Columbus City (part 37 of 57)

John Brough was inaugurated Governor, January 11, 1861, and gave his great executive talents to the winning of the war, with the result that Ohio, in military operations, surpassed that year all the other northern states. Columbus became the chief rendezvous for recruiting and organizing fresh levies. Ohio's quota of 20,000 veterans re-enlisted here for three years more.

Early in the year, Governor Brough instituted a plan for calling out a sufficient militia force to guard the forts, railways, and to relieve the veterans for active service. At a meeting of the governors of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Iowa, in Washington, a plan was formed for using 85,000 infantry troops for this purpose, to serve 100 days. Eleven new one-year regiments were organized this year, - from the 173d to the 183d Ohio.

Tod Barracks had already deprived Camp Chase of much of its prestige. On March 3, the commandant quarters there were destroyed by fire, which rendered it still more moribund. On April 27, 230 survivors from the boiler explosion on the Sultana near Memphis, were sent to Camn Chase, and arrived May 1. Basil Duke, of Morgan's Raiders, was transferred from the Ohio Penitentiary to Camp Chase in February. The number of prisoners of war in Camp Chase on August 6, was about 3,500, the camp having been reduced to this extremity in service.

News of Sheridan's victory at Five Forks readied Columbus April 2, and revealed, "as by a sunburst, the beginning of the end." With the fall of Richmond, the next day, flags were flung out all over the city. In the evening a great crowd assembled at the west front of the Capitol and listened to despatches read by Governor Brough, who also addressed the assembly, and he was followed by other prominent men.

Churches gave up their congregations, hotels their occupants, and one grand, loud, continued shouting song told the people's joy. Cannon thundered, hells clanged, bonfires blazed. A monster crowd collected, and were addressed by Governor Brough, Hon. Octavius Waters and others.

A general celebration took place the following Friday, April 14, at 2 p. m. The people assembled at the east front of the Capitol, and Hon. George M. Parsons was called upon to preside; after prayer by Rev. Granville Moody, Hon. John Sherman addressed the happy concourse. In the evening the whole city was illuminated, and the Capitol glittered from

On the following morning, while the city was decorated with emblems of rejoicing, (Saturday, April 15), the news of President Lincoln's assassination the previous evening, in Washington, reached Columbus. A suspension of business was declared; flags were halfmasted and the city draped with mourning. On Sunday evening, the largest assembly that has ever gathered in the Capitol square was drawn thither by this great sorrow, for community religious services. Part of the assemblage consisted of soldiers from Tod Barracks, who came en masse, bearing the State and National flags, draped, and marching to slow dirge music. The people at the west terrace were addressed by Rev. A. G. Byers, and those at the east by Rev. Granville Moody.

On the 19th, the day of the funeral in Washington, business was suspended, bells were tolled, and minute guns fired. The funeral train came to Columbus via Cleveland, on the morning of the 29th, The procession, on its arrival, was formed in five divisions. It has been called the most impressive and imposing procession ever seen in Columbus. A funeral oration was delivered at the east front, by Hon. Job E. Stevenson; and at 6 p. m. the doors of the Capitol were closed, the bugles sounded the assembly call, and the procession returned to the depot. The catafalque remained in the rotunda for several days, until the day of the burial of the martyred President at Springfield, Illinois. Every morning until May -i, fresh flowers were placed around the dais, where the body had rested, and thousands visited it daily.

By order of April 14, 1865, further recruiting in Ohio stopped. But military arrivals and departures at Tod Barracks were almost continuous during the early months. Confederate captives, numbering 2,200, taken by General Thomas, arrived at Camp Chase, January 1; 1,200 more from Hood's army, January 6, and 522 more from North Carolina, were received on May 5. On May 15, 108 of these took the oath of allegiance and were given transportation to their homes. The number of Confederates at Camp Chase June 1, was 3,200, but by June 28 the camp was entirely cleared of them. A great number sought and found employment in the city.

The discharge of government employes at Columbus began in May. The last of the volunteers returning from the field, arrived ii 1866; the last volunteers to be discharged in Ohio were Lieutenant F. W. Robinson's detachment, from the Fourtli regiment of veterans, August 3, 1866.

An army train of 250 wagons, each drawn by six mules, passed through the city, bound for Fort Leavenworth, September 22, 1865; it had come from Washington, over the National road; and another train of 256 wagons, for the same destination, arrived September 28, and was corralled over night in Franklinton. These traveled at the rate of 1 5 A miles each day, The last train marched into Springfield, Ills., where the mules were sold and the wagons forwarded by rail. The volunteer army was entirely extinct on July 20-21, 1866. The prison property at Camp Chase was offered for sale at public vendue, July 11, 1865, by order of General Richardson. Camp Thomas by order dated early in October was discontinued. During February, 1866, all military records at Camp Chase had been removed to Columbus, and that camp ceased to exist as an army post. On May 3 the Ohio State Journal published its obituary:

It is no longer a military center, no more a living thing; the city is deserted, the giant form a skeleton. Hundreds and thousands of armed men paraded as the guardians of the living thing; a single man, unarmed, keeps watch and ward over the remains of the thing, dead, waiting for burial .... The rows of barracks remain unchanged; the flowers planted by some careful housewife of some careless officer, are ready to record that "the hand of woman has heen here;" the flag-staff stands without pulley, rope or flag; the chapel, with its half-change in the latter day to a theatre remains a monument of the one, a tell-tale of the other; the prison-pens frown still with barred gates, hut are silent within. In one, the scaffold on which Hartrup and Oliver were executed stands firm - the grim guardian of the ghostly solitude - and with beam in place and trap half sprung seems waiting for another victim. Everywhere are the marks of the skeleton. The pump-stocks have all been withdrawn from the wells, the windows from the buildings; grass is growing in the parade ground.

Old shoes tumbled into promiscuous groupings tell which buildings have been last occupied, and the marten boxes give some signs of life. A little fruit tree in the midst of all this loneliness blossoms and puts forth leaves with all the proud defiance of nature and with a scornful fling with every wave of the wind, for the works of man perishing on every side.

A word of praise must be tendered to Ohio's "War Governors," in closing this desultory account. Salmon Portland Chase, the first of the list, was born in Cornish, N. H., January 13, 1808, and died in New York City, May 7, 1883. He was governor of Ohio in 1855, and again in 1857 - hence not strictly a "war governor" but of national prominence. During these four years, the Republican party was organized, and in 1860 Mr. Chase was a favorite of many Republicans for President. When President Lincoln was inaugurated, Mr. Chase became Secretary of the Treasury. At the close of the Civil War lie resigned from the control of the Treasury department, and was shortly afterward appointed to the Chief Justiceship of the Supreme Court of the United States, and filled that office until his death.

William Dennison was born in Cincinnati, November 23, 1815, and died in Columbus, June 15, 1882. His parents were of doughty New England stock, who had settled in Cincinnati about 1808. He graduated at the Miami University in 1835, witli honors, was admitted to the bar in 1810 and remained in practice until 1859. In December, 1810, be mar- ried Ann Eliza Neil, and removed to Columbus. In 1859 he was elected Governor, and when the Civil War broke out he had nine months of his term to complete.

David Tod was born at Youngstown, Ohio, February 2, 1805, and died there, November 13, 1868. His father was a native of Connecticut, who emigrated to Ohio, was a lieutenantcolonel in the war of 1812, and later a judge of the Superior Court. David Tod was educated for the law in 1838, was elected to the Ohio Senate, and in 18 14 was Democratic candidate for governor. He was a "hard money" man, and was credited with the saying that rather than resort to soft money he would do as the Spartans did - make money out of potmetal. The Whigs had pot-metal medals struck and raised the cry of "Pot Metal Tod," which stuck to him so effectively that he was defeated. He was a man of much humor, and on one occasion was asked why he spelled the name Tod with one "d." He replied that God spelled his name with one "d" and He was a worthy man to imitate in all things. Governor Tod was minister to Brazil for some years, and in 1860 he was vice-president of the Charleston convention, where the secession of the Southern Democrats broke up the conup chase Cemetery for Confederate Dead vention, and thereby helped pave the way for rebellion. His tenure of the office of Governor was during the most heated and passionate period of the Civil War.

John Brough, the last Governor during the civil strife, was born at Marietta, Ohio, September 17, 1811, and died at Cleveland, August 29, 1865, being the only governor of Ohio who died in office. His parents were pioneers of the state. He became a printer, and for some time edited the Western Republican and Marietta Advertiser; he later removed to Lancaster and purchased the Ohio Eagle. He was elected to the legislature from Fairfield county in 1838, and soon after became Auditor of State. While auditor lie purchased a newspaper in Cincinnati, changed its name to the Enquirer, and was connected with it for a few years. In 18-18 he practically withdrew from politics until his election as Governor in 1863. His fiery speeches and attractive eloquence endeared him to the people of Ohio and earned him the nomination for Governor.

diaries Anderson, lieutenant-governor, served out Governor Brough \s unexpired term. He was a brother of the famous Major Anderson, the hero of Fort Sumter. He was colonel of the 93d Ohio, and was wounded at the battle of Stone River. After his brief governorship lie lived in retirement in Kentucky, for the balance of his life. To him, Ohioans owe a deep debt of gratitude, as lie was the apostle and author of the common school system of Ohio.

Chapter Ix Leading Events From 1865 To 1900

Rapid Growth of Population - Visit of President Andrew Johnson - Large Area, Including Franklinton, Annexed to Columbus - Military and Veteran Organizations - Memorial Hall Project - Visit of General Grant - Court House Fire - Election Frauds - National Encampment of the Grand Army and Centennial Exposition - Visit of the Duke of I eragua - Frdnklinton's Centennial - War with Spain.

After the Civil War there was in Columbus a period of prosperity and energy in public and private improvements. In the decade from 1850 to 1860 the population had grown only about 800 - from 17,822 to 18,629. But at the close of the war there came a new vitality with a steady growth which has never been checked. In 1870, the population was 31,274; in 1880, it was 51,674; in 1890, it was 88,150; in 1900, it was 125,560; in 1910, it was 181,511, and in 1918 (estimated) 230,000.

The soldiers returning from the front found street cars in the Columbus streets. The streets themselves were about as bad as they could be, but business was good and the people were prosperous and filled with a desire for better things. There was a considerable extension of the city to the north, and the burning of the Insane Asylum in 1868, making advisable the removal of the institution to the hilltop on the west, opened up a new addition east.

President Andrew Johnson, accompanied bv Secretaries Welles and Seward, Generals Grant, Steedman, Rousseau, McClellan and Custer and Admiral Farragut, visited Columbus September 12, 1866. General C. C. Walcutt headed a military escort for the party; and the President, welcomed by Mayor Bull, made a speech in defense of his policies. A dinner at the Neil House, without speeches, followed. General Benjamin F. Butler made a political speech here, October 4 of the same year.

In 1869 the B. E. Smith mansion at Fourth and Broad streets, now the Columbus Club house, was erected, and the City Hall was begun. The latter was to have been completed January 1, 1871, at a cost of $124,400; but it was not completed till March, 1872, and its actual cost was .$175,000. It was formally opened March 28. It was intended to be a very beautiful and useful structure, but it has been neither.

By joint action of the City Council and the County Commissioners in 1870, an area of 4,052 acres, including Franklinton, the original settlement, and Middletown just east and a hamlet called Birmingham, west of Goodale park, was taken into the city of Columbus. The population of Franklinton, while not great, was so considerable as to make better protection necessary. The annexation gave new life to the section and it soon became the progressive West Side, with many new homes as well as manufacturing establishments. Twenty years later the population was about 12,000. In 1919 with millions spent in grade crossing elimination and other millions being spent in flood protection, the population has increased and spread to the hilltop and beyond where a handsome residential section has been created.

At the close of the Civil War there continued to be a marked popular interest in military organizations. The Hayden Guards appeared in 1865; the Meade Rifles and the Coldstream Zouaves in 1866; in the same year the Columbus Vedettes were reorganized, Captain G. M. Bascom, and the survivors of the State Fencibles organized a States Fencibles Association, Theodore Jones president and T. J. Jannev secretary. In 1867 appeared the Sherman Guards, Henry Heinmillcr captain; the Emmett Guards, E. T. DeLaney captain; the Capital City Guards, Wesley Stephens captain and the National Union Guards, A. T. Zeigler captain. Jacob Albright was captain of the Coldstream Zouaves.

In 1874 the Columbus Cadets were organized under the supervision of General C. C. Walcutt. Wade Converse was major. William Waggoner and Martin A. Gemuender were captains, and George Hardv and Charles B. Comstoc k were lieutenants. This was a detached organization ; it drilled and marched on special occasions and for some years gave an annual ball.

History Of Columbus, Ohio

Plasterer captain, L. R. Doty first lieutenant and Henry Comstock second lieutenant. It also marched on special occasions and gave receptions and social entertainments. Its usefulness having ceased, it was disbanded in 1881, the feeling then being that militarv companies not a part of the Ohio National Guard and subject to full discipline were not desirable. The Ex-Soldiers and Sailors' Association of Franklin County was the first organization of Civil War veterans and in 1878 had about 200 members. In 1881 it bought a number of lots in Green Lawn cemetery for the burial of ex-soldiers and in 1883 inaugurated a movement for a suitable monument. Through its influence in 1886 the General Assembly authorized a tax levy to raise $10,000 to pay for such a monument. A suggestion that the monument be erected at Broad and High streets was rejected and the shaft was put up in Green Lawn in 1891.

In 1870 the first water works system was installed, as narrated elsewhere; the State street bridge was opened for travel July 11 of the same year. The North Market House was completed in 1876.

The city was stirred socially in 1871 by the coming of Prince de Lynar of Germany and his marriage to Miss May Parsons, Rt. Rev. Bishop Mcllvaine officiating.

On July 22, 1877, the great railway strike that spread over a considerable portion of the country, developed in Columbus. Pan Handle firemen and brakemen met in Goodale park and resolved that no more trains should pass through Columbus till wages were restored. The police tried and failed to protect the movement of trains. On the 29th, 1000 special policemen and the Columbus Cadets were called into service and failed. Then the Governor ordered out 23 companies of the Ohio National Guard. August 1 saw order restored and the troops were sent home on the 4th.

On February 28, 1877, President-elect Hayes was tendered a farewell reception in the Senate chamber, with speaking in the hall of the House. He thanked all for kindness and courtesy to him while Governor and spoke with some uncertainty of the future. He was followed to the train the next morning and made a similar speech from the rear of the train.

On invitation from a meeting of citizens, General and Mrs. U. S. Grant, then returning from a tour of the world, visited Columbus, December 12, 1879. A committee of citizens and of the Council co-operated in the arrangements and the visit was made the occasion of a great demonstration, in which many persons from outside of the city joined. Governor R. M. Bishop made an address of welcome, and the General briefly responded. A parade, a dinner, a ball under the auspices of the Governor's Guards, a reception, a song of welcome, composed by J. A. Searritt and sung by the sehool children, and fireworks display were features of the day.

J. C. McCoy Post, Grand Army of the Republic, was organized January 7. 1881 and in the same year, the Woman's Soldiers' Aid Society, an auxiliary of Wells Post, was organized. Joshua M. Wells Post, G. A. R., was organized June 19, 1881, and in the following year, the Woman's Relief Corps, auxiliary to Wells Post, was organized. Elias J. Beers Post, G. A. R., was organized July 5, 1889. In 1882, Dennison Camp, Sons of Veterans, was organized and incorporated.

The Ex-Prisoners of War Association was organized in 1882. Its first officers were: John T. Harris president, Robert Dent vice president, S. W. Gale secretary, D. S. Wilder treasurer, E. C. Beach chaplain.

The Thurman Light Guards (Co. B, 14th O. X. G.) Captain A. B. Coit, appeared in 1878, and the Walcutt Battery, Captain E. G. Donaldson, in 1882.

In 1881, the Fourteenth Regiment, O. N. G., Col. George D. Freeman, was ordered to Cincinnati to assist in quelling a riot resulting from a failure of justice in the Berner case. There was fighting in the street before the mob was subdued, and two men of the Fourteenth were killed - Leo Voglegesang and Israel S. Getz. The remains were brought home after the military service had been performed, and buried with military honors. The regiment, under Colonels George D. Freeman, A. B. Coit and John C. Speaks, has since served at various times to preserve order when mob violence was threatened and has always acquitted itself with credit. It has been one of the great mainstays of law in Ohio in peace times, and in times of war it has promptly been admitted to the national service.

In 1885, the Columbus Memorial Association was incorporated to commemorate the service of the Franklin county soldiers and sailors in the Civil War, the idea being to erect a building. The charter members' were: H. M. Neil, E. C. Beach, C. C. White, George W. Smith, X. B. Abbott, John G Mitchell, C. T. Clarke, Carl X. Bancroft, George Cunningham, James DeWolfe, John H. Grove, John Beatty, George D. Freeman, W. M. Armstrong, A. B. Coit and George K. Nash. At the election in April, 1887, the people voted to levy a tax to raise $100,000 to erect the proposed building. The amount was found to be insufficient and the enterprise was temporarily deferred. In 1901-6, the project was carried to a successful conclusion with the erection on Broad street at Sixth street, of Memorial Hall, with numerous rooms for the use of the veteran and pioneer organizations and a great auditorium, seating 1,000 persons.

A large part of the records in the Franklin County Court House was destroyed by a mysterious fire, December 12, 1879. This gave fresh impetus to a movement already existing for a new building which should be more secure. In the spring of 1881 the people voted for the issue of $500,000 bonds for the construction of a new Court House. George H. Maetzel was appointed to prepare the plans and Henry C. Xoble was designated by the Common Pleas judges to act with the commissioners in the approval of the plans. George Bellows was superintendent of construction. Pending the erection of the new building the county courts and officers were provided with rented rooms in adjacent buildings. The cornerstone of the new building was laid July 4, 1885, and the completed structure was dedicated July 13, 1887. A new jail was also erected just east of the Court House. The cost of the latter with boiler house and equipment was $170,000. The jail cost $165,000. The total of bonds issued was $1(51,000.

An attempted fraud in the count of the votes cast in the city in the election in October. 1885, was the occasion of much controversy and excitement. The fraud was in altering the figures of the tally-sheet of Precinct A. Thirteenth Ward, so as to add 300 votes to the Democratic total. The forgery was accomplished by taking the returns from the safe of the County Clerk, Saturday night, changing a 2 to a 5 and replacing the returns at some time before Monday morning. A similar fraud was discovered in Cincinnati, and there was the appearance of an effort by these forgeries to elect Democratic members of the General Assembly and so make certain the election of a Democratic United States Senator. Many Democrats as well as Republicans denounced the crime, and there was a long, but fruitless effort to discover and punish the guilty. There were several indictments, some reputations were ruined and one poor tool was sent to the Penitentiary.

The great events of 1888 were the twenty-second national encampment of the Grand Army of the Republic and the observance of the centennial of the first settlement on Ohio soil. For the latter there was a great exposition calculated to exhibit the life and growth of the State. The State Board of Agriculture, the Archaeological and Historical Society and the State Horticultural Society co-operated in the preparation. The General Assembly appropriated $20,000 for the purpose and gave the State Board of Agriculture permission to bond the grounds for $50,000 more. General Samuel H. Hurst was chosen Director- General and an elaborate program of days from September 4 to October 16 was adopted. Columbus undertook to raise $100,000 - $25,000 for the centennial and $75,000 for the encampment. The total of subscriptions was $80,093, of which the centennial got $22,986.

The exposition began September 1, 1888, with a parade of the Ohio National Guard and a great gathering in the auditorium, one of the ten buildings that had been erected for the occasion. Governor J. B. Foraker was the orator and Coates Kinney the poet of the day, and 1,500 school children sang an ode composed by Henry T. Chittenden. Mrs. Foraker touched a button and the wheels of the exposition began to revolve. The exposition appealed to many interests, brought together many thousands of people and fitly celebrated tlic century of progress.

The encampment which opened on t he 9th proved to be one of the greatest ever held. The arrangements which were planned at weekly meetings for months before the opening, were in charge of a general committee, of which Colonel A. G. Patton was chairman, the other members being D. S. Grav, C. D. Firestone, John G. Mitchell, A. D. Rodgers, H. C. Lonnis, C. T. Clark, M. H. Neil, N. B. Abbott, David Fanning, Carl N. Bancroft, R. M. Rowand, G. C. Hoover, Emerson MeMillin, Theodore H. Butler, Andrew Schwarz and W. D. Brickell. C. D. Firestone was vice chairman and Alfred E. Lee secretary. The Society of the Army of West Virginia arranged to have its annual reunion at the time of the encampment, and a committee, of which J. M. Rife was chairman, co-operated with the larger committee. Four camps were prepared, two west of the United States Barracks, one on Nineteenth street between Broad and Long and one at Neil avenue and Goodale street. Tents were put up for 55,000 men and dining halls were built. Accommodations for women and children were arranged for at hotels and private homes. High street was illuminated with arches. The locomotive, "General," captured and used by the Andrews Raiders in 1862, was brought for exhibition. The veterans of the Civil War came on time - 100,000 of them, it was estimated, with 150,000 others, wives, children and friends. They filled the camps, the hotels and most of the lodging houses. The parade was a marvel with not fewer than 50,000 men in line. It was a great encampment, a joy to the organization and a credit to the city and the members of the committee in charge. There was a deficit, of course. The camps had cost more than expected and the dining halls had yielded far less than they were planned to yield. The total cost of the encampment was $68,967.13 and the deficit at its close was $21,413.56, but this was extinguished by the gate receipts at the exposition, Columbus day, and a second solicitation of subscriptions.

On June 3, 1890, the street railway employes, who had formed a union, struck for shorter hours and more pay. No attempt was made to run cars till June 5, when a car was run on Long street to High, where it was derailed and abandoned. An effort the next day to reach an agreement failed. The company tried a court injunction on the 7th, but that, too, failed owing to public sympathy with the strikers, great crowds blockino- the progress of the cars. On the 9th there was another conference, at which a settlement was reached and on the 10th, traffic was resumed. By the agreement, the working dav was reduced from 16 to 12 hours and wages were increased.

The remains of General Wm. T. Sherman, who had died in New York, February 14, 1891, passed through the city on the 21st, en route to St. Louis. The train was greeted by the solemn booming of cannon. A great civic and military parade marched up Hio-h street to the Union Station, where a sympathetic crowd of several thousand had gathered. When the funeral train left, it was followed by a special carrying members of the Ohio General Assembly and the Fourteenth and Sixteenth regiments, Ohio National Guard, who went to St. Louis to participate in the funeral ceremonies.

Bishop Watterson's silver jubilee was observed August 9, 1893, by a large gathering of distinguished churchmen, among whom was Archbishop Elder. Pontifical High Mass was celebrated in the morning at the cathedral and in the afternoon there was a parade of local and visiting Catholic societies, and in the evening there was a reception for the Bishop in the City Hall, with a banquet at the Chittenden Hotel.

The city was visited June 8, 1893, by the Duke of Veragua and members of his family, direct descendants of Christopher Columbus. They had come from Spain, by invitation, to attend the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, celebrating the -iOOth anniversary of the discovery of America and, by invitation, they came to Columbus to see the largest city in the world bearing the name of their distinguished ancestor. There was a patriotic demonstration, with a street parade planned and commanded by General C. C. Walcutt. The parade was headed by General Walcutt and staff, followed by Superintendent J. A. Shawan, of the public schools, representatives of the parochial schools and about 10,000 children from both public and parochial schools. The marchers bore the Stars and Stripes and the colors of Spain and many patriotic mottoes and, as they passed the reviewing stand, deposited their tribute of flowers. The National Guard and police guarded the streets and no accident marred the great demonstration.

In 1897, the people of Columbus gave a considerable part of their effort to the celebration of the centennial of Franklinton. The first steps were taken by Father D. A.

Clarke, of the Holy Family church, who called a meeting of West Side citizens at the West Side Market Hall, May 24, 1897. Committees were appointed and went to work. The Board of Trade responded with similar committees for the East Side and there was co-operation resulting in the selection of September 11, 15 and l(i as the dates and the natural amphitheater west of the Central Hospital for the Insane, as the place. On the opening day, there were addresses by I). .1. Clahane, chairman of the executive committee. Governor Asa S. Bushnell, Mayor Samuel L. Black and General John Beatty. On the second day, there was a civic and industrial parade; addresses by United States Senator M. A. Hanna, Bishop John A. Watterson and Colonel E. I.. Taylor. On tin- third day, there were addresses by Rev. J. H. Creighton and Congressman John J. Lentz, chorus singing of Keller's American Hymn and of "The Buckeye Pioneers," words by Osman C. Hooper and music by Ella May Smith, a special song for the occasion. On each of the days there were sports, fireworks, sham battles and other amusements, and in the Highland avenue school building there was a historical exhibit of great interest.

The call for troops for the short war with Spain brought to Columbus for the third time since its founding the stir and excitement of military preparation. In 1846, there seems to have been no special place of rendezvous. In 1861 Goodale park (called Camp Jackson) was used until Camp Chase was made read}'. In 1898, a 500-acre tract east of the city, just beyond Bullitt park, was chosen. H. A. Axline was Adjutant-General of Ohio and when war became certain, he sent a force to prepare the camp at that spot. The city extended its water mains to the site, the ground was laid out and lighted by electricity and the tents were set. The outside companies of the Fourteenth regiment arrived in the city April 27 and made temporary headquarters at the Armory, on Goodale street. On the 29th, the entire regiment marched to Camp Bushmill, as the rendezvous had been called, great crowds cheering them on the way. In the afternoon, Battery H of the First regiment Ohio Light Artillery proceeded to camp. Then followed the First regiment, of Cincinnati ; the Third, of Springfield ; the Eighth, of Akron, and three companies of the Ninth Battalion (colored); the Second, of Kenton; the Sixteenth, of Toledo; the Seventeenth, of Chillieothe, and the Fifth, of Cleveland. The remainder of the artillery regiment arrived at camp at the end of the week, making the number of men in camp more than 8,000.

Great crowds of people came to the city Sunday - the wives, sweethearts and friends of the soldiers - and the day was one burst of enthusiasm, following the demonstrations attending the arrival of each body of troops. Then followed days of drill in cold, rainy weather, with dress parade in the evening which, despite the weather, proved very attractive to the people who, while not warlike, were universally sympathetic and eager for the liberation of Cuba. This feeling was accentuated with the coming of the news of Dewey's victory in Manila Bay, and the second Sunday in camp brought even a greater number of visitors to the city and camp than did the first. The militiamen were about completing their physical examination prior to their admission to the fighting forces of the United States when two battalions of cavalry organized after the call arrived. On May 13 the troops were ordered to move to Camp Thomas, Chickamauga, and on the followingday, the first troops left the city. Singularly enough, they were the cavalry, Colonel Day, who had been the last to arrive. The First regiment left Saturday evening, the Fourteenth (later the Fourth O. V. I.) left Sunday, and the other troops as fast as transportation could be provided, the later ones going to Tampa. Sunday's demonstration was most impressive, for these were the home boys going away to fight for somebody else's libertv. As the regiment marched west on Broad street, it was met by a civic parade, headed by Mayor Samuel L. Black, with the police, letter carriers, uniformed knights and others, while the church throngs and others looked on from the sidewalks and applauded. In the State House yard cannon boomed a farewell. Hardly less enthusiastic was the Godspeed given to the Ninth Battalion, Major Young, when it left on the following Friday. The colored people had arranged an escort of their own and presented to the departing troops a stand of colors, J. D. Tyler making the presentation speech at the reviewing stand near the entrance to the State House grounds.

A little more than three weeks after the first troops arrived, the last had gone. The average number of troops in camp was 8,000, and everything had been satisfactorily done. The cost per meal per man was shown by the Adjutant General's report to have been seven cents, and the rations were said to have been of first quality.

The return of the troops after the war was marked by similar demonstrations of enthusiasm, to which was added congratulation at the early and satisfactory result of the intervention. The Columbus troops had served chiefly in the occupation of Porto Rico.

In 1906', following the example in other parts of the country, the soldiers of that war organized Columbus Camp No. 49, Department of Ohio, United Spanish War Veterans. The first officers of the camp were: Commander, John C. Speaks; senior vice commander, Harold M. Bush; junior vice commander, Arthur C. McGuire ; adjutant, Charles W. Finley; quartermaster, Ben W. Chamberlain ; officer of the guard, Morton H. Hayes; surgeon, Henry M. Taylor ; chaplain, Henry W. Krumm ; trustees, MacLee Wilson, George B. Donavin and B. L. Bargar. Through this organization there has been much mutual helpfulness and the annual honoring of the memory of the dead. In 1908, the mothers, wives and woman relatives of the veterans of the Spanish war were organized as Columbus Auxiliary, No. 18, and have served the kindly, helpful purposes of such organizations.

Events From 1900 To 1918

Memorial to President Wm. McKinley - Disastrous Strike of Street Railway Employes - Centennial of the Founding of Columbus - "Billy" Sunday Reznval - Great Flood of 1913 - Demand for Flood Protection and Adoption of the Channel Improvement Plan - Troops at Camp Willis for Mexican Border Service - Border Service Medal - Woman Suffrage Movement.

The death of President Wm. McKinley at the hands of an assassin in 1901 brought a real sorrow to Columbus where he had lived and served as Governor and during his period of residence had been a real factor in the city life. The suggestion that a memorial to him be erected at once found approval and it was quickly arranged that the state and the capital city should share equally in such a tribute. A popular subscription was opened and in a short time 15,000 persons had subscribed $2.5,000. The General Assembly appropriated another $25,000. H. A. MacNeil, New York sculptor, was engaged to design and erect at the middle of the west side of the Capitol square the memorial which is now the chief art work in the city. The commission which had charge of the work was composed of state and city officials, representatives of the Board of Trade and of the citizens generally. During the four years in which the sculptor was at work, Governors George K. Nash, Myron T. Herrick, John M. Pattison, Mayors D. C. Badger and Robert H. Jeffrey, L. C. Laylin, Walter D. Guilbert, Daniel H. Sowers, F. W. Schumacher, R. Grosvenor Hutchins, George W. Lattimer, John J. Joyce, O. A. Miller and George W. Bright were members. John G. Deshler was president, John Y. Bassell secretary and W. F. Burdell treasurer.

The dedication of the memorial, September 15, 1906, the fifth anniversary of McKinley's death, was the occasion of a tremendous outpouring of people. Not fewer than 50,000 persons were crowded into the Capitol square. Owing to some idle curiosity on a part of a few in the throng, a movement of the great mass at one time began which threatened a disaster, and it was necessary to adjourn the meeting which it was expected to have in the open air. The speakers of the day were Justice Wm. R. Day, United States Senator John W. Daniels, Past Commander Joseph W. Kay, of the Union Veteran I.egion, and Commander-in-Chief B. R. Brown, of the Grand Army of the Republic. They were heard in the evening by a great audience in Memorial Hall.

The memorial, which faces to the west, has the general form of an arc, a pedestal at the center bearing an heroic size statue of McKinley as he appeared when delivering at the Buffalo Exposition his last public address. At each end and connected with the central pedestal by a granite bench are two allegorical figures intended to typify the American ideas and sentiments that underlie good government. On the right is the type of physical force and human energy in repose - a strong man beside whom is seated a youth of the coming generation in an attitude of intense study under the direction of practical wisdom and maturity. Together the figures typify prosperity through progress. On the left is the figure of a woman typical of those noble attributes of heart and home for which the country stands, the complement of those exemplified in the man towards whom she looks. Her left hand protectingly encircles the maiden at her side and places above the emblem of war the palm of peace. The maiden holds in her hand a wreath. This group is meant to symbolize the tribute of the people to McKinley. On the stone work on either side of the statuary and upon the pedestal itself are striking quotations from McKinley \s last address.

The year 1910 was marked by one of the longest and most bitterly contested street car strikes on record. A labor union was organized among the employes early in the year and, through its officers, in the last days of March demand was made for increased pay on the basis of 27 cents an hour, for the right of the men to deal witli the company through the union, for the restoration of certain discharged employes and for time and a half for work beyond the schedule which was nine and a half hours a day. There were negotiations for several days and various efforts to prevent a strike, which culminated in a proposition by tile company to pay a cent an hour more, to listen to complaints from its employes at any

Events From 1900 To 1918

Discontent, however, arose among the men. They charged that the agreement was not being carried out by the company, that union men were being discriminated against and that the leaders in the making of the March demand were being disposed of as rapidly as possible. Failing to get satisfaction from the company they struck July 24, and the company undertook to run its cars under protection The employes then numbered about 600, most of whom were actively in the strike. Violence at once began, offered not so much by the strikers themselves as by roughs and idlers who felt behind them a popular disapproval of the company. Mayor Marshall, rinding that the police could not control the situation, called on the sheriff for assistance and, when the combined force failed, he asked Governor Harmon for troops. The troops came, 2,000 of them at first, and were quartered in the State House grounds, in Franklin and Washington parks and at the car-houses north and west. That was Julv 28th. On the 30th more troops were called, being used not to run the cars, but to suppress rioting and preserve order, and in the meantime efforts were made by the city, the state and business organizations to bring about a settlement. Terms were offered by each side and rejected or ignored by the other.

Thinking the worst over the Governor sent the troops home and they left, half on the 4th and the remainder on the 7th. The violence was then renewed, cars were stoned and there was some shooting in which a number of persons were hurt. Mayor Marshall ordered that police be put on the cars, the more readily to arrest rioters. Thirty-three members of the force refused to obey these orders and were dismissed by Chief Charles E. Carter. Others obeyed and special officers were sworn in, but the mob spirit persisted. On August 15, Governor Harmon recalled the troops and took personal charge of the situation, but he was no more successful than the Mayor had been. The rioters procured dynamite which they used in efforts to destroy cars and car-houses. A score or more of persons who ventured to ride the ears were injured and Robert Mitchell died from the effects of an injury when hit by a stone.

The city was now thoroughly alarmed; rewards were offered for the capture of the dynamiters, and the police and troops were more vigorous in their measures ; prisoners were made to understand that they would be prosecuted and punished if guilty. The extraordinary violence had alienated the sympathy of many, and gradually the ear traffic came into its customary security. But it was not till October 18 that the carmen voted to call off the strike and lift the business ban that had been laid on all who rode in the ears. The union got no concession from the company, though General Manager Stewart expressed a willingness to take back into the company's employ men who had not been identified with the violence, if their places had not already been tilled. Four of the arrested rioters were sent to the Penitentiary and two to the Reformatory. The cost to the state for the use of the troops was $ 180,0*00; the cost to the city was $75,000; the company lost a great volume of business and the men lost nearly three months' wages, and there was much damage to cars, car-houses and other property. And out of the long struggle grew a Socialist party with about 10,000 votes.

The centennial anniversary of the founding of Columbus was celebrated during the week of August 26, 1912, in connection with the State Fair. Monday, the 26th, was Columbus dav witli a parade of floats, an automobile parade and other features demonstrating the industrial and commercial life of the city and a great out-door meeting addressed by Governor Judson Harmon, Mayor George J. Karb and President W. O. Thompson, of the Centennial Commission. Tuesday was Ohio da}-, its features being a luncheon of the descendants of Ohio Governors, a woman suffrage parade of 1,000 persons, and a beautiful historical pageant of numerous floats that moved on High and other central streets in the evening. Wednesday, Fraternal day, was especially marked by the coming from other cities in the state of a number of German singing societies, a parade with the local societies and a concert at Memorial Hall in the evening. On Thursday President W. H. Taft came, spoke at the Fair Grounds and was entertained by the lawyers at a banquet in the evening. Friday, Veterans' day, witnessed gatherings of Civil War and Spanish War veterans, and a tablet to soldiers of 'the American Revolution who are buried in Franklin county was unveiled in Memorial Hall. Saturday, Children's day, was observed with a great pageant on Ohio Field in which many children took part. The week began with rain and ended with extreme heat which caused many prostrations at the children's pageant, but it was a season of events worthy of the occasion and enjoyed by many thousands of visitors as well as the 200,000 residents. Of the street decorations the most notable was the Court of Honor built in Broad street between High and Third. Another feature was the historical exhibit, under the auspices of the Daughters of the American Revolution, at the Public Library building.

In December. 1912, in response to a request of a committee of ministers, came Rev. William A. ("Billy") Sunday and his group of evangelistic workers. In the party, besides Mrs. ("Ma") Sunday, were: B. D. Ackley, Grace Saxe, Homer A. Rodehaver, Anna Mac- Laren Fred Siebert, "Uncle .limmie" Johnson, Rev. and Mrs. William Asher and William Collison. Great advance preparations were made for the revival. A fund was raised for the building of a tabernacle at Goodale and Park streets, with a seating capacity of 12,000 besides seats for a choir of 1,200. Church and cottage prayer meetings were held and an agreement was entered into by which sixty of the churches closed on Sunday, releasing the pastors and members for religious work in connection with the revival. The project was opposed from the beginning by Rev. Dr. Washington Gladden, who disapproved both Sunday's doctrines and methods. The Lutherans also held aloof, but for the most part all the Protestant churches of the city joined in the work which continued from December 2!) to February 16, 1913. I" that period 95 meetings were held in the tabernacle, sometimes as often as three a day, and at all but two of these "Billy" Sunday preached, occasionally also speaking in nearby towns. From the very first the daily newspapers treated the revival as a local event of first moment; religion was the first topic of conversation; business and social engagements were deferred or abandoned; everybody was intent on hearing or discussing the evangelist, and the few objectors only added to the zest. The newspapers with specially assigned reporters, pictured the great throngs that filled the tabernacle and reported the evangelist's sermons in full, as well as all the news of the life of the various members of the party. Bad weather had no effect on the meetings. People clamored at the doors long before they were open and never failed to fill the room. Some carried lunches which they ate between services, thus hearing two sermons a day. The employes of stores and factories went en masse to the services; throngs came from outside towns and filled seats that were reserved for them. The city and environs were stirred as never before by a revival. Reconsecrations and conversions numbered 18, of whom 2,189 went forward on the last day of the meetings. All who signed cards had indicated their church preferences and tliev were so divided among the different denominations, the pastors and workers of each church then seeking to gather in the converts. Many church membership rolls were lengthened by hundreds. The actual increase in church strength is uncertain; it is enough to say here that not all of the conversions proved to be lasting. The total of the offerings was $4.4,432.68. Of this, the personal offering to Mr. Sunday was about $21,000; that for current expenses, .$19,187.81; for charity, $2,381.55 and that for the women of the party, $1,115.55.

Another great event of 191:3 was the flood which overwhelmed the West Side and set the rest of the city an unprecedented task of rescue and relief. Its immediate predecessor was the flood of 1898, which caused much property loss, drove people from their homes, halted the work in factories and closed for a time the water works and electric light plants. There had been floods from the time of the very earliest settlement at Franklinton ; in fact the location that Lucas Sullivant chose in 1797 for the town was shifted to higher around on account of an inundation in 1798. Others had followed in 1828, 1832, 1834, when the temporary National Road bridge was damaged; 1847, when that damage was repeated and water rose five feet in the warehouses along the Scioto; in 1852, when the river bottoms were inundated and Franklinton was isolated; in 1860, 1862, 1869, 1870, 1875, 1881 and 1883. Of these floods, two had occurred in January, two in February, two in March, two in April and one each in July, August, September and December. The danger time, it will be observed, was in the spring and winter months. Notably, too, there was an increase in the severity of the floods as the years passed, due, no doubt, in large part, to the encroachments on the river channel as the city grew.

The West Side well knew the menace but even with the sad experience of 1898, it had no conception of the disaster that befell it March 25, 1913, and the days immediately following. There had been heavy rainfall in the watershed of the Scioto and Olentangy rivers, Sunday, March 23. By 9 o'clock Tuesday morning the water overtopped the levee and by noon all the low ground was inundated. The destruction of the levees left the submerged section at the mercy of the river, which raged beyond the capacity of the channel for nearly five days. Those were days of terror for those caught in the flood and of tremendous effort at succor on the part of the municipal officials, police, soldiers and citizens. In many parts of the district the water ran in currents so swift that boats could not pass. Houses were bowled off their foundations and people who had gone to the upper stories for safety were thrown in the water and drowned. Some who had climbed into trees could not be readied by the boats and suffered from hunger and cold till they dropped into the waters and were lost. In these and other ways, 93 lives were lost. Thousands of people were imprisoned in their homes for three or four days ; others escaped, leaving all their possessions behind only to find that they were swept away or otherwise destroyed by the water. The property damage was estimated by the engineers who made the flood protection survey later, at $5,622,000. The entire city was without water for 20 hours and the West Side for about a week; all the public schools were closed for three days and the nine public schools on the West Side for five weeks or more; railroads were unable to operate on their own tracks for weeks ; street car service throughout the city was suspended for two days and badly crippled for a week and ears were not run across the river for a month ; four street bridges were destroyed and many West Side streets were so filled with debris as to be impassable.

Three committees differently appointed for relief as soon as the need was seen to be imperative were merged into one, with representatives of the Associated Charities, Chamber of Commerce, the city government and the citizens generally. A station for the gathering and distribution of supplies was established on Spring street ; the flooded district was subdivided, school houses and churches where available were used as stations for rescue and relief; over the Rich street bridge, when its safety was assured, came a stream of refugees who were registered at the City Hall and sent to temporary shelter on the East Side. Superintendent J. I.. Fieser, of the Associated Charities, and his force of workers were invaluable in systematizing the relief, while S. P. Bush, George W. Lattimer, W. G. Benham and others including Mayor George J. Karb and his official associates, lent themselves wholly to the great task. Robert F. Wolfe secured from Buckeye Lake numerous boats and, with a corps of helpers whom lie himself gathered and directed, did everything that was humanly possible to save the lives of those who had been caught in the flood. School principals, teachers and janitors helped as they could. Churches and lodges gave money and service; in fact everybody helped where he saw the need and there was a greater demonstration of human brotherhood than had ever before been shown in the city.

After the busy days and sleepless nights came the work of rehabilitation in which the National Red Cross supplemnted local workers with trained agents. A local rehabilitation committee and a special representative of the Red Cross worked together, giving discriminatingly to the sufferers in proportion to their needs. Legal aid was given free in necessary adjustments. The number of dwelling houses flooded was 1,071; number of persons fed from the relief supplies during the first days, 20,000 ; sufferers who owned their homes, 1 306, of which 733 were mortgaged; homes in which there was a total loss of furniture, 132 ; homes with a partial loss, 2,572. The Red Cross provided furniture in 2,363 cases ; working equipment in 210; clothing and bedding in 286; repairs and building in 390. The amount of money spent in this way by the Red Cross was more than $170,000. There is no way of estimating the amount otherwise spent, but it was certainly as much more. The Council in April issued $25,000 for obligation relief, and the total of bonds issued by the citv that year for sanitation, reinstatement and repair on account of the flood totaled nearly $300,000. '

A demand for adequate protection from Hood was immediately made following this disaster, and the Council empowered the Mayor and Director of Public Works to employ competent engineers to report the best method to be adopted. John W. Alvord and Charles B. Burdick, of Chicago, were employed in May and in September submitted a report, presenting 10 different projects and recommending two, either of which would cost, according to the estimates, more than $11,000,000. One of them proposed the abandonment of the old river channel around the bend and cutting a new channel to take the total flow across the West Side between McDowell and Skidmore streets. The other proposed detaining reservoirs above Dublin and Delaware and the substitution of a new straight channel for the old crooked one.

After an acrimonious discussion in and out of the public press, in the course of which it was estimated that the city's share of the improvement by the favored plan would be $8,500,000 the question was submitted to a vote of the people and overwhelmingly beaten. In the following March, the General Assembly passed the Vonderheide act, creating flood districts with a commission by each to be appointed by the Common Pleas judges. The commission was instructed to prepare plans which, after approval by the judges, were to be executed by the commission, to which was given almost arbitrary power in bond issuing. For this district, Julius F. Stone, George W. Lattimer and George E. Williams were appointed as the commission, or conservancy board. This body employed the same engineers who, after a more thorough study, found that a plan of detaining basins, combined with channel improvements would afford protection, not only to Columbus, but also to the district north as far as Delaware and south as far as Chillieothe, and that it could be executed for about the same cost as the cut-off channel plan. There was then an effort to enlarge the district, but it failed, and it then appeared that the whole cost would have to be assessed on the benefited part of Franklin county. This, with so costly a project, it was held by many, would amount almost to confiscation of the property in the flood district, already much depreciated. On this proposition the conservancy board split, Mr. Lattimer agreeing with the objectors. The plan, nevertheless, was presented to the judges who disapproved it. Then began a movement to ignore the conservancy board and have the channel improved by the city itself, and the city engineering division was asked to make an estimate on the cost of a 580-foot channel, substantially twice the old width. The first estimate showing that it could be done for $5,000,000, the Council directed the preparation of plans which could be executed for $3,500,000. That was done and a bond issue in that amount was submitted at the election in November, 1916. The proposition was approved by a large margin, the contracts were awarded, the necessary property appraised and acquired by purchase of condemnation and the work of channel widening was begun in April under the direction of R. H. Simpson, of the city engineering division. In August, 1918, about $500,000 had been spent in acquiring the needed ground and $250,000 on contracts. With three-quarters of the first million used, the Federal Government authorized the issue of a second million as a wartime necessity. The city now owns every foot of the west bank of the Scioto from the mouth of the Olentangy to the sewage disposal plant and all on the east side for the same distance, except the strip between Broad street and Rich street - the old wharf lots which the city, through a short-sighted policy, sold some years ago. An earth levee was constructed along the west bank, except for a distance 1,200 feet north of Broad street where concrete was used. The bend in the river was made less pronounced. A proposition to issue bonds in a sufficient amount to recover the old wharf lots and create there a Victory park was defeated at the polls in 1919 and also in 1920. The channel improvement was estimated in May, 1920, to be 60'/( completed.

The fifth war episode in Columbus history was that of 1916 when the Ohio National (iuard was summoned to Columbus to participate in the protection of the Mexican border. The civil war in the neighboring republic had left it without a responsible head and raids across the border had indicated that something must be done for the protection of Americans whose homes were in peril and that perhaps intervention would be necessary. The state military authorities chose for the camp a site at Upper Arlington which was elaborately prepared under the direction of Adjutant General B. W. Hough and named for the Governor Camp Willis. The Eighth regiment, Colonel Edward Vollrath, arrived at camp. July 29. That was followed on succeeding days by the Fifth regiment, Colonel Charles X. Zimmerman; the Fourth, Colonel B. I.. Bargar ; the Sixth, Colonel W. V. McMaken; the Second Colonel G. D. Deming; the First squadron of cavalry and First battalion of field artillery. Physical examinations of the men began at once and were so rigid that of the 11,000 men who responded only about 8,000 were mustered into the federal service. Weeks of waiting followed, and there was much uncertainty as to how and where the Ohio troops would be used. A general railroad strike threatened and added to the uncertainty. But on August 29th, the Fifth regiment left for El Paso and by September 6 all the troops had entrained for the border, the Eighth, Fifth and Fourth regiments, being brigaded together under command of Brigadier General John C. Speaks. The troops all went to El Paso and the news from the Fourth on the 17th was that the regiment was at Camp Perching.

The camp site here was at once abandoned and its equipment sold at auction. There had been a misunderstanding between the War Department and the state military authorities, the former never intending, it seems, that the camp should be permanent. The latter had proceeded on another theory and had spent over $200,000 in preparing a camp for continuous use. Mess shacks, store houses, latrines, shower baths, etc., had been constructed, roads built and gas, water and sewers installed.

By act of the General Assembly, March 29, 1917, appropriating $5,000 for the purpose, a Mexican border service badge was struck for every man in the Ohio militarv organizations. It consisted of a bar, showing the national shield, stars and the Roman fasces, from which was suspended the medal proper. One side bore the seal of Ohio, surrounded by the words, "Mexican Border Service, 1916-1917." On the other side was inscribed, "Presented by the State of Ohio."

The agitation for woman's rights began in Columbus in 1843-44, after Abby Kelly Foster lectured on anti-slavery and human freedom, a cause in which Ohio, because of its geographical location, was a storm center. Mrs. Rebecca A. S. Janney was the original local suffrage leader, and her mantle fell on Mrs. Elizabeth Coit, and hers in turn on Mrs. Belle Coit Kelton.

The first woman suffrage petition ever presented to a governing body here was read in May, 1850, before the Ohio Constitutional Convention. A suffrage memorial was submitted March 23, 1854, to the General Assembly - the first of a long line. Among the prominent advocates of suffrage who appeared before legislative committees in the early days were Lucy Stone, Eucretia Mott, Susan B. Anthony, Anna Dickinson, Dr. Anna Shaw, Sojourner Truth and Mary A. Livermore.

In 1875 Frances Willard, at the home of a Columbus temperance crusader, Mrs. Eben Sargent (mother of Mrs. D. C. Beggs) first consecrated herself to the woman suffrage cause, and a franchise department was added to the Women's Christian Temperance Union - Mrs. L. B. DeSelm, leader of the crusade, Mrs. Anna Clark, Mrs. Mary Castle, Mrs. Sarah Innis and Mrs. James Taylor being among the local suffrage workers of the time. In 1884 Mrs. Elizabeth Coit organized a local suffrage association which for many years met monthly at her home. In 1884 Rebecca A. S. Janney called a state suffrage convention in Columbus, the local delegates being Mr. and Mrs. O. G. Peters, Mrs. Elizabeth Coit, Mrs. Belle Coit Kelton, Judge John T. Gale and his mother, Mrs. Marv J. Gale. In 1885 Mrs.

In 1888 Dr. Anna Shaw and Susan B. Anthony visited Columbus and held numerous suffrage meetings, the former addressing a committee of the General Assembly. Tiie first result of the long agitation was in 1894 when the right to vote in school elections was granted to the women of Ohio. In the same year the right of Ida M. Earnhart, wife of State Senator M. B. Earnhart, to register as a voter was sustained by the Ohio Supreme Court in a test case brought by the suffrage association.

The Columbus Equal Suffrage League was organized in 1907 at the home of Mrs. O. G. Peters, and has held monthly meeting continuously to the present time. Among the early officers were Mrs. Belle Coit Kelton and Mrs. Charles Lentz. In 1909, under the management of Dr. Sara Fletcher, then president, the league conducted the successful campaign of Mrs. Dora Sandoe Bachman for member of the Board of Education ; at that election 300 votes were cast by women. The league also aided in the election of the following women to the board: Miss Ella June Purcell in 1911; Mrs. Bachman and Mrs. Cora Mae Kellogg in 1913, Mrs. Kellogg in 1915, Miss Kate M. Lacey in 1917 and Mrs. Wm. McPherson in 1919.

On May 3, 1912, the Ohio Constitutional Convention voted to submit to the electors the question of omitting from the constitution the vital words "white male." This was the suffragists' opportunity and the}' went zealously into the campaign. The Franklin County Woman Suffrage Association was organized, Mrs. Wm. Neil King president. Miss Jeannette Eaton secretary, with headquarters in the Chamber of Commerce building. Two suffrage weeklies appeared - Everywoman edited by Miss Sarah Swaney and Miss Mary Toole, and the Ohio Woman edited by Miss H. Anna Quinbv. There was street speaking by women, and there were meetings in factories and at picnics; literature was widely distributed and at a mass meeting in Olentangv park under the auspices of the Woman's Taxpayers' League, Belva Lockwood spoke to 10,000 people. As a part of the Columbus Centennial celebration in 1912, there was a stately and beautiful suffrage parade, organized by Mrs. Julius F. Stone, Mrs. Herbert Brooks and others, and at Memorial Hall in the afternon of August 27, Dr. Anna Shaw, Mrs. Raymond Robbins and Mrs. Ella Reeves Bloor made pleas for suffrage. At the special election following, woman suffrage was defeated in the State by 87.155 votes. Franklin county voted 12,284 for and 14,851 against suffrage.

But the fight went on. Mrs. Snowden, wife of a member of the British Parliament, Jane Addams and Mrs. Emmaline Pankhurst came at different times in 1913 to speak. Petitions for another submission of the question were circulated in Franklin and 72 other counties and 131,000 signatures were secured. These were presented to the General Assembly July 30, 1914, and supported by many arguments. The Franklin County Woman Suffrage Association, Mrs. Julius F. Stone chairman, Dr. Alice M. Johnston secretary and Miss Lucille Atcheson executive secretary, conducted a vigorous campaign of appeal to the consciences of men and there were many meetings with both local and outside speakers. At the election in 1914, suffrage was again defeated.

A month later Mrs. Harriet Taylor Upton, at the convention of the state association, summoned the women to another effort. The Columbus branch of the Congressional Union, whose aim was to secure the adoption by Congress of a resolution submitting to the states a suffrage amendment to the Federal constitution, was organized June 25, 1915, and there was much activity to secure suffrage by that means.

After the national election of 1916, a bill was introduced in the General Assembly granting to women the right to vote in presidential elections in Ohio. After much discussion flic bill passed the House February 1, 1917, and the Senate two weeks later. On the 21st it was signed by Governor James M. Cox who declared in a speech in May that lie would do everything lie honestly could do to prevent the referendum on the act that was then being urged by its enemies. Nevertheless the question was submitted and the act was disapproved.

This was followed April 16, 1917, by the adoption by flic City Council of a resolution, offered by Councilman J. C. Nailor, granting to women the right to vote in municipal elections. This was submitted to the people in August, 1917, following a spirited campaign and was approved - 8648 to 7(i87. Three suffrage organizations arc maintained: The Franklin County Woman Suffrage Association, Mrs. Wm. P. Halenkamp president, and the Columbus Equal Suffraee League, Mrs. Charles Lentz president, and the Columbus branch of the Congressional Union, Mrs. Florence Ralston Warren chairman.

Chapter Xi First Year Of The World War

Review of the City's Activities - Spirit Before the Declaration of War - Council of National Defense - War Gardening - Visit of Marshal Joffre and Viviani - Early Recruiting - F. M. C. A. Campaign - First Liberty Loans - War Chest of $3,000,000 - "Call to the Colors" Day - Ohio National Guard Mobilizes and Departs - Nai'al Hospital Unit - Ohio State University's Part - Red Cross and Other Relief Organisations - Women's Committee for Food and Other Conservation - Food and Coal Prices - Columbus at the Officers' Training Camp - War Savings Stamp Campaign - Draft Boards Work - Community and Training Camp Service - Pro-German Sentiment.

At the declaration of war with Germany, April 6, 1917, Columbus sprang promptly and enthusiastically to the defense of American principles of national liberty and international good will. Sentiment, created by a patriotic press and pulpit and the thoughtful expression by citizens of all classes had kept well abreast of the national administration, and the only question was whether America had acted soon enough. Grateful for all the President had done to keep the nation honorably out of tin: war in Europe, the General Assembly, which had convened the preceding January, so expressed itself, February 20, declaring also its confidence in his high purpose. Later, when it appeared that this nation must enter the war, it sent a message of cheer to him and the great majority of Congress which was standing behind him with heart and vote. It had also thanked the Ohio National Guard for its services on the Mexican border in time of national peril and appropriated $5,000 to furnish each officer and enlisted man a badge of honor emblematic of that service. It had codified and revised the military laws of Ohio so as to bring them into conformity with the laws of the FJnited States and had appropriated a lump sum of $42(3,7 12. 10 for the maintenance of the Guard because it could not know exactly what the requirements of the new national army law would be. It had also authorized the Governor to make a military census of men in Ohio between the ages of 18 and 15 years and had voted to him an emergency fund of $250,000 to be used for the enlistment of men in the army and navy, in case of war, or otherwise, in co-operation with the President, for the protection of the nation. And to the Russian people it had sent a message of congratulation on the overthrow of autocracy.

In both official and private life the conviction had steadily grown that war must come and ought to come. On April 2, a mass meeting was held at Memorial Hall. The auditorium was packed and thousands were unable to gain admission. Mayor Karb. Professors J. A. Leighton and Edward Orton, jr., ex-Governor James E. Campbell, Martin J. Caples, Rev. A. M. Courtenay and Rabbi Joseph S. Kornfeld spoke. Resolutions reciting the wrongs of this country at the hands of Germany were adopted, and a committee consisting of J. A. Leighton, Max Morehouse and John T. Gale was sent to Washington to assure the President of the support of Columbus in any action he might take in defense of the country.

Plans were at once laid to recruit the Fourth regiment, O. N. G., to full war strength of 2,055 men and officers. President W. O. Thompson acting for the trustees and faculty of Ohio State University, wired to President Wilson an expression of abiding confidence in his high purpose and an offer of the resources of the university in men and in scientific and research laboratories, and on the very day of the declaration of war by Congress, enlistment offices for the army, the navy, United States Marines and Fourth regiment were opened. With Troop B as a nucleus, recruiting was also at once begun for the "Governor's Squadron" of cavalry, the Second Field hospital and the Second Field ambulance. The Athletic Club pledged to the United States an armored motor car, with a crew of 12 men.

Soon after the declaration of war, Governor Cox appointed the following to constitute the Ohio branch of the Council of National Defense: A. A. Augustus, Cleveland; Samuel P. Bush, Columbus; ex-Governor James E. Campbell, Columbus; Martin J. Caples, Columbus; Fred C. Croxton, Columbus; Thomas J. Donnelly, Columbus; Frank P. Donnenwirth, Bucyrus; C. M. Eikenberry, Hamilton; James W. Faulkner, Columbus; Paul L. Feiss, Cleveland; H. S. Firestone, Akron; John P. Frey, Cincinnati; Gen. J. Warren Keifer,

Springfield; B. H. Kroger, Cincinnati; John Moore, Columbus; Frank E. Myers, Ashland; Joseph R. Nutt, Cleveland; John J. Quinlivan, Toledo; S. O. Richardson, Toledo; Daniel J. Ryan, Columbus; J. V. B. Scarborough, Cincinnati; W. S. Stone, Cleveland; L. J. Taber, Barnesville; Colonel H. E. Talbott, Dayton; Dr. W. O. Thompson, Columbus; W. W. Thornton, Akron; David Tod, Youngstown; James Wilson, Cincinnati. These men were chosen as representatives of capital, labor and the great forces engaged in transportation, manufacturing, education, agriculture and publicity.

The council organized at once and inaugurated movements to increase crop production ; to educate more housewives in canning fruits and vegetables ; to secure the labor needed for the construction of the cantonments and for the cultivation of the fields, as well as the making of munitions; to prevent strikes and fires; to secure justice between employers and employes by the enforcing of the labor laws, and to guard the health of the soldiers in the camps. The agricultural division, by gubernatorial appointment consisted of Dean Alfred Vivian, of the College of Agriculture, President W. O. Thompson, of the Ohio State University; Louis J. Taber, of the Ohio Grange; Clark S. Wheeler, of the University Extension department; C. G. Williams, of the Wooster Experiment Station. Fred C. Croxton was made the head of the labor-supplying division; and James W. Faulkner, head of the publicity work; and other committees were appointed to organize and inspire the state for its great task.

A crop commissioner was appointed for every county, the counties were organized into districts, each with a supervisor, all co-operating with the central unit headed by Dean Vivian. As a result, according to the estimates of State Secretary of Agriculture N. E. Shaw, the wheat and corn crops were increased about one-third each and the oats crop was increased by one-fourth. The potato crop was doubled and the ordinary garden crop was quintupled. The wheat crop was estimated at 31,000,000 bushels and soon after harvest the Council launched a campaign for the production of 60,000,000 in 1918.

The State Free Employment Bureaus were all reorganized and revitalized till they reached out into every section of the State for men to meet the demand for labor. From May 1, 1917, to the following January, the number of persons for whom employment was found was 229,886; about 14,000 were sent to the farms and nearly 25,000 to Chillicothe for the construction of the cantonment, the building of which was well under way July 1.5.

An agricultural survey of the State was made, discovering the needs of the farmers and reporting their acreage. The Council encouraged with liberal prizes the organization of boys' corn clubs and, in co-operation with the Public Utilities Commission, hastened the railroad movement of fertilizers, farm supplies and other wartime commodities. It made a survey of the coal mines and fuel supply and took up the important work of conserving both fuel and food and regulating their use in the common interest. Mr. Croxton's work in food conservation later resulted in his appointment as State Food Administrator.

In all this activity Columbus promptly joined. Extraordinary efforts were made to increase the number of vacant lot and backyard gardens, which for some years had been a means of partial local self-supply. The newspapers gave free publicity to the movement. Arthur W. Raymond, director of the Recreation Department; James W. Wheeler, of the Godman Guild, and other social workers and public-spirited citizens entered energetically into the food campaign. Real estate men and individual owners offered lots for cultivation, the King G. Thompson Co. giving nearly 100 acres for that purpose; and a tract of land near Shepard belonging to the city was turned over to the Recreation Department for cultivation. Twelve plowmen were employed by the city to plow and harrow the lots, and the International Harvester Co. donated two tractors, with an operator for each, which plowed and harrowed 1 15 acres. The city paid the plowmen and charged the gardener only when he was able to pay. Garden seeds, secured from the government through Congressman Clement Brumbaugh, were given away and what tin' city had to buy was sold at cost. Everywhere it was recommended that only staple products such as potatoes, tomatoes, corn and beans be planted, and the advice was verv generally followed. Government bulletins on gardening were given out and there was some volunteer instruction of the uninformed, as well as official and other supervision of gardens. The Mayor proclaimed that pilfering from the war gardens would be severely punished, and there was little interference with the growing foodstuffs.

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and supervision of the work that was done by about 1,000 children, instructors giving two lessons weekly at each garden. These and other gardens, though the success was varied, produced well. The total number of vacant lot and backyard gardens supervised by the Recreation Department was 3,019, half of them plowed and harrowed by the department Business and fraternal organizations, churches and individuals early caught the spirit, helped in various ways and shared in the rejoicing at harvest time.

The United States Barracks, long used as a recruiting and distributing center, took on new life. Under orders from Washington, the erection of seventy-two temporary frame buildings for barracks, lavatories and mess halls began, under the direction of Lieutenant Guv E. Manning, of the Quartermaster's Department, to increase the capacity of the post from 1,600 to 8,000 men. Flags appeared on homes and business houses. Factories began to receive war orders. Plans for speeding up production and transportation and for increasing conservation were laid.

It was when Columbus was in the midst of this preliminary war work May 8, 1917, that the city was visited by the French mission to this country. The party was headed by M. Rene Viviani, Premier when the war began and then Minister of Justice, and Marshal Joffre, the hero of the Marne. Others of the party were Vice Admiral Chocheprat, the Marquis de Chambrun and M. Hoveleque. They had been formally invited to come to Columbus, but it was only as the result of an accident to the train, when east-bound from Lincoln's tomb at Springfield, Illinois, that acceptance was possible. News that the party would be able to accept the invitation was telegraphed here about noon, and hurried arrangements were made for the reception. The afternoon papers and the telephones were used to spread the news. When the train arrived late in the afternoon, a considerable escort was present with automobiles to convey the party from the station to the State House. High street was thronged, and a large crowd gathered about the improvised stand at the west front of the capitol building. There was a brief reception in the Governor's office, and then the visitors, accompanied by Governor James M. Cox, Mayor George J. Karb and others of the committee, proceeded to the stand. The Governor and Mayor made short speeches of welcome, the latter pledging that Columbus would provide financially for 500 French war orphans. M. Viviani and Marshal Joffre replied, expressing their appreciation of the cordial reception of the party in the Middle West and their gratitude for the Mayor's offer. It was a reception which,, both in the speeches and in the attitude of the people, was expressive of a new and abiding international friendship; and, as the Frenchmen were conveyed by automobiles back through the gathering dusk to their train, they left with the people a new sense of the responsibility the war had brought. Subsequently under the leadership of a committee composed of Mrs. Philip Wilson, Mrs. Hermon Hubbard and Mrs. B. Gwynne Huntington, citizens subscribed nearly $22,000 for the partial care of 600 orphans for one year.

The first weeks following the declaration of war were weeks of great activity in Columbus. Aside from the enlistment in the regular army and navy, there was recruiting for armv railroad service in France and for the marine corps. The examinations for admission to the officers' training camp at Ft. Benjamin Harrison netted 159 men who, May 12, left to begin their work. The Governor's Squadron of cavalry was increased and reorganized, with the following officers, by Adjutant General George H. Wood: Major, Simeon Nash; Troop B - Captain, Edward S. Thatcher; first lieutenant, Milo J. Warner; second lieutenant, Thomas R. Leahy. Troop G - Captain, J. Walter Jeffrey; first lieutenant, Malcolm D. Jeffrey; second lieutenant, Roy D. Prushing. Troop H - Captain Wayne C. Grey; first lieutenant, Richard H. Roy; second lieutenant, Paul Hann. This had hardly been done when, under orders from Washington that artillery and not cavalry was needed, the squadron was made over into an artillery unit, with Major D. V. Burkett in charge of the medical service.

While some were planning to fight, others were planning to give support to the fighting nun through the Red Cross, the Y. M. C. A. and the Y. W. C. A. Food prices began to soar so unevenly as to show the need of some control. Flour went to $13 a barrel, eggs to 38 cents a dozen, butter to 15 cents a pound, beef to 30 cents and pork to 33 cents, while potatoes for seed went to $1 a bushel. L L. Pegg was appointed crop and- food commissioner for the county, helped in the distribution of seed and gave gardening advice to those not already served by the city department. University or public schools. Protests against the high food prices were carried to the City Council which in June authorized the establishment on the Broad street side of the Capitol square of a producer-to-eonsunier market. The market was opened by Clark C. Doughty and conducted by him for several weeks with the result that prices on the regular markets were stabilized and somewhat reduced.

Late in April, the school of military aeronautics was opened at Ohio State University with 14 men. This number steadily increased and, as rapidly as the class room and laboratory work was completed, the men were sent elsewhere to learn other phases of the new work. Meanwhile the Dayton aviation field was being prepared and on July 15 was ready for co-operation with the school here. In the autumn, frame barracks for aviation students were erected on the university grounds.

In the first month of the war, the Young Men's Christian Association began laying plans for the great work it was to do. Albert M. Miller, a former president of the association, was appointed on the national board to direct the Y. M. C. A. activities; and soon afterward the local association resolved to support three units in the field, each with a building and five secretaries and the necessary equipment. A campaign in May for the $40,000 deemed necessarv was at once successful. In the following November there was an eight- day "drive" for a total of $260,000, of which amount $50,000 was to be divided between the Young Women's Christian Association and the Woman's Auxiliary (Mrs. S. P. Bush, chairman) at Camp Sherman. Twenty teams of solicitors were organized with the following captains: J. J. Stevenson, Dr. Andrew Timberman, F. O. Schoedingcr, Robert F. Wolfe, F. A. Liehtenberg, Homer C. Gill, Charles F. Johnson, George J. Karb, Max Morehouse, H. S. Ballard, A. I. Vorys, O. R. Crawfis, E. F. Arras, Charles F. Harrison, Charles R. Frankham, W. A. Armstrong, H. L. Hopwood, Frank P. Hall, W. F. Cairns and Bruce T. Work. The total of the subscriptions was $353,905, or $93,905 more than the quota. In June, Y. M. C. A. work was formally opened at the United States Barracks, with Seth A. Drummond in charge. Besides the religious meetings, rooms were opened for reading, writing and entertainment of the soldiers who came and went by the thousands.

The first effort to raise money for the federal government's war expenses was in May, 1917, when the Columbus banks and building and loan associations subscribed for $1,000,000 of 3% certificates, payable July 17 and convertible into Liberty loan bonds. The amount subscribed greatly exceeded the quota for the city.

That was quickly followed by the offering of the bonds of the first Liberty loan. Of Hi, total of $2,000,000,000, Columbus and Franklin county were asked to take $5,110,000.

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The Clearing House and the Chamber of Commerce appointed the following- committee to devise ways and means for the conduct of the sale: Philip L. Schneider, chairman; F. W. Freeman, vice chairman; M. J. Caples, George J. Karb, Fred Lazarus, jr., Karl T. Webber, Harvey R. Young, Edwin Buchanan, J. Clare Miller and George W. Gillette. A number of sub-eommittees were appointed, the chairman of these including Claude Meeker, A. T. Seymour and Thomas H. Sheldon. John A. Kellev was made secretary, and County Auditor H. Sage Valentine was chosen to head the organization in the count}' outside of the city. Secretary of the Treasury W. G. McAdoo came to speak ; banks, business men and the newspapers earnestly supported the committee, with the result that the subscriptions in city and county totaled $7,519,900, the subscribers numbering 11,312.

When the second Liberty loan of $3,000,000,000 was offered in the following October, Columbus and Franklin county were asked to take $6,421,050; they took $12,553,500, the number of subscriptions being approximately 23,701. This campaign was conducted by the same committee with even more notable aid than before from the Publicity sub-committee consisting of Harvey R. Young chairman, W. R. Ortman, Ralph Hirsch, Joseph R. Hague and M. R. Thomas. These men filled the newspapers and the billboards with high-class advertising, all of which was subsequently reproduced in a brochure, "Over the Top in Columbus." Secretary of the Navy Daniels and Senator Atlee Pomerene spoke during the "drive."

The third Liberty loan campaign was inaugurated with a parade and meeting at Memorial Hall, April 5, 1918, Dr. Frank W. Gunsaulus, of Chicago, being the principal speaker. A sales army was organized under the direction of the same general committee, Philip L. Schneider chairman. Ninety vice chairmen were appointed, one for each trade or profession, and these made other appointments until a sales force of several thousand was created. The quota for Columbus and Franklin county was $6,569,100. The sale resulted in the subscription of $7,780,300; number of subscribers, 19,753.

In the first nine months of the war there had been, aside from the bond campaigns, so many separate solicitations of money for war relief purposes that there was search for some plan that would meet all needs with a minimum of campaigning effort. The several campaigns had yielded subscriptions aggregating $1, 034,599, but practically the same group of several hundred busy men had given their time over and over again to soliciting subscriptions, and it had been impossible to organize any drive so as to give all the people an opportunity to subscribe. In a community of 250,000 not more than 12,500 individuals had given anything. To correct these injustices and to provide for all the war relief needs for twelve months commencing April 1, 1918, the Chamber of Commerce proposed a campaign for a community war chest of $3,000,000. The plan was to invite contributions from individuals, corporations, associations, firms and others, constituting the whole number of contributors a volunteer organization to be known as the Columbus Community War Service, to the end that not only the money power, but also the man power of the community might be mobilized for the period of the war.

This project, having been carefully worked out, was submitted to the Mayor who appointed a general committee of one hundred and twenty-three persons, largely those who had attended previous conferences and representatives of every interest in the community. This committee was authorized by the Mayor to effect a permanent organization and adopt by-laws. This the committee did, electing an executive committee, directing it to determine the amount to be raised for the needs of the year, to plan and execute the campaign for raising the amount and finally to expend the sum raised, meeting judiciously but with patriotism every just call for financial help. The executive committee was composed of the following: Chairman, S. P. Bush; vice chairman, Frederick A. Miller; secretary, George W. Gillette: treasurer, Lee M. Boda ; John G. Deshler, Robert F. Wolfe, Simon Lazarus, W. E. Bird, S. D. Hutchins. B. W. Marr, A. T. Seymour, John Briggs and George V. Sheridan. W. H. Hartsough was made office manager of the war chest.

The committee fixed the amount to be raised at $3,000,000 and estimated the number of subscribers at 75,000. It suggested a scale of giving: For individuals earning less than $2,000 a year, one day's pay a month, or 4%; for those earning from $2,000 to $3,000. V, : $3,000 to $5,000, 67c: $5,000 to $10,000, 10%, and so on up to 15', for those with incomes from $15,000 to $50,000. It was arranged that subscriptions could be paid in monthly installments, and many wage-earners authorized their employers to deduct the amount of their subscriptions from wages and forward to the war chest. A campaign and administration expense fund of $36,000 was raised at the outset, so that every dollar subscribed during the campaign could be used solely for the purpose for which it was given. Then began a carefully planned and zealously executed campaign, with advance subscriptions amounting to about .$750,000. There was newspaper and poster publicity; mass meetings were held, at which twenty Canadian soldiers, with only twenty-eight legs among them, appeared and spoke; factories and stores were organized and canvassed; the people of the outlying townships were solicited, and the homes in the city were canvassed. The community was thoroughly combed till there was not a man, woman or child in the city who had not had an opportunity to «ive. The five days campaign closed Saturday evening, February 9, with a total of $3 071 088 subscribed by 73,126 persons. But that was not all. The momentum of the campaign was so great that thousands of dollars came in daily in the next few weeks till the total number of subscribers was 90,000 and the fund was $3,37-1,526, or about $13.50 per capita. Thirty-six per cent, of the population subscribed and the average subscription was

The success of the movement was due to three things: The patriotism and humanity of the people; the fairness of the schedule of subscriptions and the public confidence in the executive committee who had frankly stated in advance that in disbursing the money it would recognize as of first importance those agencies of relief and aid countenanced by the United States government, such as the Red Cross, the Y. M. C. A., the Knights of Columbus, and the Jewish relief organization. It also promised that no funds would be appropriated out of the war chest for any cause that failed to give satisfactory evidence that it was necessary, worthy and properly administered and that the amount sought was just, and that it would not approve any further solicitation for war needs during the administration of the fund.

Prior to that, besides the funds elsewhere mentioned, the Knights of Columbus had raised $3,000 for the national fund for religious and recreational work at the camps, local Jews had sent $25,000 to their relief fund, the Dispatch had raised $1,100 for a soldiers' athletic fund and the Citizen had collected in 25-cent subscriptions $2,200 for tobacco for soldiers.

While Congress debated the plans for raising an army, recruiting for both army and navy proceeded. Columbus dentists organized a unit of the Preparedness League, with Dr. H. C. Dean as president and Dr. D. P. Snyder as secretary. The physicians similarly organized, with Dr. Charles S. Hamilton as chairman. Patriotic meetings were held, the colored citizens having one of their own, with a parade directed by Major John C. Fulton and Captain Howard C. Gilbert.

June 5, 1917, fixed by Congress as registration day for all men between 21 and 31 and designated by Governor Cox as "Call to the Colors" day, was the occasion of a general patriotic demonstration. The voting booths in the various precincts of city and county, manned by the regular election officers, were the places of registration. Flags were numerously displayed, bells were rung and whistles blown. At most of the booths women pinned badges on the coats of the registrants, the number of whom in city and county was 25,826. This gratifying result was accomplished with a single unpleasant incident - the futile effort of a few radical Socialists to arouse opposition to the draft. The distribution of circulars urging refusal to register resulted in a raid by city and federal authorities on a printing office in the Wesley block and the arrest of Amnion Hennaey, Harry E. Townslev and two others. At the trial before Judge John E. Safer, of the United States court, both men named were found guilty. Townsley was sentenced to two years imprisonment and Hennaey to two years and nine months imprisonment at Atlanta.

Franklin county's quota for the first national army of 1,000,000 was 1,188 and for the selection of these men, in accordance with a system worked out at Washington, five draft boards were appointed by the federal government, on recommendation of Governor Cox, as follows :

Xo. 1 - John C. Dougherty chairman. Dr. Starling S. Wilcox (succeeded by Dr. W. L. Towns), Theodore Leonard, Edmund A. Cole (succeeded February 1, 1918, by Frederick Shedd).

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These boards established headquarters in Memorial Hall and summoned the registrants for examination in the determined order. A district board of appeals, similarly appointed for southern Ohio, sat in the Federal building. Its members were: William E. Bird, J. Russell Kilbourne (succeeded by John B. Brown) and Dr. Wells Teachnor, of Columbus; D. H. King, of Marion, and John L. Zimmerman, of Springfield, (succeeded by Garrett S. Claypool, of Chillicothe). It heard and passed on many claims of exemption, reporting its findings to the local board from which appeal had been taken.

The city and county's full quota had been certified by the last of August, and on the .'50th, the selected men paraded in Broad street and were cheered by a great throng of people estimated at 15,000 or more. From a stand opposite the State House Supreme Judge Maurice H. Donahue and former Governor James E. Campbell addressed the gathering, while Rabbi Joseph S. Kornfeld offered the benediction. On September 5th, 5 per cent, of the selected men left for Camp Sherman at Chillicothe to begin their training. On the 22nd, another and larger group went, and on October 7th a third. On the 27th, the negro selects, numbering 195, followed to the same destination. Every one of the departures was marked by a public ovation, and the men had every reason to believe that, as they went to prepare for war they had the cordial support of the community. The whole operation was carried on with a maximum of enthusiasm and a minimum of opposition or "slacking." Only in a few instances were alternates called upon for service.