Cambridge City (part 13 of 15)

William L. Lockhart

WILLIAM L. LOCKHART LocKHART, William L., a prominent mortuary supply manvtfacturer of Boston for over fifty years, was bom at Horton, N.S., July 20, 1827, and died at his home in Belmont, Mass., February 21, 1902. He came to Boston at the age of fifteen years, from his native place, and being unable to pay for his passage he worked his way as cook on board a vessel - an experience which he would often mention when sailing out of the harbor on the steam yacht which he afterward owned, and on which he spent much of his time. After walking the streets endeavoring to find employment, he started to walk to the city of Salem, to answer an advertisement for an apprentice, in order to save what little money he had, he paid his fare over the toll-bridge with a lead pencil; he failed to secure the position he wanted, but fell in with a sea captain, an old friend, who took him to Nova Scotia. For the next two years he went to sea, and then came to Boston again, being full of pluck and determination to succeed this time. After a hard struggle he apprenticed himself to a stair builder, receiving for his first year's service, fifty dollars, of which he saved twentyfive (at the present time there are not many boys that possess the same pluck and energy). He then visited Nova Scotia and returned to Boston to finish his apprenticeship of three years at stair-building, proving himself so competent and skilful that he was rapidly pushed ahead. A few years later he went to work for John Peak, casket manufacturer of Boston. He remained there six years, at first doing piece work, and later as a contractor hiring his own help. At the end of six years he went into business for himself in the manufacture of caskets and robes, building a small wooden factory on Cambridge Street, East Cambridge. As he only had three hundred dollars, he obtained the lumber on credit for his factory from a lumber merchant who had faith enough in his business ability to tell him he could have all the lumber he wanted. Not long afterward his factory was burned, with only an insurance of one thousand four hundred dollars, although the property was worth five thousand dollars. It was characteristic of him, that on hearing through a friend that the insurance agent said to a friend he expected to save a couple of hundred dollars by settling the loss immediately, at less than its actual value, he refused to accept as much as one cent less than the full amount, which he finally received, though he was obliged to wait six months for it. He subsequently bought a brick factory on Bridge Street, East Cambridge, being backed financially by the same lumber merchant who helped him before. He afterward bought considerable more land adjoining his factory and put up a number of wooden buildings, including a stable for thirty horses. By his energy and perseverance he succeeded in increasing his business, and in 1887, bought the lot of land at the comer of Staniford and Causeway Streets, Boston, and erected a large brick building, containing offices and warerooms. A few years later, his two brothers, Albert E. and C. H. Lockhart, and George H. Howard, who had been with him for twentysix years, were taken into partnership. At the time of his death, the concern employed over one hundred hands. Always fond of the sea it was one of his earliest ambitions to own a boat. When his circumstances enabled him to realize this ambition, his first venture was the sloop yacht Tartar; next came the Nautilus, also a sloop; later on he bought the Alice, a schooner, and still later the Troubador of the same rig, but larger. His latest purchase was the steam yacht Starling, a one hundred and twenty-five foot over all, which he owned at the time of his death. With the Troubador he once defeated the America in a cup race against Ben Butler. He also won a number of races with the Alice. He was a member of the Massachusetts, Hull and Boston Yacht Clubs, and of the St. Augustine Yacht Club of Florida; and was a familiar figure in yachting circles. He was a member of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company, and a former member of the Lancers, having been four days in the saddle doing escort duty at the time of the visit of the Prince of Wales to Boston. About the year 1880, he bought the house in Belmont, surrounded by considerable land, where he resided up to the time of his death. He was quite largely interested in real estate in Cambridge. An injury to his skull, caused by being thrown from his carriage some time in 1887, brought on an illness from which he never fully recovered, being troubled at intervals for the remainder of his life; his death, in fact, being traceable to this cause. During the last four years of his life he relinquished the more active oversight of his business to others, though taking a keen interest in it up to the time of his death. He passed most of the winter in travel, either in this country or Europe, having spent twenty consecutive winters in Florida, with the exception of one, which he spent in California.

Mr. Lockhart was married in 1851, to Miss Lucy O. Smith, of Kennebunk, Me. Mrs. Lockhart died December 6, 1912, being survived by an adopted daughter, wife of Dr. Joseph S. Lockhart of Cambridge.

Among business men he was kno%vn as a man of the highest credit and of strict business integrity, while his genial and affable manner and generous heart made for him a host of friends, among whom he was most deservedly popular. His funeral was attended by his old patrons and business associates. The manufacturers were represented by the Miller Bros., Geo. E. Holbrook, The National Casket Co.; by P. B. Heintz and Edward J. Parmelee, Domtee Co.; by H. A. Stone, Hollings & Co., Samuel Silver, and newspaper representatives of Boston and Cambridge; the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company, and employees at the factory. The floral offerings were many and of various appropriate designs, being given by the family, relatives and business associates, and The Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company.

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, was bom in Portland, Me., February 27, 1807. He attended Bowdoin College, and graduated there in 1825. His father, Hon. Stephen Longfellow, was a lawyer, and it was in his office that young Longfellow began to study law. Upon receiving, a little later, the appointment of professor of modern languages at Bowdoin, he gave up the study of law, and devoted himself to teaching and Hterature. To prepare himself better for this career, he spent three years traveling in Europe. The studies that he pursued while abroad were such as to increase his qualifications for educational work. Having returned to America, he gave a course of lectures at the college, the subjects being modem languages and literature. At the same time he occasionally contributed to the North American Review, and other periodicals. In 1833 he issued his first volxmne - "An Essay on the Moral and Devotional Poetry of Spain;" it now forms part of "Outre-Mer," and is no longer published as an independent work. When George Ticknor retired from the position of professor of modem languages and literature at Harvard College, Longfellow was asked to succeed him. He accepted the offer, and, as before, went to Europe for the purpose of additional study. This time he included Switzerland and the Scandina\'ian coimtries in his itinerary. His connection with Harvard College lasted till 1854, and he resided in Cambridge not only during that period, but for the remaining years of his life. The house he lived in is variously known as the Craigie House, Washington's headquarters, and the home of Everett, Sparks and Worcester, the lexicographer. Most of Longfellow's works were written there, and there he died on March 24, 1882.

In addition to "Outre-Mer," which has already been mentioned, and which contained the results of the poet's delving into the riches of Old World life, there appeared in 1839 another work of the same character, but in form more narrative - "Hyperion, a Romance." A small book entitled "Voices of the Night," a collection of poems and translations printed at divers times in periodicals, came from the press the same year; "The Psalm of Life," "The Beleaguered City," and "Footsteps of Angels," were in this volimie. "Ballads, and other Poems," and "Poems on Slaver}'," were pubhshed in 1842; "The Spanish Student," a play, in 1843; "The Belfry of Bmges and other Poems," in 1846; "Evangeline," in 1847, and "Kavanagh, a Tale," in prose, in 1849. Among the best known works of Longfellow, may be mentioned "The Golden Legend," "The Song of Hiawatha," "The Courtship of Miles Standish," "Tales of a Wayside Inn," "The New England Tragedies," and the translation of Dante's "Divine Comedy."

Longfellow is considered the leading minor poet. That England, as well as America, appreciates his ser\'ices to literature is e\-ident from the fact that his bust occupies a prominent place in Westminster Abbey.

Abbott Lawrence Lowell

ABBOTT LAWRENCE LOWELL Lowell, Abbott Lawrence, twenty-fourth President of Hansard University, was bom in Boston, Mass., December 13, 1856, son of Augustus and Katherine Bigelow (LawTence) Lowell. He was graduated at Harvard University in the class of 1877. He was especially proficient in mathematics, and also distinguished himself in athletics, ha\ing won on one occasion both the mile and three-mile race in the same afternoon. After two years at Harvard Law School and one year in the law office of Messrs. Russell and Putnam of Boston, he received the degree of LL.B. in 1880. He was immediately admitted to the Bar, and for seventeen years practised law in partnership with his kinsman Francis Cabot Lowell; Frederick Jesup Stimson being a member of the firm dtaring the last six years. Retiring from the bar in 1897, he became lecturer at Harvard University, and two years later was appointed professor of the science of government. He filled this chair so acceptably, and displayed such qualities of business ability, tact and executive force, that, when President EUot resigned in 1909, he was selected by the corporation to succeed him. In his inaugural address on October 6, 1909, President Lowell said: "A discussion of the ideal college training would apparently lead to the conclusion that the best type of liberal education in our complex modern world aims at producing men who know a little of everything and something well." Soon after taking office, he introduced a radical change in Harvard's elective system by abandoning the plan of unlimited electives, and providing for a considerable amount of work by the student in some one field, and the general distribution of other subjects under the direction and advice of the faculty. His writings have won him international recognition as one of the few high authorities on the history and science of government in the English-speaking world. They are: "Transfer of Stock in Corporations," in collaboration with Judge Francis C. Lowell (1884); "Essays on Government" (1889), "Governments and Parties in Continental Europe" (1896), "Colonial Civil Service," in collaboration with Prof. H. Morse Stevens (1900); "The Influence of Party upon Legislation in England and America" (1902), and "The Government of England" (1908). From the moment President Lowell began his teaching at Harvard he impressed both students and colleagues with his forceful personality. His elementary course in government was considered the most stimulating line of instruction, as well as the most popular, given to imdergraduates. He was at one time a member of the Boston School Committee and of the executive committee of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and is now a member of the Massachusetts Historical Society, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the Phi Beta Kappa Fraternity. President Lowell has been trustee of the Lowell Institute of Boston since 1900. In that capacity he has the full financial management of the trust, selects the lectvirers and in all ways carries on the affairs of the Institute in the service of public education. He was married, June 19, 1879, to Anna Parker, daughter of George G. Lowell of Boston, and a descendant of Judge John Lowell.

James Russell Lowell

JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL Lowell, James Russell, son of Rev. Charles Lowell, D.D., and Harriet, daughter of Robert T. Spence of Portsmouth, N.H., was bom in Elmwood, Plymouth County, Mass., February 22, 1819. Perhaps no family in the Commonwealth has attained greater distinction in both the republic of letters and beneficent public service. The first American ancestor was Percival Lowell, who came from Bristol, England, settling in Newbury, Mass., in 1639.

The greatgrandfather of the poet was Rev. John Lowell, minister of Newburyport, numbered by historians among the special notabilities of the American pulpit . His grandfather, Hon. John Lowell (Chief -Justice of the Court of

A History Of Cambridge, Massachusetts

Appeals, and United States District Judge) was a poet of ability, but is chiefly remembered for philanthropic action as a member of the convention which framed the constitution of Massachusetts, as he introduced the clause which effected the abolition of slaver],- in the State. John Lowell, LL.D., uncle of James Russell, was a noted writer on poUtics. theology-, economics, agriculture, etc.

To Francis Cabot Lowell, brother of John Lowell, is to be attributed the introduction of the cotton maniifacture into the United States, at Waltham, and the founding of the city of Lowell, which was named for him. To his son, John Lowell, Jr., is due the gratitude of a Commonwealth for his founding of the Lowell Institute of Boston, where he was bom May 11, 1799. Robert Traill Spence Lowell, brother of the poet is remembered as ha\-uig, with other members of the family, achieved hterarj- celebrity; but to none of them has come such versatile and \-igorous power as to the poet himself - power lo3"ally used for the good of his country, as well as universal man.

James Russell Lowell was graduated from Har\-ard College in the class of 1838. He read law in the law department of Har\-ard University, was admitted to the bar in 1S40, and opened an office in Boston. But love of letters was stronger than ambition for legal rewards. He soon left the profession he had chosen, for the opportunity and leisure of indulging his tastes in realms more congenial.

His first collection of poems, "A Year's Life" (1841) was severelj- criticised, though the genius slumbering was noticed by Judge Storj-, who wrote kindlj' of it at the time. In January", 1843, he with a co-partner issued "The Pioneer, A Literarj' and Critical Magazine," Boston. This was not a financial success. The years following were spent in giving to the world his inimitable prose sketches, his poems, that one after another took the hterarj- world by storm, his contributions to the leading magazines of the world, his editions of the poems of Keats, Wordsworth, Shelly and Mar\-ell, in the "British Poets" series, and in his extensive fore;ign travels.

In 1844 Mr. Lowell was married to Maria, daughter of Abijah and Anna Maria (Howard) WTiite. Her death, at Cambridge, eUcited one of Longfellow's most exqviisite compositions: "Two Angels." In 1857 he was married to his second wife, Frances Ehmlap, niece of Ex- Governor Dimlap of Portland, Me. She died in England, Februar}-, 1885. Of the four children by the first marriage, only one sur\'ives - Mabel, wife of Edward Bxunett.

In 1887, Mr. Lowell was appointed by President Haj'es to represent the national government at the court of Spain, from which in 1880 he was transferred to the coiut of St. James. His administration of the delicate and responsible duties of his high mission in London was characterized hv tact, marked ability-, and was a most pronounced diplomatic and social success. During his residence in England he was chosen rector of the viniversity of St. Andrew. Mr. LoweU died in 1891.

John J. Mahoxey

ber 2, 1880. His early education was received in St. Mary's Parochial School. From this school, in 1896, he entered Phillips Andover Academy, where for three j-ears he led his class, graduating in 1899, with several prizes to his credit for special excellence in Latin and Greek.

Mr. Mahoney's course at Har\'ard (1899- 1903) was a brilliant one. He excelled both in scholarship and as a debater, and graduated, a Phi Beta Kappa man, very near the head of a large class. His first teaching, immediately on leaving college, was in the Lawrence High School, where he sensed one year. From 1904 to 1912 he was a successful grammar school master. During the same time he directed the evening school system of Lawrence, one of the largest, proportionately, in the country, and did some valuable pioneer work along the Hnes of the education of the immigrant. In the strmmer of 1912, he was elected Assistant Superintendent of Schools in Cambridge.

Mr. Mahoney is kno'WTi as an educational lectiorer and writer. In 1906 he was sent abroad xmder the auspices of the National Ci\'ic Federation, to study the schools of the British Isles.

CHARLES JOHN McINTIRE McIntire, Charles John, "First Judge of the Probate Court and the Court of Insolvenc}^ for Middlesex County," son of Ebenezer and Amelia Augustine (Landais) McIntire, was bom in Cambridge. Through his mother he is seventh in descent from John Talcot, who came over with the Rev. Thomas Hooker's Braintree company in 1632, built his residence upon Brattle Street, was one of the first board of selectmen, a deputy in 1634-16.36, and in 1637 accompanied Hooker to Hartford, and became a prominent figure in the Connecticut Colon}'. Both of Judge McIntire' s parents have the distinction of being lineally descended from original settlers of Cambridge; his mother from John Talcot, and his father from Nathaniel Sparhawk, John Cooper and "U'alter Hastings. On his paternal side Judge McIntire is also the ^sixth in descent from Philip Mackintire, who came a youth from Scotland about 1650, settled at Reading, Mass., became a freeholder in that town before 1666, and died there in 1720.

While yet a student in Cambridge, in 1862, Mr. McIntire enlisted as a private in the Forty-fourth Regiment, Massachusetts Volunteers. He took part in all the engagements of his regiment, including the famous defense of the besieged town of Washington, N.C., and returned to his law studies when his term of service had expired. At the age of twentythree years he was admitted to the Bar by the Supreme Judicial Court, and soon built up a good practice. From 1871 to 1S74, he was the Assistant District Attorney of Middlesex; and when Judge Hammond was appointed to the Bench of the Superior Court, in March, 1SS6, Mr. McIntire was elected by the City Council to fill the position of Cit}' Solicitor. He performed the work of that office so satisfactorily that he was annually re-elected, always by unanimous votes, untU, on October 26, 1893, Governor Russell appointed him to his present position on the Bench, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Judge George M. Brooks. On September 1, 1894, by legislative enactment, he became "First Judge" of the two courts. Previously, in 1893, he had been appointed by in 1840, and began business life as bookkeeper in the house of Hayward & Morse, who were engaged in the Provincial and West India trade. He soon commenced business in that line on his own account, employing a large force of men, and was eminently successful.

Mr. Morse was married July 13, 1845, to Dorcas Louisa, bom August 28, 1822 and died February 24, 1864, daughter of Thomas Wise and Elizabeth White Short, and they moved to Cambridgeport, where he resided up to the time of his death, which occurred March 18th, 1906. Shortly after taking up his residence in Cambridge, he became interested in real estate operations, and was for a long time an extensive builder. He was for some time connected with the Cambridge Fire Insurance Company, as director; the Cambridge Hospital as trustee, and other charitable institutions, and for about thirty-five years director of the Cambridgeport National Bank, and for a number of years its president; also vice-president of the Cambridgeport Savings Bank. He was for sixteen years a member of the school board, was alderman in 1866, and a member of the legislature in 1869, and in 1872 he was again elected. He declined re-election. The Republicans of the "Third Middlesex Senatorial District," in the campaign of 1878, selected Mr. Morse as the candidate for senator, and he was elected by a handsome majority. The bill for the establishment of a reformity for men, which resulted in the establishment of the Concord Reformatory, passed the Senate largely through the efforts of Mr. Morse. He was re-elected to the Senate of 1880 by a large majority. He was again placed at the head of the committee on prisons, and also on the committee on education and expenditures. He was a life member of the "New England Historic Genealogical Society," and also life member of the "Webster Historical Society."

Mr. Morse's children were Marj' Louisa, who married Charles Willis Jones, formerly president of the New England National Bank of Boston, Mass.; Velma Maria and Arthur Porter (deceased).

W. and Hannah F. (Adams) Munroe, who were also bom in the University town. He was educated in the Cambridge schools and at Harvard, graduating in the Class of 1864. He was in the Law School during 1866 and 1867, and entered the office of Chandler, Shattuck & Thayer, Boston. He was admitted to the Suffolk Bar in 1868, and subsequently became a member of the Bar of the United States

William Adams Munroe William Adams Muxroe

Supreme Coiu-t. He began practice in 1869, and in Februar}', 1870, formed a partnership with George O. Shattuck of the old firm, which had been dissolved. Judge Oliver Wendell Holmes was a partner from 1873 until his appointment to the Bench in 1882, the firm name being Shattuck, Holmes & Munroe. Mr. Munroe was never active politically, but always took a keen interest in the educational and social development of the city. He was for several years a prominent member of the School Board; was one of the commission to revise the City Charter in 1890; was president of the Cambridge Club in 1890; and a member and one of the incorporators of the Cambridge Club, and a trustee of the Avon Home. He was an active member of the First Baptist Church, and prominent in the denomination, having been president of the Boston Baptist Social Union in 1882. He was a trustee of the Newton Theological Seminary. Mr. Munroe was married, November 22, 1871, to Sarah D. Whiting, of Salem.

James Jefferson Myers

Myers, James Jefferson, lawyer, was bom at Frewsburg, N.Y., November 20, 1842, the son of Robert and Sabra (Tracy) Myers. He prepared for college at Western, N.Y. He graduated from Harvard in 1869, with the degree of A.B., receiving his A.M. later. He studied at the Harvard Law School, and was given his LL.B. in 1872. After a year in Europe he spent another in a- New York law office.

In the fall of 1874, having been admitted to the Suffolk Bar, Mr. Myers, with Mr. J. B. Warner of Cambridge, formed the firm of Myers & Warner, and has since practised law continuously in Boston.

From 1893 to 1903 he represented Cambridge in the Legislature, and was Speaker of the House from 1900 to 1903. He has taken a lively interest in matters of education and good government. He has served as president of the Library Hall Association of Cambridge, and was treasurer of the Citizens' Committee, which raised the fimds for the Public Library.

Mr. Myers is a director of the Cambridge Trust Company, the Walworth Manufactioring Company, and various other similar enterprises. He is a member of the American Bar Association, the Civil Service Reform Association, the Economic Club of Boston, the Prospect Union, the Cambridge Historical Society, and numerous clubs. His home is in Cambridge.

Dr. J. T. G. NICHOLS Nichols, J. T. G., Dr., for many years a resident of Cambridge and particularly well known as president of the Cambridge Savings -Bank, was bom in Portland, Me., in 1837, and died August 26, 1911, at his summer home. Boar's Head, N.H.

He attended Harvard College and the Lawrence Scientific School, and received his M.D. degree. The outbreak of the Civil War, soon after, led to his appointment as a surgeon in the Northern Army; and later in the struggle he was a member of one of the unattached companies in this State. He was at one time a member of John A. Logan Post 186, G.A.R., but resigned his membership some years ago.

Dr. Nichols was one of the best-known and most skilled practitioners in Cambridge, and his fame, gained from a practice here of more than sixty years, spread far beyond the borders of the city. At the Cambridge Hospital, too, he had an excellent record. When the hospital was opened, he became one of the visiting physicians and he continued to hold this position until he resigned, owing to his age. Thereupon he became one of the consulting physicians, in which capacity he continued until his death.

Apart from his professional life. Dr. Nichols was perhaps best known through his connection with the Cambridge Savings Bank, to which he gave freely of his business acumen. He had been connected with the Bank for more than thirty-seven years, for it was on Febmary 11, 1874, that he was chosen a member of the corporation. Two years later, February 9, 1876, he was elected a trustee.

On the death of president Charles W. Sever, Dr. Nichols was, on July 7, 1904, elected vicepresident of the Bank; and he also served as acting president until February 8 of the following year, when he was chosen president, holding this office until his resignation on June 19, 1911.

Dr. Nichols was a member of the Massachusetts Medical Society; the Cambridge Society for Medical Improvement; the Boston Society of the same name; the Harvard Medical Alumni Association and the Boston Medical Library-. He was also a member of the First Parish Church, and for many years had served as chairman of its standing committee.

Dr. Nichols is survived by his widow. His two sons are Henry A. Nichols, receiving teller at the Cambridge Savings Bank, and J. T. G. Nichols, Jr., of Newburyport.

John Nolen

NoLEN, John, landscape architect, city planner, ci-\'ic lecturer, writer, observant traveler in old worlds and new, is, in the thoughts of many, now occupying the desirable position in public estimation which those who knew best the lamented Charles Eliot, son of Ex-President Eliot, expected him one day to have.

Mr. Nolen's career has been unusual. He was bom in 1869, was graduated in 1893 from the University of Permsylvania, studied at Oxford, Munich and Har\'ard, which gave him its A.M. in 1905.

Practice and theory have found in his life the blending which invariably spells out success. Before college he had a fruitful business career; after college - in fact, till 1903 - he combined lecturing and administrative work for the University Extension Society in Philadelphia. He thus became a fluent and effective speaker, and at the same time learned to organize men, direct acti\'ities, and deal with multitudinous details. He acquired the art of influencing minds in the mass and also one by one. He developed the habit, whether in a crowd or in the quiet of an office conversation, of stating unwholesome truth without dilution and also without hurt to the most sensitive. When as city planner or re-planner he is to speak about the city's needs before the citizens en masse, he makes

Mr. Nolen has written many articles, published many reports, given many addresses, and advised in the formation of many organizations for the betterment and beautifying of our cities. His attitude toward practically ever\' civic problem wdth which he has had to deal, is clearly indicated in his latest book. "Replanning Small

Cities," perhaps the most important single contribution to city improvement literatiu-e ever made by an American. In reading it one sees that Mr. Nolen always has in mind in his writing and work the three essentials: (1) The influence of comprehensive city planning on the civic spirit; (2) the relationship of the specific plan to better housing, proper schooling, well-planned playgrounds, spacious parks, grade crossings, waterfronts, a true wage-sj'stem, and better li\dng; (3) and the lu-gent necessity that American cities, like Diisseldorf and other German cities, should be able to borrow large sums to make their plans effective.

within the last decade, one is amazed at both the quality and quantity of his good work. Fellow of the American Society of Landscape Architects, first vice-president of the American Civic Association, member of the Executive Board of the National Conference on City Planning and of the Boston Metropolitan Plan Commission, and of such clubs as the Boston City Club, the New York Harvard Club, and the Appalachian Mountain Club, Mr. Nolen has been counsellor to more than a score of representative American cities, many more educational and philanthropic institutions and private estates, and official landscape architect to such municipalities as Madison, Wis., Montclair, N.J., Reading, Pa., Roanoke, Va., San Diego, Cal., New London, Conn., Savannah, Ga., and Schenectady, N.Y. In Massachusetts alone ten cities are the better and the fairer for his touch.

It is evermore the man behind the guns that wins the victory. Back of all of Mr. Nolen's intelligent, artistic and amazingly abundant work is a simple, qmet, tactful, friendly but extremely forceful personaHty, gathering inspiration all along the way of life, from chance acquaintances, from friends whose name is legion, and most of all from a happy home made possible by his marriage in 1896 to Miss Barbara Schatte of Philadelphia.

Mr. Nolen lives in Cambridge, but his main professional fields have been South and West. His strong preference for public work has been expressed oftenest perhaps in the case of the small city, sometimes regardless of compensation. He has kept the standard of his comparatively new profession ever far ahead of mediocrity and mercenary interests, and his motto ever is "The beautiful is as useful as the useful."

Forris W. Norris

NoRRis, FoRRis W., real estate operator, was born at Dimkin, Quebec, June 25, 1885, being the son of Anson 0. and Emma A. Norris. His early education was received in the district schools of Canada, and he afterwards attended North Troy Academy, North Troy, Vt.

At the age of twenty he became associated with Mr. G. A. Giles in the real estate business. He was so successful that about four years later he opened an office for himself. Since that time Mr. Norris has been one of the men most active in furthering the growth of Cambridge. The the remarkable industrial development of the city in recent years is in no small measure due to his energy and enterprise. It was he who organized the Riverbank Trust, and he has been identified with numerous other similar projects.

Mr. Norris is at present a director of the Guaranty Trust Company, director and treasurer of the Cambridge Realty Company, trustee of the Riverbank Trust, a member of the Cambridge Board of Trade and the Massachusetts Real Estate Exchange. He also belongs to the Cambridge Lodge of Elks. In politics he is a Republican, and served in the Common Council for three years - 1909, 1910 and 1911. Mr. Norris's religious affiliations are with the Protestant Church.

Charles Eliot Norton

CHARLES ELIOT NORTON Norton, Charles Eliot, was bom in Cambridge, November 16, 1827, and graduated in 1846 from Harvard University, which three years later conferred upon him the degree of A.M. Subsequent honors were given him by- Cambridge University, England, which gave him the degree of Litt.D., in 1884; Columbia, L.H.D., in 1885; Har\-ard, LL.D., in 1887, and Yale in 1901; O.-dord, D.C.L.. in 1900. He went to India when twenty-two years old, and then came home through Europe.

During the Ci\-il War he edited at Boston the papers issued by the Loyal Publication Society, and from 1864 to 1868 he was associated with James Russell Lowell in editing the North American Rrdeu.'.

Before this, in 1857, Longfellow told Norton of his ambition to write in poetic form a translation of Dante's "Divina Commedia," and turned to him for aid in the work. The work progressed, Longfellow being assisted by Norton and Lowell, and from frequent conferences grew the Dante Club, with Norton as president.

Professor Norton was a university lecturer at Har\-ard in 1863-1864 and 1874-1875. In 1875 was he appointed professor of the historyof art; he resigned in 1898, being retained as professor emeritus.

He was first president of the American Institute of Archaeology founded in 1879; first president of the Arts and Crafts Society ; member of the Massachusetts Historical Society; fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences; member of the Imperial German Archaeological Society and was for some time president of the Har\-ard Musical Association.

Professor Norton published a prose translation of Dante's "Di\-ine Comedy," "Consideration of Some Recent Social Theories," "Historical Studies of Chiu-ch Building in the Middle Ages" and "Notes of Travel and Study in Italy"; contributed to an American edition of Scott; edited the letters of Goethe, the poems of Arthur Hugh Clough and John Downe, the philosophical discussions of Chauncy Wright and several other works.

Professor Norton's wife, to whom he was married in 1862, died ten years later, in Germany. His three sons and three daughters are li\ing. Professor Norton died October 21, 1908, at Cambridge.

Edmund Morley Parker

EDMUND MORLEY PARKER Parker, Edmund Morley, counsellor at law, was bom in Cambridge on August 15, 1856, being the son of Joel and Marj- (Morse) Parker. His father was Chief- Justice of New Hampshire and RoyaU Professor of Law at Har\"ard Law School. Edmund M. Parker, after receiving his early education in private schools, attended the Reading High School (1869-1870) and the Cambridge High School (1870-1873). He graduated from Harvard College in 1877 with the degree of A.B., traveled and studied in Europe (1877-1879), and was given his degree of LL.B. by Harvard Law School in 1882.

Mr. Parker was admitted to the Suffolk Bar in 1882, and has engaged in the practice of law ever since, acting as trustee of many real estate trusts and various private estates. In 1890 and 1891 he served on the commission that revised the Cambridge Charter, and in 1903 and 1904, was Chairman of the special commission on the law of eminent domain in the State of Massachusetts. From 1905 to 1910 he lectured at Harvard College on comparative administrative law.

Mr. Parker is a member of the Union and the Exchange Club of Boston, the Oakley Country Club, the Jamestown Golf and Country Club, the Conanicut Yacht Club, and others.

Lewis Parkhurst

LEWIS PARKHURST Parkhurst, Lewis, a native of Dunstable, Mass., was bom July 26, 1856, being the son of the late Thomas H. and Sarah Newton (Wright) Parkhurst. His father was a farmer and lumberman, noted for honesty, good judgment and a happy disposition. Joel Parkh\u-st, an ancestor, was a Lieutenant in the War of the Revolution. His immigrant ancestor, George Parkhurst, was bom in Guilford, England, and settled in Watertown, Mass., where he died in 1648.

Lewis Parkhurst was obUged to begin a life of hard work when eleven years of age, by laboring on a farm at eight dollars a month and his board, and although his parents did what they could to help him get an education, he had mainly to work his way through the academy and college, aided by a friendly loan of five hundred dollars, which he repaid during his fir^t year after graduation. His preparatory study was at the Green Mountain Academy in South Woodstock, Vt., and he was graduated from Dartmouth College in 1878, receiving the degree of A.M. from the same institution in 1908. His eminent success in life was largely aided by the influences and associations of his years in school and college, and continued contact with the men with whom he formed friendships in those days. He served successively as principal of the grammar school in Fitchburg, and of the high schools in Athol and Winchester. In 1886 he entered into the employment of Ginn and Company, pubUshers of school and college text-books, and became a member of the same firm in 1889, and its business manager. In 1897 Mr. Parkhiurst built and has since managed the Athenaeum Press, of Cambridge. He organized and was first president of the Middlesex County Bank, in Winchester, Massachusetts, and for many years was a tmstee of the Winchester Savings Bank. In the same locaHty he served for seven years on the Water Board, was a member of the School Committee, and a trustee of the Public Library. He was chairman of the committee that built the Winchester High School building, and held the same position on the building committee of the Winchester Unitarian Church, with which he was affiliated. In 1908 Mr. Parkhurst was elected as a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives; and served as a member of the Railroad committee; and in that same year was made a trustee of Dartmouth College, and president of the Dartmouth Alimmi Association in Boston.

While at college Mr. Parkhurst was a member of the Greek fraternity known as "Delta Kappa Epsilon," and now belongs to the University Club of Boston. He is a member of the Chamber of Commerce, where he is chairman of its library committee. A loyal Repubhcan, Mr. Parkhurst has seen no reason for changing his party allegiance. At intervals in his remarkably busy life he has found recreation in fishing, hunting, golf and travehng. He married in Weston, Vt., November 18, 1880, Emma, daughter of John and Sarah (Cragin) Wilder, whose ancestors Hved at Hingham, Mass. Two children were bom of this marriage, one of whom now living is Richard Parkhurst, bom in 1894.

No one can fail to perceive, from even a brief sketch of such a career as that led by Mr. Parkhurst, that his main aim all along has been to "do the duty next to him," whether as a boy on the farm, a lad at school, a student in college, a teacher, a trustee, a banker, a publisher, or a member of the legislature of his native state. He served with remarkable pubHc spirit the town where his home is made, and rejoiced to make its buildings more commodious and its streets more attractive. People have trusted him with weighty responsibilities, and he has borne faithfully, evidently seeking as his best reward the satisfaction of knowing that by his diligence and intelligence others have been made happier, wiser and better.

ical Society; Unitarian Club; Cambridge Club (\-ice-president, 1906, president, 1907); Union Club of Boston and the Oakley Country Club. Mr. Piper was married at Yellow Springs, O., July 10, 1879, to Anne Palfrey, daughter of the Rev. William F. Bridge, Harvard, 1846. Mr. Piper died at his home in Cambridge, being survived by four children: William Bridge, Har\'ard, 1903; E. Elizabeth Bridge, RadclifEe, 1906; Anne Taggard (now Mrs. Matthew Hale, Harvard, 1903); and Ralph Crosby Piper.

William Taggard Piper

WILLIAM TAGGARD PIPER Piper, William Taggard, trustee, was bom in Boston, Mass., August 9, 1853, son of Solomon and Mary EUzabeth (Taggard) Piper. His first American ancestor was Nathaniel Piper, -who came from Devonshire, England; first definite date about 1653, and settled at Ipswich, Mass., before 1665, bought land in 1662. The line of descent is traced through his son Jonathan, who married Alice Darby; their son Joseph who married Esther Wright, and their son Soloman who married Susannah Pratt and was the grandfather of the subject of this sketch. Mr. Piper attended the Boston public schools, including the Latin School, and was graduated at Har\'ard College in 1874, receiving" the degrees of M.A. in 1881 and Ph.D. in 1883. During 1875-1876 he attended Trinity College, Cambridge, England. He was a member of the Cambridge Common Council dviring 1888-1889, and Alderman during 1890. He had been a member of the School Committee since 1891, and president since 1892, retiring in 1909. The latter year he also became trustee of the Cambridge Public Library, and was president of that body during the years 1896-1903.

Mr. Piper was director and secretary of the Associated Charities of Cambridge during 1881- 1902, and since 1886 was trustee and president of the Avon Home for Children in Cambridge. He was also trustee of the Massachusetts Homeopathic Hospital and the Boston State Hospital; director of the Cambridge Trust Company; member of the New England Historic Genealogical Society (Councillor) during 1898-1901 and 1904-1907; Colonial Society of Massachusetts; Bostonian Society; Cambridge Histor-

David Proudfoot

DAVID PROUDFOOT Proudfoot, David, coal merchant, was bom in Cambridge on August 7, 1840. His parents were William and Jane Proudfoot. He attended the pubhc schools of the city until he was sixteen years old, and then went to work on a farm. He afterwards obtained employment with the Boston & Lowell Railroad. He was connected with this company for twentytwo years, and during the greater part of the time was ticket-master at the Boston terminus. In 1881 he decided to go into business for himself, and in August of that year procured an office and wharv^es at East Cambridge for the retailing of coal. The venture proved successful, and iMr. Proudfoot had soon built up a large trade. He is still actively occupied in the management of the affairs of the concern of Da\'id Proudfoot and Company.

Mr. Proudfoot was married on September 10, 1866, to Augusta IM. Smith of Hammond, St. Lawrence County, N.Y. He is a member of the Colonial Club, Putnam Lodge of Masons, Royal Arch Chapter and Cambridge Commander>', K.T., and has been treasurer of the last two organizations. He resides in Cambridge.

Frederick B. Pullen

FREDERICK B. PULLEN PuLLEN, Frederick B., chief of the police department of Cambridge, has served forty continuous years on the force. He was appointed January 2, 1871, as a patrolman, during the administration of Mayor Harding, and since that time he has done duty in every part of the city. His ability and efficiency as a patrolman were soon manifested, and, in the fall of 1880, he took the position of detective in the chief's office in place of Barret Jones, who had died. As a result of his good work in this position, Mayor Fox promoted him to a sergeant. Mayor Bancroft promoted him to a captaincy, made vacant by the death

Frederick

During the time he was on the force, he always proved to be a faithful, energetic, and efficient officer, and he had on numerous occasions received the commendation of his superiors for his remarkable ability in the performance of his duty.

Chief Pullen served with distinction in the Civil War. He enlisted in 1862, when but sixteen years old, joining the First Massachusetts Regiment. He was in all the battles of the regiment in Louisiana, during the campaign of the Bay of Tesche, under General Banks. He served in the Shenandoah campaign under Sheridan. He received his discharge May 20, 1S65, at Falls Church, Va. Chief Pullen died in 1913.

George J. Raymond

Raymond, George J., son of Cadwallader M. and Judith A. (Squirers) Raymond, was bom in Woodstock, New Brunswick, July 31, 1852. He attended school three months in his native town, and when eight years old went to work on a farm at Wicklow, New Brunswick. He remained there until he was seventeen years of age when he came to Boston and found employment wdth S. S. Houghton. After several years' service with him, Mr. Ra>Tnond (1883) went into business for himself, and is now manager of The Raj^mond Syndicate, at 352 to 358 Washington Street, Boston. A recounting of the struggles and efforts of the young man from the period of his coming to Boston until the time when his name became known throughout the city would not be without interest. There is a peculiar fascination to the life of a man who succeeds in spite of apparent insurmount- able obstacles, and one takes a kind of personal glory in the achievements of another - a gladto-know feeling that somebody has made good. That's the way one takes to Raymond, particularly after you have seen him. There is

His next service was in the West G-alf Sqiiadron. Here one expedition and engagement followed another, and he had his place in them all for many months; during the last two years of the war, his vessel taking part in many contests, and also doing blockade dut}- oS the Louisiana and Texas coasts. He was in the battle of Sabine Pass, where the Union forces men* in rebel prisons. In May, ISdi, during an engagement at Calcasien Pass, La., he was captured by the rebels. For eight months he was confined in the stockade prison-camps in Texas, sufiering hardships and terrible that only thirty-two of the one 1 and eleven men who were capttued in May were li^nng when release cam met with disaster and great slaughter. He also was in all the engagements of the occupation of the Texas coast by General "Washburn, ai the winter of 1S63, and took part in the capruie of Corpus Chiisti, Arkansas Pass and Matagorda.

exposure without shelter and insnffident food having ended the lives of seventy-nine of his comrades. This rate of mortality put the Texas swamp piison-camps among the in the entire South, equalling in thear horror, the terrible records of AndersonviUe and libby. Only thirty-two ack and wasted men remained in the camp which had held seven irmired brave Union soldiers; and, as these were too sick to cook their own rations or care for themselves, the Confederates closed the camp, and sent them to the Union lines. But for this the entire company would soon have been obliterated. In the whole war there was no greater suffering or larger percentage of mortality than in the Texas swamp prison-camps.

In spite of all that he had suffered, he essayed to do further duty, and was assigned to the United States sloop of war Kearsarge, but the privations and suffering of his previous service had broken his health, and near the close of the war he resigned.

Mr. Read is a member of Post No. 56, G.A.R. ; of the militar}- order of the Loj'al Legion of the United States; of the Kearsarge Naval Veterans; and of the Association of Survivors of Rebel Prisons.

After his return from the war Mr. Read became a partner of William Read & Sons, but also found time for public service. He was a member of the common council in the years 1880 and 1881; of the board of aldermen in 1882 and 1883; of the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1SS8, and was prominently mentioned for speaker of the House; of the Massachusetts Senate in 1892 and 1S93.

He was on important committees in the Legislature, being chairman of committees of military affairs, water supply, and federal relations, and also a member of banks and banking, education and prisons. As a legislator he has always been found on the right side of the great questions. He has been much interested in the improvement of the public service, and gave his support to the Australian ballot law. No temperance measure failed to receive his vote.

He was recognized by his fellow-members as a clear-headed, practical business man, with an excellent capacity for stating his views clearly and forciblj^ in the debates, in many of which he took part. The modification of the bill in relation to truant schools for Middlesex County, so that small institutions may be established instead of one large one, was due quite largely to Mr. Read's management.

bonds for Cambridge; also the petition for authority to make a loan for public parks, securing an amendment providing for the appointment of park commissioners. He also secured passage of an act for taking land in Belmont for a high service reservoir for Cambridge, in spite of strong opposition from Belmont. He also had charge of and was instrumental in passing the bill for the increase of the Massachusetts naval militia. This arm of the service was originally created by a bill presented by Mr. Read when he was in the Legislature in 1888.

But his most important work was upon the annexation of Cambridge to Boston. There was in the Senate a combination of circumstances which made it seem probable at one time that the decision might be adverse to Cambridge. The committee on cities recommended that the matter be "referred to the next General Court." Senator Read was not satisfied with this semi-approval, and was unwilling that the subject should lie open to the next Legislature to be again taken up, and therefore determined to kill it. His principal opponent was confident of success, having with him the committee on cities, backed by the advocates of annexation. Against both these elements he alone made the fight, with the motion that the whole question be "indefinitely postponed." After a long and hot debate Mr. Read carried the Senate in favor of this motion. A re-consideration was attempted at a later day by the advocates of annexation, but Senator Read again carried the day, and the proposition was thus killed and thrown out of the Legislature for good. These facts are mentioned as showing Mr. Read's ability as a legislator and his influence in the Senate. He has many times been urged to accept the candidacy for mayor of the city but declined.

Mr. Read has always been a Republican in state and national politics. In city politics he has been a hearty supporter of the Cambridge non-partisan methods of selecting officers. He is greatly interested in all public matters, and the spirit which prompted him to offer his life to the nation in the days of peril has never ceased to control him when there was opportunity to promote the public interest.

In the fiftieth anniversay Cambridge celebration, in 1896, Mr. Read was chief marshal, and was in a large measure responsible for its notable success. He was also chief marshal of the naval procession in Boston at the Grand Army encampment of 1904. At present, he is commander of the Massachusetts Commandery of the " Naval Order" of the United States; commander of the Association of Union Ex- Prisoners of War; trustee of the National Sailors' Home ; member of the National Council of the Civil Service Reform League of United States; president of the Cambridge Civil Service Association; a state commissioner of the Massachusetts Nautical Training School. He delivered the memorial address at Harvard in 1900.

William J. Rolfe

WILLIAM J. ROLFE RoLFE, William J., was bom in Newbtoryport, Mass., December 10, 1827, and died July 7, 1910. After graduating at Amherst College in 1849, he taught in Maryland (Kirkwood Academy); at Wrentham, Mass., (Day's Academy) ; and later as head-master of high schools in Dorchester, Lawrence, Salem and Cambridge. In 1867 he edited Craik's "English of Shakespeare," and in 1868 a series of text-books in Physics, Chemistry and Astronomy, in conjunction with Mr. J. A. Gillet; also selections from Ovid, Virgil and Horace, with Mr. J. H. Hanson. In 1870-1883 he edited the complete works of Shakespeare. He has also edited selections from Gray (1875), Goldsmith (1876), Tennyson (1884-1896), and the complete poems of Tennyson (10 volumes, 1898); two volumes of selections from Browning (1887); Scott's "Lady of the Lake," "Marmion," and "Lay of the Last Minstrel," with a complete edition of Scott's Poems (1882-1887); Byron's "Childe Harold" (1887); "Minor Poems of Milton" (1887); Macaulay's "Lays of Ancient Rome" (1888); Selections from Wordsworth (1888); and a series of "Elementary English Classics" (six volumes, 1888-1890). Other of his books are "Shakespeare the Boy" (1896); "The Elementary Study of English" (1896); "Life of Shakespeare" (1901), and "A Satchel Guide to Europe" (1872, revised annually to 1907),

He received the honorary degree of A.M. from Harvard in 1859, the same from Amherst in 1865, and that of Doctor of Letters (Litt.D.) from Amherst in 1887.

He married (1856) Eliza Jane Carew, who died in 1900. He had three sons: John Carew Rolfe, George William Rolfe and Charles Joseph Rolfe (died in 1911), all graduates of Harvard; the first being professor of Latin in the University of Pennsylvania ; the second, an instructor in the Institute of Technology; and the third, a lawyer. Dr. Rolfe came to Cambridge in 1862, when he became head-master of the High School, which was not divided into English and Latin Schools until after he left in 1868.

W. G. ROSEBERY For more than twenty years President Rosebery has been an unusually successful teacher, principal and president in literary and com- mercial colleges. For sixteen years he has been principal and president of successful schools. For more than twent}' years, before establishing the Cambridge Commercial College, he was with the largest commercial school organization in the world - about thirty schools with an annual attendance of more than 10,000 - first as teacher, then principal and finally as superintendent of^a group of the schools.

The president of that great organization, Mr. G. W. Brown, also the manager of the American Business Educational Exhibit at World's Fair, Chicago, 1893, said, "Mr. Rosebery's work is characterized by that strength, thoroughness and skill which denote the clear head and the master hand."

Mr. Roseberj' holds a handsome diploma issued to him by the Chicago World's Fair, for "imusual skiU as teacher of Bookkeeping and Penmanship," and a solid silver medal from the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, 1904, for skill as teacher of bookkeeping, penmanship and rapid calcxilation, both the diploma and the medal having been won for him by his pupils in Competitive Examinations.

Mr. Rosebery has made a specialty of preparing young men and young women for confidential positions and has become so skiUfvil in "fitting the right person into the right place," that many successful and prominent business and professional men rely entirely on his judgment and recommendations and sometimes have him make a selection several months ahead so as to be certain to secure someone trained under his super\'ision. His wide experience as teacher and business manager has given him a thorough knowledge of what business men want, and the pupils trained under his personal direction are fortunate. The pupils of the Cambridge Commercial College have his personal attention and the benefit of his successful experience.

Joseph Henry Russell

JOSEPH HENRY RUSSELL Russell, Joseph Henry, was bom in Cambridge, February 21, 1855. He received his education in the pubHc schools of Cambridge and in special schools in Boston. Mr. Russell has always been active in mimicipal matters, and was a member of the Common Coimcil during the years 1890, 1891, 1892 and 1893, the' last year being president of that Board.

Joseph Hexry Russell

He is the General Manager for a firm of Boston gentlemen whose special business is the management of estates in trust. This business calls for the closest personal attention, experience and most careful judgment, and Mr. Russell's long connection with the firm, which extends over a period of more than thirty-five years, speaks volimies for his business foresight and sagacity. He is also a Director of the Cambridge Electric Light Company. Mr. Russell is a member of the Cambridge and Colonial Clubs, of Amicable Lodge of Masons, and Harvard CovmcU Royal Arcanum.

William Eustis Russell

WILLIAM EUSTIS RUSSELL Russell, William Eustis, the youngest man ever raised to the Commonwealth, and who was one of the remarkable figures, politically, in this country, was bom in Cambridge, January 6, 1857, and died in August, 1896. He was the son of Charles Theodore and Sarah Elizabeth (Ballister) Russell, and was educated in the Cambridge schools and Harvard College, graduating in the class of '77. He studied law at the Boston University Law School, received the first degree of Bachelor of Law? from that university in 1879, entered the law office of his father, and was admitted to the Suffolk Bar in 1880. He was elected to the common council of his native city in 1881, and served the two following years in the board of aldermen. He was chosen mayor in 1884, and was re-elected the three succeeding years, twice without opposition.

In 1888, in response to a popular request, he accepted the nomination of his party as candidate for governor. Although he was defeated, he led the ticket. In 1889 he again led a brilliant but unsuccessful campaign, and so increased his vote that hopes were entertained of his election if again nominated. He again received the nomination in 1890, and was triumphantly elected. He was re-elected in 1891 and 1892, at both times in the face of strong opposition. His administration was conducted on sound business principles, and as governor he showed the capacity to grasp the popular demands in the way of legislation, and at all times upheld the interests and honor of the state. As an orator, he was one of the most brilliant in the state.

Dudley Allen Sargent

DUDLEY ALLEN SARGENT Sargent, Dudley Allen, professor of physical training and director of Hemenway Gymnasium, Harvard University, was bom in Belfast, Waldo County, Me., September 28, 1849. His father, Benjamin Sargent, son of Samuel and Lucy Sargent, and a descendant from William Sargent "second," son of William and Mary (Epes) Sargent, of Exeter, England and Bridgeton, Barbadoes. William "second" built a home on Eastern Point, Gloucester. Massachusetts Bay Colony, in 1678. He married Mary, daughter of Peter Duncan, and they had fourteen children. Benjamin Sargent married Caroline Jane, daughter of Martin and Sally (Grinnell) Rogers, of Belfast, Me., who was a descendant from John Rogers of Marshfield, Plymouth Colony, who came to America about 1641. He was a ship carpenter and spar maker, and died in 1855.

and ships and constructing toy machines. He was brought up in the town of Belfast, on a farm owned by his uncle, and he assisted him in the work on the farm. He attended school but part of each year, being obliged to work most of the time. His helpful books when young, were: Smile's "Self Help," and Emerson's " Conduct of Life," while Cutler's " Physiology" first turned his attention to the importance of physical exercise and habits of right living. His school training was received at the Belfast public schools and the Brunswick high school.

physical culture. He invented gymnastic games, exercises, apparatus and developing appliances as used in most of the American schools, colleges, athletic clubs and Y.M.C.A. gymnasiums. He strongly advocated physical training as a regular part of the school and college curriculum. He had two life-size statues made in 1893 of the typical American student, a man and a woman. These were made from measurements furnished by about ten thousand students of both sexes from the leading American colleges and universities.

He was director of the g}-mnasium at Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Me., from September, 1S69 to 1S75, and was graduated at Bowdoin College, A.B., 1875. He then pursued a course in medicine at Yale University medical school, where he was instructor in gymnastics, 1876- 1879, and was graduated M.D., 1878. He also attended medical lectures in the schools and hospitals of New York City during the spring of 1878. He was assistant professor of physical training at Harvard University, 1879-1889, and director of Hemenway Gymnasium from 1879, and of the Harvard Summer School for physical culture from 1887. He started the Sargent "Winter Normal School for physical education in 1881. An inborn love for activity for its own sake, and a feeling of well-doing, resulting therefrom, prompted him to teach

He also constructed twenty-two anthropometric charts the same year, showing the distribution of any American community as to physical power and proportions; also the relation of the individual, in size, strength, symmetry and development, to the normal standard of the same age. He did not patent his gymnastic apparatus and developing appliances, but gave them freely to the public, thinking that was the best way to serve the cause of physical education. He came, however, to regard this as a mistaken idea, as the profits derived from a roj-alt}' on the extensive sale made of patented apparatus would have enabled him to carr^^ en his work of research and investigation with more comfort and better results, and the public woiild not have been taxed any moreforthemanufactured appliances.

He received the honorarj' degree of A.M. from Bowdoin in 1SS7, and Sc.D. in 1894. His college fraternity was the Alpha Delta Phi, and the following learned societies have admitted him to membership : American Association for the Advancement of Science; American Association for the Advancement of Physical Education, of which he was president for several years; American Academy of Medicine; American Statistical Association; American PubHc Health Association; National Educational Association; Boston Society of Medical Science; Boston Natural History Society; Boston Physical Education Society; and his club association is with the Boston Athletic and Cambridge Clubs. He was originally a Republican, but voted for Cleveland, and from that time has been independent in politics, both national and local. His religious affiliation is with the Universalist denomination. He is the author of

"Handbook of Developing Exercises" (1SS2); "In Case of Accident" (18S4); "Universal Test for Strength and Endurance" (1902); " Health, Strength and Power" (1904) ; " Physical Education" (1906); and of various papers read or published by societies and associations and articles for current magazines. His investigations include: "The Physical Characteristics of Athletics" (1887); "The Height and Weight of Cuban Teachers Compared with American" (1900); "The Physique of Scholarship Men, Athletes, and the Average Students" (1907). He enjoys and finds recreation for his own body in swimming, bicycling, dancing and walking and in change of employment.

He was married April 7, 1881, to Ella Eraser, daughter of William and Frances (Worthington) Ledyard, of Brooklyn, N.Y., and one child, Ledyard, was bom of the marriage.

Moses

MOSES Sawin, Moses was born in Southborough, Mass., May 5, 1835. He was a farmer and miller, having a grist mill in his native town. He worked in his father's grist mill until 1860, attending the common schools of his native town in his boyhood. He left home and removed to Cambridge, Mass., August 14, 1860, buying out what was then known as Buck's Express. He conducted this business several years under its old name, then changed it to Sawin's Express, which became one of the best known and most flourishing of the suburban express lines about Boston. His business was in transporting baggage and merchandise between Boston and Cambridge. He continued in business until 1905, when he sold out to the Boston & Suburban Express Company, and retired from active business. He has resided since 1866, in Cambridge, at No. 73 Brattle Street, his present home. He is a well-known and highly esteemed citizen. Moses M.

Moses Morse Sawin

Sawin married, January 18, 1859, in Augusta, N.Y., Susan Olive Kendall, daughter of Leonard Jarvis and Olive Kendall. Leonard Jarvis Kendall was a son of David and Susan Kendall, of Cambridge, descendant of Francis Kendall, the immigrant settler and founder of Wobum, Mass. Children: Jennie Olive, bom March 1, 1861, married Henry Carleton Piper, a son of Henry A. Piper, of Cambridge. Henr\- Carleton Piper resides in Australia, representative of the banking firm of Henry W. Peabody & Company, of New York City. Children; Margaret Piper, bom May 25, 1892; Warren Piper, bom February S, 1898. Charles Austin, bom March 5, 18(53, assistant cashier of the First National Bank of Boston; married Carrie Howland Allen, a direct descendant of John Howland, who came in the Mayflower; resides in Newton, Mass.; no children. Susan Kendall, bom May 17, 1867, resides at home with her parents. Herbert Edward, bom February 23, 1869, proprietor of H. E. Sawin's Express, Cambridge; married Edith Adams, of Cambridge; child, Edward Adams, bom January 21, 1903. Alice L., bom January 17, 1872, resides with her parents. George Alfred, bom October 12, 1878, is with the General Electric Company, Lynn, Mass. ; married Grace A. Schofield, whose father bought out the firm of Henry *Plympton & Company, furniture dealers, Boston; child, George A., bom March 21, 1907.

Mr. Sergeant is a practical man who has come along to success, first, because he knows and enjoys the details of street railroading, and, second, because of his capacity for work. He has seen the Boston Elevated grow into one of the great systems of the country, and he has

Charles Spencer Sergeant

CHARLES SPENCER SERGEANT Sergeant, Charles Spencer, \'ice-president of the Boston Elevated Street Railway, was bom in Northampton, Mass., April 30, 1852, the son of George and Lydia A. (Clark) Sergeant. He was graduated from the Northampton High School and entered a bank at Easthampton, where he remained for four years, when he went to Michigan and spent the years from 1872 to 1876 in railroad work. He then accepted a position mth the Eastern Railroad as chief clerk and auditor, settling in Boston, where in 1880 he was married to Elizabeth Shepley. Since 1888 he has been successively auditor, general manager, second vice-president had no small share in its success. With his associates he has believed in a policy of cooperation wnth the public in giving ser\4ce creditable alike to Boston and to the men behind the corporation.

He has traveled much abroad, at one time spending six months in London, having been called there as an expert to consult in the construction of the underground railway, one of the notable English enterprises.

Charles William Sever

Sever, Charles William, was bom in Plymouth, Mass., July 1, 1834. As a boy he came to Cambridge, in 1849, and entered the employ of John Bartlett, proprietor of the University Book Store, then located at the comer of Holyoke Street and Harvard Street (now Massachusetts Avenue). Some years later, Mr. Bartlett went into the firm of Little, Brown & Co., disposing of the book store to a firm which formed for the purpose, and which was composed of Mr. Sever, Mr. Allyn and Mr. Francis.

About that time, the concern moved to the comer of Boylston Street, and located where the grocery store of J. H. Wyeth & Co. now stands. A few years later, Mr. Francis died, and Mr. Allyn withdrew to take up a branch of the business which had been developed in Boston. This left the business entirely to Mr. Sever. In 1872, he again removed, this time to the store stiU occupied by the firm. From then tin about 1894, Mr. Sever conducted the business alone, finally forming a partnership with George H. Kent.

Mr. Sever also conducted an extensive insurance business, and had charge of much valuable real estate in the Harvard Square district, notably that owned by the Little estate.

Mr. Sever's connection with the Cambridge Savings Bank extended over a period of thirty years. In 1874, he was elected a trustee, and four years later, on March 18, 1878, he was elected president, holding the office tiU his death.

He had been a member of several organizations at various times in his life, but at the time of his death belonged only to the Order of Cincinnati. Mr. Sever died July 19, 1904. He is survived by a widow and five children.

William Baldwin Smith

WILLIAM BALDWIN SMITH Smith, William Baldwin, for many years a resident of Cambridge, and prominent in Boston business circles, came of an old Maine family. He was bom in the city of Bath in 1844. He spent the early part of his life in his native State, and received his education there. While stiU a young man he went to Boston for the purpose of obtaining emploj^nent. It was about forty-seven years ago that he started to

The firm of Braman, Dow and Company, with which he seciu-ed a position, was then and stUl continues to be one of the most important companies engaged in this part of the country in the manufacture of steam pipes and steam fitting supplies. Mr. Smith was an energetic and ambitious young man, having an unusual amoimt of business acumen for one of his age.

He set out to master every detail, and it was not long before his value to the company was recognized. Promotion followed promotion^ rapidly, untn finally he was asked to become a partner. Mr. Smith accepted the offer.

As a member of the firm, Mr. Smith did not relax his activity. His mind was fertile in ideas, and he was continually watching for opportunities to improve the methods in use by the company. Furthermore, he was always ready to Usten to the suggestions of others and to adopt them if they had merit. The business of Braman, Dow and Company increased remarkably under his direction.

A History Of Cambridge, Massachusetts

time prior to his death been vice-president of the Pioritan Trust Company, of Boston. His clear understanding of financial and business questions was highly esteemed by the directors and other ofificers of that institution. His long experience in dealing with men and things had furnished him with a large fund of information; hence his decisions were prompt. Men engaged in important enterprises often came to him for ad\'ice, and the success of many undertakings might be traced to his counsel.

Mr. Smith never sought or accepted public office from his fellow-citizens. He was affiliated with the Masonic fraternity, and was a member of Coeur de Lion Commandery and of Aleppo Temple, Mystic Shrine. His benefactions, though unostentatious, were mmierous.

By sound judgment and signal business success, William Baldwin Smith achieved the highest standing in the Boston manufacturing and financial world. By a long and consistently upright life he showed himself to be one of the State's best men. Such men - modest, faithful to all trusts, and advanced and liberal in thought - make the prosperity of their localities and insure the stability of the Commonwealth.

John E. Somers

SoMERS, John E., physician, was born in Nova Scotia. He obtained his early education in the schools of his native place, and then matriculated at the Saint Francis Xa^^er University. After leaving the University with the degree of LL.D., he began the study of medicine at the Harvard Medical School, and continued it at the Bellevue Hospital Medical College. He graduated and received the degree of M.D. from the latter institution. A year and a half in Vienna he devoted to further studies.

Dr. Somers commenced his professional career in Cambridge, and has ever since continued to practise here. He is now at the head of the visiting medical staff of the Holy Ghost hospital, and was formerly president of the Cambridge Medical Society. He is also a member of the Massachusetts Medical Society, the American Medical Association and numerous clubs. He has served on the Cambridge School Committee,

Johx E. Somers Alvin Foye Sortwell

ALVIN FOYE SORTWELL SoRTWELL, Alvin Foye, banker and railroad president, was bom in Boston, July 21, 1854, son of Daniel R. and Sophia Augusta (Foye) Sortwell. He was educated in the Chavmcy Hall School, and at PhiUips (Andover) Academy, where he was fitted for college. Instead of entering college, however, he engaged actively in business, and at the age of eighteen was a partner in the firm of Sortwell & Co., and had fuU charge of the business in East Cambridge established by his father. After a successful and prosperous career he retired from active business in March, 1891. He had, however, retained his interests in banking and railroad business, and in other corporations, and at the time was president of the Cambridge National Bank, of which he had been a director for twelve years; and a member of the investment committee of the East Cambridge Savings Bank; president of the Cambridge Trust Company; president of the Montpelier & Wells River Railroad, of Vermont; vice-president of the Barre Railroad; president of the Colonial Mining Corporation of New Mexico; director in the B. and R. Rubber Company, and National Binding Company; and treasurer of the Columbia Water Power Company, of Columbia. He was prominent in Cambridge affairs for many years and served for a long period in the city government; first elected to the common council in 1878, he served during the year 1879; then, moving into another ward, he was again chosen in 1885, and returned in 1886, 1887 and 1888. The last year he served as president of the body. He was next elected an alderman for 1889, and re-elected for 1890, the latter year being chosen unanimously president of the board. During five years of this long ser\'ice he was a member of the committee on finance, and chairman both on the part of the council and of the aldermen; five years also on the committee on roads and bridges, and its chairman on the part of both branches; a member of the committee on the Harvard Bridge; chairman of the committee on ordinances dioring their revision in 1889; and a member of the committee on purchase of a site for the new city hall. He was a member of the Cambridge water board for a number of years, and was chairman of the board at the time of his death. He was a member of the committee on the revision of the city charter; and served as a trustee of the Cambridge public hbrary for six years, treasurer of the board, resigning the latter position on the first of January, 1895. In 1897 and 1898 he was mayor of the city of Cambridge. Mr. SortweU was a very bright and able man. His administration of the city's affairs was a task well accomplished, one of the best since Cambridge became a city. He was a member of lodge, chapter and commandery of Free Masons; and a member of the Algonquin and Athletic Clubs of Boston; of the Eastern Yacht Club; the Oakley Club; of the Coimtry Club of 'Brookline, and of the Union, Colonial, and Cambridge Clubs of Cambridge, of the latter a charter member. He was married December 31, 1879, to Miss Gertrude Winship Dailey, daughter of William and Mary Elizabeth (Winship) Dailey, of Cambridge. They have sLx children: Clara, Frances Augusta, Daniel R., Marion, Edward Carter and Alvin F. Sortwell. Mr. SortweU died March 21, 1910. He is stirvived by his wife and the above-named children. Mr. Sortwell will be greatly missed in the community to which he has been boimd by peculiar bonds of tenderness. He leaves to his family that choicest of all legacies - an honored name and a reputation for uprightness, integrity, gentleness and courtesy. Daniel R. Sortwell, the eldest son has succeeded his father in the various positions which he occupied.

Daniel Robinson Sortwell

DANIEL ROBINSON SORTWELL Sortwell, Daniel Robinson, of Cambridge, manufacturer and railroad president, was bom in Barton, Vt., July 10, 1820; died in Montpelier, Vt., October 4, 1894= His father was John Sortwell, of Barton, who was for manyyears selectman of the town. His maternal grandfather, Jonathan Robinson, was a soldier of the Revolution. His mother was Percy (Robinson) Sortwell. His boyhood was spent on the farm and in the local public schools ; and at the age of seventeen he started out to seek his fortune. Gathering his wordly goods in a bundle, he worked his way to Boston by assisting a cattle drover, doing the entire distance on foot, and there began his business career in a small position in the produce trade. From this humble beginning, through unflagging industry, perseverance and economy, he so advanced that within a few years he was enabled to enter business on his own account; and at the time of his death he was reported to be worth upward of two millions. His first venture was a produce store in Faneuil Hall market, in which he conducted a flourishing trade. In 1848 he formed the firm of SortweU & Co., commission merchants, with the late Thomas L. Smith as partner, which firm continued until 1856. Then he sold out this business, and established the "Sortwell Distillery" in East Cambridge, in which he prospered from the start. Later he became a stockholder in the Connecticut & Passumpsic River Railroad; and subsequently, through this connection, a bond-holder in the Montpelier & Wells River Railroad at its inception. In January, 1877, he was elected president of the latter road, which position he held at the time of his death. He was. also the promoter of the Barre Railroad, Vt., the line known as the "Sky Route " to the well-known Barre granite quarries, which was begun in July, 1888, and a length of five miles completed in 1889. In the construction of this road Mr. Sortwell took much interest ; and he was chiefly instrumental in building the branch from Montpelier to Barre, giving the

Railroad, Mr. Sortwell, at the time of his death, held the positions of president of the Cambridge National Bank, trustee of the East Cambridge Five Cents Savings Bank, and treasurer of the Columbia (S.C.) Water Power Company. In Cambridge he served for five years as a member of the Board of Aldermen. He was connected with the Masonic order.

Barre road direct connection with the MontpeUer & Wells River Railroad. He was a large stockholder in both of the Barre railroads, and also owned nearly ninety-eight per cent, of the stock of the Montpelier & Wells River Railroad, besides being a large real estate o\\Tier in Barre. He did much in upbuilding that towTi and for the advancement of MontpeUer. In addition to the presidency of the Montpelier & Wells River

Mr. Sortwell was married May 19, 1850, to Miss Sophia Augusta Foye, of Wiscasset, Me., daughter of Moses and Sophia A. Foye. They had one daughter and one son : Frances Augusta (bom June 8, 1851; died August 19, 1857) and Al\-in Foye Sortwell (born July 21, 1854; died March 21, 1910). Sophia A., wife of Daniel R. Sortwell, died on September 26, 1890, at Cambridge.

Charles Winthrop Spencer

Spencer, Charles Winthrop, lawyer, was bom at Cambridge, May 13, 1868, his parents being Charles H. and Clara M. (Palmer) Spencer. He graduated from the Cambridge Latin School in 1886; from Harvard College, with the degree of A.B., in 1890; and from Harvard Law School, with the degree of LL.B., in 1892. From 1894 to 1901 he was assistant clerk of the Superior Court, Suffolk County.

His law offices are in Barrister's Hall, Boston, but much of his time is spent with the T. E. Moseley Company, 160 Tremont Street, of which he is president and treasurer.

John P. Squire

Squire, John P., who died January 7, 1893, was a son of Peter and Esther Squire, and was bom in the town of Weathersfield, Windsor County, Vt., on the 8th day of May, 1819. His father was a farmer. The years of his boyhood were spent at his home, attending the public sphools and working on the farm.

On the first day of May, 1835, he entered the employment of a Mr. Orvis, the village storekeeper, at West Windsor, Vt., and remained with him until the winter of 1837, when he attended the academy at Unity, N.H., of which the Rev. A. A. Miner was then principal. He taught school at Cavendish during a part of the winter of 1837-1838. On the 19th of March, 1838, he came to Boston; entered the employ of Nathan Robbins, in Faneuil Hall Market, and continued with him until April 30, 1842, when he formed a co-partnership with Francis RusseU, and carried on the provision business at No. 25 Faneuil Hall Market, under the style of Russell & Squire, until the year 1847, when the co-partnership was dissolved.

Mr. Squire continued the business alone at the same place until the year 1855, when he formed a new co-partnership with Hiland Lockwood and Edward Kimball, under the name of John P. Squire & Company Corporation. The changes in the partners have been as foUows: the retirement of Edward Kimball in the year 1866; , the admission of W. W. Kimball in the same year, and his retirement in 1873; the admission of Mr. Squire's sons, George W. and Frank 0. Sqiaire, in the year 1873; the death of Hiland Lockwood in the year 1874; the retirement of George W. Squire in the year 1876; the admission of Fred F. Squire, Mr. Squire's youngest son, January 1, 1884, and the death of the founder of the house in 1893.

In 1855 Mr. Squire bought a small tract of land in East Cambridge and built a slaughter house. Since that time the business has grown to such an extent that the corporation of John P. Squire & Co. has today one of the largest and best equipped packing houses in the country, and stands third in the list of hog packers in the United States.

On October 5, 1891, a fire partially destroyed the large refrigerator of this corporation. This necessitated rebuilding. A system of artificial refrigeration has been adopted in place of the old method of refrigerating with ice, whereby the capacity of their packing house has been increased about double its capacity before the fire. The melting capacity of the ice machines used is one hundred and fifty tons of ice per day. A new chimney two hundred and twentyfive feet high, with a flue nine feet across at the base, and with walls four feet thick, has been built to run the refrigerating machines. With

In the year 1843 Mr. Squire married Kate Green Or\'is, daughter of his old employer. Eleven children were born of the marriage, eight of whom are now living, as follows: George W., Jennie C, Minnie E., John A., Kate I., Nannie K., Fred F., and Bessie E. Squire. One son, Charles, died in infancy, and a daughter, Nellie G., died October 13, 1890.

Mr. Squire joined the Mercantile Library Association when he first came to Boston, and spent a great deal of his leisure time in reading, of which he was very fond. The high position which he held in commercial circles was due to his untiring industry, undaunted courage and marked ability.

Henry C. Stetson

HENRY C. STETSON Stetson, Henry C, president of the Common Council of Cambridge, in 1907, and who died April 16 of that year, was born in Bangor, Me., in 1869 and spent his early life in the Pine Tree State. He attended PhiUips Academy, in Andover, and then entered Yale College, graduating in 1893. He came to Cambridge and entered the Harvard Law School, from which he took his degree in 1896. Three years later he received the degree of A.M. at Yale. He was admitted to the Maine bar and subsequently to the Suffolk bar.

He took up his residence in Cambridge in 1894, and lived here practically all of the time up to his death. He took an active interest in Cambridge public affairs. From the start he was with the Non-Partisan movement. He was chosen a member of the original committee of one hundred which formed the Non-Partisan Municipal Party. He was president of the Ward Nine Non-Partisan Club and performed a great deal of service in connection with registration. He was a member of the Oakley Club, the University Club and the Economy Club; a director of the Y.M.C.A., and a member of the executive committee of St. John's Chapel.

In 1904, Mr. Stetson received the nomination of the Non-Partisan party to the Common Council from Ward Nine, being unopposed in the primaries. He was again elected in 1906 and once more in 1907, being the only member of the council of this year having two years' experience. This fact and the fact that he had endeared himself to his fellow members won for him the presidency of that body, the election being unanimous.

In 1907, Mr. Stetson was chosen treasurer of the Non-Partisan City Committee. He was an incorporator of the Cambridge Savings Bank. He is survived by a wife.

Edmund Horace Stevens

Stevens, Edmund Horace, surgeon, was bom at Stansted, Canada, January' 2, 1846, being the son of Horace and Louisa J. Stevens. He decided to follow the profession of his father, who was a physician. In 1864, when the Civil War was raging, he proffered his services to the country-, which stood in need of men that had knowledge of surgery. As medical cadet in the United States Navy he was under fire with Farragut at Mobile Bay. Later in the year he was made medical officer in charge of the United States Steamship Philippa. Honorably discharged from the Navy, he obtained the appointment of acting stu-geon in the Army, and was afterwards promoted to be assistant surgeon. This was in 1865, and he was attached to the Army of the Potomac. The experience gained in both branches was invaluable.

After the war his studies were completed at the Harvard Medical School, from which he received the degree of M.D., in 1867. In 1871 he came to Cambridge, and has practised here ever since. The city owes much to him on account of his conscientious work at the Cambridge Hospital, where he is surgeon.

Among the organizations of which he is a member are the American Medical Association, the Boston Society for Medical Improvement, the Boston Obstetrical Society and the Cambridge Society for Medical Improvement.

Stratton, Samuel, the immigrant ancestor of the Strattons of Cambridge, Mass., was bom in England, in 1592, and married his first wife there; she probably died soon after her husband, herself and their two sons arrived in America. Samuel Stratton appeared as a surveyor of town lots in Watertown, Massachusetts Bay Colony, in 1647, and took the freeman's oath. May 18, 1653. He married, as his second wife, August 28, 1657, Margaret, widow of William Parker, of Boston. He resided in that part of the town of Watertown subsequently set off to the town of Cambridge, in the neighborhood of the present Lowell Park, and contiguous to land that became the estate of James Russell Lowell. Samuel and Margaret Parker Stratton had three sons: Samuel, John and Richard. Richard, son of Richard last named, settled in Easthampton, Long Island, N.Y., where both his uncle John and his father Richard lived for several j^ears. Samuel Stratton the immigrant, died December 18, 1676, aged eighty-one years.

John (2), son of Samuel and Margaret (Parker) Stratton, was bom in England, 1633, and settled with his father in Watertown, Mass., in 1647. He became a freeman of the town of Watertown, May 27, 1663, and married, March 10, 1659, Elizabeth Traine, and their children were: Elizabeth, bom in Watertown, died in infancy, 1659; John, bom August 24, 1661; Elizabeth, bom July 2, 1664; Joseph, bom January 13, 1666; Samuel, bom September 18, 1669; Rebecca, bom May 16, 1672; Ebenezer, bom November 2, 1677, died in infancy; Ebenezer, bom October 2, 1678; Jonathan, bom March 6, 1679. John Stratton, the father, died in Watertown, April 7, 1691; and his widow died May 7, 1708.

Joseph (3), second son of John and Elizabeth (Traine) Stratton, was bom in Watertown, January 13, 1666, and married Sarah How, November 14, 1695.

Jonathan (4), son of Joseph and Sarah (How) Stratton, was bom in Weston, Mass., 1714, and was married November 1, 1738, to Dinah Bemis, of Waltham. He served as a private in Colonel Lamson's company, and marched to Lexington on receiving the alarm, April 19, 1775, and served for three days, when he was discharged.

Jonathan (5), son of Jonathan and Dinah (Bemis) Stratton, was bom in Weston, March 8, 1746, and was married September 20, 1768, to Sarah Childs. He served as a private, according to the muster and pay rolls of Captain Jonathan Fiske, of Weston, in Colonel Brook's company, called out March 4, 1776, for five days' service, and was stationed at Dorchester Heights, and also performed various other military service.

Ira (7), son of Shubael C. and Betsey (Cook) Stratton, was bom in New Salem, Mass., January 6, 1804. He attended the common schools in his native town, leaving it when fourteen j-ears old to go west. At the age of sixteen he returned home and worked in a brush factory in Boston until he had learned the trade. Flavel Coolidge (1775-1848) operated a brush factory in Cambridgeport, Mass., and he made Ira Stratton his foreman as soon as he had completed his apprenticeship in the Boston establishment. Mr. Stratton continued in that position up to the time of the death of his father-in-law, in 1848, when he became sole owner of the factory. He subsequently opened a brush shop on Exchange Street, Boston, in co-partnership with Sheriff and Eastham, and the enterprise was very successful, enabling him to acquire a competence. His next business venture was in the manufacture of glass, in partnership with Amory Houghton, the factory being located in Somerville. The business proved to be uncongenial to Mr. Stratton, and he sold out to his partner, and gave the remainder of his life to the care of his estate.

He was married, November 6, 1835, to Martha Ann, daughter of Flavel and Anna (Wilds) Coolidge, and in this way became owner of the brush factory of Mr. Coolidge. Flavel Coolidge, father of Mrs. Ira Stratton, was the son of EHsha S. CooUdge, of Ashbumham, Worcester County, Mass., and the youngest of eleven children. He was bom in 1775, and in 1786 his father, with his entire family, joined the Shaker community at Shirley, Mass. This remarkable society, inaugurated in America by Ann Lee, who with eight of her followers embarked at Liverpool, England, May 19, 1774, and arrived in New York, August 6, following, purchased land in the woods of Watervliet, N.Y., in 1776, and while the colonists were engaged in the war of the there was a religious awakening at New Lebanon, Columbian County, N.Y., thirty miles distant, and many of the subjects of the revival there, visited "Mother Ann," at Watervliet, and became converts to the new faith. Ann

Revolution, these frugal and industrious people were building up a society that took within its fold the spirits of religious unrest wherever a religious awakening arose. After the society at Watervliet had been successfully planted,

Lee and her elders and friends became missionaries, and after establishing what proved to be their most successful settlement at New Lebanon, they held forth in Hancock, Tyringham, Howard and Shirley, in Massachusetts, and

Enfield, in Connecticut, and societies were planted which gathered many followers and each became models of industrial communism that attracted the attention of idealists not alone in America, but abroad also. After little more than two years of missionary work "Mother Ann" returned to Watervliet, where she received inquirers, and after a ministry of fourteen years, she died, September 8, 1784. It was three years after her death before regularly organized communities were established. The society at New Lebanon, N.Y., was organized in September, 1787, and furnished the model for the others. It grew to six hundred members, and the community owned six thousand acres of land. Watervliet grew to three hundred members; Groveland, Livingstone County, N.Y., to one hundred and fifty; Hancock, Berkshire County, Mass., to two hundred; Tyringham, Berkshire County, Mass., to one hundred; Harvard, Worcester County, to two hundred; Shirley, Mass., to one hundred; Enfield, Hartford County, Conn., to two hundred; Canterbury, Merrimac County, N.H., to three hundred; Enfield, Grafton County, N.H., to three hundred; Alfred, York County, Me., to one hundred and fifty; and New Gloucester, York County, Me., to one hundred and fifty members. These societies were formed between 1787 and 1792, and it was not until 1805, that Ohio and Kentucky were invaded by the disciples of Ann Lee ; like the Salem Witches and the Roman CathoHcs, the Shakers did not escape persecution from the Puritans of New England, and the society at Shirley, when "Mother Ann" was preaching there, was subjected to mob violence, not only from the outside world, but from dissenting members of the society, notably on March 3, 1802.

Flavel Coolidge left the community after he had learned the trade of brush-making, and attained his majority, in 1796. He journeyed to Cambridgeport, where he engaged as a carpenter with Josiah and Thomas Mason, and while thus engaged built a house of five rooms for himself, preparatory to his contemplated marriage, and in January, 1806, he married Anna, daughter of EHjah, Jr., and Eunice (Safford) Wilds, and granddaughter of Elijah (1718-1791) and Anna (Hovey) Wilds, all converts to the Shaker faith under the preaching of Ann Lee, and by so doing severed all family ties, and they with their children were merged in the Shaker community, and Elijah Wilds, Jr., was appointed an elder at the organization of the society in Shirley, and continued in office up to the time of his death, March 14, 1829, at the age of eighty-three years. Anna Wilds was bom February 15, 1779, and with her parents and grandparents became members of the Shaker community at Shirley. Here, she met Flavel Coolidge, son of Elisha Coolidge, who was bom January 19, 1775, died February 1, 1848. He was one of the founders of the First Universalist church of Cambridge, and a deacon for many years. Elisha Coolidge was bom July 20, 1720; died August 18, 1807. Flavel Coolidge was also a convert to the faith. When he left the community in 1796, Anna Wilds also deserted it, and went to live with relatives in Lancaster, Mass., and it was there that her lover found her and they were married. Flavel and Anna (Wilds) Coolidge had three children bom at their home at Cambridgeport, where the mother died, June 28, 1874, aged ninety-five years and four months. The children were: Merrick, bom October 6, 1806; married Sarah Ann Tucker, November, 1831; died, 1850; he had two children, Helen and Anna. Martha Ann, bom January 19, 1814; died, January 2, 1890. She married Ira Stratton, and their children were: Flavel Coolidge, bom in Cambridge, Mass., October 4, 1836; died February 15, 1840. Flavel Coohdge (2), bom in Cambridge, Mass., February 14, 1840. He prepared for college at the New Salem Academy, entered Harvard University 1858, and was graduated from there with the degree of Bachelor of Arts in 1861, the year in which he attained his majority. He studied law and then went abroad, visiting England, where he engaged in the banking business with B elding, Keith & Co. After retuming to Cambridge he removed to Erie, Pa., where he engaged in the dry goods business. Upon the death of his father, August, 1873, he retired from business and resided with his mother in Cambridge, where he died suddenly of heart failure, July 23, 1906. He was a member of the Masonic Fraternity. He was unmarried. A friend speaking of Flavel C. Stratton, said, "he was learned yet unpretentious, thoughtful yet not effusive in speech. Tender as a woman in his sympathies, yet lion-hearted for the right." Anna Maria, bom in Cambridge, February 4, 1848, died September 23, 1850. Martha Louise, bom in Cambridge, February 4, 1851, received her education in the public schools, completing the high school course. She married, November 20, 1889, Dwight W. Ensign (sketch follows). Flavel, Jr., (3) bom August 8, 1816, died in Cambridgeport, Febmary 28, 1891. He married Betsey Perkins, and (second) Almira Pierce.