that, too.

Many times I went to the mill with corn in a bag, half in each end of the sack - that is, if it hai)i)ened to be divided just right, but sometimes there would be about five pecks in one end of the sack and three pecks in the other ; then the bag would sli]) off, and I would have to ride a long way to get some one to lift it on again.

]\Iy grandfather owned and used the only light vehicle in our neighborhood for many years. It was called a carryall. It had wooden springs, not leather thoroughbraces like the stage coach or the large family carriages used in the city in those days. My uncle. Gideon Mayne, had the first buggy with steel springs in our neighborhood. That was about the year of 1844. It had a s(|uare

Otliers who spoke were O. S. Kelly, J. C. Williams, of Xew Carlisle ; Perry Stewart, Mrs. George H. Frankenberg, H. W. Hufifman and John H. Blose, of Tremont, wdio devoted his time to giving reminiscences of German Township. Airs. Frankenberg spoke as follows :

T did not know Springfield one hundred years ago ; Imt it was a village only twenty-four years old when I was born here seventyseven years ago. Mv parents came here in 1812. My father bought land which lay between the Burnett farm and Alain street, and bounded on the east by Burnett lane, on the west by the Brain land. With his Yankee thrift he turned this wild land into one of the most beautiful farms in this county. He soon became able to build a nice house on the farm, and good barns. The house is still standing, owned and occupied by Miss Houston. In this same house I was born seventy-seven years ago. There 1 was reared and there married fifty-six years ago, never having any other home until my wedding day. Our large barn stood just where Oakland Chapel now stands, on East High street. Some years later my father owned the land now Greenmount Cemetery ; also the lot west, now belonging to Mr. Crowell. After my father's

I do not remember that the streets were named in those early days, for Hig-h street was known as the Chillicothe road and before the turnpike (National road) was made, the old Columbus road turned into this High street some place about Burnett's' lane, but ^Nlain street was oftener spoken of as "the Columbus road." Columbia street was called "the lower road," Limestone "the Crbana road." Travel was then on horseback, in wagons, and the old stage coaches were among the finest things - in our opinion. And how these red and yellow painted coaches did get their beauty marred by dragging through the mud roads ! I can remember seeing the stage coaches stuck in the mud so deep that the passengers were obliged to get otit and. with rails, assist in prying the coach otit of the mttd. And this on what is now our fine East High street. Little did any one think then that they should live to see the electric cars running at almost lightning speed over this same road ; and yet. here we are - a few old pioneers - i)roud to tell the tale, and wondering what Springfield will l)e in another hundred years.

Our merchants often went on horseback to Philadelphia to' purchase their goods. ]Mr. Spinning, Mr. Cavileer and ^[r. ^^'allace were dry goods merchants here as far back as 1(826, and in the thirties they made trips on horseback to lay in their stock ; and these goods were brought here in large covered wagons, draw'n by six horses, with liells resting in a bow shape over the horses" necks. These were called "bell teams." .\bout the time new goods were expected we listened for the bells and said: "Xow I hope I can get a pretty new- dress." The country folks w^ould begin to count how' far their butter and eggs would go toward a new frock. There w^ere no grocery stores (every sort of merchandise was in each store), nor shoe stores, and the "milliner shop" was the jilace to have the old leghorn bonnets bleached and pressed over to looklike the new ones in the dry goods store - those new tuscan and gimp bonnets. Mrs. W^atson (mother of our Mrs. Teegarden) was our most famous millinfM\ and could make a l)eautiful silk calash - a kind of bonnet then in fashion. 1 wish some of these young f(^lks could see a calash. .V few of the girls here of my age remember the calash of seventy years ago. And I see here some of the girls and boys who were my schoolmates seventy years ago, and they, too, remember the little old frame schoolhouse on East High street a little east of Governor Bushnell's present residence. That was then in the country. How we trudged through the mud in our coarse shoes, or sometimes barefoot, if the shoemaker could not get our shoes finished. Say, old boys, don't you remember the love letters you used to write? These letters always ended :

As we advanced and were able to write letters in the most approved style, we began: "I take my pen in hand to inforni you that I am well, and trust these few lines will find you enjoying God's same blessing.'' These boys were the Stewarts, the Rices, Neil Baker, and the Huffmans, and Mr. William Barnett, who remember those days.

School books were not exchanged for new editions as often as now. You see, books cost more then. I was the youngest in my father's family of fourteen children, and I used the same old British Reader handed on down from my eldest brother. With what dramatic force we read :

Another schoolhouse oi which T must make mention was also an old frame, and stood where Mr. Charles Ludlow now resides, on the corner of East High and Foster streets. Here a girls' school was taught by Miss Strong, sister of Mrs. Judge Clark. All the building^s in that neiefhborhood were small. Mr. David

Springfield. Ohio. 1&3

Coinpton lived in a small house opposite the schoolhoase. Mrs. Coniptom raised a tomato vine for ornament in her front yard. We school g'irls used to stand by the fence and admire the small red tomatoes. iMually Mrs. Compton g-ave me one, with the injunction : "Don't eat it, for it is poison." These were the first tomatoes raised in Sprino^field. and Mrs. Compton called them "Jerusalem apples." The first postoffice I remember was in the Rodg'ers home, corner of Limestone and North streets. ]Mr. Mattox Fisher was postmaster. He built that house. I remember he always spelled my father's name "Allover" (Oliver) Armstroni;-. We knew nothing of envelopes then, and the letters were sealed with sealing wax and wafers. Matches had not been invented. It was no uncommon thing to go to a neighbor's to l)orrow a firebrand to kindle in case the back-log had burned out. Tallow candles were the only lights used in Springfield seventv-five or eighty years ago. The old graveyard on West Columbia street was our only park. We were Sabbath-keeping people then, and if Sunday walks were indulged in, it was considered most proper to walk to the graveyard. But we had little need of improved parks, for this beautiful Springfield was laid out in one of nature's loveliest parks - springs, rocks, cliffs, water-falls, wild flowers at almost everv turn.

Military Day

\\'e(lnes(la\-, .\ii_oust 7. was Military Day, and was especially noted for the fine parade, for the large number of people in attendance, and because of the presence of Hon. (jeorge K. Nash. Governor of the State and candidate for a second term ; of Colonel James Kilbourne, Democratic candidate for the same office, and Attorney-General Sheets. In addition to the carriages carrying the distinguished visitors, speaker of the day, members of the various committees and others, Mitchell Post, and John lirown Post, of the Grand Army of the Republic, the H. H. Stevens Company of Union Veterans' Union ; Colored Spanish War Veterans, Keifer Guards, Sons of Veterans, and five com])anies of the Ohio National Guard, with bands and drum corps, made up the procession, which was under the direction of Colonel David King, assisted by a large number of aides. General J. Warren Keifer was both chairman and speaker of the day. h^or more than an hour he held the undivided attention of the audience with his paper on "Campfires and Military Maneuvers." He then in turn introduced Governor Nash, Colonel Kilbourne, and Governor Asa S. liushnell, whose impromptu addresses were well received and the speakers given generous applaus^e.

On Wednesday afternoon a campfire was held, at which Dr. George H. Fullerton presided. Among those who spoke were Governor ?Nash.C(donel Kilbourne. William Moores, Captain Jolm Foster, Captain A. McConkey, ])r. H. H. Seys and E. T. Ridenour. The veterans lived over the war again, and as incident after iu'-ident was related the heart of each was moved with enthusiasm that l:)urned as in days long since passed. The time was all too short for all who wished to speak, and an adjourned meeting was held to give them the opportunity.

Military History

Of Springfield and Clark County, Ohio, Covering the Nineteenth Century. Read August 7, J 90 J, at the First Centennial of Springfield, Ohio,

(In this paper Clark County will be referred to as though it had an organized existence from the earliest times, although its territory was a part of Hamilton County prior to 1800; then of Greene until 180.t: then of Champaign until isIT, when it was organized. )

The duty of summarizing- tlic military liistory of Clark County has led me to study the annals of her |)eoi)le - a people springins^. orig-inallv. from all natinnalilies and ton^-nes, with varied raee characteristies. hut. who, in time, hecame so composite, in hlood and character, as to he ahle, if occasion required, to deny any national or race orio^in, or to hoast that the hlood of all nationalities run in the veins of its citizens.

[-The author of this paper was a soldier in the Civil and Spanish Wars. He enlisted as a private in AprO, istjl : became Major of the Third Ohio Infantry the same month; T.icutenant-ColOTiel of the same regiment February 12, 18t)2; Colonel 110th Ohio Infantry, September ao, 18<)2; Brevet Brigadier-( General of Volunteers (1864,) and Brevet Major-Creneral of Volunteers (18(5.5) by appointment of the President for gallantry and distinguished services in Ijattles and campaigns. He was, by the President, appointed (1H98) a Major-General of Volunteers, and held high command in Florida, Georgia and Cuba during the Spanish Wai-. )

How impressive is the history of her people They early came here with exalted hopes and hio;h ambition ; thev, within the limits of their aspirations, succeeded in the main, then passed to the great beyond, leaving to us a heritage of example and valor. Our blood-kindred and earliest friends were of these. What sad reflections might we summon ; but this is not the time nor the occasion. The privations, struggles and sutTerings of the early settlers were largely forgotten by their descendants, they being almost selfishly willing to enjoy the fruits of what they accomplished for education, civilization and Christianity, without awarding to them full credit.

But this is not a day for sad reminiscences and serious reflections, but for cheerfulness and hopefulness, for rejoicing - even for boasting.

The task assigned me is an insinring and a pleasant one, because of the splendid history Clark County has made in all the wars in which our country was engaged in the nineteenth century. Her people, willingly and loyally, resi^onded to all calls of danger and duty, and went forth to uj^hold constitutional lil)ert\' and the natural rights of man. Her sons fought and died on every important campaign and in every great battle in the last one hundred years in wliich our count r\' was engaged.

The blood of her sons has crimsoned the soil of, and their bones have bleached on, the great battlefields of the Republic. They have heroically borne on high the starry flag of Washington, the purest and proudest emblem of human liberty, both on land and sea ; only lately participating in carrying its protecting folds to the relief of endangered and im]:)risoned Christians in far-ofT imperial China's walled capital. Wherever glory in the cause of humanity has been won through deeds of valor and liy bloody sacrifice, Clark County's soldiers and sailors must justly be awarded a share, and so as to this nation's standing in first place among the greatest powers of the world.

This day marks the end of a century in the existence of our city, covering the most eventful epoch in the history of the world, having reference to the advancement of science and the fine arts, to material and moral progress, and wealth ; to the liberation of man and the elevation of woman, and the best growth of a ]iurer civil- izatiiHi. All these thiiii^s seem, in the providence of Ciod, to have required human sacrifice. As a purer atmosphere succeeds violent electrical storms, so purer liherty succeeds overthrown oppression. In the nineteenth century (substantially the period of Springfield's existence) the map of the world has often changed, and our new nation, inspired by liberty for man. has developed in usefulness and taken its place among the controlling powers of the earth. That which was protected by law and by public sentiment, sometimes claimed to be maintained by Divine sanction - the slave trade, since Springfield was settled, became piracy (1820) and the whole institution of slavery, u])held by Christian nations through the centuries, has passed away, in large part, throughout the civilized world. A war for humanity has been declared and successfullv terminated. A list of controlling events is too long for production here.

What part did the citizens of this city and Clark County have in determining these great questions? Small as Clark County is, in comparative area and numbers, it has had her soldiers and sailors ready to rush to battle and sacrifice wherever duty and country called in all our Republic's wars.

Springfield was bom amid savagery, and her earliest settlers were in constant danger of the tomahawk and scalping knife. The battle at Piqua Indian village, on Mad River (six miles west of Springfield, August 8, 1780) drove back the federated Indian tribes'for a few miles only, leaving them to roam over this cnmtrv for a third of a century lonp^er.

The early inhabitants of what is now Clark Count}- were, perforce, soldier's for the defense of their homes, and were subject to be called into temporary service at any time. The region round about here was, on account of its healthful ix^rennial springs, rich pastures, quantities of fish in the pure waters, wild fruits, berries and nuts, abundant deer, bear, turkeys and other wild game necessar\' to sustain man m a savage state, much coveted b>- the Indian tribes, and they fought for it with a desperation seldom witnessed in other parts.' It was the ancestral home of more than one fierce tribe. At the Piqua Shawnee Indian village, Tecumsch and the Prophet, sons of a Shawnee chief, were born. They became the most famous of the Indian war chiefs, and they waged war on the frontier settlers longer than others of the wild inbes.

Simon Kenton, a spy, guide, scout, hunter, and Indian fighter for forty-five years, resided for a time within the present hmits of Springfield.

Within these Hmits have l:)een held councils with Indians to settle real or pretended grievances, notably one attended by Tecumseh and other great Indian war chiefs in 1807.

There came to what is now Clark County, as to other parts of the West, some Revolutionary soldiers, bringing with them their patriotism and generally their poverty. Their love of liberty was, however, put in practice, and, by example, these veteran soldiers did much to l)uild up peaceful communities. William Baird (Harmony Township), Merrifield Vicory and Andrew Pinneo (Springfield Township). Abraham Rust ((ierman Township) and William Holmes ( Bethel Townshij) ) are of the soldiers of the Revolution who settled, lived and died in Clark- County, and who left descendants to honor their names l)y a life of usefulness. There were, dou])tless, others of the Revolutionary W'ar, Avhose names are unknown to me, who did likewise.

Some of those who were with General Anthonv Wayne (Mad Anthony) in his campaign to the Maumee and in the battle oi Fallen Timbers ( 1794) and at the Treaty of Greenville (1795). and who were in other Indian expeditions, settled and died in Clark County.

Tn territorial times, and long after the State of Ohio was ailmitted ( 1802 ) into the Union, it was a requirement of law that all able-bodied men within certain ages should muster, at least annually, under officers, generally of their own selection, thus to familiarize them with movements in organized bodies and with arms in their hands. These musters were gala-days, and were not always conducted, in the then wild state of society and freedom of habits, with that regard for yeace and propriety conducive to military discipline. As the militia were not generall}' armed. save with their own rifles, or, for want of them, with sticks and corn-stalks, the training in the manual and use of arms for war \\-as little. In time these militia musters fell into disrepute, became impopular, and were by common consent discontinued, tlien abolished l\v law. Some distinguished citizens had rank in the militia as lirigadier-general, notably Samson Mason and Charles Anthonw both of whom were distinguished lawyers of Springfield, and each left sons who have served in the United States Army in time of war.

Passing, for want of detailed information, too lightlv over the worthy pioneers, who almost constantly acted in the semicapacity of soldiers, being on guard with rifles in hand, whether in field, at church, or home, to guard against Indian massacres, we go to the history of wars on a large scale.

We must remark that the annals of our young Republic are surpassingly bloody. From Lexington to Appomatox ( 1775- 1865), almost one year out of five, not counting our constant Indian wars, was, on an average, a year of war.

War Of 1812-1815

The incomplete list of names of soldiers and sailors of Clark County of that war is still too long to be here given. Colonel John Dougherty. Major James Xeely, Captains John McPherson, Arthur Layton, Samuel Hlack, Philip Kizer and Samuel Stewart, and Lieutenants William Ward, Nathaniel Williams and William Lamme, of the cavalry and infantry, and Captain IJenjamin Hathaway, of the navy, from this county, were in that war : and among others who served from Clark County, principally on the then extreme Western frontier, fighting the English and their savage allies, may be mentioned ( Pleasant Township) Charles Botkin, Jonathan and William Curl, A. McConkey, William H. Hunter, Joseph Cofifey, Amos Xeer; ( Moorefield Township) Horatio Banes, William Hunt, James Foley, John Humphreys, Andrew Hodge, Simon Kenton, and Abraham Yeazell ; (Pike Township) .Andrew Black", James Black, Obediah Lippcncott, James Fuller, Thomas Stafiford ; (German Township) Benjamin Frantz, G. (iard, David Kizer (father of Thomas Kizer, long County Surveyor of Clark County), Jacob Kiblinger, David Jones, Benjamin Morris. John Ross, John Fence, John, Philip, and Samuel Paker : ( P.etliel Township) Flnatlian Cory. James and Jonathan Donnell, John Forgy, Jacob Fross. Wihiam Hustler, John Hay, Peter Sheets, WilHani Layton, Benjamin P. Gaines, Abraham Smith, George Lowman, David Lowry, W. G. Serviss, Michael Minnick, William Crawford, John Paul (supposed to be the first settler of this county), John Wallace, Sr.. Hugh Wallace, and Henry Williams ; ( Springfield Township) Louis r5ancroft, John Kelly (father of Oliver S. Kelly, a successful manufacturer, now an honored citizen of Springfield), Samuel Lisle, David Hughes, Joseph Keifer (father of J. Warren Keifer), William Minach, J. W. Ross (killed at the Battle of Thames), Andrew Pinneo (probably the same who served in the Revolution), and Nathan Reddish; (Harmony Township) John and Peter Baird, Hamilton Busby, William Foreman, John Judy, Edward Rice, Nathan Smith, William Osborn and Jacob Olinger, ( Madison Township ) Conrad Critz, Isaac Davidson, Philip Hedrick, Enoch Jones, John McCollum, and David Vance; (Greene Township) (jeorge and Samuel Albin, Jacob Garlough, Thomas Mills, John T. Stewart (father of Captain Perry Stewart, of the Civil War), O. S. Stewart, George Sroufe, James Todd, Joseph Weller, and Benjamin Whiteman ; (Mad River Township) Melyn Baker, Samuel Davis, Richard Hughel, Daniel Mead, Daniel Jenkins, and Rule Peterson.

We have named but few, for as many as five hundred are reported to have enlisted in the War of 1812 from Clark County, and many more who served honorably in that war, later settled in the county and were of its best citizens. Among whom were Archibald Mitchell (father of Captain James A. Mitchell, killed in the Civil War), the ancestor of distinguished soldiers of later wars; also Adam Rockel, Benjamin Wilson, Peter Sager, William Donovan (buried at Bethel Church), and Christian ( )verhaltzer.

Mexican War, 1846-1848

The enlistments from Clark County for the Mexican War - a war to acquire territory to devote to slavery - were but few. Andrew F., Biddle and Edward Boggs. George Cox, Isaiah Cheney, Daniel Harsh, and Adam Evans are of the number. Vincent Nowotay and others who served in that war later settled in the county. Captain Simon H. Drum, a graduate of West Point, ai)pointC(l from S])ringfiel(l. was killed tii;iuins4' a battery of the Fourth Artillery. U. S. A., just inside of Belen Gate ( Garita de Belen) in the final assault and capture of the walled City of Mexico (September 13, 1847). ^^^^ body is buried in Ferncliff Cemetery.

The number of residents of Clark Count\', who. as officers, soldiers and sailors in the regular and volunteer service, joined the army or navy on the Union side in the Civil War. and who. having joined from other places, afterward became residents of the county, can only be approximately estimated. This number w'ill reach about twenty-five hundred and fifty (2550). not counting double enlistments. Those included in this numl)er who enlisted elsewhere will hardly exceed the large number, residents of the county, who were credited elsewhere, still leaving about 2550, the actual number of residents of the county who joined the army or navy in that war. Some of these were found in the regular army or navy, but for the most part they belonged to volunteer organizations, principally the following.

Second Ohio Infantry

Captain Edwin C. Mason's company, enlisted here within twenty-four hours after President Lincoln's first call for volunteers (April 15. 1861). became Company F of the Second Ohio Infantry (three months), and it fought under Captain David King at the first Bull Run (July 21. 1861) and many from this county served with the regiment in the Southwest in the threeyears' service. Edwin C. TVIason later became Colonel of the Seventh Maine, then still later of the One Hundred and Seventy-sixth Ohio. He was appointed (1861) captain in the regular army, and was retired a few years before his death with the rank of Colonel and brevet brigadier-general. Mason distinguished himself in the Civil War. then in the Modoc Indian War.

Captain James R. Ambrose, of this city, commanded a company in the Second Ohio in the three-years' service. This reginVent did nuich heavy fighting and hard campaigning.

Captain James C. Vananda enlisted here, aljout April 20. 1861, what became Company D, Third Ohio X'olunteer Infantry, a three months and three years regiment. This company fought at Rich Mountain (July 11, 1861), in about the first battle of the war ; at Elk Water and Ch-jat Mountain, in West \ irginia. and campaigned and fought in Kentucky, Tennessee and Alabama, notably at Perr\'sville, Kentucky (October 8, 1862). and at Stone's River, Tennessee, and it was captured on the Streight raid in Alabama in 1863.

Sixteenth Ohio Infantry

Captain Philip Kershner took a Springfield company into the Sixteenth Ohio Infantry, where it saw much service in West Virginia and in the Southwest, participating in many battles and sieges. This regiment came to be commanded by Colonel John D'Courcey, of royal English blood, afterward sitting in the House of Lords as Lord Kinsale.

Thirty-First Ohio Infantry

Captain William H. Wade ( since for several terms in Congress from Missouri) took from this county Company K, Thirt>- first Ohio Infantry, and it saw much hard service and fighting in bloody campaigns and battles. ]irincipally in the Southwest, including Corinth, Perrysville and Stone's River (1862), Chickamauga and Missionary Ridge (1863), and the Atlanta campaign, etc.. in 1864.

This regiment was organized on this Fair Ground in 1861, and it contained many Clark County men ( Hugh Blair Wilson, its Lieutenant-Colonel, was of Springfield), and it saw service in West Mrginia, Kentucky and Tennessee. Later it became the Eighth Ohio Cavalry, and as such served with distinction in \'ir-

Seventy-First Ohio Volunteer Infantry

The Seventy-First ( )hio was organized in 1861. Colonel Rodney Mason, of Springfield, was its first commander. Company I, commanded hy Captain Sol J. liouck, was organized in this county. Captain William S. Wilson (New Carlisle), now of Springfield, commanded a company in this regiment. It fought at Shiloh and in many battles and campaigns under Grant and Sherman.

Eighty-Sixth Ohio Volunteer Infantry Ninety-Fourth Ohio Infantry

Companies A and G of this regiment were of Clark County, commanded respectively by Captains Perry Stewart and Charles C. Gibson. David King (once of the Second Ohio) was first Major, then Lieutenant-Colonel of this regiment. Captain Amaziah Winger succeeded Captain Stewart in the command of Company A. Lieutenants Hezekiah Kershner and Henry C. Cushman were of this company ; also George and Rol^ert N. Elder, Jacob A. Hinkle, Richard Leedle and other excellent soldiers and citizens. Nathan M. McConkey succeeded Gibson as Captain of Company (j. (jeorge W. Wilson (since a distinguished lawyer, London, Ohio, and two terms in Congress) was a First Lieutenant in Compnay G of this regiment. The regiment fought in Kentucky and Tennessee (1862-1863) and was in Sherman's Atlanta campaign and with his army from "Atlanta to the Sea" ( 1864) ; then marched and fought u]:) the Atlantic coast through the Carolinas and to the end of the rebellion.

This regiment (Colonel J. Warren Keifer) had two companies (I and C) under Captains Luther P^rown and Nathan S. Smith enlisted from Clark Countv. Thev saw much service in the Virginias and in Maryland, and participated in man\' l^attles and campaigns. The regiment was in the hattles at Winchester, and in New York City to put down riots and to enforce the draft, and in the battle of Orange Grove, Virginia ( 1863) ; and it was in the Wilderness campaign under Meade and Grant ; in the battle of Monocacy, and under Sheridan in the Shenandoah \'alley (1864), and it was engaged in the seiges of Richmond and Petersburg ; in the last assaults at the latter place, and it fought and participated in the last general field battle (Sailor's Creek) and campaign of the war, resulting in the surrender of Lee at Appomattox, April 9, 1865. Captain William A. Hathaway, of this county, was killed and buried at Monocacy. Captain Thomas J. Weakley (now of Dayton) was of Company I.

This (a six-months regiment ) was commanded by C(jlonel Howard D. John, of this county. Its Company C was commanded" by Captain Richard ^lontjoy. William J- Irvin and Charles Anthony were Lieutenants in that company ; Charles H. Pierce was its orderly sergeant. These and others of that company are well known as of our best citizens. This regiment performed valuable and hard service, and did fighting, chiefly (1863) at and al)out Cumberland Gap, Kentucky.

One Hundred And Forty-Sixth Ohio Infantry

Two companies (D and I) of this one hundred day regiment were enlisted and officered from Clark County about May 2, 18^)4, and Thomas W. Bown was its Major. Captain .Alfred Miller, First Lieutenant Thomas E. Stewart and Second Lieutenant Harvey H. Tuttle were the officers of Company D. and Captain Alfred Bown, First Lieutenant \'alentine Newman and Second Lieutenant Elijah G. Coffin were the officers of Company L The officers and men of these companies were mostly from South Charleston and vicinity, and their service was mainly at Fayetteville, \\ est Virginia.

an cmcry-cncv call for troops. Many of our citizens went to the field under this call. This reg;inient saw hard service and did good campaigning- in Virginia and West Virginia. It was in the memorable Hunter raid, up the Shenandoah Valley in June. 1864. Captains Asa S. Bushnell and Charles A. Welch each commanded companies (E and K) from Clark County in this regiment. Ben jamin H. \\'arder was a first lieutenant in K Company. In K Company were A. P. Linn Cochran, John C. Miller, Clifton M. Nichols and George C. Rawdins, together with others of our most distinguished citizens.

One Hundred And Fifiv-Third Ohio Infantry

Colonel Israel Stough (once Captain h'orty-Fourth Ohio), from Clark County, commanded this (a hundred day) regiment, which was organized in ^ilay, 1864, on the same call with the One Hundred and Fifty-Second, and, like it, contained many of the -county's best citizens. Captains James I. McKinney and Harrison C. Cross commanded companies (E and F) made up of men of this county. The regiment did duty along the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. A detachment of it engaged the enemy at Hammack's Mills, North River, West Virginia, and w-as captured; some were held as prisoners, and a few died in Andcrsonville, Georgia, and Florence, Alabama, prisons.

Sixteenth Ohio Independent I'.Atterv

This battery was enlisted and mustered in (1861) from Clark It was commanded by Captain James A. Mitchell, of Springfield, who descended from the Revolutionary and War of 1812 soldier stock, already mentioned. This battery served principally along the Mississippi. Captain Mitchell lost his life in the Vicksburg campaign (Cham])ion Hill) while serving under Grant.

In this company served Lieutenant I'jlward 11. I'lnistDU (since a Representative for several terms in Congress from Kansas), of New Carlisle, the father of now Brigadier-Cieneral Frederick Funston, U. S. A., famed for, among other things, the recent capture of Aguinaldo in the rhili])])ine Islands. ( leneral I-"unston

Seventeenth Ohio Independent Battery

This battery was composed, principally, of Clark County men. Besides its Captain, Ambrose A. Blount, Lieutenants William Hunt, Jr., Absalom H. Mattox and Jeremiah Yeazell, of the county, were its officers. This battery campaigned and fought chiefly down the Mississippi, at Arkansas Post, on the Vicksburgcampaign, and at Mobile, Alabama.

When Cincinnati was threatened (September, 1862) by the Kirbv Smith raid, Clark County furnished her full share of those patriotic citizens who, without military training and poorly armed, rushed to camp and were thence taken to Cincinnati to aid in the defense of that then imperiled city. Among those whothus went to war were the most estimable and prominent of our citizens.

First Kentucky Infantry

Captain Ralph Hunt, early in 1861, enlisted in Clark County what became Company C of the First Kentucky Infantry, in which it performed heroic and valuable service in many battles and campaigns in West Virginia and in the Southwest. ******

Others, as officers, soldiers and sailors, of Clark County'ssons served with great credit in volunteer orgainzations not mentioned, and in the regular army and navy. Of those from Clark County who were distinguished as surgeons, may be mentioned Majors Henry H. Seys, of the Third and Fifteenth, an-d John H. Rodgers, of the Forty-fourth and One Hundred and Fourth Ohio Volunteer Infantry regiments, still living.

At one time ( 1864) during the Civil War, three-fourths of the men of the required age, fit for duty, and above fifty per centum of the voting population of Clark Count}- were in the militarv and naval service of the United States.

Other places, even other States, who, after serviiii;- vaiiaiitlv in the Civil War. came to live among us. These we love to a(lo])t, honor and claim as our own. Colonels R. L. Kiljjatrick, Aaron Spano^ler (One Hundred and Tenth Ohio), James E. Stewart (each now deceased"), and Captains Edward L. lUichwalter and R. A. Starkey and Rev. Georg-e H. Fullerton 1). D. ( Cha|)lain First Ohio Infantry ) are among- this numher.

United States Navy

There have been at least two sons of Springfield who have, through education and distinguished services, reached high rank in the United States Xavy.

Reed Werden and Joseph X. ?* filler each graduated at the Naval Academy, each served with distinction on many seas and in the Civd \\'ar, and each was rewarded with the rank of Rear- Admiral.

Admiral Werden also did good service in the ^^lexican \\'ar 1846-1848) and Admiral Miller in the Spanish War (1898) ; the former died in 1886, and the latter is still living.

Others of Springfield who were graduated at the Xaval Academy hold good rank and deserve mention for their high attainments and successful career. Lieutenant Clarence Williams, now in the United States Xavy, is of this number.

A number frci-i the count\- have been graduated at West Point, but none, however, have reached high rank in the army. One, John (Jack) \\ illiamscn. was graduated in the same class with U. S. Grant, and he shortly after enjoyed at his home here a personal visit from Lieutenant l^. S. Grant, since the most distinguished soldier of any age. Williamson resigned from the army and died comparatively young.

We do not pretend to exhaust the list of men from Clark County, who fairly won lasting fame in the military and naval service. Among the rank and file were some of the best and bravest ; and the Ohio rule of claiming great men applies to Clark County. All persons born or who have ever lived in the county.

however short the time, and regardless of where they hved, when,, or the circumstances under which they reached distinction, are, under this rule, Clark County men.

From Big Bethel to Appomattox, wherever bloody sacrifices were to be made, on river, sea or land, men of Clark County were found ready to make them.

They fought and fell under AlcClellan, Rosecrans, McDowell, Thomas, Sheridan, Sherman, Meade and Grant, and under the many other equally brave commanders of the Union Army. These volunteer citizen-soldiers shed their blood at Bull Run (1861), (1862) ; at Antietam. at Winchester (1862-1863), at Gettysburg, Orange Grove (1863), and in the many other large and small engagements in Virginia and on the Eastern theatre of war prior to 1864; and they fought and died at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, New Orleans, luka, Corinth, Perrysville, Stone's River (1862) ; Vicksburg. Missionary Ridge and Lookout Mountain (above the clouds), Chickamauga, Knoxville (1863); Resaca, Kenesaw, Peach Tree Creek, Jonesboro, and in the battles around Atlanta and on the march "from Atlanta to the sea ; at Franklin and Xashville, and on other sanguinary and bloody fields in the West and Southwest (1864) ; aga|n, in, the East, in the battles of the Wilderness, at Spotsylvania, Cold Harbor and around Richmond and Petersburg, Virginia ; at Monocacy, Maryland ; Opequon, Fisher's Hill and Cedar Creek, in the Shenandoah Valley ( 1864), and at Five Forks and in the assaults on the fortifications and over the ramparts around Richmond and Petersburg ; at Bentonville, N. C. ; at Sailor's Creek ( the last general field engagement of the Civil War) ; at Appomattox and Mobile ( 1865), and on the hundreds of other fields of carnage, all to preserve the integrity of the Union of Washington and his patriot compeers of the Revolution of 1776, and the Constitution, resulting, under the providence of God, in destroying slavery (the curse of the ages) in our Republic, where it had existed for two hundred and fifty years.

The number of soldiers and sailors of the Civil War from the county, killed or who died of wounds and disease contracted in the service, cannot be ascertained. For the most part they were buried where they fell, and many were subsequently transferred to National Cemeteries. In each of these cemeteries will be found

I have seen a fairly complete list of such dead, showing" the names of about one hundred and seventy buried in Bethel Township; about one hundred and sixty in ]\Iaidson Township, and I have seen only an imperfect list from ^lad River Township. From other townships no lists have been accessible to me.

A still incomjilete list of fifty soldiers buried in Greenmounf Cemeterv, Springfield, shows many once familiar names of worthy men, among whom I can here mention only Lieutenant Jerry Klinefelter, Major James C \'ananda. Captains William R. Monroe and David Sparks ; a like incomplete list of about two hundred soldiers and sailors buried in Ferncliff (.'emetery shows still other familiar, heroic names, among which are : Lieutenant-Colonel E. M. Doty, Colonel Howard D. John. Colonel J. P. Sanderson, Major Luther Brown, Major Andrew J. Williams (l^ S. A.), Captains Hezekiah Winger, Levi M. Rinehart. \\'. P. Cummings (U. S. A.), W. A. Stewart, Thomas P. Clarke and William H. Drum, U. S. A. (killed at City of Mexico), and General Edwin C. Mason, V. S. A.

The soldiers buried in Clark County belonged to many of the volunteer regiments of the Cnion Army ; to many independent companies or batteries, and to the regular army or navy, and to all arms of the service ; generally they died where they fell or in military hospitals of wounds received in battle, or of disease contracted in war service ; some, there buried, died of starvation in Southern prisons. They signify the full measure of self-sacrificing loyalty, h.eroism, supreme efifort. suffering and death, entailing upon family and friends an untold measure of sacrifice, suffering and sorrow.

Have not tlie good people of Springfield and Clark County patriotically performed tlieir highest duty to establish, preserve, perpetuate and advance the cause of ])olitical and civil liberty in our whole country ?

Civil War, by which human slavery was overthrown and the rights of man were up-built, and the spirit of Christian love was more universally spread throug'hout the civilized nations of the earth, a war for hiiiiiaiiify (Spanish War) would not have been possible.

Spanish War, 1898

On the call (1898) of President William ]\IcKinley for volunteers for the war to compel Spain to surrender her sovereignty over Cuba, because of her long-continued inhumanity to its inhabitants (Spanish subjects), Springfield and Clark County contributed their full share of soldiers and sailors, and many more of their young men were impatient because they were not accepted. Colonel Charles Anthony commanded the Third Ohio \"olunteer Infantry in the Spanish War.

Captain William H. Bradbury's company (Ohio Xatiunal Guard) became Company B, of the Third, and Captain Horace E. Smith's became Company E, of the Tenth Ohio A'olunteer Infantry ; Ca])tain R. R. Rudd's became Company A, Ninth Battalion (colored) of Infantry, and a section of Company - , Second United States N'olunteer Engineers (Lieutenant Arthur Balentinc) also went from this county. Large numbers of others went to the Spanish War from this county, as officers and soldiers or sailors in the army or navv. joining other organizations or the volunteer staff departments. Carl K. Mower became a Captain and Commissary of Subsistence and served with credit in Porto Rico and elsewhere; later he became Captain in the h^orty-First L^nited States Volunteers and served with distinction in the Philippine Islands, and he now holds an appointment in the Lmited States Army.

Horace C. Keifer was appointed (June. 1898) by the President a Captain in tb.e Third I'nited States Volunteer Engineers, and he performed, by assignment of the War Department, the duties of an aide (often o*:her staff duties) on the staff" of Major- General J. Warren Keifer, in Florida, Georgia and Cuba, for about one year. Many of the Spanish War soldiers, and others of the county, enlisted in volunteer organizations in 1899 for service in the Philippines, and they liave there performed excellent and hard

In the al)ove eleven years of war (excludins:;; all Indian wars) of the nineteenth century, Clark County has valiantlv borne her full part in bearino- the flag of our country to victory on land and sea. No sacrifice has been too great for her citizens to willingly make. We may be justly proud and boastful of Clark County's war history, and we can feel sure that if exigencies arise which again bring war, that, inspired by high and worthy example, her sons will valorously do their duty in a just cause, in upholding our blood-baptized stars and stripes, long so sacredly emblematic of organized liberty to mankind.

With all the significant things accomplished at the cost of Wood and treasure in the nineteenth century, future generations will not be contented to "mark time" over the grave of the past, but, inspired by the great deeds and discoveries and progress made manifest to them, will "quick step" forward and attain to yet other, higher, more useful and better things.

Would to God we could foretell the events and the progress of the twentieth century, and write with the pen of prophecy Springfield's history as it will be on her second centennial.

Thus, briefly and imperfectly, we have presented you Clark County's military history, believing it equal, all things considered, to that of anv other count\' in this State or Nation.

[In the address delivered by General Keifer he has modestly refrairted from speaking of himself, save in a brief foot note, yet he is the most conspicuous figure in the militar)^ history of our county, and should, therefore, have some notice in this volume. At the outl>reak of the war, in 1861, General Keifer was a lawyer in Springfield, having been admitted to the bar in 1858. He volunteered at the beginning of the war and was appointed INIajor of the Third Ohio Volunteer Infantry. In the first year of the war he was in a number of battles in West A^irginia. In February, 1862. he was made Lieutenant-Colonel and was on active duty in Kentucky and other States. In September, 1862, he was appointed Colonel of the One Hundred and Tenth Ohio. His regiment was transferred to \''irginia, where he fought in many battles, suffering severe wounds and many hardships in the service. He was iM-evetted a Brigadier-General in 1864, and in 1865 Alajor-General' for "gallant and distingnished services." He served altogether four years and two months. After his return to Springfield he entered upon his profession, in which he was eminently successful. He became a member of the State Senate for two years ; was sent to the National House of Representatives for four terms, and during the third term served as Speaker. At the outbreak of the Spanish War he was appointed a Major-General, and faithfully discharged the duties assigned him. General Keifer is a conspicuous figure in all that pertains to the welfare of our city. - Editor. 1

Governor George K. Nash Governor George K. Nash'S Address

(lovernor Nash said in part : It gives me great pleasure to bewith you today, and to be able to congratulate you officially upon this centennial anniversary. I know that the people of Ohio are proud of Springfield and of Clark County. We have many beautiful and prosperous cities in Ohio, but when Ohio comes to examine her municipal gems, she always finds that Springfield is one of the most beautiful of them all. In the name of the people of Ohio I congratulate you upon this centennial celebration. I do not congratulate you, however, merely upon the fact that you are one hundred years old. If I should do that, it would seem as if you are getting old. But Springfield today has more energy, more wealth, more prosperity than she ever had before. I believe that her next one hundrd years, with the advanta^^-es that she now has, will be much more pleasant to the people of Springfield than the years that have gone by.

It is upon the bright prospects of your future that I congratulate you as well as upon your past. Individually it gives me great pleasure to be with you. I was very glad to hear the rule which General Keifer gave for the men whom Clark County claims. I was glad to hear that rule, because under that rule I am entitled to claim that I am a Clark County man.

In April, 1865, it was my good fortune to come to Springfield and here begin the study of law. Fortune did not ordain that I should stay with you very many months, but during that time I remember two days in which I had an opportunity to witness the patriotism of the people of Springfield and Clark County. I remember well the 14th day of April, 1865. Lee and the armies of the rebellion had surrendered their power on the 9th of that month. Under the proclamation of the Governor of the State you were called upon to rejoice over the victory that had been won in that long war. This rejoicing occurred all over the State of Ohio, but I remember well the things which I witnessed in this city of Springfield. Your people assembled, 5,000. for the purpose of rejoicing. Upon every house, upon every shop, upon every available spot was displayed the flag of our country, waiving in such triumph as she had never known before. From the bottom of your heart you rejoiced that victory came ; you rejoiced that your boys were coming home. When you went to bed that night you rejoiced that you still had for President of the United States the most glorious patriot, the greatest man, the most faithful citizen that this country ever had, in the person of Abraham Lincoln.

The next morning you were awakened to have the news conveyed to you that the patriot President was dead. How changed was the scene. Upon every street corner, instead of rejoicing patriots, I saw your citizens in the depths of sorrow. Badges of mourning had taken the places of badges of rejoicing and victory. These two days, and the scenes which I witnessed upon those days, impressed upon me most vividly the patriotism of the people of Clark County.

And this is Soldiers' Day. I am glad that you have devoted one day to your soldiers. No man can tell what the soldiers have done for this country during her history. We all know what was accomplished by our Revolutionary soldiers. We all know what patriotism was exhibited in the War of 1812. We all know of the vast sacrifices which were made from 1861 to 1865. We know what those soldiers have done for us. We somewhat realize the -debt of gratitude which we owe to them on account of what they in the field during our \vars. But what our soldiers have done during times of peace has been far more patriotic and far more beneficial than what they did in the camp and upon the battle-field.

Recall the old Revolutionary soldiers. When that war closed they were poor. They sought new homes. They came to Ohio and to all this country west of the Ohio River, and became the pioneers and founded the civilization in the great Northwest. They were good citizens. They were the best pioneers with which any country was ever blessed, and the prosperity of the great West is due to what those old Revolutionary soldiers did as pioneers and as citizens.

Now, how has it been in late years? How has it been with the old veterans of the war of 1861 to 1865? They followed the -example set by their fathers. They scattered, that war closed, through the great States w^est of the Mississippi River and east of the Pacific Coast. Among the pioneers who laid the foundations of those States, and who built up its civilization everywhere will be found the old soldiers of the Civil War. Go wherever you will, you find that those old soldiers have been our most faithful and -our strongest citizens for the last thirty-five years. For this work during the days of peace I give them more credit than I do for their labor during the Civil War. Each task was a patriotic one. Each task has been performed by them in a patriotic w^ay and with -glory to our country.

I deem it a very good fortune whicli permits me to be present today, and I heartily thank the committee to whom I am indebted for the honor of an invitation.

Minghng tog"ether here are men of (hfferent ])ohtical views, different rehgious views. Here we have men of all relii^ious denominations, all political faiths. Republicans and Democrats, all gathered here together and all with the common purpose of honoring the memories of the fathers of this city. I say that such meetings as this are more far-reaching than was first thought of. .\ number of Ohio cities have already celebrated their centennial. This happens to be the first of this kind that I have attended, and it takes my thoughts back to the little village of W'orthington, which was founded by my grandfather a little more than one hundred years ago. I can still see the little schoolhouse, the first that I ever attended. My friends, there is nothing that this generation can do better than to show honor to the memories of those who came out from their earlier homes and located here in what was then the wilderness. We must not go backward. We must not even be content with our present. They left their early homes and came out here to the wilderness and founded the great State of Ohio. We can not follow them in that. There are no more Ohios to be built. The day of the land pioneer in Ohio is practically but pioneer work in the way of a better civilization can be done if we are true sons of our pioneer fathers.

In many ways our lives are better than our fathers' were. food is better, our clothing is better, our enjoyments are better, our children are wealthier, and life is more worth living now than then.

This is soldiers' day, and I wish to say a few words to my comrades, the old soldiers of the Civil War. Their numbers are rapidly smaller and the body of many is bent with the weight of years of service, but their hearts are as warm and love for their services as strong as when I took up arms for the preservation of the Union.

No one has a higher appreciation of their services than I. But when I think of old soldiers I naturally think of those who were with me. Comrades, our war is now past. Its great events have passed into history. Ai, new generation has come upon the stage. We risked our lives for our country.

Our country is united, and the slave market is a thing of the past. We can not change the nature of man. We must continue to fight so long as God gives us breath, for honor, justice and truth. This Government, united by the wisdom and valor of our fathers, shall be kept inviolate for all times a heritage of fieedom.

T rejoice and congratulate you on this beautiful day and most auspicious occasion for the observance of "Soldiers' Day" at this, our Centennial Celebration - the one hundredth anniversary of the founding- of this city.

The part that the citizens of this county have taken in all the wars in which the country has been engaged in the nineteenth centur\\ is a splendid histor}' - her people willingly and loyally responding to all calls for danger and duty, upholding liberty and the rights of men - as General Keifer has just said in his splendid address, for which we desire to thank and compliment him - he was very modest in the mention of his own service, but I want to say of him that he did as much, if not more, to bring distinction to this county as any of her soldiers, and there were many distinguished officers and men among them. I am very happy to be here and take part with you in this day's exercises, not only because we are celebrating a most important historical event - which it is eminently proper we should observe in honor and memory of the splendid old pioneers who first settled here - and as an education to the rising generation - but because we have with us distinguished citizens of another county ; one of them, in fact, belongs to all the counties of the State, our Chief I^xccutive, Governor

Nash - the other a soldier of renown. Colonel Kilhourne, whowould like to succeed Governor Nash in his high office ; and, permit me to say, our city is very highly honored today, probably more so than any city of the State will be for years to come, and the honor is not alone by reason of this magnificent audience of fair women and brave men, but from the fact we have with us tJic Governor, the cx-Govcrnor and the next Governor. I congratulate you that we are thus favored, and I thank the Governor and Colonel Kilbourne for their presence, which has contributed so much to the interest and success of the occasion. I wish they could stay with us the remainder of the week ; we would endeavor to make it pleasant for them. Tomorrow (Thursday) is "Educational Day," when all the colleges and schools of the city will take part in the exercises - papers will be read bearing on the present educational advantages of our city compared with those of the past, and many of the children of the public schools will be in attendance, making it in part a holiday for the children and a day of instruction for all. Friday will be "Labor Day," in which not only all the members of the dififerent labor organizations, but all the wage-earners of the citv will take part, bringing their wives and children with them, and for none have we greater respect than for the working people of our community ; they are the Iwne and sinew of our prosperity. Saturday will be "Woman's Day,"" and no celebration can be a success without the countenance and cooperation of the women, and I take pleasure in saying the women have done much toward bringing this celebration to a successful issue, which is now assured, and are entitled to our sincere thanks - which are hereby tendered - for their support. To all these meetings, dear friends, you are invited, especially the "Woman's Day" meetings ; at those, papers on important subjects and of rare interest will be read, and, fellow citizens, as many of you as can, we hope will attend each day.

I beg your pardon for having kept you so long. The hour of noon is at hand, and if I detain you further, I am sure you will say as one of General Keifer's soldiers did. He had been sick in the hospital for a number of weeks with fever ; in the weakness of convalescence the surgeon found him crying, and, to comfort him, said : "My good man, you must not cry : you are getting bet- ter - you'll get well." ''Oh !" said the soldier, "that's not what I am crying about ; I'm crying because I didn't eat more kraut at Camp Piqua." If I keep you longer, you may feel like crying because you did not eat more breakfast this morning, so I shall detain you but for a closing word.

The hours of this day have been altogether glorious, but the occasion will soon be passed. Neither we nor our children can expect to behold its return. That time is in the distant regions of futurity, and it exists only in the all-creating power of God. Who shall stand here a hundred years hence to survey, as we have surveyed, the progress of their county - the lapse of a century? We would anticipate and partake the pleasure with which they will then recount the steps of their advancement. On the morning of that day, although it will not disturb us in our repose, the voice of acclamation and gratitude, commencing on the Rock of Plymouth, shall be transmitted through millions of the Sons of the Republic until it loses itself in the murmurs of the Pacific Seas.

Press

Thursday, the 8th, was devoted to the interests of fraternal organizations, fraternal homes, and the press. The paper concerning our fraternal organizations was not read, but will be found below.

Our city has three institutions sustained by the fraternal todies of the State which have become a pride to all our people. They are the :\Iasonic Home, Pythian Home, and Odd Fellows' Home, each occupying a commanding site. Their beautiful grounds, fine buildings, their excellent management, their kindly care for young and old, and the many bright and happy faces of the children who find a home in them, make them a joy to all who become acquainted with their object and their administration. During this day the children of these homes were present and gave a number of exhibitions in drill and calisthenics which greatly delighted the large audiences that were in attendance.

Springfield has reason to feel proud of what she has done in the field of literature and the press. Books written by Springfield and Clark County authors, and published here, are numbered by the scores. Some of them are' Jof a high degree of excellence and are worthy of a careful reading. A collection of about fifty volumes was made by the Committee on the Press, and these volumes were placed on exhibition during centennial week.

In newspapers, Springfield has always had its full share. They have been devoted to politics, to agriculture, to temperance, and to religion, and have been great agencies in helping to fight the great civic and moral battles which are incident to the life and development of a growing and prosperous city. Their influence has not been confined to mere local bounds, but has gone out to the broader fields of human life and has been favorable to the best statesmanship, the best religious development, and to the highest type of everyday life. Our newspapers have, therefore, been useful, progressive, and helpful.

By Mr. Clifton M. Nichols

It is quite safe to assert that, one hundred years ago, there was no fairer portion of America than that shown by the primeval forests, the graceful highlands, the rich and charming valleys, and the beautiful streams of the Mad River Valley in the territory now covered by the County of Clark, Ohio. No doubt the beauty of the landscape had its due influence on the scouts of an advancing civilizatioii, but the chief attractions were of a mere physical character : the game of the woods, the fish of the streams, and the fertility of the soil. Our ancestors of 1801 were pioneer home-seekers - vigorous, enterprising, intelligent and farseeing, and yet had not the slightest glimpse of the great empire, the foundations of which they, with others, in many portions of virgin territory, had commenced laying.

The log meeting-house and the log schoolhouse marked the outposts of the coming army in 1804 and 1806, and in 181 7 Springfield had its first newspaper. It was called the Farmer, as were the larger number of little journals of that day, as their supporters were mostly of the agricultural class. So far as is known.

no copies of this paper have been preserved. Necessarily, it was small in dimensions and uncouth in appearance. It was not really a newspaper; it was hardly a public journal. But it was quite up to the requirements of that day. Its appearance each week was gladly greeted. Its news from across the water and from remote portions of this country, if only six weeks old. was considered quite fresh. European kingdoms might tumble down and be reconstructed while the special advices were coming on the sailing vessels to our shores. The printer was the proprietor, publisher, editor, and, to a large extent, "devil.'"

Now, in Springfield, we have our news in as many minutes as our journalistic forefathers had theirs in weeks. Indeed, we have our London reports of foreign events, nominally four hours ahead of their occurrence : that is to say, at two in the afternoon we have quite elaborate accounts of things that are not known in London and do not occur until six. This can be verified by referring to cable dispatches of the local paper any day in the year.

In 1820 the Farmer was edited by George Smith. Soon afterward Henry Rogers took charge of the paper and changed the name to the Farmers' Advocate, and in 1823, B. H. Rogers became owner, and the paper was known as the Western Pioneer, and in 1849 Jo^^i^ M. Gallagher and J. B. Halsey changed the name of the paper to the Republic. The paper is now known as the Press- Republic, and traces its origin back to 1817.

The growth of journalism from 1817 to 1901 has corresponded with the growth of the tow^n and the city. It was not many years before the newspaper became a political power. An infusion of party politics became perceptible before a news-service made its appearance. With politics came men, who used the press to promote their political principles, and they proved happily to be men of influence and power. One of these men was William A. Rogers, who first appeared in 1829 and edited the Pioneer for a number of years. He became eminent not only as a journalist, but as a public man and a judge, and, had he lived, would have achieved the highest honors. Another, who lived at the same period, was- John M. Gallagher. He was much in public life. Both gentlemen were known in politics, but they were pure men - without fear, without reproach. For ability and really statesmanlike qualities it is doubtful if we have had their equals in journalism since.

They died long ago, and it will do no harm to tell the truth about them now. They were honored in their lives - they are honored still more now.

We might print a long list of eminent men who came after these gentlemen: Moses M. Henkle, Edward H. Gumming (a lawyer and clergyman as well as an editor), the Williamsons, Mr. Gushing, and the Halseys, Thomas Harrison, and, in later years, George H. Frey, the oldest man now living in Springfield who has been known in journalism. He has been a most eminent and useful factor in public affairs through a long series of years. In 1853 he published the first daily paper ever printed in Springfield, which existed for six months. It is proper to mention here the appearance of a little weekly paper called the Dollar Nonpareil, as that paper and the Republic were published simultaneously for a number of years and finally became one, under the name of the older paper.

In 1852, George W. Hastings, Avho came here from Gincinnati, and James J. Green, both practical printers, commenced the publication of the Nonpareil. Glifton M. Nichols, also a practical printer from Gincinnati, soon succeeded Mr. Green, and in 1855 Mr. Hastings and his partner began the regular issue of the Daily Nonpareil, the first Springfield daily to maintain a permanent existence.

It is necessary now to speak of the origin of a paper that became prominent at this time - the Democratic Expositor, as its editor, William G. Boggs, was a contemporary with Mr. Frey and Mr. Nichols in discussing, through the press, the affairs of the town and nation. Mr. Frey and Mr. Nichols were Republicans, from the birth of the party in 1854. In 1839 ^^^ ^'^^ River Democrat made its appearance. It afterward became the Union Democrat and then the Clark County Democrat. John M. West was the editor.

positor of the Fourth Congressional District, afterward abbreviated, by way of economizing time and space, to the Democratic Expositor, with Wilham G. Boggs in charge. The paper passed through many changes and ownerships until it is now known as the Springfield Daily Democrat. Thomas D. Wallace is now the publisher and Harry E. Rice editor.

One more statement will give the origin of the Springfield Daily Gazette and bring it up to date, as one of the present "Big Four" factors in Springfield journalism. In 1873 T. E. Harwood, a "graduate" of the Republic concern, started a small weekly which he called the Commercial Gazette. Ultimately another Republic man, Charles E. Folger, became the editor, and both gentlemen are in charge of the business and editorial departments of the Daily Gazette. The Gazette vindicated its right to be born and to exist, meeting a public need by showing itself to be a clean, interesting and strong evening paper.

Buried in the Republic concern lay the remains of the "late lamented" Evening Telegram, commenced in 1861 by Henry Clay Craft and subsequently edited by Hon. Jacob R. Dodge, who published at the same time the American Ruralist, a most able and excellent weekly magazine; the Springfield Daily Times (published nearly a year by Wells S. Trader), and the Springfield Daily Advertiser. Afterward the Daily Globe, with the late Charles E. Winters as manager, made its appearance, and was a handsome, able and enterprising paper. After a few years the company bought the Republic, the paper becoming the Globe- Rcpublic, and later Coates Kinney, C. M. Nichols and others, under the style of Kinney, Nichols & Co., bought the Globe- Republic, and the paper continued publication at the old Republic stand, the site of the Republic building being ultimately occupied by the present magnificent Bushnell Building - the Governor having had a brief experience in journalism. During his administration C. M. Nichols and Hon. John F. McGrew were at the helm.

One more change gave to us the Press-Republic. Mr. Arthur D. Hosterman bought the Champion City Times, a vigorous daily, and the Republic, and united them. The paper is now with us, demonstrating its strong qualities daily.

The Sun is now in its seventh year. It is a morning daily. It was organized and is now published by printers and journalists, and has been under the same management throughout the period of its existence. This shows the extraordinary pluck, persistence and enterprise of its editors and managers, which qualities have given to the concern a degree of success that is really wonderful. Enos Conard is the publisher and Harvey L. Miller the editor.

C. M. Nichols was retained as editor of the Republic for a year after the consolidation with the Times and resigned to become the secretary of the Springfield Board of Trade, of which institutipn he was one of the founders, twelve years ago. He had an unbroken career of thirty-five years of service as editor and part proprietor of the Daily \Rcpiihlic. The Press-Republic, with its splendid building, one of the finest newspaper plants in Ohio, is owned by Ed. S. Kelly. James A. Linn is the publisher and Walter R. Linn the editor.

Th& Advertiser, already mentioned, was edited, ably, by Oscar T. Martin, Esq., now a most prominent and honored member of the Clark County bar.

The German press has been most creditably represented by the Journal-Adlcr, founded and conducted for many years, by Louis Weixelbaum, with signal abilty.

The history of newspapers, previous to the Civil War, during the period of discussion of the problems involved in the attempted extension of the institution of slavery over territory then free, the gigantic struggle of the Civil War, in which the problem was fought out, in the greatest conflict the world has ever seen - in principles involved, in the number of men arrayed against each other, and in the hundreds of thousands who fell on the field and died in hospitals, and afterward in the reconstruction times - the history of the newspaper during these periods was co-extensive with the history of the country and need not be discussed in this paper. The time was one that severely tried the souls of men and women ; but resulted, ultimately, in extinguishing sectional hatred and in giving us at last a united country, and in introducing a period of growth and prosperity so great and grand as to exceed anything known or even dreamed of in the history of any nation. The newspapers and the intelligent and patriotic citizens

Springfield and Clark County stood solidly at the front, in support of the soldiers in the field and in the expression of public opinion at home, in promoting and establishing a free and popular Government - the freest and grandest of any on earth. This has been often said, but it is just the proper time to say it again.

At least a brief and honorable mention should be made of our local religious press. The Gospel Herald, edited and published by the late Rev. James Williamson, and The Methodist Recorder, edited successively by Revs. Dr. George Brown and Alexander Clark, and Rev. Ancel H. Bassett, were published here many years ; and The Evangelical Lutheran, edited by the late Rev. Victor L. Conrad, was a strong paper, printed here for quite a long period. D. T. West published the Sunday Neivs for a number of years. He was an able and vigorous writer. I regret that I have not space for further detail. A large volume could be printed if a full history were given of all the persons eminently worthy of a prominent place in this record.

The contrast between the newspaper at the beginning of the nineteenth century and today's issues at the opening of the twentieth shows a marvelous advance and growth. The little folio of 1817 or 1820, placed by the side of our great Springfield newspapers of today, with type set by machinery, with immense perfecting presses, and giving to our citizens, in Associated Press dispatches, the news simultaneously with New York, Chicago and Cincinnati papers, presents a wonderful picture of intellectual progress and achievement.

But the printing and publishing interests of the city in the production of periodicals and books, have shown a development quite as marvelous as that shown by newspapers. On October I, 1877, was first printed a semi-monthly journal called the Farm and Fireside, by Mast, Crowell & Kirkpatrick, the same journal being now published by J. S. Crowell, T. J. Kirkpatrick, and others. In 1885 these two gentlemen commenced the publication of an illustrated monthly periodical now known as the Woman's Home Companion. which periodical has met with an extraordinary degree of success. The Crowell & Kirkpatrick Company has now one of the finest, most extensive and best equipped printing and publishing con- cerns in the United States, in a handsome four-story building of its own - with every apphance known for the execution of the several processes required in producing artistic printing and illustrating. Of all the manufacturing concerns in Springfield, no one has exerted a higher educational and more refining influence than this company. And in addition to its periodicals, of which more than a million copies a month are regularly produced, the company has printed and published hundreds of thousands of useful pamphlets and books.

On January i, 1875, was commenced the publication of the weekly now known as the National Nezv Era, which has acquired a very large circulation, and with the paper has grown up a large printing business, with a large and fine plant of its own. R. H. Thompson is the editor and publisher.

The publication of the Farm Nezvs was commenced here in 1890, and the Farm and Garden was established subsequently. The two have had an immense development, and are now published by J. N. Garver and have a combined circulation (monthly) of nearly 175,000 copies. A. D. Hosterman - for years connected with the' Republic - was for several years jointly interested with Mr. Garver in the publication of these journals. Mr. Garver has his own printing concern.

The successful work of the Farm and Fireside and Home Companion, and the circulation of these periodicals throughout the United States, may be said to have created a literary atmosphere in this city favorable to the production of publications of this sort, and Home and Flozvers made its first appearance in 1897 and attained a circulation in 1901 of 125,000 copies. Its manager is D. J. Thomas, and his degree of success in building up so great a business in so short a time is nothing less than amazing. The Floral Publishing Company, of which he is the head, also issues Pets and Animals and the Home Florist, each of which has attained a large circulation.

Our group of printing and publishing houses is one of the most creditable features known in our city, and exerts a most wholesome educating influence on the community. The Barrett Publishing Company is one of these, with a fine building of its own, provided with fine machinery for printing and binding.

One of the finest and hest equipped printing and Hthographing concerns in the country is the Winters Company, of this city. Its splendid success in executing the illustrated work of the Columbian Exposition in 1893 made it famous throughout the civilized world. The best and most illustrious artists in America were employed, and their work and that of the company has not been excelled to this day. The company has a plant of its own, and" hardly has its equal, for the taste and beauty of its work, in any country.

Any intelligent person who would investigate, if it were possible to do so successfully, the extent to which the millions of issues each month of our periodicals reach the people of vaficfv}<> classes throughout the land would be astonished as well as immensely pleased with the result of his work. No city in the world, of the size of Springfield, can show so good and creditable a record as she. Her printed sheets correspond, in excellence and enterprise, with the machinery from her workshops that is found in all civilized countries. No higher pjraise can be given than this.

A large number of gentlemen may be named as having taken large part in journalism in addition to those already mentioned. Among them Captain D.C.Ballentine (now of Washington, D. C), Byron O. Elifritz, Charles E. Winters (now dead). Captain B. H. Winters a,nd Robert P. Winters, Charles S. Kay, Quincy A, Petts, R. B. Stevenson (now of Cincinnati), Isaiah Thomas (lost at sea many years ago), Hon. William T. Coggshall (United' States Minister to Ecuadoir, of much fame as an author), Frank J. Webb, Ben Kurtz of Baltimore, Major Frank S. Rice of California, and quite a number of others. W. T. Stillwell was editor of the Champion City Times previous to its consolidation with the Republic. Hon James H. Rabbitts, now postmaster, was editor of the Republic for several }ears. And there are others whose names might properly appear on this scroll of worthies, who have, as a class, done inestimable service in building up the best interests of our citv during the last hundred vears.

During the same day an adjourned meeting of the old pioneers was held. There was so much to be said on the part of those who had passed their three score and ten to more than four score years, that would be entertaining to those of younger years, that more time was given for the old pioneers to be heard, and many of them gladly embraced the privilege ofifered. Judge F. M. Hagan opened the meeting, speaking on the pioneers of Clark County.

Mr. Henry Croft, who is 8i years old and has lived all his life in Clark County, told how he helped to run the first threshing machine used in Ohio, in 1828. In those days all the clothing was made by the mother, with the exception of the hats, which were made in Springfield by hatters. Singing schools were the chief form of amusement in those days. During the long winter months they sang ever}' night, and, according to Mr. Croft, "there never has been such good singing since." To get to Springfield it was necessary to follow the river to the hill west of the city, where a cut had been made through the rocks just wide enough to let one wagon pass through. It was always necessary to go ahead to see whether a wagon was coming, before an attempt was made to drive on.

Rev. Benjamin Seever, Mr. W. A. Barnett, Mr. Elder Stewart, Mr. James Anderson and Mrs. M. C. W'ilkerson related many things that were of much interest to those present.

Labor Organizations And Agriculture

Friday, the 9th, was devoted to the consideration of Labor .and Labor Organizations, and to Early Agriculture in Clark County. These interests are of prime importance to our welfare. Clark County is made up of fertile soil, there being but few acres, of untillable land within its borders. It is watered b}^ three important streams, with their tributaries. Many places which, two generations ago, were marshes and swamps, are now drained and are among the best lands of the county. Here the farmer early flourished because he was able to reap and gather more products from his farm than were necessary for the wants of himself and family. He was not only ready to trade, but with his excess of supplies he was enabled to purchase for himself those articles that would best help him in the work of further production. Our -county became a good field in which to sell the best machinery.