Springfield Township (part 54 of 69)

When the Van Amburg show visited South Charleston the first time the people all went to look at the wild animals. They fed cakes to the monkeys and apples to the elephants and when General Harrod thought to be generous with a hatful of apples for the elephants, one took the hat and all into his trunk. The laugh was on the soldier. While the circus now has its special train, those early shows were drawn by the elephants and sometimes they refused to cross bridges until they tested them. An elephant would lean against a barn and if it could not push it over it would draw the wagon in out of a shower.

When Waitstel Cary was a Springfield hatter, lje had a sign that represented an Indian in the act of shooting a beaver. He used a bow and arrow, and the suggestion was that beaver hats were made in Springfield. His hats were of the latest fashion and of superior quality. They were stiffened with glue and napped with coon, mink or rabbit fur, and sometimes when the glue melted it run down on the wearer's face, causing trouble for the hatter. On May 10, 1825, Cary, the hattex1, left Springfield with his family in covered wagons to try his fortune farther west. The citizens gathered to see him start and since the Cary children walked to drive the cows along, Springfield children accompanied them to the edge of the town.

The Cary family followed the trail which is now the National Road, and June 5, 1825, they stopped in Indiana, where they acquired land, and when he laid off the town he called it Knightstown in honor of Captain Knight of the 'United States Army, who surveyed and established the location of the National Road through Ohio, and whom Mr. Cary had seen in Springfield. There was demand for lots in Knightstown and the poverty-stricken Springfield hatter soon became a rich man in Indiana.

When George L. Wingate was a boy at Catawba, he on* time engaged to drive a carriage for Nathan M. McConkey and wife to Urbana. They were going away and the boy was to bring the carriage back to Catawba.

It was sheltered under a shed where the hogs wallowed in the dust to ward off the flies and the carriage was full of fleas from the swine. The boy was sensitive to fleas and squirmed all of the way to Urbana, too bashful to tell Mr. McConkey what troubled him. Since one flea is enough to drive a dog to distraction, how about a small boy and a carriage full of fleas. Under changed conditions a story like that is unusual; barnyards are more sanitary today.

In the Todd genealogy is this line: "We can scarcely realize what a vast difference exists between Clark County and the whole country Grandfather and Grandmother Todd knew at the time of their wedding, January 28, 1819," and that was one year after Clark was an organized county. " Springfield was a straggling village and the country round about was a wilderness save for the few clearings about the farm houses. They used to come to Springfield on horseback. * * * They did not have to go far to find deer, and until recent years a number of antlers were lying about the premises."

A Springfield man says : "The flag should be hoisted at sunrise and taken down at sunset; it should never be permitted to fly after dark." A Sun editorial reads : "The flag passed by. On the sidewalks few - pitifully few - paid any attention. A soldier was being buried and the flag passed by. One man stepped to the curb, removed his hat and held it across his breast. He was one among hundreds. He was not the only patriotic man on the street as the flag with forty-eight stars went by, but he was the only one not too preoccupied to think what the flag meant and to salute it. ' * * * Hats off, men, the flag."

When W. W. Hyslop had chicken thieves the bandits suffered a loss in excess of the value of the stolen property. When he missed the hens he found a purse with $200 in it, and since only fifty hens were stolen the price left for them was satisfactory. When strangers came later tp buy chickens, Mr. Hyslop said they were "sold," but the would-be buyers asked the privilege of seeing the poultry. They looked at the ground more than at the chickens they had left, but the purse had been removed to a place of safety. They had returned for the money.

Clark County is making war on homeless dogs, a deputy touring the country in search of dogs held without license by their owners, and it is reported that before the "dog catcher" was on the trail Springfield was full of dogs, and a clipping reads : "The man swears that he has seen dog after dog either maimed or killed, sitting in the most dangerous spot on the street, right where all the automobiles and street cars and other vehicles cross and recross a million a minute."

A stray horse was "officially discovered" October 11, 1921, and it was the policeman's duty to leave it in a livery stable where it was given hay and oats, and had a life of ease. It had been found wandering aimlessly about the streets. When no one claimed it the liveryman was instructed to sell it. He received $3 for it. He sent a bill to the city for $12, the balance due for feeding the horse fifteen days at $1 a day, and it developed that Chief R. E. O'Brien had written on the bill : "Horse was poor in flesh and old," when sending it to the city manager, E. E. Parsons, for settlement. What would the Springfield Humane Society have done with the horse?

What kind of a history would it be that did not carry a haunted house story? Such a house once stood in the woodland foot path along the Valley Pike near the Snyder homestead. It was a deserted log cabin.

Wild tales were told in the neighborhood about the dismal sights and the hideous noises. When passing the cabin after night, people approached it with fear and hesitation. They heard strange noises and to their sharpened ears they were like groans as if violence were being done and often long detours were made to escape the sounds.

One night William Overpack ventured along the path and when he heard the noise he summoned courage and approached the cabin. The noises were distressing and he hesitated, then advanced again, wondering why departed spirits should wrangle in a place deserted by all save the bats. Not believing in the supernatural, Overpack determined to find out what material cause created the disturbance. He secured a cudgel and approached the cabin. When he looked in at the window he found that a dozen hogs from the woods had found shelter. They came every night, but hitherto none had investigated the situation. The nocturnal noises were terrifying to the community, who believed in goblins and were shy of haunted houses.

While there were fiddlers among the pioneers and people used to hold neighborhood dances on the cabin floors, the public is now taught to "trip the light fantastic toe," and since 1904, when a dancing school was established in Springfield, W. E. Goodfellow has trained 21,500 students in the terpsichorean art. Polite and modest dancing is taught and there are beginners every month. The social dances each month include students and graduates, and "dancing school" is recognized in polite society as a necessity.

Chapter Lxii

As men and women grow older they multiply their yesterdays ; when they begin living in the past, their todays mean less to them than their yesterdays. The people of yesterday in Clark County discussed the weather and the prospect for crops as readily as today, never failing in their compassion for the poor among them, but again: "The shadow moveth over the dial plate of time," and the personnel of the community is changed today. "Some of us have been here a long time and have witnessed many changes," said a venerable gentleman to whom yesterday and today show great strides in human progress. Yesterday the simple life lulled all into peaceful anticipation, while today the world is one vast whispering gallery with international problems confronting it.

The pioneer gentleman in full dress was a handsome picture, and his name was legion, saying nothing about the rest of Clark County society. Then, as now, the follies and foibles of womankind were themes of never-dying interest, and the bustle (a Springfield invention) and the hoopskirt (farthingale) were alternately laughed at and frowned against and the abbreviated skirt has had the same attention. The hoopskirt as an advertisement in a store window was called a squirrel trap and when men and women see it today they do not recognize it. Sometimes women intuitively guess it and compare it with the scant dress skirt of 1921, and wonder which is the extreme of fashion. While women continue to wear lace in winter and furs in summer they need not be surprised at anything decreed by fashion.

There are no knee breeches and high collars worn and Springfield men do not attract attention because of garments worn by them, although they are guilty of looking back at some of the costumes effected by the women. The woman wearing a long skirt attracts the same attention - different from the others. The Dr. Mary Walker costume has been seen in Springfield and people soon reconcile themselves to anything. Today the sons of yesterday meet and master all difficulties as they present themselves but more of the observations are rural in character because history had its beginning in the country.

At one time the Clark County rural production was more than the local home consumption, and cheap prices prevailed in the community. When home-made devices were in general use, most of the people lived in the country. By and by the trend to Springfield changed the industrial situation, notwithstanding the high percentage of farms in Clark County still operated by those who own them. When the producer becomes a consumer he helps reduce the surplus and to increase the prices and the "oldest inhabitants" all discuss the cost of everything. They used to take their guns and shoot squirrels in the woods, but now they buy the food they eat and pay well for it.

Someone asks: "Do you remember way back when farmers did all their trading at the store and paid their bills at the end of the year, and the storekeeper would give the man a hat and the woman a calico dress?" They do not follow that custom today. The merchant turns his money oftener and sells on a smaller margin of profit and discusses his overhead expenses with the thought of reducing them. In the old days the clerks were on duty at 7 :00 o'clock and off at 9 o'clock in the evening, but there are different regulations today. Time was in Clark County when there was a factory before every hearthstone, the father making the shoes and the mother knitting and weaving, and making all the garments, but that changed when the soldiers came back from the Civil war. They found they could buy ready-to-wear garments cheaper than they could make them and where would the farmer obtain the leather and the linen thread were he inclined to sit on the shoemaker's bench again?

Instead of gasoline Slling stations in every town and crossroads, there used to be water troughs and roadside drinking places for man and beast, but what has become of the well and the old-fashioned pump sometimes characterized as the one-armed bartender? Yesterday the sawmill was here and the grist mill was there - Mad River was lined with both - but they are almost unknown today. What has become of the mill boy and the sway-back horse? The footfall of the as:es answers the question. The stories of today differ from the stories of yesterday. The things that seemed improbable yesterday are facts today - automobiles, airplanes, cash registers, ditching machines, the moving pictures. Who says "Backward, turn backward, oh time in thy flight. Make me a child once more for tonight." While some would like to be children again, would they want a repetition of their own childhood conditions?

There was a day when the youngs men of Clark County thought they were well dressed when they wore bright colored, double-breasted vests - a tooth brush sticking out of one pocket and a gold toothpick in the other. They were supposed to wear trousers long and if they happened to be short somebody said "high water" to them. Everyone had his "individual" napkin ring and every young man had a drinking cup inscribed "For a good boy." Long-stemmed cake stands were in use and a caster with salt, pepper and vinegar occupied the center of the table. Yes, Clark County folk used to put clean straw in the bed ticks after threshing and before the straw was weatherbeaten - not so long ago - they would lift the parlor carpet and put fresh straw under it. They had not thought about rugs and hardwood floors. Only a generation ago children were taught: although today it is well unnderstood that one following that admonition would seldom meet the social leaders of Springfield. That long ago strictly nice people had upper and lower limbs - nothing so ordinary as arms and legs - and the youngsters shooed the flies from the dinner table with peach tree limbs or brushes made from newspapers. Slaterags were still in vogue - spit on the slate and polish with the rag - and it was a mark of quality to have pen- wipers made from bright-colored material - young men got penwipers for Christmas presents. The young men wore stiff -bosomed white shirts that buttoned on the shoulder and a fellow was considered wealthy when he wore leather gloves. A penny then was as large as a fifty-cent piece today.

On the last day of school a mark of respect was shown the teacher when the whole community brought basket dinners and listened to the "pieces" in the afternoon. They "passed the hat" when taking up the church collelction, and whenever a white horse went by everybody looked around for a red-haired woman - not the chemical variety. When the settlers went out in the evening they carried torches to light their way home again, but now the automobile headlight serves the purpose and the electric light has come to the rescue of the pedestrian. There were trails blazed through the forests but now signs mark the highways and the tourist never is uncertain about his course in passing through Clark County. Just note the procession - buggies, carriages, automobiles, and then lift the curtain to witness the ox team and the jolt wagon.

Those who "cooned" the fences and stepped from log to log half a century ago, would not recognize Clark County under changed conditions. While they were men of vision, they would be surprised at every step along the wayside today. The Clark County settler knew the process of pounding corn on a stone or in a mortar and those who know the story of the hearth loaves - the bread the grandmothers baked before the fire - all united in declaring that nothing better has supplanted them under present-day conditions^ of civilization. They would be content with the half loaf if they were as certain of the quality. While the men and women of the past made the most of their opportunities, what would they accomplish under present-day environment? The types develop to suit the needs of their day and generation. Circus men say that the fat woman, the midget, the human skeleton have had their day. They no longer appeal and if Barnum were alive today his side show would have mechanical marvels instead of human freaks. While people were once interested in the human being, they now care for his accomplishments.

Housewives in Springfield thought the butcher a swindler when he asked them eleven cents a pound for a Thanksgiving turkey but now that he has multiplied the price by seven they pay it cheerfully, but would the men and the women of the past have adapted themselves to the changed conditions? Would the men and the women of today be equal to their difficulties? What about the affairs of yesterday as compared with human relations today? What does education have to do with it?

In the formative days of Clark County history, the average family had a box stove that would burn a four-foot stick of wood, or a fireplace that would accommodate a backlog with a forestick of indeterminate length. They knew what it meant to burn one side and freeze the other,, and they knew what it meant to have burned leather when the split leather used in shoes became water-soaked, and they must dry it. They knew the "sizzle" of tobacco spit on the side of a log of wood being burned, but the furnace heat of today - the register or the radiator would have alarmed them; they were used to open fires and roaring chimneys. Along at that time the well-to-do citizens - Springfield and other communities - had bright colored ingrain carpet in the "best room," hanging lamp and a marble topped center table - sometimes marble topped bedroom furniture - and there was an easel in the corner with a portrait of some ancestor on it. There was a large Bible on the center table, with the family genealogy written in it.

The bathroom with sanitary plumbing was an unknown quantity to the settler, and the present day methods of agriculture would have dumbfounded him. When the naked trees and brown meadows proclaimed that all nature would soon take a rest, there were hickory nuts, walnuts and apples with which to pass the winter evenings, and while the corn pone of the past would be consumed with relish by the men and women of today, there are some who tired of substitutes and the bread made from corn as a war measure recently. While the tractor is in use, the horse is still a domestic animal, and there are flocks and herds the settler would little suspect, were he to come this way again. The cattle in the Clark County pasture fields would remind him of the Bible narrative - the cattle on a thousand hills, etc.

Only yesterday you sat down to a meal table d'hote, and your chair was manipulated for you by an attendant ; the napery was spread across your expanse of shirt front, and everything suggested the tip. Today you run the gauntlet of a cafeteria, and if your money holds out you secure a meal, find your own table and tip yourself when pleased with the service. One time the boy with a blacking outfit - his own individual kit - was seen on the street corner and while you "took a lean on the bank," he would spit on his brush, spit on your shoe, and give you "such another polish," but today the Greeks have a monopoly on the "shines," with a "hole in the wall" called a shining parlor. The bootblack was a newsboy certain times in the day, but he has been off the street for several years.

While the settler went to the woods with his gun when in need of meat for his dinner, the citizen of today depends upon Armour and Swift for sugar cured hams and bacon; if he has a smoke house, there is a lock and key to it. While the more thrifty Clark County pioneer sometimes had potatoes on the dinner table, they could live without them. The settler dug sassafras roots for the family beverage, and his wife brewed a tea that served as an excellent spring tonic. Who has not listened to the stories of how sassafras and spicewood tea thinned the blood after the pioneers had consumed salt pork and but few vegetables all winter? The Springfield housewives know that spring is coming again when they see sassafras in market.

The transition from wilderness conditions to the cultivated fields and their products, meant self-denial of the strictest nature to the settlers along Mad River. Time was when the Clark County housewife went to the woods for her brooms, sometimes making them herself. When brooms were made from saplings the families swept their door yards, a thing almost unknown today. However, conditions imposed by the World war - the war of the nations - have enabled people of today to understand something of the privations of yesterday. In the days when the Clark County pioneer lived on salt pork, there was little said about balanced rations - there were no discussions of diet - children ate what was given them, and printed menus were an unknown quantity.

While it requires an epicure to order a dinner from the modern bill of fare, the chefs of today have studied the digestive requirements, and dinners are planned with some consideration of the stomach and its duties. However, there were better health conditions in some families than in others; here and there a pioneer mother varied her meals by serving something from the kitchen garden, instead of a continued meat diet. When one thinks of the heavy diet of the settler in winter - always ate meat to keep him warm; he did not say to create animal heat - and it is little wonder the blood would run thick in the springtime, rendering the quinine bottle on the shelf, where all could help themselves to it, a necessity. When the pioneer doctor prescribed medicine for others, many times he only ordered vegetables for his own household.

In some households, it was heavy diet all of the time; under such conditions sleepers had dreams, and sometimes they told them. While not all the people have understood it, vegetable diet always has given them better digestion. While in some households there was plenty of protein in the bill of fare, nothing was ever said about balanced rations for man or beast; however, it is quite as necessary for man as for the lower animals. The law of balanced rations is not new. but the pioneers had not studied it. There are men who are governed by it in the case of livestock, who are very indiscriminate in what they eat themselves. When the settler's diet was always the same: "Yesterday, today and forever," he wondered about the ills of the flesh, not knowing that diet had a lot to do with it.

In the light of domestic science as it is understood today, there are not so many ailments of digestive character. It is generally understood that the best tonic is plenty of fruit and green stuff, and the doctor is seldom consulted because of improper diet. Some one given to imagination scribbled these lines: but as long as the United States Government expends a quarter of a million dollars annually for garden seed, every Clark County householder with a plot of ground should appeal to the local Congressman for his supply, thereby defeating the medical man in the community.

Some of the Clark County medical fraternity advise diet instead of writing prescriptions. They are employed to keep people well, and when nature is given a chance it corrects its own mistakes. "An apple a day keeps the doctor away," and as much may be said for vegetables, that onions keep even your friends away, and yet there is nothing better as a diet. While some political economists aver that Government garden seeds are a waste of money - they prefer their own selection of seeds - when they produce the necessary variety of "garden sass," there is no gainsaying the fact that they have the best tonic in the world. Are you thinking about the welfare of your own household when the world is full of economic problems?

While the passing years have amalgamated conditions, and there was a strong undercurrent of Kentucky blood in pioneer history in Clark County, the time is not so distant when the passerby recognized the Pennsylvania, Virginia, Maryland, New York or New England farmstead because of the character of the improvements upon it - the earmarks of the settlers. While some of the landmarks remain unchanged, intermarriage has broken the lines of demarcation and in the melting pot of local civilization, no questions are asked - certain groups of foreigners maintaining their identity - the topic uppermost today is whether or not one is making the most of his opportunity. When dreams come true, the whole population returns to the place of its birth and many in Clark County have not wandered at all.

President Benjamin Harrison said: "The gates of Castle Garden never swing outward," and while a survey of nationalities would reveal a greater percentage of foreign born population today, there is a growing sentiment that they be required to communicate only in the language of the community. Yiddish is not American, and the overseas citizens in Springfield are rapidly acquiring the English tongue. The all-inclusive word Buckeye means all things to everybody, and while natives of Clark County are designated as Buckeyes, the foreigners now living in Springfield are peopling the community more rapidly than the Americans. There are all sorts of propaganda - a veritable melting pot of republicans, democrats, prohibitionists, socialists and laborites with all the isms including rheumatism - and yet homespun does not necessarily mean homebrew in Springfield.

From the dawn of Clark County history, its inhabitants have been governed by the Bible injunction that men should marry, and that women should be given in marriage; that they should multiply and replenish the earth. Sometimes family relations become mathematical equations with which the thirty-second problem in Euclid is easy in the comparison, and the gossip must either hold her tongue or run the risk of talking about somebody's relatives. Men have been married several times, and there are combination families - your children and my children imposing on our children - and all are inclined to make the best of it. After all, what generation in the past has been more abreast of the times, more up-to-date and progressive than the men and women of today? As he did yesterday, the passerby today will comment on the environment,

In the old days when there were livery barns in every town, and the well-to-do families in Springfield all maintained driving horses, they traveled leisurely along the highways and byways, but the livery barn is little more in evidence now than the saloon - but banished from a wholly different reason - the automobile transformed the livery barn into a garage, while prohibition was the undoing of the saloon. Dobbin was too slow, and the speed maniacs have the right-of-way along all of the highways today. They whiz by the farmsteads so rapidly that those in transit do not seem to note the details, and yet if a place is in dishabille, they all - with cars and trucks available, everybody sees the country. While the twentieth century method of cross-country travel is different - the tourists seeming to hold their breath in passing, after all they get rather comprehensive ideas of wayside attractions.

While in the architecture of the past, the cabin roofs were held in place by weight poles, that sort of domicile only exists in memory - Skibo Castle a modified suggestion of it. With increased wealth came more commodious homes, and hardwood floors are in decided contrast with the puncheons split from native timber. Even the time honored hod carrier, who did nothing but carry brick and mortar up a ladder, has been supplanted in sky-scrapers where even the wheelbarrows are elevated with lifting machinery; the hoisting machinery cannot do it all, and finally they send for the hod carrier again. Before the bathroom was installed, children washed their feet when compelled to, and the wash rag for the neck and ears was brought into service when clean underwear was given them ; it was only when boys went swimming they knew the luxury of a bath. In some of the homes of the yesterdays no underwear was worn, and there was just as little bathing - Clark County not unlike the rest of the world today nor yesterday.

When the grandmothers of the present generation used to scour their kitchen tables with ashes, the daylight streaming through greased paper windows, nothing was said about home sanitation; the dishwater was thrown out of the kitchen door, and diphtheria thus invited used to reap its toll ; then people had not heard of antitoxin. With the open fireplace there was less tuberculosis, but there was more diphtheria. Home sanitation was not then taught in school nor discussed in society. What do the youngsters of today know about the open fireplace and the broad mantelpiece where the grandfathers and the grandmothers always looked for their pipes and their spectacles, and the shelf under the clock just the right size for the family Bible? What do they know about paterfamilias reading it through every twelve months? When he read three chapters every day and five chapters on Sunday, there were two Sundays when he need not read it. However, in 1921, one Clark County woman read the Bible through five times.

when there was no more firewood, and today they haul coal from the towns. A great many heat units went up the chimney with the smoke, but then Clark County people had not learned conservation ; they would not sacrifice the straight saplings for cabin logs today, nor would they cut green timber for the fireplace. Six long, slim, slick, slender saplings - can you twist your tongue and repeat the line today ? Repeat it three times, rapidly. While the stick-and-clay chimneys frequently caught fire, there was always some one at home to bring a pail of water; a precaution rendered necessary because of the intense heat going up the chimney, both the backlogs and foresticks asserting themselves in an effort to warm the room, and thus insure the comfort of those sitting in the firelight.

Aye, when the father made the shoes and the mother knit the stockings they had the full realization of sitting before the fire, burning one side and freezing the other, but with registers and radiators, the heating problem offers little suggestion of the old-time methods of warming the cabin ; while the thermostat regulates the furnace, there are some who would gladly chop the firewood again. Were Rip Van Winkle to happen along, he would miss a lot of things in Clark County ; he would miss all the old-time industries, the homespun garments, and the homespun characters who made them. While the mothers and daughters remain in changed relation to the fireside, the spinning wheels and looms are gone the way of the world. There is no household today where all the food is prepared on the hearthstone, as it is brought by the men and the boys from the clearing or the forest.

Where are the industries of the past ? Ask of the winds, and ask of the older men and women in the community; from them you will hear of the changes wrought by the onward march of civilization. In the reconstruction period following the Civil war, the changes became apparent ; the shackles were removed from the slaves and from the household. The spinning wheel and the loom were left in the distance by the factory, and the industrial combinations in the commercial world. As people have had need of them, inventions have met every necessity and overcome every difficulty. Who remembers when the dealer weighed commodities over the counter with the old-time steelyards, instead of using the computing scales; they used to say the butcher put his hand on the scales, and the customer paid him for it. Some, one says :

The high cost of living, "rent hog/' and profiteer are economic terms unknown at the close of the Civil war when civilization was less complex; however, the economists say conditions may be remedied when men and women are ready to return to the simple life of the pioneers; it is the cost of high living at the bottom of the difficulty. Query: Is it the producer or the consumer who regulates the price of commodities? Politicians say the law of supply and demand still functions, but when the grandmothers cooked before the fire they knew how to get along without commercial commodities; in these days of high prices people pay them without protest, and the wartime profiteers continue to have their own way about things. While the Arkansaw Traveler may be improvident, he is not alone; when it is raining one cannot repair the roof, and at other times it does not require attention.

The man of today knows that "A stitch in time often saves nine," as well as the modern woman knows that it frequently saves exposure; the Clark County citizen of today does seem to "Take time by the forelock" and look after such trivial things. The Lord Byron quotation about truth being stranger than fiction: "If the truth could be told, how much would novels gain by the exchange; how differently the world would men behold! How often would vice and virtue places change!" has not lost its virility today. While only yesterday tho passerby saw the farm boy expending his energies pumping water for the livestock, today power is applied to everything; it is an easy matter to attach a gasoline engine and put into motion all sorts of machinery. While the boy used to turn the corn sheller or the grindstone, and "ride" one end of a cross-cut saw with some one at the other end scolding about it, the farm boy of today hardly comprehends what was required of his counterpart a generation ago.

When the boy had $1 a month spending money he appreciated it, and many boys had no money at all. However, the boy on the Clark County farm is no longer a slave to his environment; the element of drudgery has been eliminated from it. While he used to ask for biscuits at breakfast, home-made bread does not hold the same place in his life; sometimes he asks for town bread, and he is no longer ridiculed by his city cousins - perhaps because his hair is cut oftener and by an up-to-date city barber. What has become of the old-fashioned mother who used to invert a milk crock over her boy's head while she "bobbed" the locks at the edge of it? The flapper seems to have inherited the "bobbing" process. When the country boys used to come to town, they often had to "clean up" on the town boys, but there are no longer fights between the town and the country boys; when the farm boy appears in Springfield his garb does not mark him, and the old line of social demarcation between town and country has disappeared from the face of the earth.

One time the question as to who was the best man always had to be settled with clenched fists, and ruffians pulled their coats at the slightest provocation. When the bullies assembled in Springfield and used to form a ring and fight to settle the question of manhood, there were always abettors; since liquor has been eliminated people are forgetting about street fights. The fights were usually staged in the alleys - they call them courts today - and crap games are about the most startling amusement enacted there. The trees and the wild life of the forest knew nothing of political boundaries, and while farmers used to fence against outside livestock, now they are in no danger from it; they must keep their own stock in bounds or difficulty ensues. When the bees from an apiary went to a neighbor's well, he complained about them; in the complexity of civilization there are questions of privilege unknown to the pioneers.

While sometimes "Coals of fire are heaped on the heads" of others, people no longer borrow fires and the woman who lighted her pipe with a coal has long since gone the way of the world. When sickness over- takes the family it is a trained nurse who comes into the home, instead of the friendly ministrations of the neighbor women; the woman of today finds time to go to her club, while the pioneer mother always ironed every dish cloth on both sides, and when she had finished the ironing she set herself some other task; she was busy with much serving, notwithstanding the fact that Mary of old had chosen the better part while Martha had neglected nothing at all. There are Marys and Marthas today, and Mary seems to get the most out of her life because she omits some of the unnecessary details; why should a woman blush when found reading a book instead of shining a stove?

While Martha pats her pickles as she cans them, Mary hurries through with the operation and finds time for magazines, books and newspapers. By her much serving Martha becomes a "bundle of nerves," while Mary finds time to improve her intellectual life. Martha calls the family doctpr, while Mary has learned the value of respite from unnecessary drudgery. It is worry - not work - that reduces the vital forces, but unnecessary work seems to produce the worry. Both town and country enjoy social advantages undreamed of a generation ago; the daily mail, the telephone and radio, the automobile have revolutionized living conditions, and isolation no longer characterizes the rural community.

When one notes the atmosphere of prosperity everywhere it is difficult to reconcile some of the stories of the long ago. The daughter in the home studies the piano, and the son no longer plays the fiddle; he draws his bow across the strings of the musical violin, and these changes within the memory of men and women not yet grown old in Clark County. The fact may well be emphasized again that there were hardships and privations when every home was a factory; there were no shoes stores, and there were no ready-to-wear garments, but father and mother were "on the job" and never a word of complaint was heard about it.

Chapter Lxiii

In Hebrews ix, 27 it is written: "And so it is appointed unto man once to die," and Job inquires: "If a man die shall he live again?" In Ecclesiastes it is written: "For the living know that they shall die, but the dead know not anything," and the grave seems to end it all. "There is a Reaper whose name is Death," and he has been abroad in Clark County as well as in the rest of the world.

While there are some who are spared so long they wonder if God has not forgotten them; spared beyond the allotted years of man, they feel the import of the song : "The Last Rose of Summer Left Blooming Alone," and they more or less impatiently await the summons from the Messenger reputed to ride the pale horse, and they exclaim: "O death, where is thy sting? O grave, where is thy victory?" They fully realize that the shadowy boatman carries passengers only one way across the rivei^-the River of Death ; he never ferries them back again.

"I cannot say, and I will not say That he is dead; he is just away. With a cheery smile and a wave of the hand, He has wandered into an unknown land."

"If I should die tonight My friends would look upon my quiet face Before they laid it in its resting place, And deem that death has left it almost fair."

Elijah and Enoch escaped the long rest in the grave because one was carried away in a whirlwind, and the other walked with God and was not, but the tomb is a stately mansion - a dignified tribute to the souls of the departed. When James Demint first platted Springfield he was confronted with the necessity of a burial ground - a God's Acre, and what is now known as Columbia Street - an abandoned cemetery - was the result. Three ordinary city lots were set apart for the burial of the dead, and until 1844 it was universally used by the community. While the Mound Builders and the Indians buried their dead in the mounds scattered about in Clark County, the Demint or Columbia Street Cemetery was the first burial plot connected with civilized life in the community.

While there was some discussion of utilizing this space for the location of Memorial Hall, sentiment was against it. The history of the community is inscribed on those antique markers - the names of early settlers - and now that walks have been constructed and seats have, been placed in the shade, it seems that the dead will be allowed to rest in peace. Mention is elsewhere made of the care given Columbia and Greenmount Cemeteries by the Springfield Park Board. An old account of a funeral service of an unknown soldier, conducted by the Rev. Saul Henkle, most likely at this cemetery, says: "The coffin rested on a simple bier carried on the shoulders of four men walking to the grave ; the preacher walked before and the mourners behind the body; the people walked from the church to the cemetery in twos and twos, and the women separate from the men. When the procession began to move from the church to the church-yard, Reverend Henkle started the solemn hymn: and all joined in the processional singing. John Lingle, who met his death in a powder mill explosion in Springfield in 1809, had a similar funeral service.

There are stories told of solitary, sequestered graves, and in early days many families had burial plots on their own land; there are more unmarked graves in town than in rural cemeteries. Knob Prairie was the first burial plot outside of Springfield. When the population was scattered, and there were not so many buried in the Springfield cemeteries, the care of burial plots had not yet claimed attention, although it was a trait of the Indians to smooth the surface, thereby hiding the graves of their dead. The Paul family massacre in 1790 rendered the burial of five persons a necessity, and yet it was like the burial of Moses - there is no upturned sod along Honey Creek marking the spot where they were buried two days later by the son and daughter.

In 1842 there was agitation of the question of a new burial plot farther from the center of population than Columbia Street, and in 1845 a deal was consummated through which a tract of land along the National Road and outside the city limits was secured from Cyrus Armstrong; it was to supplant Columbia Street Cemetery and was called Greenmount. The conservative city fathers who were party to the deal did not anticipate the growth of Springfield in that direction. While Columbia Street was abandoned as a burial plot the hallowed clay never was commercialized, and now Greenmount is in the same class with it - an abandoned cemetery. In 1921 the city began beautifying botfi cemeteries, rendering them attractive to the living as well as habitations of the dead, some of the leading citizens lying there.

In 1848 a hillside vault or mausoleum was constructed for the use of a family named Bell - popular story says Mayor Bell, although at the same time Springfield did not have a city charter providing for the office of mayor. Different stories are afloat ; when Mr. Bell's body had been there fifty years - another story is 100 years - it is to be consignee! to earth, and a second metallic casket containing the body of a daughter was laid in the vault, but the wife left different instructions relative to her body. The vault is decayed and boards have been nailed across the entry, and the problem is what to do with it; there are no relatives in the community. While Greenmount is high and dry, the growth of the City of Springfield in that direction changed its desirability as a burial plot. It was a serious consideration with leading citizens.

On June 13, 1863, William Warder brought the matter of a future burial ground before the Springfield council and a committee was appointed to investigate other sites. Columbia and Greenmount were already shrines for many families, and they must not make the same mistake again; they must anticipate the growth of the city. Both were well located in their day, but as time went by the city built around them. The time had come in Springfield when, "The names we love to hear, have been writ for many a year, on their tombs."

An old account says, in 1804 there were four graves in what is now known as the "old graveyard," one of which was the grave of Mrs. James Demint, who died in 1803 and whose name does not appear on tax-duplicates because the plat of Springfield had not become a matter of record at Xenia, and there is mention elsewhere of the death in Urbana of the man who platted the cemetery, and a second Mrs. Demint had the body brought to Springfield for burial - most likely in Demint or Columbia Street Cemetery. One account says of the early cemeteries: "On modest tombstones was inscribed the time the man came into the world and when he left it." Some Revolutionary gravestones may be seen in the Columbia Street Cemetery, but Henry Watterson says:

The names in the Springfield and Clark County Directories do not coincide with the names on some of those early tombstones - even the name of Demint being unknown in Springfield today. In time many of the pioneers are forgotten, unless they are commemorated in biographical sketches by their posterity now enjoying the fruition of their labors. One enthusiastic marble dealer declares that progress in civilization is shown by the marks of lasting respect paid to the dead, and some one less sentimental exclaims: "What shall avail a man if he is principal depositor at a bank, when it comes to riding behind horses that wear plumes ?" It is related that at the height of its ancient civilization Egypt built costly pyramids for its kings and queens, and that their mummified bodies are still preserved in them. Wrhile Methuselah and Noah attained to ripe old age they did not escape dissolution, and sacred history relates that Abraham bought the cave Machpelah and had its rocky interior cut into crypts or compartments for himself and Sarah, and finally they were entombed there.

The Lord Jesus Christ was laid in a rock-hewed crypt - Joseph's own new tomb - and thus it is shown that the early Christians followed the custom of building mausoleums now in vogue again, although that form of burial has not attained to much popularity in Springfield. While in Westminster Abbey the graves are on top of one another, that condition will hardly prevail in Clark County before cremation gains in popularity or the many burial plots become more crowded than at present. It is a comforting thought as friends stand by the graves: "The good that men do lives after them, while the evil is interred with their bones," and when the returned traveler asks about prominent citizens of forty or fifty years ago he likes to stand at their graves, exclaiming: "O for the touch of the vanished hand and the sound of the voice that is still," and since life is but a workshop, a preparatory school for the hereafter, why shrink from the grave?

The community builders in Springfield were concerned about the final disposition of their bodies, the community having already outstripped two cemetery locations in its growth and development, and August 3, 1863, the committee appointed in June met and adopted plans for the organization of a cemetery association; it was to be a stock company, the shares placed at $300 with the subscriptions regarded in the nature of loans, with Dr. Robert Rodgers, S. A. Bowman and D. Shaffer as trustees for three years ; G. S. Foos and Chandler Robbins for two years, and William Warder and Dr. John Ludlow for the one-year term - a board of seven trustees - and when $10,000 had accrued from the shares the stockholders authorized the purchase of suitable property for the future city of the dead in Springfield.

Before the end of the year the board purchased seventy acres from the heirs of Henry Bechtel, and named the place Ferncliff. In 1864 there was a dedication service, at which time the Hon. Samson Mason was the master of ceremonies, and the devotions were conducted by Dr. Samuel Sprecher of Wittenberg College. When Dr. Ezra Keller, the first president of Wittenberg, died in 1849 his body was consigned to earth in a lonely spot in the northwest corner of the college campus, with a wilderness bordering it that is now Ferncliff Cemetery, and there was another burial - he found final resting place in Ferncliff. While one student who died in a college dormitory was buried on the campus, his bones were later transferred to Ferncliff.

The Ferncliff Cemetery now includes 220 acres, with fifty acres devoted to burial plots, and at the end of 1921 there were more than 20,000 lowly mounds representing the last resting place of that many persons, and while in Ferncliff and other Clark County cemeteries there are impressive monuments pointing skyward, some prefer the field boulder to mark their final resting place - a mark of beauty as well as simplicity. There are no marble monuments except the markers furnished by the United States Government at the graves of soldiers, since marble is not durable in local climate. The Cemetery Rules and Regulations bar the use of marble, and while as yet no design has been selected for markers at the graves of World war soldiers, it should be of some other stone. It is suggested that the G. A. R. mound in the center of Ferncliff is now tenanted by the third race of people since the Moundbuilders constructed it and the Indians used it. While it has been graded and made more symmetrical, there is no doubt about its use by prehistoric people; there are other mounds in the vicinity, and there is unmistakable evidence that the hill on which the Springfield City Hospital is located was once a burial plot, but the skeletons unearthed there disintegrated so quickly when exposed to air that it was impossible to secure definite data about them.

In the chapter on Clark County mounds there is mention of the discovery of human bones, and within the last few months workmen grading in another part of Ferncliff Cemetery unearthed bones attributed to an earlier race. Since Ferncliff Cemetery was opened in time of the Civil war, public approval was given to this central mound as a burial plot for soldiers who died without relatives who claimed their bodies for private burial in family lots. On Decoration Day the G. A. R. mound is the center from which all graves are visited under direction of the surviving soldiers of the Civil war, Mitchell Post, G. A. R.

"Graven deep on the stones that mark Proudly the tomb of the patriarch; Naming his virtues, one by one, Stricken down ere his work was done."

And while many graves are marked, some families have adopted the patriarchal custom and lay their dead in mausoleums, as: Bushnell, Bookwalter, Leffel, Gladfelter, Blee, Mast and Baldwin, in Ferncliff. There are no community mausoleums, and the Ferncliff Association does not encourage the plan, the upkeep in future remaining an uncertainty. Until crypts are filled the unsealed community mausoleums are unsatisfactory. Ferncliff has a temporary receiving vault built into the cljffs, and few transient visitors discover it. In 1918, when the ground was frozen so deep, it was used more than at any other time in the cemetery's history.

The practice of cremation is limited, and the potter's field only lingers in memory ; the single grave solves the question, and when burial is by the county there is a plot at the county farm; the rural cemeteries offer cheaper burial privileges and there is no potter's field in Ferncliff. The last report of Superintendent Stanford J. Perrott showed that twenty-two percent of those buried in Ferncliff were under ten years of age, carrying out the Bible statement that the old must and that the young may die - that there is no lease on life. Within the year 48,900 square feet of sod had been used covering new-made graves, and about three acres - Sylvan Hill, where the bones were unearthed - had been added to available burial space, and four and one-half acres had been purchased from the Moffett estate by the Association.

In 1868 a house was built for Louis Kindle, who was cemetery superintendent until his death in the '90s, having begun his duties at Greenmount and been transferred to Ferncliff. There is mention also of John Dick, who was connected with the cemetery for more than forty years in landscape capacity; he studied landscape design in the Royal Botanical Gardens in Edinburg, coming to the United States in 1854, and finding employment on Long Island as a landscape gardener; when he came to Ferncliff he developed what nature lacked, keeping the same general outline, thus combining art with nature and picturesque Ferncliff is the result. Whether seen in winter, when covered with a blanket of snow, or in summer, with its green carpet earth - it is the spot that many wanderers think of as their place of final rest - the rest in the grave.

sons now constitute the silent city, the superintendent has definite knowledge of all who make up the city of the dead; if families kept better records, burial would present fewer difficulties. None are received for burial unless full information accompanies the application ; the superintendent must have knowledge of friends or relatives. From the proceeds of lot sales the acreage has been increased from seventy to 220 acres, and the members of the original Ferncliff Association are all sleeping within its borders.

While the Ferncliff superintendent allows people the privilege of planting in other parts of the cemetery, nothing is planted on the graves ; the lot owner is part owner of the cemetery, and all graves are cared for by the Association. Shrubbery must be in conformity with the gen- eral landscape plan, and monuments and mausoleums are placed under the same regulations. Ferncliff Cemetery is the connecting link in the Springfield chain of parks along Buck Creek, and while strangers unaccompanied by friends are not admitted, the drive connecting Cliff and Snyder Parks affords a view of Ferncliff and Wittenberg. No natural scenery in the world surpasses the beauty of the cemetery and the college campus as seen from the drive, the name Ferncliff telling its own story, and who would hesitate in leaving his dead in such environment? The Catholics have separate burial plots adjoining Springfield; in 1853 Rev. Morris Howard secured three acres two miles east of the city along the National Road and established a place of burial, but the spot never was consecrated and in 1864 Father Thisse purchased six acres on Lagonda Avenue outside - the corporate limits of Springfield, and for a time it was used by all Catholics, but now the city surrounds it and space is utilized and Calvary Cemetery is the place of burial from St. Raphaels and some other Catholic churches. Calvary Cemetery includes twenty acres near Locust Grove, and the site was dedicated November 1, 1889, the first person buried there being Patrick Welch. In 1878 St. Bernard's Catholic Church, under the leadership of Father Schuchardt, purchased ten acres of ground which was consecrated by the Most Reverend J. B. Purcell - this cemetery near the Springfield Country Club.

Civilization encroached on the Lagonda Cemetery as well as on Columbia Street and Greenmount, and Calvary is an outlying place. In Madison Township there are two cemeteries at South Charleston - Greenlawn and Pleasant Grove - and two Friends cemeteries. William Mattison was the first person buried at South Charleston. Greenlawn is mentioned as a beautiful cemetery.

There are burial plots in Harmony at Plattsburg, South Vienna, Fletcher Chapel, Sims Chapel, Brighton, Rags and Lisbon - no recent burials in some of them. In Pleasant the burial plots are: Asbury Chapel, Vernon, McConkey and Botkin. In Moorefield: Pleasant Hill, Walnut Hill and an abandoned plot at Bowlusville. Beside Columbia Street, Greenmount, Ferncliff, Lagonda, St. Bernard, and Calvary, already mentioned in Springfield Township are Vale. Newcomers, Emery Chapel and the Masonic. I. O. O. F. and K. of P. Fraternal Homes. Greene Township has one burial plot, Garlough, and Mad River has the cemetery at Enon and two abandoned plots. In Bethel the Mennonite Cemetery, Donnelsville and New Carlisle beside the potter's field at the County Home and the abandoned burial plot marking the site of New Boston near Fort Tecumseh. In Pike there are burial plots at North Hampton, Myers, New Jerusalem, Ebeneezer and Reams. In German Township there are cemeteries at Lawrenceville and Tremont City.

When the County Home, known that long ago as Infirmary, was removed from Northern Heights to Bethel, the graves were leveled and the sleepers will remain - six feet of earth being the recognized right of all, and while there always will be unmarked graves, in the Donnelsville Cemetery is the grave of Jonathan Donnel, made there in 1812, and through all the years it has been unmarked. In the rooms of the Clark County Historical Society is a tombstone sacred to his memory, with the inscription : Jonathan Donnel died April 5, 1812, and the epitaph reads: and while it is not a new theology it is couched in unique words. The man died of his own hand, and this tombstone was sheltered in the spring house at the Donnel farm in Bethel Township for eighty years before it was finally brought to the rooms of the Historical Society. Jonathan Donnel was contemporary with David Lowry on Mad River. Mention has been made of Reuben Miller, who was active in the '30s, '40s, and '50s and died in the '60s, although Henry Howe, who says: "Learn to laugh time out of his arithmetic," says he died in 1880, has written his own epitaph, which reads :

There are funeral directors who speak of doing a good businessdo not have money to burn but to bury - unless they are alert, and when one advertised "Sympathetic Funeral Service $50 and Up," the wag said he "would like a $1(30 job," and then a visitor to a cemetery exclaimed: "Here lie the dead and here the living lie," when he read some tributes on grave stones. A literary jokesmith declares :

" 'T is better to send a cheap bouquet To a friend that's living this very day, Than a bushel of roses - white and red, To lay on his coffin when he's dead."

The epitaph hunter would find nothing unusual in local cemeteries, love for the dead manifesting itself in the form of suitable markers at the graves. Lagonda Chapter D. A. R. did the community a service in erecting the Revolutionary shrine in Ferncliff, and when the time comes in family history that more of its members are sleeping in the cemeteries than surround the fireside - relatives and friends so many times the remnants of once large families, are impressed with the sacred duty of keeping their memories green; to them God's Acre always will be a hallowed spot - a sacred shrine to which their pilgrim feet will turn whenever opportunity presents itself.

Source changes here: from A Standard History of Springfield and Clark County, Ohio, by Dr. Benjamin F. Prince, published 1922; 240,025 words in this source stream.

Xenia, Oh 45385 A Standard History

An Authentic Narrative of the Past, with Particular Attention to the Modern Era in the Commercial, Industrial, Educational, Civic and Social Development

Biographical

GENERAL J. WARREN KEIFER. Among the many able men and women produced by Clark County, one whose life and service have kept up many vital points in the affairs of state and nation is Gen. J. Warren Keifer, one of the last remaining links to connect the modern present with the Clark County of sixty and more years ago. He was a "young lawyer trying his first cases before the Civil war broke out and in that war he gained imperishable fame as a soldier and Union officer. General Keifer since the Civil war has practiced law, has been a banker for about half a century, and has a long and honorable record in public affairs, serving fourteen terms in Congress, one term in the Fortyseventh Congress (1881-1883) as Speaker of the House.

He was born on a farm on Mad River in Bethel Township, Clark County, January 30, 1836, a son of Joseph and Mary (Smith) Keifer. His father, who was born at Sharpsburg, Maryland, December 28, 1784, was a pioneer of what is now Clark County, settling here in 1812. He was a well qualified civil engineer, and though his main occupation was farming his professional knowledge was of use in developing a. new country, particularly in establishing common schools and the construction of highways. He died in Clark County, April 13, 1850. His wife, Mary Smith, was born January 31, 1799, in Losantiville, now Cincinnati, and died at Yellow Springs, Clark County, March 23, 1879. Her family was of English ancestry, was early settled in New Jersey, and one branch of the name was established in Ohio in 1790.

General Keifer was educated in public schools and at Antioch College, and while working on the home farm took up the study of law. He also studied in the law offices of Anthony and Goode. He was admitted to the bar at Springfield, January 12, 1858, and then began his work as a practicing lawyer in that city. He had just three years in which to win for himself a measure of success and proficiency as a lawyer before the Civil war came on.

He was one of the first to offer his services in Clark County, enlisting April 19, 1861. April 27 of the same year he was commissioned major of the Third Ohio Infantry for a period of three months, and soon afterward was recommissioned for three years. His first important engagement was the battle of Rich Mountain, July 11, 1861 - the first general field battle of the Civil war. He was at other points in the West Virginia campaign, being on the field of Cheat Mountain and Elk Water. February 12, 1862, he was commissioned lieutenant-colonel of the Third Ohio Infantry, and during the events of that year in Kentucky and Tennessee he was at the capture of Bowling Green, at Nashville, at Huntsville and Bridgeport, Alabama, and in April, 1862, led an expedition into Georgia and performed an important service by destroying the saltpetre works at Nickajack Cave. September 30, 1862, he was commissioned colonel of the One Hundred Tenth Ohio Infantry. He was assigned to General Milroy's command in West Virginia, was in command of a brigade and the post at Moorefield. General

Keifer was twice wounded during the battle of Winchester in June, 1863. July 9th of that year he was assigned to the Third Army Corps, Army of the Potomac, and took part in the pursuit of General Lee's troops after the battle of Gettysburg. He fought at Wapping Heights, and in August he was dispatched with his command to New York City to suppress the draft riots and to enforce the draft. After this service was accomplished he returned to the main theatre of war in September, and on November 27, 1863, was in the battle of Mine Run. March 24, 1864, he was transferred with his brigade to the Sixth Army Corps. At the battle of the Wilderness, May 5, 1864, he was seriously wounded, but in the following August, in spite of his disability, resumed command of his brigade. With his wounded arm in a sling he took his place at the head of his troops under Generals Sheridan and Wright in the battles of Opequan, Fisher's Hill and Cedar Creek in the Shenandoah Valley campaign. At Opequan a horse was shot while under him. October 19, 1864, President Lincoln brevetted him brigadier-general of volunteers "for gallant and meritorious services in the battles of Opequan, Fisher's Hill and Middletown, Virginia."

. In December, 1864, with his own corps, General Keifer rejoined the Army of the Potomac in front of Petersburg. March 25, 1865, he led a successful assault, commended in general orders, and on April 2, charged with his division in the final assault which carried the main works and resulted in the capture of Petersburg and Richmond. On April 5 his command aided in cutting off the retreat of Lee's army and forced it to give battle on the sixth at Sailor's Creek, during which movement General Keifer and General Frank Wheaton, each commanding a division of the Sixth Army Corps, with some cavalry and artillery, defeated Gen. F. S. Ewell's wing of Lee's retreating army and succeeded in effecting the capture of over ten thousand of the enemy, including General Ewell and many officers of high rank. Soon after this result General Keifer was given information that a body of the enemy lay concealed in a dense forest to the right. He rode in person to ascertain the correctness of the information, and coming suddenly upon the Confederate troops and taking advantage of the gathering darkness and the smoke of battle he shouted to the Confederates the command "forward," and they followed after him, suspecting nothing. On reaching the edge of the wood they discovered that they were being led by a Union officer, and General Keifer's troops soon surrounded the Confederate body and captured them all, including Commodore John Randolph Tucker, their commander. Following the conclusion of the scene leading up to Appomattox, where General Keifer was present at the surrender, he went with his corps to North Carolina to aid in the capture of Gen. Joe E. Johnston, and was present at the capitulation of that Southern leader.

General Keifer was wounded four times during the Civil war. He was honorably mustered out June 27, 1865. On November 30, 1866, he was appointed lieutenant-colonel of the Twenty-sixth United States Infantry, but declined this opportunity to continue a military career. General Keifer was one of a number of veteran officers of the Civil war from both sides who took up active duty again in arms at the time of the Spanish-American war. In April, 1898, though sixty-two years of age, he was appointed major-general by President McKinley and had command of the Seventh Army Corps at Miami and Jacksonville, Florida, and from Savannah embarked with sixteen thousand men for Cuba, establishing his headquarters at Buena Vista, just outside Havana. He was in command of the American military forces when they took possession of the city January 1, 1899. He was mustered out in May, 1899.

At the conclusion of the Civil war General Keifer resumed his law practice, and the law has always been his profession though many weighty matters and interests have come between him and his practice. In later years he took in as associates his sons, William W. and Horace C. Keifer. The latter is now deceased. The Keifer law firm, Keifer & Keifer, includes the General's grandson, Horace S. Keifer, who was an officer overseas in the recent World war.

In 1873 General Keifer became president of the Lagonda National Bank, and he has been head of that institution now for practically half a century. Soon after the Civil war he was drawn into politics, was elected and served in 1868-69 as a member of the Ohio Senate, was a delegate at large to the Republican National Convention of 1876, and thirty-two years later a delegate to the convention of 1908. In 1876 he was elected to his first term in Congress, the Forty-fifth Congress, and served continuously in that body as representative of the Seventh Ohio District from 1877 to 1885. General Keifer had the distinction of being the first Ohio man ever chosen to the speakership of the House of Representatives. He was elected to that honor in December, 1881, and served in that capacity until March 4, 1883. After an interval of just twenty years General Keifer again consented to represent the Seventh District in Congress, being elected in 1904 and serving in the Fiftyninth to the Sixty-first Congresses, from 1905 to 1911.

General Keifer was organizer of the Board of Control in 1868 for the Soldiers' and Sailors' Orphans' Home at Xenia, and was one of the trustees of this institution from 1870 to 1878. He has long been prominent in Grand Army circles and was department commander in 1868-70 and vice-commander-in-chief in 1871-72. In 1903-04 he was commander of the Ohio Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion. General Keifer helped organize and was the first commander-in-chief during 1900-01 of the Spanish War Veterans. General Keifer is a well known Ohio orator and in political campaigns has delivered many formal addresses on various occasions. He is a life member of the Ohio State Archeological and Historical Society, and during 1895-96 he devoted much of his time to the writing of an important historical work known as "Slavery and Four Years of War," which was published in 1900.

March 22, 1860, General Keifer married Miss Eliza Stout, of Springfield. She died March 12, 1899. To their marriage was born three sons and one daughter: Joseph Warren, Jr.. who moved to Nebraska and became a member of the Legislature of that state; William W. and Major Horace C., both of whom took up the law and became partners with their father; and Margaret E., deceased.

Tue Kerry FamiLY has been one whose name has been written large upon the history of Springfield and Clark County, where its representatives have stood exponent of constructive enterprise and high civic ideals.

The family was founded in Clark County more than a century ago, its original American representatives, of Scotch-Irish lineage, having come to this country in the early Colonial period and having settled in Virginia. James Kelly, grandfather of Oliver S. Kelly, who became a citizen of prominence and influence in Clark County, went forth from Virginia as a patriot soldier in the War of the Revolution. John Kelly, son of this Revolutionary soldier, accompanied his father to Ohio when a youth, and the family home was established in Clark County in the year 1808. John Kelly, as a soldier in the War of 1812, well upheld the military honors of the family name, and he was in the prime of life at the time of his death, in 1825. His wife, Margaret, was a daughter of Alexander McBeth.

Ouiver S. KELLY, son of John and Margaret (McBeth) Kelly, was born in a pioneer log cabin which is still standing, about four miles south of Springfield, and the date of his nativity was December 23, 1824, his father having been a native of Kentucky and having died when Oliver S. was an infant. The widowed mother later contracted a second marriage, and the stepfather proved austere and unkind in the treatment of the boy. A quarrel between the two led to Oliver S. leaving home when a lad of fourteen years, his devoted mother having grieved at the parting and having prepared his little package of personal effects when he started away from home one Sunday morning, with determination not to submit to further abuse on the part of his stepfather. He proceeded to the home of William ("Uncle Billy") McIntire, a mile or two distant. Of his reception at this pioneer home the following brief record has been given: "When he arrived he found Aunt Polly, the wife of William McIntire, and to her he told his story. In her great-hearted way, she said, 'Oliver, stay right here, and you don't need to go any farther for a home." He remained with the McIntire's four years, and worked on the farm, for fifty dollars a year. At that time the McIntire children were small, and Aunt Polly used to say in after years that Oliver Kelly did more to rear them than she did. In later years, when Mr. Kelly had succeeded in life and accumulated a competency, and when his stepfather and Uncle Billy McIntire had fallen into hard lines financially, it was a source of pleasure to Mr. Kelly to sooth the declining years and smooth the pathways of these folk - the one having been his early friend and the other having had the proverbial coals of fire placed upon his head when the stepson came to his rescue."

At the age of eighteen years Oliver S. Kelly entered upon a practical apprenticeship to the carpenter's trade, in the learning of which he worked four years at a wage of $75 a year. A number of the barns which he erected in Clark County in those early days are still standing. In those days a carpenter had to possess skill as an architect also, and Mr. Kelly was able to build as perfect a winding staircase as can be produced today, few of the average working carpenters of the present' time having equal skill. As a young man Mr. Kelly wedded Miss Ruth Ann Peck, who was born at Springfield, this county. When the gold excitment was at its height in California Mrs. Kelly bravely responded when her husband expressed a desire to go to that land of promise, and she assured him that she wouid care for the home and children during his absence. He made the journey to California by way of the Isthmus of Panama in 1852, and upon his return, four years later, he brought back $5,000 in gold. With this capital he engaged in the wholesale grocery business at Springfield, and was the founder of one of the very first wholesale houses in the town. After the lapse of one year Mr. Kelly sold this business and formed a partnership with William Whitely and Jerome Fassler, Mr. Whitely having been an inventor and Mr. Fassler a machinist. Mr. Kelly had available his capital of $5,000, and his partners being able to invest only $1,000 each, he loaned to them the other $4,000, for which they gave a joint note, Mr. Kelly having held this note twenty years before it was settled. The history of the Whitely, Fassler & Kelly Company has become a well known part of the industrial and commercial "history of Springfield, and needs no rehearsal in this connection. In the first few years of the partnership Mr. Kelly, with the aid of one assistant, did all of the carpenter work of the firm; Mr. Fassler, with one of two assistants, did all the machine work; and Mr. Whitely carried on the experimenting and research that brought increasing success to this pioneer manufacturing enterprise. Mr. Kelly continued his connection with the business until 1881, when he sold his interest to Mr. Whitely. He played a large part in the civic and industrial development and progress of Springfield, and his name merits a place of enduring honor in the history of his native county.

In politics Mr. Kelly was originally a whig and thereafter a republican. In 1887 he was elected mayor of Springfield, in which office he served one term, with characteristic ability and loyalty. In 1863, as a young man, he was elected a member of the City Council, in which position he served six consecutive years. In this and other ways he had much to do in shaping the destiny of the future city. He was one of the trustees that had charge of the installing of the original waterworks system of Springfield, and while he was mayor the City Hall and the City Hospital were built and equipped. His life as a whole was a fine exemplification of the "Golden Rule." Mr. Kelly had exceptional musical talent, and in the earlier period of his residence at Springfield his fine voice was heard regularly in the choir of the old Baptist Church that stood at the northeast corner of High and Limestone streets. After many years a dissention in this church so disgusted him that he severed his connection therewith, never afterward to become actively identified with any church organization. The death of Mr. Kelly occurred April 9, 1904, and that of his wife occurred in the following year. Of their five children only two are now living, Oliver W. and Edwin S., of whom specific mention is made in following paragraphs.

OLIVER WARREN KELLY, elder of the two surviving sons of the late Oliver S. Kelly, was born in the family home on South Center Street, Springfield, December 11, 1851. In 1869 he was sent to: Weinheim, Germany, to learn the German language and also to attend a leading preparatory school. When the Franco-Prussian war was precipitated he pursued his studies in the polytechnic school at Zurich, Switzerland, and at the close of the Franco-Prussian war he was a student in a similar institution in Aix la Chapelle, Prussia. He returned home in 1873, and at once entered the employ of Whitely, Fassler & Kelly, his experience having eventually covered every department of the busi- ness, including field work. In the fall of 1877 Mr. Kelly became superintendent of the Champion Malleable Iron Works at Springfield, and he thus continued his service until the fall of 1880. After passing two years in Colorado, where he was associated with mining enterprise, he returned to Springfield and became general superintendent of the Springfield Engine & Thresher Company, which in March, 1890, was reorganized as the O. S. Kelly Company. Upon the death of his father, in 1904, Mr. Kelly succeeded to the presidency of this company, of which he has since continued the executive head, with secure status as one of the influential factors in the industrial and commercial circles of his native city. IN, Kelly is a republican, and has completed the circle of both the York and Scottish Rites of the Masonic fraternity, in the latter of which he has received the thirty-second degree, besides being affiliated with the Mystic Shrine.

Mr. Kelly wedded Miss Kate Fassler, daughter of Jerome Fassler, and of their four children three are living: Armin Lee, Louise (Mrs. Carl Ultes) and Katherine. Bessie died in infancy

'Epwin S. KELLY was born at Springfield on the 17th of April, 1857, and here has well upheld the high industrial and civic prestige of the family name. In 1878 he graduated from Wooster University, with the degree of Bachelor of Science. He has been virtually self-sustaining since he was a lad of twelve years, and he depended upon his own financial resources in completing his education. After leaving college, with $400 of borrowed capital, he bought an interest in the commission coal business, with William Pimlott as his partner. This enterprise proved successful and was continued sixteen years. Mr. Kelly then organized the now widely known Kelly-Springfield Tire Company, his interest in which he sold five years later, at a handsome profit. He then organized the Home Lighting Heating & Power Company, and his fine administrative ability made this concern likewise a distinctive success. Mr. Kelly likewise organized the Kelly-Springfield Motor Truck Company, and developed the same into one of the foremost industrial concerns of its kind in the United States. He has disposed of the major part of his stock in this company, but is still interested in the large and prosperous enterprise. He is now president of the Kelly-Springfield Printing Company, and aside from his executive service with this corporation he gives his personal supervision also to his extensive farming interests near Yellow Springs, Ohio. He is liberal and public-spirited as a citizen and takes lively interest in all that touches the welfare of his native city and county. His political allegiance is given to the republican party.

In 1881 Mr. Kelly was united in marriage with Miss Patti C. Linn, and they have four children: Ruth (Mrs. Stanley J. Fay), Leah (Mrs. George M. Foos), Oliver S. and Martha. In the World war the son, Oliver S., enlisted under the English flag, but was later granted a transfer to an American command and was assigned to the army truck service in France, he having been assigned to special duty after the signing of the historic armistice and after his return home having received his honorable discharge, with the rank of second lieutenant. He is now on a plantation in Santo Domingo (1922). Miss Martha Kelly, who is now actively engaged in social-service work at Springfield, took a special course of training for nurses at the time of the World war, and was in active service at the Wilbur Wright aviation field during the influenza epidemic, after which she served seven months in the Walter Reed Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia.

, EDWARD Lyon BUCHWALTER. A record of admirable achievement in connection with the commercial development and progress of the City of Springfield stands to the credit and honor of Captain Buchwalter, and in this connection no other one man has shown greater civic and business loyalty or been more prominent in constructive enterprise. He was preceded to Springfield by kinsmen, John W. and Frank M. Bookwalter (who utilized an anglicized spelling of the family patronymic), all of whom gained prominence and influence in progressive industrialism and general advancement in Springfield. The lineage of the Buchwalter family traces back to residents of one of the German-speaking cantons of Switzerland, from which fair little republic the progenitors of the American branch came to this country in the year 1710, and established residence in Pennsylvania.

Edward L. Buchwalter, a son of Levi and Margaret (Lyon) Buchwalter, was born on a farm in Ross County, Ohio, June 1, 1841. He was a student in Ohio University, at Athens, at the inception of the Civil war, and he did not long deny manifestation of his youthful patriotism. In August, 1862, he became a sergeant in. Company A, One Hundred and Fourteenth Ohio Volunteer Infantry, and the first engagement in which he took part was under General Sherman at Chickasaw Bayou, in front of the Northern fortifications of Vicksburg. Thereafter he participated in a spirited engagement at Fort Hindman, Arkansas, and he was actively identified with the continuous military movements of the Union forces commanded by General Grant leading up to the subjugation of the so-called "Gibraltar of the West." On July 4, 1863, he assisted in the digging of the historic canal designed to isolate Vicksburg, and in the command of General Osterhaus' Division, in General McClernards' Corps, he aided in the building of pontoon bridges. He took part in the engagements at Port Gibson, Raymond, Champion Hill, Big Black River and the assaults on Vicksburg, and thus had his full share of intensive warfare. His executive ability and soldierly qualities led to his being commissioned first lieutenant in the Fiftythird United States Colored Infantry, and in May, 1864, he was promoted captain. Following the fall of Vicksburg his company and regiment were located at Goodrich Landing and Millikens Bend, Louisiana, until January, 1864 when they moved to Vicksburg, Mississippi. From Vicksburg, during the month of October, they went up the White River to St. Charles, Arkansas. While on this journey they were many times under fire. In the spring of 1865 Captain Buchwalter returned to Vicksburg, whence he was sent to Jackson, Mississippi. After the war came to a close he continued in the service of the Government, first as provost marshal at Macon, Mississippi, and later in similar service at Meridan, that state, where he had charge also of the Freedman's Aid Bureau. It was not until March 8, 1866, that he received his honorable dis- e. and after the lapse of years he has only gracious memories of He anne career, un kindly feeling for those who fought for the South as well as those who were soldiers of the Union. His continued interest in his old comrades in arms has been vitalized by his appreciative affiliation with the Grand Army of the Republic and the military order known as the Loyal Legion. E

After the close of the war Captain Buchwalter was engaged in farm enterprise in his native county until 1873, when he came to Springfield. Here for ten years he was associated with the firm of James Leffel & Company, and in 1883 he became one of the organizers and the president of the Superior Drill Company, which purchased the plant and business of Thomas, Ludlow Rodgers. Upon the organization of the American Seeding Machine Company, in March, 1903, representing an amalgamation of several manufacturing concerns, Captain Buchwalter was elected president of this important industrial corporation and so continued until he retired from active business on reaching his three score and ten years. The Captain has been president of the Citizens National Bank of Springfield from the time of its organization, in 1898. He has functioned prominently, loyally and with much of influence in connection with civic and business affairs in Springfield, and his is inviolable place in the confidence and esteem of the community that has long represented his home and the central stage of his productive activities.

On the Ist of September, 1868, Captain Buchwalter wedded Miss Clementine Berry, and she passed to the life eternal in November, 1912, Mrs. Buchwalter was a woman of fine intellectuality and gracious personality, was prominent in Ohio and the nation, and was loved by those who came within the sphere of her gentle influence. In March, 1914, Captain Buchwalter wedded Miss Marilla Andrews, a cousin of his first wife, and she is the popular chatelaine of their attractive home.

LUTHER L. BUCHWALTER is a popular representative of a family whose name has been one of conspicuous prominence in connection with the industrial, commercial and physical advancement of the City of Springfield, and he is here vice president of the American Seeding Machine Company, one of the great industrial corporations representing an amalgamation of a number of leading manufacturing concerns. In January, 1892, Mr. Buchwalter became associated with the Superior Drill Company, which later was merged with the American Seeding Machine Company, and his identification with the business has thus been consecutive for thirty years.

Mr. Buchwalter was born in Ross County, Ohio, September 9, 1874, and is a son of Morris L. and Louise (Zimmerman) Buchwalter, the former a brother of Edward L. Buchwalter, of Springfield, of whom specific mention is made in sketch preceding. In the public schools of his native city Luther L. Buchwalter continued his studies until he had profited by the advantages of the high school, after which he was a student in the Cineinnati School of Technology. After leaving this latter institution he came to Springfield and took a minor position with the Superior Drill Company. In the office department of the business he made advancement through the different grades until he became secretary of the company, and since 1920 he has been vice president of the American Seeding Machine Company, which absorbed the property and business of the former corporation. Mr. Buchwalter, like other representatives of the family in Springfield, has shown marked civic liberality and progressiveness, and has gained secure place as one of the vital exponents of industrial enterprise in this city. He is affiliated with the Masonic fraternity.

In June, 1901, was solemnized the marriage of Mr. Buchwalter and Miss Jessie Johnson, daughter of Robert Johnson, of Springfield, and the one child of this union is a son, Edward L.

"Rev. Rees Epcar Turross, Ph. D., D. D., has become a distinguished figure in connection with ministerial and educational work, and is now president of Wittenberg College, a leading institution maintained at Springfield under the auspices of the Lutheran Church.

Dr. Tulloss was born at Leipsic, Ohio, July 26, 1881, and is a son of Rees P. and Mina D. (Weaver) Tulloss. The lineage of the Tulloss family traces back to remote French origin. It is probable that representatives of the family were of the Huguenot Protestant faith in France and that they were among those who fled from their native land to escape the religious persecution incidental to the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. They found refuge in Scotland, and it was thence that came the original representatives of the family in America, they having settled in Fauquier County, Virginia, in the Colonial period and members of the family having gone forth at patriot soldiers in the war of the Revolution. The paternal great-great-grandfather of Dr. Tulloss of this review was one of the first settlers at what is now Newark, Ohio, and there he established the first brick kiln in that frontier district. The family name has been closely linked with the history of that section of Ohio during the long intervening years.

In the public schools of his native city Dr. Tulloss continued his studies until his graduation from the high school in 1896. For six years thereafter he was identified with business enterprise at Leipsic, and in the autumn of 1902 he entered Wittenberg College, the institution of which he is now the president. Of his career as a student in this college the following statements have been written: "Here he at once became a striking figure, taking a prominent part in all of the college activities. He was captain of the football team in 1905, and made himself a force in the athletic work of the institution. He was a member of the Excelsior Literary Society of the college. Upon his graduation, in 1906, he received special honors in logic and philosophy - the first to gain this distinction."

In 1909 he graduated from the Hamma Divinity School, was ordained to the ministry of the Lutheran Church and accepted the pastorate of the church of this denomination at Constantine, Michigan, where he continued his charge six years and more than doubled the membership of the church. He resigned this pastorate to take up postgraduate study. He spent one year at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, and then went to Harvard University, from which in 1918 he received the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. He was tendered the position of instructor in psychology at Harvard, but refused the post in order to continue his work in the ministry. He accepted a call to the pastorate of the First Lutheran Church at Mansfield, Ohio, this being one of the largest Lutheran Churches in America, with a membership of nearly 2,000 communicants. Doctor Tulloss was eminently successful in his work at Mansfield, where within two years he increased the membership of the church by 500, besides developing a men's Bible class of fully 500 members.

As a youth Dr. Tulloss gained experience in practical educational work. In 1901 he established at Leipsic, Ohio, the Tulloss School of Touch Typewriting, and he transferred the headquarters of his institution to Springfield when he here became a student in Wittenberg College. The Tulloss School became a prosperous institution and was incorporated in 1913. In 1915 the Doctor disposed of his interests in this institution. In 1914 he was tendered the presidency of Midland College at Atchison, Kansas, and later was offered the chair of psychology in Hartford Theological Seminary. In June, 1920, Doctor Tulloss was elected president of Wittenberg College, and his vigorous administration during the intervening period has given evidence alike of his exceptional scholarship and executive ability. The result has been a vitalized forward movement in the college, and in the financial campaign which he instituted and carried to successful issue subscriptions totaling nearly $2,000,000 were secured for the support and expansion of this splendid institution.

In the year 1908 was solemnized the marriage of Doctor Tulloss and Miss Alpha Miller, a daughter of E. N. Miller, of Springfield. Mrs. Tulloss was a student in Wittenberg College, is a talented musician, especially as a vocalist, and her gracious personality has won her many friends in the social circles of her home community. Doctor and Mrs. Tulloss have two children, Alice and Nancy.

Asa SMITH BUSHNELL, fortieth governor of Ohio, reflected the distinction of his spotless private life and long leadership in business and politics upon the City of Springfield, his home for over half a century. The name Bushnell will always remain significant in Springfield, and as a result of the career of the late Governor Bushnell it has a permanent national distinction as one of the great industrial captains of the last century and one of the most trusted leaders Ohio gave to the republican party.

Governor Bushnell was born at Rome, Oneida County, New York, September 16, 1834, and was of old New England ancestry. His grandfather, Jason Bushnell, fought as an American soldier in the Continental Army during the Revolution. He was first a member of the company of Capt. Charles Miel, in General Waterbury's Brigade, and subsequently was with Washington's Army at Tarrytown. The Connecticut family of Bushnells has been distinguished in the field of science and education. Daniel Bushnell, father of Governor Bushnell, was born at Lisbon, Con- Bede ery ees E 1845 he brought his family to Ohio, locatng in Cincinnati. Danie i i j i oe ushnell married Miss Harriet Smith on city. Like nearly all the prominent men that Ohio produced in the last century, he had only the advantages of common schools, and his achievements were more directly the product of his integrity and resourceful energy rather than the result of unusual training or education. Asa Bushnell came to Springfield in 1851. A youth of seventeen, his first employment here was as clerk in a dry goods store. Three years later he became bookkeeper for the firm of Leffel, Cook & Blakeney. In the spring of 1857 he accepted employment as bookkeeper and traveling salesman for Warder, Brokaw and Child. Though he remained with this firm only a few months, the employment is significant since their business was the manufacture of mowers and reapers, and it is with the great industry of manufacturing harvesting machinery that the name Bushnell is most closely identified. After leaving that firm Mr. Bushnell was for ten years associated with his father-in-law, Dr. John Ludlow, in the drug business.