Springfield Township (part 51 of 69)

While there are still flesh-and-blood actors before the footlights in Springfield, the films reproduce celebrities from all over the world, and there is no cheaper method of travel; from a comfortable theater seat one may see the best there is in art and literature. The habits and customs of all nations are shown from the screen, and one who sees them feels like he has traveled in foreign countries. Pictures of travel are always worth while, and other pictures afford amusement. Before prohibition was nation-wide, men used to leave the theater between curtains and today there is running water in some' of the theaters. There was a time when women kept their hats on in theaters, and those sitting behind could not see the stage, but now theater-goers set an example - remove their headgear - and some church members see the advantages gained - learn from the theaters a little consideration.

In the realm of Springfield theaters, Gus Sun is easily the dean; he has leased theaters and operated them until he owned them. In 1912 he leased the Grand and in 1917 he purchased it, and in 1919 he dismantled it, constructing the Regent on the site, and his theater interests are not limited to Springfield. Mr. Sun made his theatrical debut in Springfield in a leased store room in the Fisher Building at Limestone and Main streets; here he opened the first vaudeville show in Springfield, known as the Old Orpheum. It had a seating capacity of 225, and people on the street say that Mr. Sun was the star actor - that he also swept out the theater - and those same people admire the man who begins at the bottom and climbs the ladder of success. In the Old Orpheum were shown the first moving pictures in Springfield. In 1906 there was a New Orpheum on North Fountain Avenue, and he played in vaudeville in it. In 1908 he purchased the site of the Wigwam at Center and Main streets and built the New Sun - strictly a vaudeville house. In 1912 Mr. Sun purchased the site of his first theater venture - the old Fisher block, and he built the Alhambra - an exclusive picture house. He has invested heavily in Springfield theaters, and he has realized on the investment, and when actors are in distress they find in him a friend.

When a chorus girl playing vaudeville in the New Sun met with an accident, Mr. Sun staged a benefit performance and the girl in the Springfield City Hospital wrote a letter acknowledging the receipt of the money. When there were labor difficulties and men with placards on their backs were walking back and forth in front of local theaters, The Gus Sun Amusement Company was active in the settlement, the operators, musicians and stage hands who had conducted an eight weeks' strike returning to work, an arbitration board being suggested by Mr. Sun. While the Ministerial Association does not favor the Sunday picture show, there is no open fight, and with Will H. Hays as director general of the motion picture industry the community does not expect future difficulty.

The Springfield Kiwanis Club listened to an address: "Visual Education and Modern Movies," in which the speaker said: "With all of the splendid books that have been written by our American writers - books that could be dramatized and picturized - the motion picture people have found it necessary to resort to their own so-called scenario writers," and he voiced a conviction that the standard of scenarios should be raised. When 20,000,000 Americans witness the films every day, Mr: Hays has reason for elevating the scenario industry. The children in the Fraternal Homes were privileged to see Jackie Coogan in "My Boy" as a compliment from the young film comedian through Harry L. Davis, Jr., son of the Governor of Ohio. There is a dramatic society at Wittenberg College, the members writing and producing their own plays under the advisory supervision of the Department of English. In its development from town to city the theater has been a strong feature in Springfield.

Chapter Xlix

The word abolition meant something in connection with human slavery, and prohibition means something as related to another thralldom - slave to drink; the Century Dictionary says: "The temperance movement is a social or political movement having for its object the restriction or abolition of the use of alcoholic liquors as beverages." While it may have been social in its aspect, the time has come when it is political in its significance. The business of making men drunk, promoting crime, disorder and dishonor for profit is on the defensive, and if America stands firm in the enforcement of the Eighteenth Amendment, recognizing women as voters, legalized traffic in spirituous liquors will soon be under the ban in all countries.

If America fails to enforce its temperance legislation, that will mean failure in other nations. American leadship in temperance reform is the hope of the entire world. In the countries of the world where prohibition is enforced, there seems to be little inclination to return to the liquor habit, to alcoholic conditions ; the hair tonic consumer has one alternative - he can drink it or let it alone. In some instances the "easy to take" nostrums that flood the market in the guise of patent medicines encounter their difficulties. It has been said : "America began with the Declaration of Independence and ended with prohibition," but when the temperance question became a business consideration its death knell was sounded immediately; it is serious business, even the wet adherents admitting: "Temperance is no joke," although some jokesmith describes the United States as dry land surrounded by "three miles of dry water."

Just as the devil hates holy water, it is said the Apostles of John Barleycorn hate Volstead and the Crabbe Act, and while the taxpayers are now being burdened with the expense of the Barleycorn funeral - well, that is an easy way out of the difficulty. The curse has been removed and in the 1920 presidential election there was no drunkenness at the election booths, and nobody wanted to see the return of whisky. While a man's love of wet goods may be equaled by a woman's love of drygoods, the woman was active in removing the temptation. It was Tecumseh - Clark County's own Shawnee warrior - who as a military strategist, held up the temperance torch to the world. The cyclopedia says that in order to render his warriors "fit" he prohibited the use of whisky and other demoralizing practices introduced among the primitive Americans by the whites who encroached upon their hunting grounds. While the German Government eliminated drink in the World war, it was more than a century after Tecumseh took similar action.

When the Clark-Tecumseh monument becomes a reality, along with his military prowess and political sagacity should be enumerated Tecumseh's advance stand on the prohibition question - Tecumseh and Mother Stewart having blazed the way in temperance progress. In the foyer of Memorial Hall is a tablet : "Dedicated to the memory of Mother Stewart by the Clark County W. C. T. U. Eliza D. Stewart was born April 25, 1816, and died August 6, 1908," and some sentiments inscribed are : "Our Mother Stewart." - The Soldiers of U. S. A. "Our Great Leader." -

Frances E. Willard. There is a quotation from Mother Stewart herself; and the information that the tablet was placed there August 13, 1916, by the Women's Christian Temperance Union. As a companion piece to the tablet honoring this apostle of prohibition is a portrait of the woman painted by Christopher Schumacher, and in 1918 when the artist was leaving Springfield the picture was purchased by the Women's Christian Temperance Union and hung near the tablet. While Tecumseh may not have had the same moral conviction, nevertheless he enforced liquor restrictions.

In writing on the temperance question in the Springfield Centennial History, Mrs. George Frankenberg said: "In the early settlement a distillery was one of the most welcome inmprovements, and one hundred years ago the best people considered whisky a necessity." That long ago there were "snakebites," but conditions are changed and while in the' Bible story Timothy is reputed to have taken a little for his stomach's sake, the doctors do not prescribe it today. Most of the grist mills along Mad River were in reality distilleries; they utilized the water power, and the surplus grain in the was marketed there. While James Demint was not located on Mad River, it is said he operated the first distillery. It was a small one near the spring at the foot of the hill from his cabin, and one account says: "Like many others he drank as well as sold, and he was not a temperate drinker."

There is this mention of Demint in an article written by William Patrick of Urbana and published in the Springfield Republic in connection with the 1880 Centennial celebration, saying that after quitting his home in Springfield he lived for a time in Boston near the old battlefield, and commenting as follows : "The old gentleman, although reported an honest man, had not a very exalted code of morals ; he became addicted to drink and gaming, and would frequently mount his fine bay horse and start off to a neighboring town for a spree, always supplying himself with a new deck of cards with which as opportunity offered, to amuse himself for small stakes put up by the parties engaged in the game. About the year 1817 Demint had the last round in the course of his life at the tavern of the widow Fitch in Urbana.

"The writer of this account was an employee about the house and remembers that on a summer evening Demint ordered his horse put up, and took a room ; he would receive such persons as would minister to his chosen pastime, and other amusements. He was addicted to drink ; however, I do not mean that he would stagger or wallow in the gutter; he was one of the kind that could drink deeply and not show intoxication. His great mania being the enjoyment of his cherished game for small stakes, he followed his accustomed amusements at any points in the village that would screen him from the lynx-eyed officers of the law. He would frequently take a nap on a long bench that stood against a partition in the bar-room, where one evening a little before sundown, the landlady asked me to waken him for supper.

"Obeying the landlady's request, I went to Demint and shook him and called him by name. He stirred not, and to my horror I found him dead. He had gone to sleep to wake no more, and after the excitement of preparing the body for the cooling board John Fitch, the son of the old lady, asked me who would go to Boston and inform his wife; it was about 10 o'clock at night. I immediately answered: 'I will go.' He ordered the hostler to saddle the dead man's valuable gelding and when all was in readiness Fitch said : 'Give me your foot/ vaulting me into the saddle, saying: 'Bill, be careful that Old Demint does not get on behind you.' Although I was not superstitious, for the life of me I could not avoid looking askance during my lonely and melancholy ride that night, reaching Boston about daybreak and imparting the sad news to his wife. After partaking of refreshments, she saddled a horse and returned with me to Urbana. She buried her husband in Springfield."

The Demint story will serve as an object lesson - an 'orrible example, the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution coming too late in his casex and in the dawn of the prohibition morning one hears such wotds as "soused," "stewed," "corned," "pickled," "spifflicated," and where there are no longer any groups of hilarious drinkers under the influence of "innocuous stewitude" perhaps there will be improved diction in the community. While they were not in disfavor, the distillers on Mad River were engaged in the same business as the bootleggers of today. Sentiment has changed and the people are educated against the illicit business. However, it is said the bootlegger is the one business man who does not complain of his "overhead expense." It was a saloonkeeper's comment on false economy, that "Men will complain of the price of cabbage, which is a family necessity, and buy expensive drinks for all at the bar; they will spend ten nights in one bar room and think nothing about it."

There was a time in Clark County when whisky was $1 and $2 a gallong, and the Indians were excellent customers ; the store keepers would furnish liquor free to encourage purchases. It has been related that when Springfield jollified over the recognition of Clark County there were "spirits" that caused some of the citizens to become "ardent," and then there were many distilleries. When Philip Jarboe, who preceded his sister, Elizabeth Jarboe Kenton, came to Mad River about the time Demint came to Springfield, he constructed, a still and manufactured whisky for himself and others, affording a market for the surplus corn in the community. James Demint was not the only victim of drink, the story being told that when under the influence of his libations, Uncle Hosea Harrison "got tight" and lay down on the sidewalk in Springfield to "sleep it off." Some boys turned a store box over him, lingering near to note results when he wakened. He rapped on the box, crying: "Where am I?" and he soliloquized later: "I'm dead and buried and just found it out." The incident proved to be a lesson for the man, who left the community, and he afterwards became a minister.

While New Carlisle was a dry town, when the distilleries were running full blast other towns sprung up in Bethel Township - Donnelsville and Medway - which made a difference in the majority. In 1808, George Croft came from Virginia and operated a distillery in Bethel Township for forty years; two sons were associated with him, while another who was crippled went from house to house, remaining for a week at a time, making shoes for the settlers. The Croft farm is now the Clark County Home ; it had unusual farm buildings, overlooking a valley of surpassing fertility, with thousands of acres of corn in view - the raw material for the Croft brand of whisky. One account says the distilleries were so numerous along Mad River that the air was "murky" from their smoke, and the money made thereby helped build and support churches. The Croft mansion was always open to the ministers, and distillery money was not considered tainted until in the late '50s when the question was raised, and the agitation continued until the fires went out and after the Civil war there was little evidence of distilleries along Mad River. While churches still require revenue, it does not come from distilleries ; the women with forward pews no longer wear crinoline that says: "Whisky, whisky," designating them as the wives of the brewers in the community.

In German Township, Charles Rector used the surplus corn in a distillery for many years, and the fortune accumulated from the Snyder distillery has been returned to the community through bequests. It is proverbial that the Kentuckian has a corkscrew in his pocket, and there were many Kentuckians alcng Mad River. In the south side of Clark County there were many Quakers, and having different convictions relative to the use of whisky they took action to suppress the vice, stating in the way of resolution : "They were not to use, make, vend, furnish grain nor fruit for distilleries ; they would not convey nor aid in conveying liquor ; they would not furnish vessels to hold it nor timber to make such vessels," and now that prohibition is established the Quakers* are entitled to credit for advance action; they were "on the firing line" in the beginning of local history.

A local writer says: "When Springfield was beginning to build up, no barn or mill raising or log-rolling was attempted without a good supply of whisky ; the invited hands would be insulted and never respond again if the whisky was not provided ; indeed, the women passed liquor to their guests, and they had real whisky at quiltings, rag-sewings and wool-pickings ; in the afternoon whisky and apple pie were passed. The wool, was greasy, and since there were no napkins or finger bowls some of the guests declined the refreshments ; in some of the early homes there was liquor on the sideboards, in the wine glasses and table decanters. Cherrybounce was a favorite drink, and these decanters were filled with it. There was hospitality, and neighbors were given a drink. When the first temperance meeting was held in Springfield in the summer of 1831, some who had kept libations in their hordes signed the pledge; a young man named Fairchild delivered temperance lectures in the old red brick courthouse ; it was a wonderful meeting.

When the first man signed the pledge, his wife was troubled about it, saying : "It is right in the midst of harvest ; your men will leave. They are used to having liquor every day in the field ; in two weeks you are to have a raising, and who will come, without liquor?" the anxious wife foreseeing economic difficulties. The man had the courage of his conviction, saying: "I am convinced of the sin of intemperance and wonder that I never saw it in this light," and next morning he called the harvesters together and told them about the temperance meeting, saying: "Now I should like to have your assistance in rolling up out of the cellar the barrel of liquor, and empty it to run down this drain through the orchard into the pig pasture ; if any man is not willing to work without liquor, I will pay him off; any who stay and work without, I shall raise their wages."

It is related that the men helped to empty the cherry-bounce, and when it reached the pigs in the pasture they ate the cherries from the liquor and it made them drunk; however, none of the men quit the job, and coffee was served that day in the field. When the Beaver Creek mill was raised, the men knew there would be no whisky, but they did not remain away because of it. While the hogs became intoxicated it is likely they would not have yielded again to that form of temptation. Once when a distillery was allowed to drain in a river, the fish nearby per- formed many curious feats, and ducks on a mill pond nine miles away were intoxicated from it, and the story is told that when there were breweries the bees would feast on the waste until they were so drunk they would not make honey. It is said there is more honey on the market since the bees no longer "get stewed" and thus incapacitated for making it. While a cheery seed dropped into a bottle of Scotch may convert the whole thing into bitters, it is said that Springfield shoppers do not carry market baskets so carefully now that prohibition is written into the laws of the country ; the bottles are "conspicuous because of their absence."

When Col. John Daugherty, who was the guest of James Demint at the time Griffith Foos joined them, was making a canvass among Clark County voters asking their support of his candidacy for the Ohio Legislature, he rode about on horse back, carrying a jug in one end of his saddle bags ; his quick perception of character enabled him to reach every class of voters. While he would not offend a teetotaler by insisting, he used diplomacy and his knowledge of psychology - he did not know the term - enabled him to judge what would bring results. It is related that Joel Walker, who was a harmless character, frequently managed to obtain a morning dram by offering a bunch of green tanzy at the bar of some tavern; while not given to drunkenness he was inclined to moderate drinking ; he spent his time loafing, while his wife and daughter obtained scanty family supplies. Walker had a brother who lived among the Wyandotte Indians, but he remained in Springfield; he wore a stout leather belt in lieu of suspenders, and he would sometimes remove it and whip his boys with it because they were "so worthless." (This is a chapter on temperance, and such characters are held up as warnings.)

In 1829 Rev. Saul Henkle remarked that a temperance society just formed would hardly live through the winter without the application of stimulants; he was sarcastic both in his editorial and pulpit utterances. On February 26, 1833, the Clark County Temperance Society was organized in the Springfield Presbyterian Church; it adopted a constitution which was published March 2, 1833, in The Western' Pioneer. This organization was in conformity with a call issued to people all over the United States, and its object was to minimize the evils of the liquor traffic; it was to create broadcast temperance sentiment, and Springfield entered into the nation-wide movement. In 1835 a Young Men's Temperance Society was organized in Springfield, and in its wake came the Sons of Temperance, Knight Templars, Murphy Movement, Woman's Crusade, Women's Christian Temperance Union, and the Anti-Saloon League, and because of so much attention John Barleycorn is away at present.

On March 12, 1847, there appeared in Springfield a neatly printed paper called "The Moss-Covered Bucket," published and edited by A. C. Lawrence and W. D. Runyan ; it was devoted to the cause of temperance. The first murder in Springfield was staged in a cellar under a saloon; the grogshop always has been associated with crime, and there have been frequent demonstrations against it. Years ago when David Bennett opened a grocery store at Concord, in order to curry favor with his possible customers he tapped a keg of beer, saying to all : "Pitch in," and from that day Concord has been called Pitchin. On Muster Days liquor was used extensively, and while some regarded it as necessary in the harvest field as the man and the cradle, others noted the effect it had on the morals of the community.

There was a time when Springfield merchants kept a jug of whisky by the water pitcher for the free use of all ; it was just as essential that they keep one filled up as the other since their customers exercised their choice, and the evil practice was not confined to stores ; it was the custom in refined families, including many who professed religion; spirituous liquors were in the decanters on sideboards and tables, and the social custom was bearing bad fruit both in town and in the country ; the home stills were patronized by many citizens. Hence there have been organizations to counteract the influence in the community. Three times has the prohibition party of Ohio looked to Springfield to furnish a candidate for governor, one time nominating a Lutheran minister, Rev. M. J. Firey; the next time it was a Methodist minister, Dr. A. B. Leonard. While perhaps the ministers were only temporary citizens, in 1881 the party named "Cider Mill Abe," a name given A. R. Ludlow because cider mills were made in his factory - which some thought inconsistent with his temperance principles, and while there were not that many prohibitionists, "Cider Mill Abe" received 1700 votes in Clark County ; since then the water-wagon vote has increased in the community.

1919, six and one-half months before constitutional prohibition, the Eighteenth Amendment becoming effective January 16, 1920, and because of "the prospect ahead on March 27, 1919, the Clark County Dry Federation conducted the most spectacular as well as the most effective parade in its history ; it was a combined eff prt of the churches and Sunday Schools, and 9,000 men, women and children marched through the streets, showing the Springfield sentiment toward the saloons ; since 1885 Albert L. Slager has been local secretary of all the organizations having as their object prohibition. Only a few years ago Springfield had more than 100 saloons, and New Carlisle and South Charleston had their quota, and people were discussing local option and temperance, not daring to hope for prohibition. Some one said : "Wet your memory on this list of thirst parlors," and enumerated some of the most famous dives in Springfield.

It is said that when there were saloons young men frequently had to be led home, but two years later it is an unusual thing ; the sale of booze is decreased and drunkenness is so rare that it is noticeable. While Springfield was automatically dry July 1, 1919, and bone dry January 16,

1920, in that year there were 2,283 arrests, and in 1921 there were 2,656, but of that number only 234 were for drunkenness in 1920, while in 1921 there were 373 arrests for drunkenness. It is explained through the activities of the bootleggers, but the community knows that not so many people are drunk when the booze is handled from suitcases as when it was shipped by the carload into Springfield.

Straws indicate the way the wind blows, but in June, 1921, when the Springfield Police Department made 452 arrests, only nine were for drunkenness, and again in December when there were only 113 arrests, fifty-nine of them were for drunkenness. The speak-easy keeper is growing unpopular, and society frowns on the bootlegger, but the Eighteenth Amendment was written into the Constitution before the women were voters ; it was the men who voted the nation dry. While some agitators say it will be necessary to have all the dry votes into the ballot box in order to retain the Eighteenth Amendment, as yet none of the amendments have been revoked by -the people ; as people are educated to the advantages arising from prohibition, they do not want to repeal it. Farmers' sons coming to town do not stand in as much danger from the suitcase as from the saloon; the bootlegger does not have the same opportunity once enjoyed by the saloon keeper. While the saloon was once called the poor man's club, the churches are social centers in a way they use to exert an influence ; the young men no longer need the saloon as a social center; the law enforcement people have opened other door for them.

When it comes to technicalities, there is a difference between temperance and total abstinence ; that the evils of intemperance are as old as the race was a stock assertion in the mouth of each temperance orator, and Noah is a conspicuous example of the first drunkard. The first temperance agitation in the United States began in the year George Washington was elected president, and when old persons say they have heard temperance lectures all of their lives they are speaking truthfully about it. While there have been temperance movements all over the world, the best results have been attained in the United States. Dr. Benjamin Rush of Philadelphia was the first writer condemning intemperance, and his dominant note was total abstinence through prohibition. The first temperance work in the United States was in the nature of a reaction against the use of intoxicants which threatened to produce a nation of drunkards, and the first actual temperance reform was among the farmers of Connecticut; the "wooden nutmeg'* agriculturists would not allow the use of liquor in the harvest field, ahead of similar action taken in Clark County ^ The jug in the Clark County harvest field is as a story that is told and that begins : "Once Upon a Time."

Now that the Eighteenth Amendment has been written into the Constitution it seems that bootlegging is becoming the most dangerous menace, and yet it is a business conducted on the run and will finally spend its force. There is an element which boasts of drinking when the law forbids it, and it is said that cellars that used to have nothing but coal in them are now wet emporiums; disregard of the law seems to have followed in the wake of this one Amendment, and this menace is greater than the prohibition question. For the first time the losers in an election in which the majority rules, refuse to accept the verdict. This Amendment was another "gun that was heard 'round the world," and in commenting upon it in his presidential campaign in 1920, Senator Warren G. Harding said : "In every community men and women have had an opportunity now to know what prohibition means; they know that debts are more promptly paid; that men take home the wages that once were wasted in saloons ; that families are better clothed and fed, and that more money finds its way into the savings banks. * * * In another generation, I believe that liquor will have disappeared, not merely from our politics but from our memories."

Those interested in law enforcement are finding out that they must fight for it as they fought for prohibition, and it is said the Ohio dry laws are adequate ; the necessary thing is enforcement. At a law enforcement meeting held in Springfield it was urged that a bootlegger in jail would frighten others - that a fine of $100 does not disconcert them because somebody supplying them pays it; they would pay $1,000 without stuttering or batting an eye, but the brewers do not lay out jail sentences for them.

At this law and order meeting they said a bootlegger in jail would be an effective scarecrow, and James L. Welsh, who had served as Qark County sheriff, deplored the fact that good citizens will not become prosecuting witnesses - neither will they sit on juries, and he said the anonymous letter written to the sheriff or chief of police did not help matters at all. When an official receives a letter, saying: "I can tell you where there is a still, but my name must not be used," he knows such a spineless person would not help him suppress vice. People want the officers to enforce the law, and withhold the necessary information rather than involve themselves. Prisons should not be in alleys where they are secluded they should be where the public can see who visits them. If the public saw offenders taken to jail, and their friends communicating with them from the outside, it would discourage lawlessness - it would be pitiless publicity.

The first United States Prohibition Commissioner, John F. Kramer, of Mansfield, says that suppressing the rum traffic is more deadly than war - that the percentage of prohibition agents who are killed in the discharge of their duty is several times greater than the percentage of soldiers who were killed in the World war; the majority of the moonshiners and rum-runners who killed them were foreigners who had not taken out their first naturalization papers. He recommends holding law enforcemeetings because they create sentiment, and at this Springfield meeting it was suggested that old saloon signs should be removed in order that people might forget. Some one said: "When you turn the light into a rat hole, it destroys it as a rat hole," and publicity is the way to dislodge criminals and stop the illegal whisky traffic.

The second national prohibition commissioner, R. A. Haynes, says: "No law can be enforced 100 percent," and the chief obstacles encountered in the enforcement of the Volstead Act is the apathetic citizen and lethargic public official. Since officers usually obey public demands, it must be the apathy of the citizen. When women become bootleggers they are worse terrors than men, and a number of Springfield women have operated homebrew establishments. The moral triumph of the age is prohibition, and a Young Men's Christian Association Sunday afternoon speaker said : "The American people have amended the Constitution nineteen times and never yet have they taken out anything which they put into it." While it required the action of thirty-six states to insure prohibition, thirteen may undo it, but they would be inviting the censure of the world. While the bootleggers deliver homebrew, their patrons know they are buying rank poison, and in time another generation will be at the front, and in this law and order meeting it was said the officers in small towns were more inclined to enforce prohibition.

It was in the 70s that Mother Stewart through her crusade activities put Springfield on the map of the world. Like John Brown's body, her influence "goes marching on," when one picks up her book: "Memories -of the Crusade," which is a thrilling account of the uprising of the women of Ohio in 1873 against the liquor curse ; the crusade had its inception at

Hillsboro, December 22, 1873, when Dr. Dio Lewis of Prohibition Maine delivered a lecture: "Our Girls." The lecture was well attended and he invited the people to come back the next evening and listen to a lecture on temperance. He said that with a Christian spirit, energy and determination the women could close the dram shops of the country, and the Hillsboro women arose to the occasion; it was then that Mrs. E. J. Thompson became Mother Thompson, and Hillsboro became a world community. When the speaker appealed to the women a daughter of Mother Thompson placed a Bible open at the 146th Psalm into her hands, and she went forth under that inspiration.

In writing about it Mother Stewart says : "The women fell into line two by two, and they went to the drug stores, hotels and saloons," and it was designated as the woman's whisky war; it incited prejudice, and Hillsboro was regarded as beyond hope of civilization. The impression was created on the outside that the Hillsboro Crusaders were the wives of drunken husbands who became wrought up to such a degree of frenzy that they did many unaccountable things ; they said the women thronged the streets and crowded into the liquor places, arguing with men about their business - and that long ago, propaganda was sent broadcast about the country. It was Mother Stewart who rallied the Springfield women in similar demonstrations, and women whose voices never had been heard in public prayed in saloons. Mrs. S. M. Foos stood by Mother Stewart in her activities, even accompanying her to court where she addressed juries, opposing counsel .saying it was infamous to bring a female into court ; she should be ashamed, and be at home about her legitimate duties. Mrs. Foos, who accompanied Mother Stewart, had wealth, brilliant talent and social position, and yet she defied society. Mother Stewart boasted of the fact that she kept the jury awake while addressing it ; she won her case, and the other attorneys chafed the vanquished lawyer because a woman had taken a verdict from him.

Because the Women's Christian Temperance Union was the one active temperance organization in Clark County when prohibition was enacted, Mrs. Alice B. Limbocker, who is recording secretary of the Springfield Union, was asked for its detailed history. The Crusade was of short duration and the Women's Christian Temperance Union seems to be a better expression of womanhood. Mrs. Limbocker writes: "The first temperance meeting held in Clark County was in the summer of 1831, in Springfield. When Newton Fairchilds of Pennsylvania came and secured the old Court House for a lecture on temperance a goodly number attended. It was a wonderful meeting and at the close an invitation was given for men to sign the pledge. (Some of this story has been drawn from another source.) Oliver Armstrong was the first, and Benjamin Walker was the second man to respond. Benjamin Walker kept his pledge until he passed away at the age of ninety years. The pledge was : 'I solemnly promise not to taste or handle any whisky, wine or beer, or provide the same for any one in my employ. So help me God/ "

This was about harvest time, and whisky was always furnished to men in the field. Some people were afraid they would not get help, but not a man refused to work. Benjamin Walker gave his men Metheglin, his wife, Eliza, making gallons of it. She carried it to the men in the field in wheat harvest. Metheglin was made of vinegar, brown sugar, nutmeg and water, and it was very refreshing in warm weather. Other temperance waves came and went; the Crusade and Murphy movement accomplished great good. Forty-three years after the first temperance meeting in Clafk County, and close after the Crusade, a call was made for the Christian women of Springfield to meet in the First Lutheran Church, June 17, 1874, when they met and organized the first Women's Christian Temperance Union in Ohio, calling it the Springfield Union.

Two hundred of our best women signed the pledge as charter members, and one of the number, Caroline Shepherd, is still a member. Others are living who are not members. Mrs. M. E. Kinney was the first president; Mrs. J. S. A. Guy, secretary; Mrs. Charles Cathcart, treasurer. After a few months Unions were organized in Donnelsville, Enon, New Carlisle and Harmony - just a few members at Pitchin and Pleasant Grove. Soon after these Unions were organized a meeting of the county was called in Old Temperance Hall and formed an organization. Mrs. Eliza Stewart, or Mother Stewart as she was best known, was the first county president; we have no record of the other officers of the county organization. Of the six local Unions represented in this convention only one is still in existence - the Springfield Union.

"We now have three Unions in Clark County outside of Springfield : South Vienna, South Charleston and Dialton. In Springfield are four white Unions : Springfield, Anna W. Clark, Frances Willard and Mother Stewart, and the colored Union is called Great Victory, so named for our first dry victory. We now have 600 members in Clark County, and 241 are members of the Springfield Union, the Mother Union of the county and the state. The officers of the Clark County Union are : President, Mrs. Anna C. Jackson; vice president, Mrs. Nell Zanders; corresponding secretary, Mrs. Ella Woosby; recording secretary, Mrs. Mae Mart; treasurer, Mrs. Hester Moody, and similar officers in the Springfield Union are : Mrs. Cordelia Jenkins, Mrs. Marguerite Strasburg, Mrs. Eva Keys, Mrs. Limbocker, and Mrs. Jennie E. Puckett.

"The Women's Christian Temperance Union women are working together in the interest of humanity; our white ribbon stands not only for temperance, but. for purity in all things. If I were asked what is needed in the temperance work I would say men. Yes, men who are Christians and brave enough to see to it that men are elected to office who will enforce the laws for the betterment of Springfield and Clark County. The Women's Christian Temperance Union stands ready to help the men who put their shoulders to the temperance wheel and push the liquor traffic entirely out of existence.,' In a subjoined note Mrs. Limbocker says she is a daughter of Benjamin and Eliza Walker, who substituted Metheglin for whisky in the harvest field. On special days the Women's Christian Temperance Union meets in a prayer service, the object being to pray that the right person be put in the right place, and since many of the members are daughters of Crusaders, they stand ready to back up their prayers with their money.

While physicians may write prescriptions enabling patients to procure liquor, the Clark County Medical Society does not care to be classed as saloonkeepers, druggists or bartenders, and while addressing a Women's Christian Temperance Union meeting one of them said that beer and wine are stimulants and not medicines. When the American Medical Association Journal submitted a questionnaire to physicians a large majority said they did not find it necessary to prescribe liquor to their patients. The formulate for Metheglin as given by Mrs. Limbocker may be used as a substitute as in the harvest field emergency so many years ago. Some of the distinguished visitors to the United States have been able to survive while in prohibition territory, and moonlight "hooch" parties in Clark County are learning that the way of the transgressor gets them into trouble. Reconstruction of social habits seems necessary in some instances, and in time prohibition will demonstrate its economic value to the community. The Woman's Crusade was the beginning of definite action on the temperance question, and while the Christian Alexanders have conquered the world for temperance - as goes the United States so goes the world, the Woman's Christian Temperance Union is like Tennyson's Babbling Brook, seems to go on forever; as yet nothing has made a stronger appeal to the womanhood of the world.

It was Confucius who called music: "The sacred tongue of God," and 2,000 years later Martin Luther declared: "Music is the only art that can calm the agitations of the soul," while in the last century the great Napolean exclaimed: "Music is the art to which the law makers ought to give the greatest encouragement."

It is known that Springfield mothers sang lullabys before ragtime made its advent or jazz was even a dream, and folklore songs seem to please best of all, and on the fly-leaf of a hymnal in a Springfield church are these words: "The Hebrew song, the German choral and the modern Christian hymn are alike expressions of the devotions of those who have loved our God."

C. L. Bauer, who is a music director in Springfield, says: "Music is the one great outlet for the expression of the human emotions. Individuals, therefore, when filled with reverence for their Creator, will find the greatest satisfaction in participating in a church service by the earnest singing of hymns. The expression of the feelings by music is of great benefit when indulged in to the utmost ; reverence to the Creator is thus shown; sympathetic help from Him is thus received, and when entered into earnestly we are made more receptive for the message that comes from Him through His minister. Let us, therefore, do our utmost when singing hymns and thus not only help ourselves, but thereby also encourage and assist those who are worshiping with us."

The musical life in Springfield and Clark County is not unlike that of other localities having similar opportunities and conditions ; it is simply a part of the great forward movement of the world. It is an easy thing to think of the boy or girl blowing upon a blade of grass, and where is the lad who never whittled a whistle out of an elder? The Mad River settler had such a desire for music that he improvised many crude ways of producing it the Aeolian harp made from horse hair or silk thread if they had it, was a soul delight when the pioneer stretched it in the window and caught the air vibrations. The Shawnees who were along Mad River in advance of the white settlers made their own music; they danced around the campfires to the weird strains, and recently there has been some effort to revive the music of the American Indian ; the Reservation Indians are singing it in concert tours. The feathers and war paint add to its realism.

along the way, and her voice was so sweet that the wild birds took up her notes ; it was a compliment to the singer when she attracted the birds. There always was music over the hills and the dales from the time wheri the angels sang their morning song together - the first stillness of the morning air - the blending of Nature's sounds is music with a mesmerism all its own ; the song of the meadow lark, or the note of the first robin. To keep within the heart the thrill awakened by the woodland sounds is to remain forever young ; it serves to lighten the hardest task in the world.

The call of the jaybird is suggestive of the out-of-doors ; he is a restless creature and it is natural for him to be on the wing, calling : Jay, jay, jay, whether or not it is music; the frog, the locust, the katydid and cricket - each has its peculiar musical note, and begs pardon from all of the others. Think of the grand chorus on the morning air - the leading musicians, all in Nature's orchestra. While "Music hath charms to soothe the savage breast," some highly civilized people are delighted with it. Some one suggests that the Anvil Chorus dispose of its hammer and use the proceeds in buying life's necessities. While the "haswassers" may not all appreciate Mendelssohn, they recognize music in the air - quotation marks omitted in these days of radio concerts.

and the classical music - well, it's the old songs that stir the heart. "Any time is song time, if the soul be in the song," although the musical situation in Clark County always has been simply this - some liked it, while others had no inclination toward it. What if some good citizens do enjoy ragtime - it's music. Prejudice, ignorance, intolerance on the one hand and hunger for music - an enthusiasm that stopped at no hardships on the other. Music, however, has won the day; this is a musical nation, and the development in Clark County is abreast with other communities. While some still enjoy the old-fashioned, rollicking tunes, supervision has changed the musical situation in Springfield and the rest of the world.

There was a time when "Scotland is Burning! Look Out! Look Out. Fire! Fire!" was a round that was popular - when everybody sang it, and there was a time when Southern Harmonies - Missouri and Kentucky Melodies as text books, constituted the musical knowledge of the community. The young woman who played the "Maiden's Prayer" was an accomplished musician. The patent or square notes were thought to be easier mastered, and there are men and women who still call them "buckwheat" because their shape resembles the grain. Some one writes:

Blessed is the man who has soul to catch the silent music - to live above the discords of earth life and catch the immortal strains. The radio simply receives vibrations that always have been in the air, and while the pioneers were circumscribed in their understanding of things about them, thinking that any pleasure not an absolute necessity was sin, whenever the Song Sparrow orchestra started up its musical cadences with Mr. Cardinal as chief soloist and musical Bob White as the conductor, the hoe seemed to move more rapidly down the long rows of corn; when the whole earth seemed fair and good why should the settlers stop their ears - why shut out the woodland music?

and when sufficiently urged there are men and women still lingering about the community who sing them; it was demonstrated at the Yarnfest. When an aged violinist struck the notes of Nelly Gray the people sang it. James Whitcomb Riley said :

When a violinist who played a very old instrument - old enough that he called it a fiddle - emphasized that fact in securing an orchestral engagement he was assured : "No one will ever know the difference," but it seems that in a musical way many persons adhere to the old order of things. The hymn writers of the past seemed to leave little in the way of religious training for the hymnologists of the future ; those who write the hymns of the church have much to do with shaping theology. To the tune of Duke Street church-goers everywhere sing the line : and the hymn writers have demonstrated that both religion and patriotism may be incorporated into the hymns the people sing; while more than

In the old days when because of the scarcity of church hymnals the minister "lined the hymns" by reading a line and then asking the congregation to join him in singing it, a feeble old divine from the pulpit one day exclaimed: and again they sang in unison, but as to the origin of songs it is said that more of them developed in the Civil war than in any other one period in American history. Historians say that "Nelly Gray" did as much to - create anti-slavery sentiment as did "Uncle Tom's Cabin," and another song of the period, "Tramp, Tramp Tramp," while there are Civil war veterans or sons of veterans to sing it.

In a short time everybody was singing: "We Are Coming, Father Abraham," and then came the plaintive song: "Just Before the Battle, Mother," and finally, "Tenting Tonight" was the expression of saddened hearts ; while people were awed at the prospect of emancipation there came another song: "Wake Nicodemus Today" that was more joyful, and just at the opportune time came, "The Battle Hymn of the Republic." The words from the pen of Mrs. Julia Ward Howe, with the lilting chorus, "Glory, Glory, Hallelujah," is recognized as a national air, and Springfield people frequently sing it. "The Vacant Chair" was one of the saddest songs coming out of the Civil war - unquestionably the songwriting period in United States history.

It is conceded that only war and love stir the emotions ; the people do not sing about the high cost of living, and even woman's suffrage does not bring forth enduring lyrics ; the world does not sing of the Panama Canal, which was the greatest engineering feat of the ages and the fruition of the hopes of many years. Perhaps "Tipperary" and "The Rose of No Man's Land" will live in history; nothing has come out of the World war to compare with the songs of the Civil war. While the old-fashioned singing school had its part in perfecting the congregational singing of hymns - dignified verse set to stately tunes that revealed the whole plan of saving grace, the Civil war songs taught patriotism to everybody. The people sang them with spirit, and the line:

It is said the curse of modern music is commercialism; that singing for money is different from singing for love of it. Coleridge says, "Genius is the power of carrying the feelings of childhood into the powers of manhood," and after the singing schools of the past had enabled the people to sing collectively they soon began sitting in groups in the churches, and thus was evolved the choir - the "war department" of the church today. The enriched church service grew out of the trained singers giving their time and talent to such things. For a number of years music has been incorporated into the course of study in the Springfield and

Clark County public schools, and a technical knowledge is acquired while pursuing other studies. It is known that a fund was created by President George Washington from which to establish a national conservatory of music, and recently musicians are investigating it. While Berlin once swayed the musical world, the discord of war destroyed the harmony there for Americans, causing this country to rely upon its own resources, and home talent meets the requirements.

Because of his knowledge of local music, Prof. Arthur R. Juergens was appealed to, and he writes : "About fifty years ago when Springfield was only a village, the community could offer little inducement to the trained musician and thus musical endeavor for the most part was amateurish. Professor Burbank was a painstaking, energetic musician who gave an impetus to musical activity by organizing a large mixed chorus in Springfield ; this chorus studied the works of the masters, and gave a number of high grade concerts. Professor Burbank believed that the musical training of the child should be principally founded on a knowledge of the subject, and he therefore introduced regular class examinations in theory in the public schools and required memorizing of definitions. As a basis for instruction he used the Lowell Mason Music Series, a methodical and thorough text book containing much excellent song material.

When Professor Burbank eventually resigned as teacher of music in the public schools of Springfield he was succeeded by Professor Hardick, who continued the same educational policy, these two early musical instructors perhaps more than any other factor changing the musical aspect of the town. Professor Hardick was a thorough musician of the old German school and an excellent piano instructor. Some of the best Springfield musicians, among them Charles L. Bauer, received from him their first piano lessons.

Prof. Victor Williams of Cincinnati, the next public school music instructor, was an excellent violinist and a man of pleasing personality. Mr. Williams, contrary to Mr. Burbank's method, placed greater emphasis on tone-quality and expression in the music instruction. He held the position for a few years and then located in Richmond, Indiana. C. W. Stanage, who succeeded Williams, was an earnest advocate of the countrywide movement in favor of more sight-singing instruction in the schools, thus to some extent side-tracking the Williams method.

In 1892, when Mr. Stanage resigned, came Arthur R. Juergens, a well trained Cincinnati musician, who was at one time a pupil in the public schools of Springfield. While he had sortie experience as a school teacher he had primarily followed private voice teaching and chorus and orchestra-conducting in Cincinnati ; he had also filled positions as organist and choir leader in Cincinnati churches. While he believed that the child should be well grounded in sight-singing and theory, so as to meet the practical demands of the church and home, yet he placed greater stress on the refining influence of music and on its importance as a medium for self-expression.

Mr. Juergens also contended that every normal child can be taught to sing, and he soon won over a majority of the regular teachers to his viewpoint. It was a fortunate circumstance that Prof. Carey Boggess, a man of musical taste and ability, was for almost a generation the superintendent of the public schools ; he not only supported the music supervisor in his endeavors, but also took a lively interest in the musical activity of the community. After several years of earnest work on the part of the regular teachers, word came from the Sunday schools and churches that the effect of the vocal instruction in the public schools was apparent in the improved singing in the classes and choirs. Children's choruses and orchestras were organized in the schools and frequent public performances gave the parents an opportunity to judge of the progress made ; for many years the children's chorus furnished the music at the annual high school commencements.

In 1897 a notable school entertainment was given for the benefit of the fire sufferers of the East Street shops and the local Young Men's Christian Association. On this occasion a school chorus of over 500 children, dressed in appropriate colored gowns, represented a living United States flag ; the proceeds of the affair were equally divided between the fire sufferers and the Young Men's Christian Association. The work of the high school orchestra attracted attention; it was frequently said of the performers that they played more like professional musicians than students. High grade concerts were given by this organization and the proceeds were used for high school purposes.

A number of local musicians received the first stimulus to enter on a professional musical career while playing with the high school orchestra ; some of the students who specialized successfully in music after leaving the schools are: Ralph Wetmore, Charles Kalbfus, Frank and Ralph Rigio, Martha Cargill, Jessie Linn, Chester Moffett, Charles Woods, Orrin Dudley and Kate Cummings. The first text book used during a period of fifty years was the Lowell Mason Series; then the Cincinnati Music Reader was introduced, and this was followed by the Model Music course. In recent years the Harmonic Music course formed the basis of study ; it is still used in a few of the grammar grades, while the primary grades study from the books of the New Educational Series, a revised issue of the original Lowell Mason Series. Lately the Hollis Dann Junior song book has been added to the seventh and eighth grades.

In 1895 the Board of Education adopted a book for the high school music classes which was compiled and edited by Arthur R. Juergens; this book was in use for fifteen years and it proved to be of great value on account of its song material; in 1920, after twenty-eight years as musical supervisor of Springfield schools, Mr. Juergens retired from the service. The school music is now in charge of G. R. Humbarger, a progressive young musician of Marietta. He frequently contributes to programs, the whole community being interested in the work of the public schools. At an educational association attended by Clark County teachers in 1921 these subjects were discussed : "The relation of the school music supervisor's work to the community, from the viewpoint of the business man," "The relation of the music supervisor's work to the other activities of the school, from the viewpoint of the superintendent," and "The music supervisor's task, from the viewpoint of one of the most prominent teachers in America."

Professor Juergens says of the Musical Activity in German Societies, that the musical history of Springfield would be incomplete without an account of the musical endeavor in the German societies. Fifty years ago when immigration was at its zenith, Springfield was favored by a large influx of German mechanics who sought employment in the factories ; as most of these immigrants were unable to speak English, they organized societies among themselves, where they could sing songs in their mother tongue ; the foremost of these societies was the Springfield Maennerchor, a male chorus that met once a week to study German songs. It frequently performed in public, and many of its concerts were of a high order.

The Maennerchor eventually joined the Central Ohio Saengerbund, a federation of German male singing societies. This organization arranged big- festivals (Saengerfest) every two or three years; at these festivals music of merit was performed by mass choruses, orchestras and eminent soloists. In the early '80s Springfield was chosen as the festival city, and under the leadership of an active committee and the director, P. E. Montamus, the city admirably disposed of its task. Prominent directors of the Springfield Maennerchor at different periods were: Dr. Charles A. Juergens, J. Sattes, John Reising, Joseph Link, Sr., Mr. Montamus, Mark Snyder and Arthur *R. Juergens. Under the direction of the latter, Springfield Maennerchor carried off the prize in a song contest held at the Chillicothe Saengerfest in 1896, with seventeen societies participating.

The Maennerchor returned from Chillicothe covered with glory, and upon its arrival in Springfield it marched through the streets behind Hawken's band with Herman Voges, Sr., the president of the society, leading the procession and flourishing the laurel wreath, presented to the Maennerchor, as a mark of respect, by the women of Chillicothe. One of the most noteworthy concerts given by the Maennerchor was the one offered in 1897 at Black's Opera House. Mrs. Wentz-MacDonald, the famous contralto, and Michael Brand, the noted 'cello-player and orchestra leader of Cincinnati, appeared on the program as soloists. For a half century the Maennerchor was the social center of the German population, and in 1905, when a rapid decimation of the ranks of German pioneers had brought German social life in Springfield to low ebb, the Maennerchor "gave us the ghost."

Prominent Germans, now deceased, who took an active part in Maennerchor affairs were: Frank Anzinger, Sr.,* Joseph Link, Sr., Leo Brame, Prof. August Mammes, Martin Kreis, Christian Binnig, and Edward C. Schmidt. Of those still among the living the following deserve mention : Herman Voges, Sr., Charles Gasser, Herman Gunderman, Louis Miller, and Joseph Schumacher, Sr. In the course of time other German male singing societies appeared on the scene to compete for German support. In 1894, under the auspices of the local Elks' Club, prominent Springfield vocalists organized the Orpheum Society in the Elks' Club rooms in the Old Zimmerman Building on East Main Street. The organizers, W. T. Putman, Edwin Arthur, Albert Rawlins and Mr. Juergens summoned the trained male singers of the city to unite for the purpose of cultivating chorus music of merit.

Under the leadership of Mr. Juergens, the Orpheum flourished and soon became the leading musical organization of the city. Singers like August Mammes, P. E. Montamus, Henry De Leeuw, Frank Hemstreet, George Frankenberg, George Mellen, and Frank Prothero enrolled, and the music lovers of the city were soon regaled with concert music of a high order When the director, Mr. Juergens, resigned on account of the press of school duties Charles L. Bauer wielded the baton for the Orpheum, but it disbanded after an existence of two years. Another society was the Harmonia, organized by Dr. Charles A. Juergens, who also became its director. After a successful existence of several years

Eventually the Suabian Saengerchor, founded by Reinhold Singer, appeared as a rival of the Maennerchor. Directors of this society at different times were : Julius Trepz, Joseph Bischof berger, John Reising, Mark Snyder and Mr. Juergens. Recently the name of the society was changed to Germania Maennerchor. As a result of the war, it too is now peacefully resting beside its rivals. The choirs of the German churches of Springfield frequently gave creditable public performances, but the crowning effort was the big Schillerfest in 1905, given to commemorate the one-hundredth anniversary of the death of the great German poet, Friedrich Schiller.

A mass chorus and a large orchestra under the leadership of Arthur R. Juergens rendered a high grade program, and the festival resulted in a musical triumph. The two chief and ipost deserving promoters of this German festival were: Louis Weixelbaum, the deceased German newspaper editor, and Adam Schmidt, the druggist.

While Mr. Juergens has written of the musical community from the standpoint of personal observation and participation, Prof. John Reising, who for fifty years has been a writer and teacher of band music, says some unique things. Bands in Springfield used to play popular music long before it was published, the teachers had to write it for them, and only time-tested music reached publication finally; perhaps that explains the vitality of early music - only the fittest survived, demostrating its merit before publication. * Professor Reising enumerated .Turtle's, Krapp's, Hawkens' Seventh Regiment, Continental and Warder's Veteran Grenadier bands, and later the Big Six . Band, of which he was the teache*- and business manager. For years he wrote his own band music because he could not buy it ; the early Springfield bands all played manuscript music.

Earl Hawkens is leader of the Cadet Band, organized in 1892, and contemporary with the Big Six Band, and other recent bands are: Metropolitan, Junior Order, Robbins & Myers and the Yolo Band, the most active band recently; however, on short notice some of these bands are still called into action. There have been some good Negro bands in Springfield as the Alma and Duquesne Blues, Mr. Reising writing much of their music and sometimes instructing them. Years ago the Salvation Army had a good band with Mr. Reising as its teacher. Some of the Springfield lodges have maintained bands, as I. O. O. F. and K. of P. bands, and some of them played for years. They used to fill concert engagements, and were often in street parades. Splendid musical talent is sometimes brought to Springfield, and local musicians have been heard in other communities. Many Springfield musicians have studied abroad, but a list is an unwise thing - sometimes names are omitted - but conditions are such in Springfield that a good musical education may be obtained without the finish abroad.

As early as 1814 William Nicholson taught singing school and public school in the home of William Ross in German Township, and in 1826 a society was formed for the encouragement of instrumental music, but that in the time of the sarcastic Rev. Saul Henkle, sometimes a writer, and he said : "The miserable condition of the instruments and the exertion of blowing brought on decay of the lungs by which it was carried off in a few months." Mr. Henkle said further : "In 1837 a vocal musical society was formed, but soon taking the influenza, it lingered for a while and died," and there is record that on November 8, 1849, the Buckeyes, a quartet band of vocalists, Silas Ludlow, Thomas Dean, Oliver Kelly and James Wissinger, under the leadership of the bandmaster, L. R. Tuttle, gave a concert in Springfield. They had a crowded house, and the concert was a success.

George W. Winger of Springfield is the only survivor of a quintet who sang campaign songs together in 1860, the others being: Amaziah and Hezekiah Winger, Andrew Watt and C. S. Ramsey. While as early as 1840 the people sang campaign songs, as "Tippecanoe and Tyler, too," this quintet was perhaps the first musical organization to travel all over Clark County, and Mr. Winger recalls these words:

"Hark ye, men and maidens, don't you hear the clatter? How the earth is shaking; what can be the matter? Horses, sheep and cattle frightened half to death - Flying through the meadow, till they're out of breath; Tis Uncle Abe a thundering to the station, With a load of rails for fencing in the nation. Chorus :

Henry C. Hawken, who was a Springfield band music teacher before the Civil war, was with Gen. J. Warren Keifer as an army musician. Later his son, Earle K. Hawken, was a band teacher, and still fills musical engagements. The Hawken Band frequently plays Sunday programs in Snyder Park, and in it are some of the original players. 'There are other father-and-son musicians in the community, Senior and Junior having been used by Mr. Juergens, and by local music critics - rather musical reporters in the newspapers.. Anna Marie Tennant writes of the activities of the Woman's Club, and the Fortnightly Musical Club in staging musical attractions, and she says Springfield has a number of music composers, and as an innovation the Fortnightly Club announced a program by local writers, including: Ralph Zirkle, Robert Brain, Jr., Philip Frey, and Robert Brain, Sr., whose violin numbers have long been recognized. Carl Wilhelm Kern, known as a composer, once lived in Springfield, and Prof. G. R. Humburger, while not writing music, adapts it to orchestral use as do Mark Snyder, David Driscoll and perhaps others.

Miss Tennant writes: "Springfield has contributed a number of talented musicians to the world," and she mentions Francis MacMillan, violinist; Miss Pauline Watson, violinist; Ralph Wetmore, violinist; Robert Brain, Jr., pianist and composer; Miss Sibyl Sanderson Fagan, pianist and whistler, and Ralph Zirkle, pianist and composer. Mrs. Bessie Foreman Bevitt, who is an organist, once lived in Springfield, and local mention of Mrs. Margaret Hagan McGregor as organist and musical director is most complimentary, but every church choir has its competent leader, and Philip Frey, who gave a recent program, was spoken of as "Springfield's own pianist." A local news item reads: "The mouth organ is coming back. * * * The return of the mouth organ means a step away from jazz," and that form of music has stirred everybody to command or condemn it, so it must have some merit. There is now a "Bureau of Industrial Music," in some cities, and Springfield musicians have their industrial organizations.

While the pioneers whistled tunes, and some of them had fiddles in their homes, it remained for Pierson Spinning to bring the first piano to Springfield. It is now in the rooms of the Clark County Historical Society. Mr. Spinning bought this piano in 1832 in Philadelphia. It was carried to Pittsburgh in an overland schooner, and from Pittsburgh it was carried by boat to Cincinnati, and the last lap of transportation was by wagon to Springfield. Miss Mary Spinning, who played it, learned music in the school of Mrs. Harriet Beecher Stowe in Cincinnati. She was once the leading musician in Springfield, and her piano was brought into the community ninety years ago.

While the church spire of the past has been followed by the pipe organ as distinctive architecture, some of the Springfield singers never had inquired as to what church was first to install an organ. The church without an organ is the exception, and when Mr. and Mrs. I. Ward Frey suggested that Alexander Sykes had been first to play an organ in the First Presbyterian (now Covenant) Church, and that Rliss Helen McBeth had played the organ in the Second Presbyterian Church, none questioned their seniority, and none knew the number of pipe organs installed in Springfield today. A number of theaters have pipe organs. The second and third organ has already been installed in some of the Springfield churches, and some of the best organs are to be heard in Springfield; the organ in Christ Episcopal Church was given by Mrs. A. S. Bushnell, and it is spoken of as an excellent instrument. Organ recitals have attracted large audiences, some of the foremost artists appearing in Springfield.

Some humorist with a penchant for music recalls that years ago organ stools could be raised or lowered to suit the player, and all young girls spent a good deal of time in adjusting the stool. It was a round seat on a screw, and there was always a tidy cotton scarf over it. In these days of "canned music," and radio concerts, music is widely disseminated, the farm homes having instruments and youngsters who play them. A recent platform speaker visiting Springfield charged that under the influence of a perpetual round of jazz dances, moving picture shows and aimless automobile riding, the faculty of concentrated and consecutive thinking is in danger of becoming completely atrophied in the coming generation, and Prof J. A. Ness of Wittenberg College characterizes jazz as jungle /music, saying it is responsible for the barbaric attributes of modern dances, and in contradistinction is the tribute of a local speaker before the Fortnightly Club, saying that God is to be found in the music of the woods and the great out-of-doors.

and that seems to be the inevitable - those having musical talent usually give themselves to it. Even violinists keep on playing till they finally reach the old fiddlers' contest stage, and all unite in the chorus:

Chapter Li

The church entered the social life of the community early in its history. The settlers were busy keeping the wolf from the door, and they did not find time for secret orders until about the middle of the nineteenth century ; however, the settlers were fraternal since they always responded to the needs of others. A number of Springfield lodges own their own homes, and they are behind many community movements as boosters; however, the social and benevolent features are the primary work of most lodges.

According to data concerning secret orders collated twenty years ago by P. M. Cartmell of Springfield, the Springfield Lodge Independent Order Odd Fellows was instituted locally in 1844, and it was the first lodge in Clark County. This order is based on friendship, love and truth and three links are the symbol. The first Independent Order of Odd Fellows Lodge in America was organized April 26, 1819, in Baltimore - Washington Lodge No. 1 - and Thomas Wildy was its founder. After . a few years the English charter was surrendered, and the Grand Lodge of Maryland was organized instead of it. There are now a number of I. O. O. F. lodges in Clark County.

In 1848 Clark Lodge Free and Accepted Masons was organized in Springfield, and it ranks among the strongest fraternal orders in Clark County. While the origin of Free Masonry is lost in the mists and obscurity of the past, well authenticated reference to it is found dating almost as far back as the beginning of the Christian era. It was in the third century that the Emperor Carausius "granted the Masons a charter, and commanded Albanus to preside over them in person as Grand Master." The name Free Mason is met with in connection with the organization of Masonry in England as far back as 1350, although it is not known just when the title originated. June 5, 1730, is the beginning of the order in America. Anthony Lodge, organized in 1871, observed its fiftieth anniversary in October. While the Negro Masons have more lodges, the older lodges have greater numbers.

In 1872 the Improved Order of Red Men was first instituted in Springfield, the Lagonda Tribe being followed by other lodges, and in 1893 came the Independent Order of Foresters. In the same year the Junior Order United American Mechanics was organized with other lodges from time to time. The Knights of Pythias Lodge had its origin in a poem written in 1821, in which a loyal friendship is portrayed as existing between Damon and Pythias. This touching story of friendship and devotion stirred the heart of Justus H. Rathbone, who read and re-read the poem in 1857-8, and while he was impressed with it the War of the Rebellion - the Civil war - delayed things, but finally when he read the poem and a ritual he had formed to Robert A. Champion, they immediately began activities. It was in 1864 that the order was instituted in Washington City, and in 1871, Moncrieffe Lodge was instituted in Springfield. The Negroes also have Pythian lodges in the community.

1895 the Masonic Home was located in Springfield, and soon after the I. O. O. F. and Knights of Pythias homes were established. While they are elsewhere mentioned, they all occupy commanding sites adjacent to the city, the Knights of Pythias old people being downtown in the P. P. Mast property, while the children are sheltered in the home on North Fountain Avenue. In the other homes all are at the same place although not under the same restrictions. The members of these homes are not wards of the state, but they are cared for by the fraternities with whom their relatives have been associated, and who provided for them.

The Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks instituted a lodge in Springfield in 1885, and while it is not a beneficiary order it is given to philanthropy; the brotherly spirit of the order is paramount to all else in times of grief, suffering and distress. The Order of Elks is distinctively American, and there never will be a lodge outside of the United States. American patriotism is a foundation stone, and the American flag lies upon its altar; no Elk's Lodge opens or closes without the inspiring influence of the American flag. On the first Sunday in each December every Elks' Lodge in the United States holds its Lodge of Sorrow in memory of its deceased members.

While the most widely known orders have been enumerated, as early as 1849 the American Mysteries is listed in Springfield. The Ancient Order of Hibernians was instituted in 1875 and the Springfield Centennial Book lists the Grand Army of the Republic Mitchell Post as instituted in 1881, mentioned already in the military chapter. In the Fraternal News section of the Springfield papers other lodges are mentioned, but the time of installation is not given and secret orders are destined to remain secret until they give out their own information. While some of the orders are beneficiary, all are fraternal and charitable, and many favors are shown without ostentation - let not thy right hand know about thy left hand and its mission - and widows and orphans have disclosed kindly ministrations from lodges that otherwise would not be known outside the membership of the orders.

Chapter Lii

There are many benefits arising from organization, and those who labor with their hands are not all who are benefited; however, a labor writer says: "As unionism grows, the great power placed in its hands may be misunderstood and diverted to purposes of private profit, thus forming a veritable labor trust This will not be possible, however, as long as leaders of the labor movement see fully the needs of wageworkers, and remain true to their responsibilities."

While "sweatshops" never have been factors in Springfield industry, union labor does enter its protest and teach the following: "Let every worker demand goods bearing the union label on its product. The woman who sweeps the floor can use a union made broom as well as the man can wear a union made suit of clothes; in making your purchase in a store, inquire for a union clerk, and make it plain to him that the article you want must carry the union label. Constant inquiry for union label goods has made the merchant and manufacturer recognize the demand for them. Let organized labor continue to demand union goods, and it will not be long until every article used by man will carry the union label," and this bit of loyalty to union labor finds its counterpart in the story of the Shorthorn cattle breeder who ordered roast beef at table d'hote, and the horticulturalist who demanded that apples be included in the fruit menu on the same table.

The unemployment of the idle, and the idleness of those who are employed are problems confronting political economists and expediency experts, and while the teaching is old that everything comes from land and labor, the colleges and universities now are studying the situation. Babson, who writes on the labor question from the religious viewpoint, says that natural resources, available labor and capital are important, but they are of little value in the economic structure until they are released by people filled with the spirit of God. "That is what the study of economic history clearly teaches," and he quotes Towson thus : "Materials, labor, plants, markets, all these things can be adjusted, but the soul of man which determines his purposes and his motives, can only be converted through religion."

In 1909 organized labor in Springfield established The Tribune as its official organ and mouthpiece; it is published by C. W. Rich and W. C. Hewitt. In November, 1913, The Springfield Trades and Labor Assembly acquired the Labor Temple, and since that time The Tribune has maintained its office there. T. J. Creager, labor union secretary, has an office in Labor Temple. In 1901 he published the story of local labor development, saying: "In no direction has greater progress been made in Springfield than in its manufacturing interests. * * * With the assistance of the well known high mechanical ability of Springfield's workmen, it has manufactured products which now reach every civilized portion of the earth, and have made Springfield known throughout the entire ^yorld as a city whose products in the line of manufacture in which it engages are unexcelled. It is universally admitted that the condition of any community is reflected by the condition of its wage-earners.

to its advancement should not be overlooked; without competent labor, our city could not have progressed ; without competent labor nothing can be accomplished. In the words of the immortal Abraham Lincoln : 'Capital is the fruit of labor, and could not exist if labor had not first existed ; labor, therefore, deserves much the higher consideration/ This city numbers among its most substantial citizens some of the men who have for a greater or less period of time worked daily stipulated hours for a stipulated wage, in the manufacturing and other concerns of the city. To fully appreciate this fact, one has but to witness one of the annual Labor Day celebrations on the first Monday in September..

"It has often been remarked by persons witnessing these celebrations : 'Springfield should be proud of her workingmen/ and while conditions surrounding the working men are not just what they should be, considerable improvement has been made, and that the conditions which now obtain are as good as they are, can be attributed in a great measure to the work - educational and otherwise - of the labor organiaztions. These unions, formed primarily with the object of advancing their members intellectually, socially, morally and financially, have certainlv accomplished a great deal toward elevating the working men and their families to the station in life which they should properly occupy; better wages, better hours, Saturday half-holidays and better working conditions generally have resulted from their efforts,, saying nothing of the education of the members on questions about which they should be informed. It is admitted by those familiar with the subject that the trades union is one of the best intellectual training schools in existence.

"While the efforts of the labor unions in this city have resulted in great benefit to the members of the organization, these benefits have not been confined to them exclusively; the effects of their work have been felt and enjoyed also by those who have not held membership, contributed financially, or devoted their time to the work of making these efforts successful. When the trades union succeeds in securing something of benefit to its membership, these same benefits must naturally accrue to the entire craft, including those who are not members of the organization. Previous to 1864 there was no organization of labor in Clark County; in the light of subsequent events, this seems to have been due to the fact that the industrial conditions prevailing were entirely satisfactory.

"With the increase of population, and the ever-changing methods of production and distribution natural opportunities were lessened, and competition grew fiercer and fiercer between investors on the one hand, and wage earners on the other, developing into a struggle of capital against capital and labor against labor. (Just at this period the home production dropped out of the competition, as housewives found they could buy fabrics cheaper than they could weave them ; the loom was not much in evidence after the Civil war.) Capital organized to protect and advance its interests, and for the same purpose its example was quickly followed by intelligent labor. (Since such great industrial changes grew out of the Civil war, it is interesting to note the reconstruction labor developments following the World war.) Today we have on one side an almost complete organization of employers in the various branches of industry, and on the other there are countless organizations of labor.

"The organization of only one of these forces - capital or labor - would mean disaster and ruin to the other; therefore, the organization of both is necessary to the success of either, and to justly conserve the rights of all; organization promotes higher civilization; individualism is maintained, and the strong comes to respect the weak ; our republic exemplifies the merits of cooperation advocated by organized labor. Uncle Sam has been a union man from the beginning, and without the cooperation of the states this greatest of nations could not exist. No one who understands our form of government would exchange it for any other. * * * When it is understood that short hours, and wages based on the value of the thing produced will mean steady and profitable employment, and enable the consumer to buy back the product he has created to the extent of that which is his just portion, thus increasing consumption, then really sound business methods will be understood and prevail universally; many years of educational work may be necessary to secure a practical understanding of these principles.

"The labor organizations are seeking to do their share in this direction ; the union is a school for the workers, while in the meantime they are endeavoring to secure a sufficient compensation, and conditions that will enable them to live comfortably." (In the chapter on the industries of Springfield, mention has been made of the activities of W. H. Stackhouse i|i Washington, and he is credited with an effort to save the Workmen's Compensation Law, with organized labor back of it.) Mr. Stackhouse was called to Washington to participate in the unemployment conference, and as a manufacturer he represents the interests of both capital and labor; he is recognized in the councils of the nation. While Springfield industries are not all unionized, the local unions have been able in a measure to control wages, and there is little labor friction. There have been some differences in the building trades, and among the molders and metal workers in Springfield.

"To the victors belong the spoils," but it is admitted that Civil Service does much to correct the spoils system. While Mr. Stackhouse has done more than any other single man for the labor situation in Springfield, he has not always agreed with Samuel Gompers or with local leaders; however, he is a student, and has his facts in hand before arriving at conclusions. Those who differ from him credit him with honesty, and the courage of his own conviction. Springfield has been fortunate in the nature of its industries with regard to the labor question; when a man can do the work in one factory, he need not leave town to find similar employment in another. While it is an open shop community, there have been few labor difficulties. The East Street shops in the '80s had some serious difficulties. Springfield is an industrial center for printers, and it offers sufficient employment to bring them into the community in numbers.

Iron Molders* Union No. 72, organized in March, 1864, with twentytwo charter members, was the first labor union in Springfield, and some of its members later held responsible positions. While a few remained in the "sand heap," others became interested in business for themselves. The Iron Molders* Union purchased a burial lot in Ferncliff and in St. Raphael's and Calvary cemeteries to be the final resting place of those who do not have family burial plots in the community.

While the panic of 1872 caused some of the members to leave Springfield, the spirit of unionism did not remain dormant. While the charter was surrendered, it was taken out again at the time of the re-organization in 1878, and until 1896< when this feature was incorporated in the national body, the local union paid about $4,000 for sick and funeral benefits ; since 1896 such benefits are drawn from the National organiza- tion. A death benefit of $100 is paid within thirty days, and if the member had been five years in the union an additional $50 is applied on his funeral, and the local union pays $50 additional.

The Typographical Union No. 117, organized September 1, 1868, was the second trade union in Springfield, and it received its charter from the National Typographical Union. It had seven charter members, and seldom had more than fifteen members at one time. It had a strenuous existence, finally dropping out, but on July 28, 1882, it was re-organized and as printing has become an extensive business in Springfield, it has flourished again. On October 6, 1890, a resolution was passed abolishing the practice of paying employees in order for merchandise, and that throws some light on an economic condition existing in 1827 in Springfield.

About that time a paper mill was built on Mill Run. It was an acquisition to the industries of the town, and operated by local capital. There was little money, but it offered both employment and a market for rags. In a short time mill owners opened a store, and the mill hands were paid in trade. Wheat was taken in exchange for merchandise, and it was converted into flour, and thus the mill employees obtained their living from the store without the painful necessity of handling and counting money; however, in 1890, the Springfield Typographical Union had. recourse to resolutions because payment with store orders was detrimental to the craft. The Typographical Union has its own welfare department, and local printers have been sent to health resorts, and they may have residence in the Union Printers' Home at Colorado Springs.

In 1894 type-setting and type-casting machines were introduced by the Hosterman Publishing Company, and in 1896 by the Sun Publishing Company, and later in the same year by the Crowell & Kirkpatrick Company, now the Crowell Publishing Company, and now there are many Mergenthaler type-casting machines in Springfield. The introduction of the linotype was the greatest epoch in the history of the art preservative, and while many thought it would cause printers to change their occupation or seek other communities, it proved a stimulus to the business, and Springfield is now one of the greatest publishing centers in the world.

On August 17, 1882, the initial move was made toward organizing a Trades Assembly in Springfield, and December 3, 1885, another committee was appointed of which T. J. Creager was a member, and when the Trade and Labor Assembly was finally founded in 1890, members of the Typographical Union became its most active supporters. Since the '90s new labor unions have been added almost every year. The Mad River Assembly, instituted April 9, 1883, with seventy-one charter members was recognized as the largest Knights of Labor Assembly thus far instituted in the West, and it prospered for a time, its membership reaching 200 two years later, and it still functions in the community. The Cigar Makers' Union became active, and the assembly always has had an active interest in civic affairs in Springfield. It has influenced state legislation in some instances.

In 1890 the Trade and Labor Assembly began to observe Labor Day; its purpose is to emphasize the place of labor, and to make the laborers feel that there is a place for them in the economy of social life. The observance of the day has become a fixed fact in Springfield ; it has done much to bind together the various unions in the general brotherhood, and the success they won in securing shorter hours of labor has benefited others. All advances that have been made for the better condition

Through the Springfield Trade and Labor Assembly, organized labor indorsed the Woodrow Wilson Foundation, Secretary Creager saying: "Any movement which has for its purpose the abolition of war has the wholehearted support of the wage-earners of the country, who must bear the greater portion of the burdens of war." Organized labor has used its influence toward providing public work in building streets in Springfield in the period of business depression, and groups of men have had part time employment, the groups shifting to accommodate others an3 thus enable families to have necessary money. Because of the depression the community is losing both immediate and potential production, and it is better to have improvements through taxation than to administer charity to workers who are unemployed, and more than 700 men applied for emergency street employment.

While unions regulate wages, criticism is offered because men will not accept wages offered them when they are in need of money. A local writer says: "If we are expert mechanics, musicians or accountants, and circumstances force us out of our line temporarily, and we are required to don overalls and get down to common labor, we are bigger men than if we were to sit around and whine because we cannot find a place in our chosen work, and refuse to accept anything else." The same writer continues: "If such fellows would get down to business, and do whatever their hands found to do, the capitalistic powers would open their eyes and see that they are not going to starve in spite of the fact that the hinges on the factory doors are rusted, and spider webs over the windows shut out the sunlight," and because of the difference in wages it is found that in times of business depression there are more idle men than women.

Before the industrial era that was ushered in with the advent of the steam engine, every little neighborhood was a world to itself, and it knew nothing about strikes and labor difficulties; the farmer took his wheat to mill and brought home the flour ; he exchanged his produce for the things he needed at the store. There was no over-production and no era of prosperity followed by a period of depression. While nobody had a great deal, those who were willing to work never went to bed hungry; then came the industrial development, and the era of the world markets, and along with it all came the labor question. Now everything is done by machinery, and without it 3,000,000,000 slaves would be required to duplicate what is now done by Americans - so says a bulletin issued by the Smithsonian Institute.

When the chasm between capital and organized labor has been spanned by the bridge of better understanding, there will be fewer clashes in the economic world. While under war-time labor conditions there were jobs for all, the pendulum swung back again; the manufacturers have been able to ferret out the indifferent, inefficient workers thus reducing their payrolls without lessening the production, and with the rest of the world Clark County is again passing through a reconstruction period. While many men employed in local open shops belong to unions, organized labor does not control the situation in Springfield. Anything that makes the home more comfortable, renders life more happy, and has a tendency to better social conditions is worthy of favorable consideration, and such is the mission of trade unionism in Clark County.

Chapter Liii

In every community there are those who, by reason of age, infirmity or misfortune, have a claim on society. An economic critic exclaims: "Organizations for charity! they may be found in every community, watching over the apparent needs of those who are taught to expect and receive alms," but who would care for those unable to care for themselves, were it not for organized charity? How did the pioneers handle the question? "Silver and gold have I none, but such as I have - " and it seems that want always has been relieved in society.

Was the woman who was moved to charity and who gave something to a beggar in order to insure her own good luck a benevolent woman? It is said that great charitable institutions are founded on the surplus earnings of active men who did good while earning their money, and who closed their lives in a burst of philanthropy. They establish foundations, and the good they do lives after them. Those who endow beds in hospitals are doing welfare work, whether or not they regard it as charity. There is a fellowship of service, and public spirited, benevolent persons soon learn to know each other. Sometimes common interests cement friendships, and the difference in environment makes the difference in humanity. '