Columbus City (part 41 of 57)

In 1891 the School Board, having erected a library and headquarters building on Town street, withdrew its books, established its own library and elected J. H. Spielman librarian. That left the Public Library with 11,122 books, of which 3,582 were in the alcoves. In the next two years 8,000 volumes were added by gift and purchase. In 1897, Mr. Grover retired as librarian, and John J. Pugh, who had been his assistant, was elected to the vacancy. He at once began a campaign for a larger library and better quarters, the result being the beautiful Carnegie building and its splendid equipment. The number of books now exceeds 125,000.

Meanwhile the Public School Library flourished with the annual appropriations for its support and at the outset duplicated the work of the Public Library in the same section of the city. It also provided supplementary reading books for the schools and, under the free textbook system, has cared for and issued the books as necessary. Librarian Spielman died in 1896 and was succeeded by Martin Hensel. Since then collections of books have been made up and sent to the school buildings for temporary use, and in the high schools branch libraries have been established. In 1911 the library and headquarters building on Town street was so wrecked by a storm that it was abandoned and torn down, offices and books being removed to the Ohio National Bank building at the corner of Town and High streets. The general circulating department was closed and the reference, traveling and branch libraries only maintained. Librarian Hensel reported in 1916 that the books and pamphlets numbered 110,813. In 1919 Mr. Hensel retired and Miss Emma Sehaub, long an assistant, became librarian.

Frank Fager, a resident of the West Side, sought to make provision in his will for a public library on West Broad street, giving property valued at $13,000 for that purpose. In August, 1918, Judge Bostwick appointed as trustees: John W. Sleppy, J. B. Gliek, Walter B. Ferguson, Sarah E. Lewis and Clara T. Barnes.

The Franklin County Memorial Building, shortened now to simply Memorial Hall in popular parlance, was erected as a monument to the soldiers, sailors, and pioneers of Franklin county, at the expense of the county; it was begun in 1904, completed and occupied in 1906. The building alone cost a quarter of a million dollars, and furnishings $27,000. A pipeorgan was added later by the Women's Music Club, which assumed the expense of $22,000, making the entire cost of the building $299,000. The auditorium seats 3,500, but by a slight change in the seating plan the capacity can be increased to about 1,600. In late years overflow meetings are almost as common as meetings in it, epecially on political military, and great civic occasions. The work of the Women's Music Club and other musical organizations in this auditorium has been phenomenal for many years. The halls of the Grand Army of the Republic and the Pioneer Association are on the second floor of the Hall, as also the library of the Old North-West Historical Society, numbering several thousand volumes.

The trustees in charge of the construction were N. B. Abbott, John Siebert, Wm. H. Knauss, Eugene Powell and Thomas Carpenter. The architect was Frank L. Packard.

The site for the County Children's Home was secured in 1878 and the building thereon was completed in 1880. Forty children were taken to it from the "old home" of semipublic nature, at Town and Front streets. Dr. William Schatz was first superintendent, succeeded by Albert S. White, and on his death by his widow, Mrs. Mary E. White. She was followed as superintendent by John D. Harlor, who, going into war service in 1918, was succeeded by Otis Ellis. The management is in the hands of trustees appointed by the County Commissioners. The home is beautifully situated east of the city near Shepard, but, like most of the institutions of that date, is is overcrowded.

Chapter Xix State Buildings And Institutions

The New Capitol and Its Construction, 1839-57 - Judiciary Annex - Purchase of the Wyandotte Office Budding - The Penitentiary and Prison System - Women's Reformatory and Prison Farm - School for the Deaf - School for the Blind - Central Hospital for the Insane - School for the Feeble Minded - State Arsenal - State Board of Administration.

Ancient, classic architecture has few more notable examples of pure style than Ohio's Capitol ; albeit many are wont to decry it for its severe plainness. It is of pure Doric style, which was one of the first and simplest styles in Greece. To travelers and world-wide tourists it commends itself for its truth to type, its uncompromising plainness and hence primitive beauty of line, like the Parthenon, the temple of Theseus, and other examples, before the ornate Corinthian came into vogue. As such it typifies the simple honesty, the stury manhood, and stately womanhood of our commonwealth.

The first Governor to occupy the completed Capitol was Salmon Portland Chase, a man of intrinsic worthiness, inherent honesty, and other statesmanlike qualities which bore fruitage in Lincoln's war-cabinet when he was called to grace that august body, and later as Chief Justice. He was one of the greatest statesmen of Ohio, and fitted into the new structure as typical of the principles of the grand old commonwealth, its idols and ideals, as if "born to the purple." He was as typical of the state as was the Capitol itself.

On January 26, 1838, the General Assembly, passed the act which created its Capitol, at least on paper. A commission appointed on March 16, consisting of W. A. Adams, of Muskingum, Jos. Ridgway, jr., of Franklin, and W. B. Van Hook, of Butler county, signed a contract in April for stone, at fifty cents a perch of 25 cubic feet, from a quarry on the Scioto just west of Columbus, owned by Wm. S. Sullivant. Most of the work of getting out the stone and preparing it for the building was performed by inmates of the Ohio Penitentiary. A large number of skilled masons also assisted.

More than fifty plans were received from architects of the United States, and in October three plans were selected for consideration. Some of the plans submitted had estimated the cost at a million dollars; the three plans led the commission to believe that the building could be erected for $450,000, based on prison-labor and low rates. An initial appropriation of $50,000 was asked, and granted early in the session of 1839. Active work was commenced in April of that year, under the supervision of Henry Walter of Cincinnati, and the commissioners. Walter's plan was one of the three submitted.

The corner-stone of the new Capitol was formally laid July 4, 1839, with a large and imposing civil and military display and celebration. During that year the foundation was laid to a level with the surface of the ground. In the corner-stone was placed a glass tube, hermetically sealed, containing the following:

The corner-stone of the Capitol of Ohio, in the United States of America, was laid under the direction of the commissioners, by Jermiah Morrow, ex-governor of the state and one of its earliest pioneers, in the presence of the officers of the state and a large concourse of citizens, on the fourth day of July, 183!), at meridian, being the sixty-third anniversary of our National Independence. The State of Ohio, being the sixteenth state admitted into the Union, was organized into an independent state in the year of our Lord, 1802.

The next winter the progress of the work was arrested by the ill feeling of other towns in the central part of the State toward Colmbus as the capital, as narrated elsewhere; but on Februarv 21, 1846, a second act was passed providing for the erection of a new State House, and making a small appropriation. Commissioner Van Hook was succeeded by Samuel Medary; but little work was done until 1848, when the commission became active again. William Russell West and J. O. Sawyer were appointed architects, and Jacob Strickler superintendent. Stone was quarried in greater quantities, cranes and derricks were provided, and a railroad track laid to the quarries. The result was that the walls were erected to a height of fourteen feet in 1849.

In 1850 great progress was made, in spite of an epidemic of cholera in the city, and at the end of the year the walls were thirty feet in height. An appropriation of $80,000 had been made the previous winter for the continuance of the work. One of the commissioners, Joseph Ridgway, jr., died in August of that year, from the cholera, at Mt. Vernon, and in March, 1851, Wm. S. Sullivant of Columbus was appointed to the vacancy. The railroad was extended to the State House yard, so that stone could be taken to the site without reshipment at the Penitentiary.

In 1851, early, work was started with a large force of free labor and 100 prisoners. The walls were forty feet high at the end of the year. In March, 1852, a new commission, consisting of Edwin Smith, S. H. Webb and E. T. Stiekney was appointed, to expedite the work, and Mr. West was continued as architect. More than 100 stone cutters worked in the State House yard and as many more at the Penitentiary this year. The iron framework of the roof was completed and the whits marble columns for the legislative halls were placed in position.

In May, 1851, Mr. West resigned as architect, and in his place X. B. Kelly was appointed, and under his supervision the copper roof, the marble tile of the interior, and the stone work up to and including the cornices, were completed. In 1855, Columbus firms placed the heating apparatus and finished the ceilings. Mr. Kelly reported that he had found in the building no means of ventilation, and that adequate heating for the entire building was lacking. In order to get the proper system of heating and ventilation. Mr. Kelly found it necessary to line practically tli3 entire building with brick, inside the stone walls, and erect two ventilating stacks in the open courts. The desks for the Speaker and Clerk of the House were completed the same year, of white Italian marble.

In April, 1856, a new act was passed, a new commission appointed, - Wm. A. Piatt as acting commissioner, with James T. Worthington and L. G. Harkness, advisory members, - and the old plans were submitted to Thomas U. Walker of Washington, D. C, and Richard Upjohn, of New York City, eminent architects of the time, but they made no material changes in the general design. January 1, 1857, the legislative halls being ready for use, the citizens gave a great banquet on the 6th to members, and state officials, and visitors from other states. The Cleveland Greys and Columbus Fencibles were conspicuous in the parade. The City Council committee on the "house-warming" consisted of Messrs. Noble, Comstock, Decker and Reinhard ; and prominent citizens, Wm. G. Deshler, Lucian Buttles, Henry Wilson, Robert E. Neil, and Francis Collins, were appointed a committee to assist. At 9 ]>. m. the ceremonies began with prayer by Rev. James Hoge, State Senator Alfred Kelly delivered the address of welcome, and until after midnight dancing in the rotunda, and merriment throughout the building held sway. D. W. Deshler, treasurer of the committee, reported $4,703 from all sources, and a balance of +:S00 after defraying expenses.

It was estimated that more than 10,000 persons attended the ceremony of the opening of the Capitol, and the crush was so great that many women fainted. There was imminent danger of people being killed, when David Taylor and Lucian Buttles, powerful men, forced themselves into the door and compelled the opening of all other doors, and no more tickets were taken.

During 1858-59 all unfinished work on the building was completed. The mosaic floor ot the rotunda was laid, consisting of 1,957 pieces; the white marble therein is Italian, the red, Portuguese, and the black and green in the borders of the figures, are native, from Vermont.

It required twenty years to erect this building. The cost was approximately $1,350,000. The building is 304 feet long, by 184 feet wide: it has eight massive columns nn the cast and west fronts, and four on the north and south. The chief entrance is at the west. From tin' rotunda floor to the to)) of the dome the distance is 136 feet. The climb to the dome, over 100 steps, through a narrow corridor, up winding stairs surrounding the dome, was lor years a Common test of endurance and poise.

On the second floor arc the State Library, the chambers of the House of Representatives .-ind of the Senate, and until recently th i historic "flag-room," discontinued because the flags are now established around the rotunda, in hermctical'v-scalcd eases, and the relies the Legislature in 1897, was built at a cost of $360,000 and the commission, - appointed by Governor Asa S. Bushnell, comprising A. D. Rodgers of Columbus, Lewis P. Schaus of Newark, and Charles A. Bauer of Springfield, - kept within the appropriation. Opha Moore, of Columbus, served as secretary of the commission until the completion of the building in 1900. The blue limestone of the capitol was used in the annex, and the interior finished in domestic and foreign marbles. The architects were Samuel Hanniford & Sons, of Cincinnati. There has been considerable agitation in recent years, for another addition to the capitol entourage, since much of the State's business is now transacted in rented quarters, outside of the square, and some at remote points in the city; and a so-called Civic Center, covering an adjoining square or squares, has bi'en warmly advocated and somewhat tardily advanced to a cogent standpoint, in which the State and city would co-operate, but no definite agreement lias been reached. Meanwhile many of the State offices have been housed in the eleven-story Wyandotte building on West Broad street, which was bought by the State in 1917, and a number are in other buildings.

In the last hundred years Ohio has spent between $20,000,000 and $30,000,000 in experimental discipline and correction of criminals, and without ascertaining beyond peradventure, that the proper solution has been reached. In the last decade, however, the "honor system" has prevailed almost without break, and a high morale established among the convicts, second only to the army and some educational centers. At this writing about 1,000 jsrisoners are "on parole" and working outside of the prison walls, which is a high tribute to that system of government. By a series of checks and balances, almost entire "honor" is obtained among those who work outside and return at night. Not only are they given employment and a wage at various State institutions in the city, but their record in building roads in this State, far distant from the Penitentiary, which were needed for transportation of munitions and for war-trucking, would argue a large degree of patriotism ; and their improvement in health and happiness is due in large measure to the state-farms for prisoners near this city.

The first prisoner received at the first Penitentiary, (elsewhere described) on the Scioto and Mound street site, where it was maintained till 1834, was John Evans, accompanied by his brother David, from Pickaway county, October 15, 1815, for "assault and battery to kill." The reason for their matriculation was a backwoods melee witli bullies over the belle of the ball; the bully and his cousin were handled severely by the brothers, were "on their backs for several months," and the victors were pardoned by Governor Worthington, January 26, 1817. John Welsh, of Franklin count-, was sentenced for stealing hogs, October 13, and pardoned two years' later. Henry Sharp, of Scioto county, was sentenced for six years for horse-stealing but manumitted May 1, 1816. The fifth man, Thomas Hammon, from

Belmont, however, stayed his entire term. It will be noted that pardons were numerous. Of the 150 received during the first five years, 82 were pardoned, and of the remaining 68 eleven died, as the sanitary conditions were unsuited. The officials showed little pity, and prisoners were often flogged. One out of ten finally succumbed to this exacting treatment. In the old books of the prison, which are not complete, 663 were pardoned, or at the rate of more than two-thirds.

During the nineteen years of this old record, many prisoners worked on the construction of the Ohio canal. The entry, "Pardoned on the canal" appears 89 times, during the years 1827-28. This work was exceptionally arduous and exposed. In the old days, when a convict died, his number was given to a new man; but now, each prisoner's serial number belongs to him until the Judgment Day. "No. 1," of the old record, for instance, was held by seven men; "No. 2" by four. The youngest prisoner, Richard Liverpool, from Hamilton, for arson, was only twelve years old, and sentenced for three years, but Governor Lucas, touched by his extreme youth, sent him home soon after he was incarcerated. David Fry, aged 13, was pardoned in 1829, after a year.

These picturesque incidents of the early career of the institution might be added to, ad infinitum if space permitted. From 1815 to 1834, only ten women were sent to the prison, and all of them were pardoned. Bertillon's system had not been invented, and some of the descriptions are indeed laughable. One is set down as "complexion bald-headed," another had "a swarthy complexion and a mother in Indiana," the "general appearance" of a third consisted of "a scar on right cheek and a wife in Licking county." These landmarks of levity relieve the grewsome terrors, somewhat. It was not always so informal. To escape the rigors of confinement many took desperate chances, and in nineteen years 101 escaped into the surrounding forests.

The present Penitentiary covers 24.7 acres on Spring street, with a southern frontage of 800 feet; it has a simple and pleasing design, flanked by double towers, and indented with glyphs or mouldings at intervals. It stands back 150 feet from the street, with terraced lawns and flowers to break the awe-inspiring approach to its portals. Handsome two-story verandas on the front of the administration building offer comfort and convenience. The West Hall was completed in 1834, the East Hall in 1861, and the New Hall in 1877, improving in architecture each time. The Woman's Department, now abandoned for that purpose, was at the eastern terminus of the main building. The prison's depth is 1,500 feet, or from Spring to Maple street; the eastern wall is in a diagonal course to Maple, narrowing the frontage there to 510 feet. The western wall, along Dennison avenue, is 1,440 feet in length. The Warden's residence is on the upper floors. The Guard room is between the East and West Halls, or cell-houses.

On entering his cell, each prisoner, after the day's work, stands at the door, with his fingers protruding through the bars, so that guards locking the cells for the night can easily make a complete census. This method quickly reveals an escape. The Annex, as its name but dimly implies, is the place of execution of the condemned. Hundreds of thousands have gazed on its grim instruments of death, from the old scaffold to the later electric chairs, and have passed out with pity and sympathy engraved on their faces.

The Bcrtillon system of identification for criminals and derelicts, was adopted in Ohio in 1887. The first measurement took place in the Ohio Penitentiary in October of that year.

The farm lands first acquired for the institution consist of 442 acres located about fifteen miles southwest of this city, and 30.08 acres of quarry land adjoining the Columbus State Hospital. The value of the lands, $345,548.67, and the buildings, $789,908.05, made a grand total of valuation for all property of $1,542,185.93 in 1916.

Tin- daily average population, June 30, 1916, was 1,884, an increase of 103 over the preceding year. In that year, (the last report available), 523 inmates were enrolled under the "honor" system, as an outside squad. This has almost doubled to date. The parole plan became operative in 1895. Under the prisoner's compensation system, inmates are paid at the rate of one to two cents an hour, for an eight-hour work-day. Under this provision about $40,000 to $50,000 is paid out annually. Prisoners serving a term for the abandonment of legitimate children, are credited with 40 cents a dav, for each working dav, all of which is remitted to the trustees of the children abandoned. Seventy or more per diem are in prison for this offense.

State Buildings And Institutions 149

#250,000 in 191-1, with a view to the ultimate removal of the Penitentiary from Columbus. An increasing number of prisoners have been employed there at farm labor and constructing a few necessary buildings. The farm products in 1916 were valued at .$25,513.21. The buildings put up have cost approximately $60,000.

United States prisoners were not sent to the Penitentiary until 1888. Afterwards until recently a large number of federal prisoners were detained here. It was at one time the largest Penitentiary in the country, and in 1898 there were 2,300 inmates. The opening of the new Intermediate Penitentiary at Mansfield took a goodly number of those convicted for first-offenses, and this, and the parole law, have operated to keep down the number. It costs about $300,000 annually to operate the Penitentiary.

Other parts of the state prison system which should be mentioned are the Lima State Hospital for the criminal insane and the Woman's Reformatory at Marysville. The former insures the special care and study of criminals who cannot be held accountable for their offenses, while the latter secures the separation of the sexes and offers the greatest opportunity to women convicted of crime to return to lives of usefulness. The old plan of housing men and women criminals under the same roof and discriminating against the latter in the efforts at correction, some years ago, brought from the women of the State a great protest, and the General Assembly responded generously, almost prodigally, providing a building which there have not yet been found in Ohio enough women criminals to fill.

Second, in chronological sequence, to the Ohio Penitentiary, is the one above named - oldest of all the State benevolent institutions, and operating at less expense than an}7 of them. Ohio was the fifth state to make provision for mute pupils - in the year 1827.

To Dr. James Hoge, pioneer Presbyterian divine of the city, who stood high in the councils of chief executives, is due the inception of this institution, as well as the later School for the Blind. He was one of seven commissioners, appointed by the Governor to draft a general system of free schools for the state, and this opened his eyes to the need for the care and education of the deaf and blind. Pennsylvania preceded Ohio by a few years in this respect, and invited this state to send mute pupils to its institution, in the time of Governor Allen Trimble; this elicited the attention of Dr. Hoge. In 1826 the State was polled for mutes, and data secured as to their condition. The report showed 72 "in good circumstances," 66 "middling," 279 "poor," and 11 whose financial rating was not given. Early in 1827 a bill was passed by the General Assembly authorizing the incorporation of such an institution. Dr. Hoge and Gustavus Swan, both of this city, were named among the first trustees.

In evolving methods for raising revenues, without asking too much of the State, many expedients were adopted - pay by pupils for their education; a grant of land from Congress, and finally, transfer of funds from other departments. The congressional bill, however, never got past the Senate. Some of the pupils were required to pay, and after some juggling of funds, a few years of trial work effected a revived interest on the part of the state, by demonstrating the usefulness of the school.

The school was kept, first, in rented quarters, at the northwest corner of High and Broad, where the Deshler Hotel now stands; on Front, north of Broad; and later at the southeast corner of Higli and State, until its present site on Town street was ready. Samuel W. Flennikin was the first pupil, and was as such greeted by the Governor before he had been there half an hour. Nine others came the first year.

The present site for the building was purchased in 1829 for $500, and was considered cheap, even then. It contains ten acres, and its present estimated value is in excess of a quarter of a million. In 1832 a building was started, and completed in 1831. Elaborate plans were drawn for the school, and then but a small portion of them executed. The first building, as built, was three stories high, and cost $15,000. A new wing was added in 1845, bringing the capacity up to 150 pupils, but this was soon outgrown. In 1861 the first portion of the present structure was completed, at the rear of the old one, and when the new school was opened in it, the old one was raz^d, in 1 H68.

New buildings have been added, as needed, but always with something to return to the State Treasurv after the outlays. The buildings are now valued at $671,500, and the total valuation is $1,011,150. The average daily population in 1916 was -197, an increase of 10

No pupil may be received under seven years, nor remain longer than thirteen. The school is open to receive all pupils who are too deaf to be educated in hearing schools, who are sound of mind, and free from offensive or contagious disease. A regular hearing-school course is pursued, as well as vocational training, so that graduates may support themselves by a definite trade. Less than a hundred years ago, the sign language was the only avenue of approach to the mute pupil. Lip-reading and automatic speech are now taught in all deafmute schools with great success. Many graduates are proficient in book-binding, typesetting, cobbling, painting, basket-weaving, and the girls are expert in sewing, cooking, and household work.

In late years the school has distinguished itself by caring for several pupils who were both deaf and blind. The first of these, Leslie Oren, like Helen Keller, lias wonderfully repaid the untiring devotion of his teacher by his interest and attention. His case has excited world-wide interest among educators.

Columbus has always been a pioneer in mute education. In 1852 the third annual convention of American Instructors of the Deaf met in this city. A number of its instructors and superintendents have been called to higher and more responsible positions. Horatio N. Hubbell was the first superintendent, 1827-1851; John A. Cory, 1851-1852; Collins Stone, 1852-1863; George L. Weed, jr., 1863-1866; Gilbert O. Fay, 1866-1880; Charles S. Perry, 1880-1882; Benj. Talbot, acting, 1882-1883; Amasa Pratt, 1883-1890; James W. Knott, 1890-1892; Stephen R. Clark, 1892-189-1; William S. Eagleson, 1891-1895; John W. Jones, 1895 .

The schools for the deaf and the blind do not own farms, but they co-operate as a unit, in every possible way. The School for the Deaf does the baking and shoe-repairing of the School for the Blind, which reciprocates with the laundry work of the latter, due credit being given to each institution. Many hundred pupils have been educated at the School for the Deaf, and enabled to make good living outside by their trades, to enjoy life to the utmost, and to become excellent citizens in any community.

The inception of the School for the Blind dates from 1836. Its records date from that point, and as it has never been ravaged by flames, are therefore complete. In that year the General Assembly named a committee of three - Rev. James Hoge, Dr. Wm. M. Awl, and Noah H. Swayne, representatives of the three leading professions - to make a canvass of the state for statistics of the blind. There were found to be 72 in easy circumstances, 74 who were poor, 167 supported by friends, and 20 who were public charges. State action was at once invoked in their behalf - Ohio being the fourth state to take up this benevolent work.

In April, 1837, a bill was enacted for the education of the blind. A school was opened in Dr. Hogc's church that year, State and Third streets. A teacher and five pupils were enlisted and eleven secured as the first year's total. In December the commissioners reported that they had secured a lot of "nine acres, a little removed from the plat of Columbus, on the north side of the National Road, at a very reduced price" - which was immediately contributed by a number of benevolent citizens of the capital city. Official documents arc silent as to the donors. Today, the school plat contains eleven acres. At one time it was much larger, extending east to 18th street, north to Bryden Road and south to Main street.

The first building was four stories high, facing south, with an Italian portico over the main entrance. Its cost was .+3 1,000. All that remains of it is a Greek pillar, near the central walk, and now crowned with ivy. The work on this predecessor of the present building began at once, and was completed by 1839. N. B. Kelly was superintendent of construction. It was occupied first in October of that year, and the school continued until May. IS 10. under its first teacher, A. W. Pcnniman, but in ISM), William Chapin, afterwards a famous worker among the blind, became the first superintendent. In 1816 A. W. Pcnniman was pro tempore superintendent; later superintendents have been: 1847, George H. McMillan; 1851, Rufus E. Hart; 1855, Asa D. Lord, who had been principal of the Central Higll School; 1867, Georffe I.. Smead; 1885, Dr. H. P. Frieker; 1892, Dr. S. S.

State Buildings And Institutions 151

In the late sixties the building became very crowded, having 100 pupils, and the legislature, May, 1869, authorized the present structure, which was completed, at a cost of $358,477.92. It is of stone entirely, and as fireproof as that day and age allowed. It stands today, with some minor improvements, as it stood in 1871, when finished. With the exception of the school for deaf mutes, the building for the blind is the only one that has not been visited by a destructive fire.

A large number of self-supporting blind people leave its halls every year, out of several hundred pupils. The school has done increasingly good work, throughout its eighty years, and in addition has sought the betterment of the conditions of the blind outside of the school ; also the prevention of blindness in children. It is estimated that fifty percent of blindness could be prevented in babyhood, if mothers and nurses were properly intelligent. Owing to the difficulty and delicacy required in teaching the blind, one teacher is employed for three pupils, and this rule obtains in all institutions.

The eleven acres are now valued at over $125,000.00; but, to accomplish best results there is need of a farm near the city upon which pupils having partial vision can receive agricultural instruction. The buildings were valued, for the year ending June 30, 1916, at $511,425.95, and the total valuation of all the property was $734,688.26. The average daily attendance of pupils for that vear was 221 ; this was a decrease over the previous year, occasioned by the removal of those who were found to be mentally deficient. There were then 36 men and 48 women upon the faculty list.

Pupils are admitted at as early an age as possible - as soon as they are able to dress and care for themselves. When the school is provided with cottages, which are urgently needed, it will be possible to admit a few children at even an earlier age. Blind adults are no longer admitted to the institution, as these are now cared for by the State Commission for the Blind, which lias charge also of blind newsboys and newsmen.

This is the oldest hospital in the State excepting the Longview, at Cincinnati, established in 1821, and probably one of the largest in the world at the present time. It was opened in 1838, a year after the School for the Blind, but at that time, and for many years after, they were indifferently called Asylums.

The Hospital was originally located on East Broad street near Lexington, but the building was burned in 186S, and the institution was then removed to its present location on the hilltop west of the city.

The present hospital building, which is over a mile in circuit, represented then the largest single public investment in Ohio, with the exception of the State Capitol. The institution has 301 acres of land, 100 of which are tillable, and on this farm-garden were raised in 1916, over $17,000 worth of produce. The land was worth then. $456,225.00, the buildings, $1,817,861.58. The total value was $2,506,437.76. A large pavilion for tubercular patients has since been built. There were then 1,826 patients, a decrease of 50 over the previous year. There were 209 employes, 102 men, and 107 women. The entire acreage was purchased in 1870 for $100,000.

The original East Broad street site consisted of 61 acres, then far out of the city. An immense building covering an acre of ground was planned, and November 30, 1838, construction had proceeded far enough to make possible the admission of patients. When completed the main building and wings were three stories high, and a walk through all the halls and galleries exceeded a mile. The cost of the building was approximately $150,000, much of the work having been done by prisoners. In the "middle sixties" there were from 300 to 350 inmates. Dr. Wm. M. Awl was the first superintendent.

On November 18, 1868, this building burned to the ground; the weather was cold, wet and sleeting, and owing to difficulty and delay in fighting the fire, six of the patients were suffocated in the ward where the fire originated, but all others were safely taken out, and none escaped. The School for the Deaf opened its doors temporarily, until the patients could be sent home or properly cared for by the State. The starting of the fire was always attributed to a patient.

The next Legislature, 1870, decided to sell the old site for not less than $200,000 and rebuild. The old site brought $250,000, and the present site was at once secured, two miles west of the then city. The present building was constructed on "the Kirkbride plan," conceived by Dr. Thomas Kirkbride, of Philadelphia, an eminent abenist. This was the accepted plan for many years, until the cottage plan became the vogue. It was seven years in building, and cost completed $1,462,634.55. The annual cost of operation is approximately $350,000. The average enrollment is 1,800, or the maximum number that can be cared for. The employes number 200.

A single ward now accommodates 120 patients, as many as the entire institution cared for when first opened. The passage of years is marked by a steady improvement in the care of patients. In the early years there was a court or stockade, where they were exercised; now they roam over the entire grounds, under proper supervision.

Last in point of time of establishment, of the benevolent institutions of the State, in this city, hut the second of its kind in the nation, is the above-named structure. Like the State Hospital, the Court House, and the original State House, it was destroyed by fire and thereby lost all its first records.

It was founded in 1857, by an act of the General Assembly and the directors rented an old house in Main street, the one now occupied by the Home of the Friendless, and sixteen pupils were enrolled. William Dennison of this city, afterwards Governor of the State, was one of the original trustees, and Dr. R. J. Patterson, the first superintendent, for three years, when Dr. G. A. Doren was selected to succeed. Dr. Doren was superintendent for forty-five years, until his death in 1905. By 1860 the home which had been used, had grown too small and an addition was built. This house was occupied until 1864, when the Legislature appropriated $25,000 towards a permanent location. The state purchased a portion of the present site, at $35 an acre, securing 100 of the present 187.1 acres, two miles west of the then city, on the brink of an eminence on the west side of the Scioto river valley, and opposite the State Hospital for the Insane. This site overlooking the city, was a beautiful one, and a fine maple grove runs around the entire frontage of the high ground.

The original plans contemplated caring for only 250 patients, but to-day it cares for over 1,600, and calls for the service of 200 attendants. It was ready for occupancy July, 1868, at which time there were 105 pupils. The great fire occurred November 18, 1881, razing almost the entire building, at a loss of $150,000. Distance from the city and lack of water prevented much salvage. Xo lives were lost, however, and the pupils returned to their homes, pending rebuilding of the school.

Upon the death of Dr. Doren, Dr. E. H. Rorick succeeded to the superintendence and served for two years, when he was followed by Dr. F. J. Fmerick, making but four appointments in forty vears. Dr. Emcrick states succinctly the condition, mental and physical, of the defectives:

In the earlier years of the state treatment of mental deficiency the theory was held that these children could he fitted for life in the world, and their training was with a view to sending them hack to their earlier surroundings. This idea has now been abandoned, and instead the underlying thought is that the institution is to he their permanent home

They are happier at the institution for the reason that their deficiencies are not so apparent, and they are never the butt of remark or jest, as often is the ease about their own homes.

The custodial farm at Orient of 1,200 acres is an immense factor in their development. There all the vegetables used at the institution are raised; 150 cows are milked; enough shoes arc turned out to supply all the children; and all plain sewing is now done by the inmates. Work is made a privilege, not a necessitv or correction, and withdrawing the work is found to he an important corrective. Everything possible is done to make them happy - long play-hours, weekly dances, often dramas in which they can take part. Those who run away, upon occasion, almost always return of their own accord.

It may be added that the institution now owns 1,4-14.96 acres valued at .$268,699.80, of which 1,247.75 constitute the custodial farm. The buildings are valued at .$1,372,155.00, and the total valuation of all property in 1916 was $1,822,863.39. The daily average population for that year was 1,960, the number of officers and employes was 260, or 93 men and 167 women; the ratio of inmates to officers and employes being 7.5.

The authorization act before the State Legislature of April 17, 1857, was written by the late Dr. Norton S. Townshend, for many years afterwards head of the agricultural department at the Ohio State University. Hs was then representing Lorain countv in the Legislature. Appropriately he was made a member of the first board of trustees.

In June, 1918, began the publication of The Ohio State Institution Journal, at Columbus, Ohio, under the auspices of the Ohio Board of Administration, for the benefit of the twenty institutions under its control, with Mr. Frank B. O'Blenness, executive clerk, as its editor. Other publications of the Board are "The Problem of the Feeble Minded," by Dr. E. J. Emerick, superintendent of the Institution for the Feeble-Minded, and director of the Ohio Bureau of Juvenile Research; "Mental Examination of Juvenile Delinquents," "A Mental Survey of the Ohio State School for the Blind," "The Increasing Cost of Crime," "Crime Prevention," by Dr. Thomas H. Haines, Psychologist and Clinical Director of the Bureau; "The Family of Sam Sixty," by Mary Storer Kostir, and "The Feeble Minded in a Rural County of Ohio," by Mina A. Sessions, aides in the same Bureau.

The Bureau of Juvenile Research was established July 1, 1911. It did not come into existence without a cause, and many events conditioned it. For example on June 30, 1917, there were on the rolls of the two State Industrial Schools of Ohio 1,737 boys and girls, of whom 1,281 had been admitted during that year. Each one of these from the time of admission became a social state problem, that neither parents nor local authorities could solve or handle, and hence they had become state' wards. Examinations at the Boys' Industrial School in Ohio showed that of 100 consecutive admissions 16 were feeble-minded, 26 were borderline cases, and only 17 were of normal mentality. In the Girls' School 56 were feeble-minded, 11 borderline, 13 mentally retarded, and only 11 normal. All citizens familiar with the conditions realized that something must be done.

In 1911 the Ohio Board of Administration came into existence, entrusted with the management of all state institutions devoted to the care of the dependent wards of the State. It was required "to promote the study of the causes of delinquency, and of mental, moral, and physical defects, with a view to cure and ultimate prevention." In 1913 the Legislature passed a law creating the Bureau of Juvenile Research. But it did not provide necessary buildings in which to carry on the work, and house the children under observation. The work of the first three years of the Bureau was, therefore, much hampered, and only general investigations made, besides the issue of the publications named. The State Legislature of 1917 provided $100,000 for Bureau buildings; with the completion of these the larger phases of their work will begin to appear. Dr. Henry H. Goddard is director of the Bureau, having come from the Training School at Vineland, N. J., in May, 1918, to succeed Dr. Thomas H. Haines.

The Ohio Board of Administration was brought into existence and placed in charge of all State benevolent and penal institutions in August, 1911, to accomplish four things: To remove politics from their management ; to introduce and maintain business principles ; to increase efficiency; and to secure greater economy. At the end of the first six years, despite rising war prices, a saving was effected of more than $3,000,000. There has all along been a wonderful development in the various departments of the State, which necessarily adds to the expense. There is now but one board of four members, whereas under the old regime there were twenty-one boards of four or five members each.

The last report of the present Board, for the year ending June 30, 1918, discloses some important facts, subject, of course, to the conditions imposed by war work. The per capita cost to citizens of Ohio was increased seven per cent, by the high cost of living, operating expenses ten per cent. ; but net results have been considerably minimized by good business methods; the per capita cost for operation steadily increased after 1912, the first year, but the present increase is only 86 cents over the per capita of 1911, under the old regime. In 1918 the total amount spent for food supplies was a trifle over one and a half millions of dollars, or an increase over 1917 of 11 per cent. The fuel expense increased twenty-six per cent., owing to congested traffic and phenomenal war conditions.

The entire operating expenses for the year covering the care of 23,000 wards, was $5,068,005.80, or an increase of ten per cent, over 1917. The building program for the two years was the largest in the history of the Board. The average daily population of all the State institutions for 1918 was 23,235, an increase of 617, or three per cent, over 1917. The larger part of this was noted in the penal institutions; the reformatory gained 184, the Penitentiary increased from 1875 to 2000; the School for the Blind decreased from 235 to 182 reflecting credit on the Ohio Commission for the Blind and its campaign to prevent blindness; the State Hospital now holds 1,815 wards; the School for the Deaf 472; Feeble- Minded, 2,261; Blind, 182; Penitentiary, 2,000. Institutions outside of the city are not given herein, for obvious reasons.

The State Arsenal on West Main street is built on a part of the tract that was originally set aside for the Penitentiary in 1812. When the Penitentiary on that site was abandoned in 1834, there began a long dispute as to ownership of the tract. It was claimed by the heirs of Kerr, McLaughlin and Johnston and later by others under a quit claim deed. The dispute was settled in favor of the State in 1854, the tract was divided into lots, most of which were sold, $1000 of the proceeds being appropriated to the widow of McLaughlin. In 1860 three of the lots were reserved as the site of the State Arsenal, which was ordered built at a cost not to exceed $14,000. In 1863, the General Assembly appropriated $2,500 for grading, fencing and improving the site. The building is 60x100 feet, two stories with basement and attic, with an octagonal tower at each of the front corners.

Chapter Xx Educational Institutions

The Ohio State University, Its Origin and Development - Capital University, Lutheran College and Seminary - Catholic Schools, St. Joseph's Academy, St. Mary's of the Springs, Pontifical College Josephinum, Aquinas College.

The first intimation of the need of an agricultural school in Ohio was shown in a meeting of the Ohio Agricultural Society, in Columbus, January 8, 1839, when a committee was appointed to consider the propriety of purchasing a tract of land for an agricultural school and for an experimental farm. The matter was again broached in 1815, by the State Agricultural Convention ; and the introduction of the study of agriculture in the common schools was also suggested by the State Agricultural Society, in 185i, but no progress had been made in fifteen years, except by private enterprise.

Meanwhile, a school of agriculture, the first of its kind in Ohio, had been established at Oberlin, by Hon. Norton S. Townshend and others, which was to all intents and purposes the parent of the Ohio State University; but, in lieu of endorsing this school in 1854, a resolution was adopted recommending that a school or schools of agriculture be permanently endowed by a Congressional grant of lands.

It was not until eight years later, however, (July 2, 1862, in mid-war times), that Congress was finally moved to accede to this potent demand, and passed an act, which granted each state 30,000 acres of public land, for each of its senators and representatives. The proceeds of this grant were to be applied to the endowment of at least one college in each state, - "without excluding other scientific and classical studies, and including military tactics - to teach such branches of learning as are related to agriculture and the mechanical arts."

At a special meeting, November, 1862, the State Board of Agriculture recommended that Ohio accept the grant offered, and appointed N. S. Townshend and T. C. Jones to memorialize the General Assembly, which, February 9, 1864, passed an act to accept the lands tendered, and pledging performance of the conditions imposed. Certificates of "scrip" were accordingly received for 630,000 acres of land and placed on file in the State Treasury, and, April 13, 1865, an act, providing for the sale of the scrip and the disposition of the proceeds, was passed.

Immediately, applications were made by various educational institutions in the State, as was to be expected, for a share of the fund. This, of course, caused a duality of opinion, - one party advocating the division of the funds, the other, their use in the establishment of one college. This indecision hindered definite procedure for six more years. The State Board, from the start, advocated the establishment of one centrally located institution. This policy also had the vigorous and active endorsement of Governor R. B. Hayes - a warm supporter of Ohio State, from the start, - to whom later Hayes Hall was dedicated. The sale of the land-scrip, meanwhile, was so slow that, on April 5, 1866, an act was passed, removing the minimum restriction to 80 cents per acre, in order to sell it more readily. It was finally disposed of at a rate of only 53 cents per acre, producing ultimately, - by 1878 - a fund of .^500,000 from the 630,000 acres.

The commission appointed to locate the institution received bids from Miami University and from the Farmers' College, but both of these were rejected. By resolution, March 30, 1868, the General Assembly finally declared in favor of one college, and one experimental farm; a majority of the committee favored Wooster, the minority, Urbana, for the location of the farm, - the former being eventually selected.

Practically nothing was accomplished until the General Assembly, March 22, 1870, enacted a law giving the prospective institution the name and style of "The Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College," and creating a board of trustees, one from each congressional district to be appointed by the Governor, to govern it. This Board held its first meeting in Columbus, April 18, 1870, and appointed Valentine B. Horton president, R. C.

Anderson secretary, and Joseph Sullivant treasurer. The General Assembly, May 11, 1870, passed an act authorizing counties of the State to raise by taxation money to compete, by donations, for the location of the college.

In response to this appeal Champaign and Clarke counties each offered $200,000, and Montgomery $ 100,000, all in 8 per cent, bonds ; while Franklin county at an election August 13, 1870, approved by 500 majority a proposition to donate $300,000. Additional donations by citizens and by railways centering in the city, amounted to $28,000 more. The Franklin county proposition was accepted, October, 1870, by the Board, which, thereupon, proceeded to select from numerous farms offered the present farm-site, which is now over 400 acres in extent and bids fair to reach 1,000 in a few years, - known as the Neil Farm, - "lying on the Worthington road about two miles nortli of Columbus." This tract of approximately 327 acres was bought for $115,950.

With the opening of 1871 active preparations for building and occupancy began. W. B. McClung was appointed, January 6, 1871, first superintendent of the college farm, at a salary of $1,500. First students recall him with pleasure, many of whom began their novitiates in farming under him. The site for the first college building, University Hall, was selected, somewhat too far from the Worthington road, and plans for the structure were invited; the plan of Jacob Snyder, of Akron, was adopted, and R. N. Jones of Delaware, was appointed superintendent of construction.

Joseph Sullivant of Columbus, treasurer of the Board, has the honor of proposing the course of studv which, after much discussion, was adopted. The studies included were agriculture, mechanic arts, mathematics, physics, chemistry, geology, mining and metallurgy, zoology and veterinary science, botany, horticulture, English language and literature, modern and ancient languages, political economy and civil polity.

The presidencv of the institution was offered to General Jacob Dolson Cox, of Cincinnati, and was declined. It was next offered to United States Senator J. W. Patterson, who, after accepting, also declined, owing to political developments in Congress. The way was thus opened for an educational expert, and such selection was made as Mill be seen. In January, 1873, the following were elected members of the faculty:

All of these accepted the election except Professor Orton, who declined the professorship but in the following April accepted the presidency to which was added the chair of geology. Professor Williams was released on the request of the trustees of Ohio Wesleyan University, with which institution he was connected.

An act of the General Assembly, in 1872, provided that specimens of the soils, minerals and fossils of Ohio, collected by the Geological Survey of the State, should be classified, labeled and presented to the college. This was the beginning of the large collection now in Orton Hall, the home of the geological department of the University.

During the summer of 1873, Prof. R. W. McFarland, of Oxford University, was called to the departments of mathematics and civil engineering, and John H. Wright, a recent graduate of Dartmouth college, was chosen assistant professor of languages. Prof. Albert H. Tuttle, in January, 1871, was appointed to the chair of zoology, and Thomas Mathew, of Columbus, was appointed instructor in drawing. Prof. William Colvin of Cincinnati, was appointed, June, 1875, professor of political economy and civil polity; and Miss Alice Williams was made assistant in the department of English and modern languages. John H. Wright resigned, June, 1876, and Josiah R. Smith, A. B., then teaching in the Columbus Higli School, was appointed in his stead. During the same year. First Lieutenant Luigi Lomia of the Fifth U. S. Artillery, was, on request of the trustees, detailed by the Secretary of War to take charge of the department of military instruction. There were no more changes until 1877, and the above list, with the changes, constitutes practically the first faculty of the college.

While the first college building was still in an incomplete and chaotic condition, the institution opened, September 17, 1873, with between thirty and forty students; classes were organized in nearly all the departments. It was then considered the smallest of Ohio colleges, but destined to unlimited growth, and the city was very proud of it. The inaugural address of President Orton was delayed, and was delivered, January 8, 1874, in the Senate chamber.

The number of trustees was fixed, by an act of the General Assembly, April 20, 1877, at five; and on a third re-organization of the body. May 1, 1878, at seven, the name of the college being then changed from The Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College to the Ohio State University.

In 1877, the chair of mine engineering and metallurgy was created and John A. Church was appointed to the professorship. In 1879 the Mechanical Laboratory was erected and equipped ; the chair of history and philosophy was created, with John T. Short as assistant professor. Professor Mendenhall resigned his chair in June, 1878, to accept a similar position in the Imperial University of Tokio, and Stillman W. Robinson, C. E., was appointed to the vacancy. In 1879, Lieutenant Lomia was appointed adjunct professor mathematics and teacher of elocution, and Nathaniel W. Lord became assistant professor of mining and metallurgy.

The number of students at the close of the first year, June, 1871, was 90; the second year 118, the third year 143, the fourth year 251, the fifth year 309. The first class grading Ohio State University in 1888 uated in 1878 consisted of six young men, five of whom took the degree of B. Sc. and one the degree of B. A. The educational fund at that time amounted to $500,000, which bore interest at 6 per cent., or $30,000 a year, which meant approximately $100 a year for each student.

Of the farming land under cultivation in 1879 there were 229 acres. This afforded pay for labor which aided a great many students to graduate. $6,500 accrued to the University this year by the sale, November 29, 1878, of 11,903 acres of Virginia Military lands, in Scioto county. The earnings of students by farm-labor in 1879 amounted to $1,250.

A second course of public lectures on agriculture was given in January, 1880, for the general public, - the greater part of them by Dr. N. S. Townshend, by whom the course was inaugurated. The first course was delivered early in 1879, and courses were maintained for six years, being the precursors of the Farmers' Institutes.

In his annual report for 1880, President Orton recommended the construction of a chemical laboratory. At the close of the college year, June, 1878, President Orton had tendered his resignation, but it was not at that time accepted. At the close of 1881 he insisted upon retiring, and confining his duties to the chair of geology, which by this time had grown to demand all his attention; his resignation was accepted, June 21, 1881.

Walter Quincv Scott, of Easton, Peima.. was chosen President, and in addition took the chair of philosophv and political economy. In the same year, Professor Samuel Carroll

Derby, late President of Antioch College, was appointed to the chair of Latin language and literature, which he still retains, (1920), being the senior professor of the present faculty. Professor Josiah R. Smith became professor of the Greek language and literature and so continued till his death. A new chair of horticulture and botany was created, also, under Professor W. R. Lazenby, B. S., of Cornell; and First Lieutenant George H. Ruhlen of the 17-lth infantry, was detailed by the Secretary of War as military instructor, vice Lieutenant Lomia whose term had expired. Professor Joseph Milliken retired in May, 1881, owing to infirmity, and his death occurred soon after. His duties were apportioned to other professors for the time being. He was a retired minister, an accomplished linguist, a pronounced wit, and kept his classes on the qui vive by his bright sallies.

It would be almost impossible, in the brief space at our command to enlarge upon the faculty changes that occurred thereafter, covering a whole book, perhaps ; the faculty consisted of sixty-six in 1892, and now numbers close to five hundred, many hundreds of changes having taken place in over forty years time. Having written of the fathers of the University, in the faculty sense, until the period when a good working force was secured, we may be excused from further detail.

The General Assembly, March 31, 1882, made an appropriation of $20,000 for a chemical laboratory, which was soon built, as also three residences for professors the same year. An Agricultural Experiment Station and a Meteorological Bureau were established on the campus in 1882. The next year $15,000 was appropriated to erect the Agricultural and Horticultural Hall.

Rev. Wm. H. Scott, President of Ohio University, at Athens, Ohio, was elected, June, 1883, President, and professor of philosophy and political economy, vice Walter Quincy Scott, who failed of re-election and resigned. Professor T. C. Mendenhall, who had returned from Japan, withdrew from the faculty, December, 1881, to accept the appointment of professor of electrical science in the office of the Chief Signal Officer of the United States. Professor R. W. McFarland retired in 1885, to accept the presidency of Miami University. At the close of 1888, Professor Albert H. Tuttle retired from the chair of zoology to accept the chair of biology in the University of Virginia.

The Chemical Laboratory building was destroyed by fire February 2, 1889, and $5,000 was tendered for a temporary equipment with $10,000 at the next session of the General Assembly for the construction and equipment of a new building. In 1889 died Profesosr Alfred H. Welsh, associate of Professor Geo. W. Knight as professor of English language and literature. This was a distinct loss to the University, as lie had attained a wide reputation as a writer, including a history of American literature and many mathematical works, - having written and published fourteen books in thirteen years, and lie virtually died from over-work.

Congress passed an act, August 30, 1890, of much financial importance to the University and similar institutions, still in their swaddling clothes, increasing the annual fund for their support from $15,000 to $20,000, - this being supplemental to the original grant of land "scrip" to agricultural and mechanical colleges.

Perhaps the most notable event of the next few years was the creation of the Law School. The trustees, by resolution, June, 1890, established the law department, with Hon. Marshall Williams, Chief Justice of the Ohio Supreme Court as dean, and a large faculty, mainly from tin Columbus bar, - which doubled the faculty, although the number of law students in 189] was only 50. The law school was conducted for a time in the Franklin County Court House. In 1892 the entire faculty of the University, counting the lawyers, consisted of sixty-six members.

Thomas F. Hunt, of Pennsylvania, was elected professor of agriculture in lieu of X. S. Townshend in 1891, who, on account of age, asked to be relieved. Thus, one by one, the original faculty were passing away. The University was now possessed of five buildings, and in 1892 three others were in course of erection, (Orton, Hayes, and Veterinary Halls'). There were also six houses and the north dormitory, housing 64, and the south dormitory, 24 more. The library held only 12,000 volumes, including the Sullivant and Deshler collections, in 1892.

After twelve years of steadfast and unselfish devotion to the interests of the University Dr. William Henry Scott retired as President in June, 1895, and was elected to and accepted the chair of philosophy. Dr. James Hulme Canfield, then Chancellor of tile Uni- versity of Nebraska, was elected President and assumed his duties July 1. Professors Orton, Norton, Townshend, Robinson, Lord, Derby, Smith and Knight were then the leading members of the faculty, and some of them held the pioneer chairs. The long contest over the Page will was still in the courts, and had been carried to the Lnited States Supreme Court for adjudication before any portion of the proposed endowment could be used for the erection of Page Hall. The Law School was still sustained by an annual fund of $1,500 from the State levy. An unexpected donation of $3,000 had been made by Emerson MeMillin, then of Columbus, for the purchase of books for the Law Library. A little later, Mr. MeMillin made an additional donation of .$10,000 for an astronomical observatory; and upon the completion of the building, a 12-inch telescope was installed. In 1896 he added another $5,000 for the beautification of the grounds. The observatory was put vi charge of Professor Henry C. Lord who is still serving.

The next few years saw a considerable growth in the physical equipment of the University. The Chapel in University Hall was enlarged and rearranged and suitable executive offices were provided in the same building. Horticultural Hall, the Biological building, and the Armory and Gymnasium were erected, the former at a cost of nearly $50,000 and the latter at a cost of $98,936.76 for the building and $5,663.91 for equipment. Page Hall owes its existence to the munificence of Henrv F. Page, of Circleville, who devised certain lands in Ohio and Illinois to the University, subject to a life interest of his widow and daughter. The litigation that followed was long and tedious.

In 1899 the Presidency passed from Dr. Canfield to the present incumbent, Dr. William Oxley Thompson, under whom the physical growth has continued, and the intellectual and spiritual forces have been enlarged and organized and directed to ever higher achievements. The home economics department, the beginnings of which were made in 1898, has now a building of its own. Ohio Union, Oxley Hall, the botany and zoology building, Brown Hall, the industrial arts building, the physics building, several buildings for the College of Agriculture and others have come. A beautiful Library building lias been provided, and the campus structures number more than forty.

Besides the Graduate School, the colleges now number eleven: Agriculture, Arts, Philosophy and Science, Commerce and Journalism. Dentistry, Education, Engineering, Homoeopathic Medicine, Law, Medicine, Pharmacy and Veterinary Medicine - each with a dean and faculty.

The University has been co-educational from the very beginning and has graduated many women of fine attainments. While the nation was at war in 1917-18 many of the student activities were carried on by young women with no lowering of standards. Admission to the University is by certificate from accredited high schools and academies or after examina- tion in five groups of studies - English, history, mathematics and foreign languages, and the entire work is arranged on the group and elective system. A summer session has been added, and now education is available there throughout the year. The University, with its colleges and graduate school, is the crown of the public school system of Ohio and is of ever-increasing worth.

Earlv in the history of the State, many Lutherans settled in Ohio, coming from Germany and the Eastern states. In 1818 the Evangelical Lutheran Synod was organized and the question of founding a theological school began to be agitated. It was not, however, until 18.'30 that the Synod decided to take this forward step. Then it chose Rev. William Schmidt, who had recently come from the University at Halle to a pastorate in Canton, to be the professor of theology around whom the institution was to develop. He was permitted to retain his pastorate for a time and began his educational work in his own house in Canton with six students, thus establishing the second Lutheran Seminary in America.

By resolution of the Synod in 1831, Columbus was chosen as the seat of the seminary. Fourteen acres of ground at what was then the southern extremity of High street was bought and with the aid of contributions of $2,500 by citizens of Columbus, two buildings were erected where later the Hayden residence was built. To the theological course an academical course was added and Columbus' first school of higher education was thus provided.

In 1839, Professor Schmidt died and was succeeded by Rev. C. F. Schaefer of Hagerstown, Md., who resigned after three years. In 1846, Rev. W. F. Lehmann came to the school as professor and continued witli it until his death in 1880. During his period of service a college department was added, and since then the seminary and the college have worked along together as Capital University, chartered in 1850 by the General Assembly. Rev. Wm. M. Reynolds was the first President of the University, his associates being Rev. Mr. Lehmann, Rev. A. Essick and J. A. Tressler.

The Soutli High street property had been sold in 1849 to Peter Hayden, and the institution was moved temporarily to Town and Fifth streets. It was here that Dr. Theodore G. Wormley served for a time as professor of chemistry and Daniel Worley as tutor.

Dr. Lincoln Goodale, in order that the institution might again be suitably located, about this time gave as a site a four-acre lot at the northwest corner of High and Goodale streets. A handsome building costing $10,000 was erected and dedicated September 14, 1853, the English address being delivered by Hon. William H. Seward, the New York statesman.

President Reynolds was succeeded in 1854 by Rev. C. Spielmann, who resigned in 1857 owing to failing health and was succeeded by Rev. W. F. Lehmann, who had up to that time held a subordinate place in the administration. When he died in 1880, Dr. M. Loy became the fourth President.

In 187(i, tin' High and Goodale street site had become undesirable and the institution was moved to its present location east of Alum creek on the route of the old National Road, a seventeen-acrc tract of land presented for the purpose. There an even better main building was erected. Other buildings including Leonard Science Hall, Rudolph Library, Recitation Hall, Gymnasium and Auditorium, residences for professors, a church and a power house

Educational Institutions 161

Rev. Otto Mees was called to the Presidency in 1912, succeeding Dr. L. H. Schuh, who became Housefather and Pastor in 189-i, resigning in 1912. The faculty now numbers twenty-two, and the students number nearly .'500. By the action of the Synod in 1918, admission was offered to young women, and for the first time the institution became co-educational. Dr. M. Loy, who became President in 1880, was made professor emeritus in 1902. Dr. F. W. Stellhorn served in the faculty from 1881 to 1918. Rev. E. Schmid served from 1860 to 1896. Other teachers whose names shine like stars in the history of the institution are: Dr. Theodore Mees, Dr. G. H. Schodde, Rev. C. H. L. Schuette, Professor George K. Leonard, and Rev. A. Pfleuger. F. W. Heer has been Treasurer for thirty years.

Columbus Catholics have always been noted for their devotion to religious education. From the time the first parish school was opened the generosity of the people in this regard has never flagged. The earliest religious teachers in Columbus were the Sisters of Notre Dame, who came to Columbus in 185.5 at the request of Father Borgess, pastor of Holy Cross, and Father Fitzgerald, pastor of St. Patrick's, to take charge of their respective parish schools. Their first home in Columbus was located on what is now Marion street, a small frame house, still standing. Their next home was on Oak street. In the course of time at the request of the Bishop the Sisters decided to open an academy for the higher education of girls and to this end bought property on East Rich street. Here in September, 1875, St. Joseph's Academy was opened, and soon became one of the solid educational institutions of the city, a standard which it still maintains. Its department of music under the direction of Sister Maria Joseph, a musician of remarkable ability, was a strong factor in the development of the musical life of the city in the early days, and many of the town's best musicians were trained within the walls of St. Joseph's. This veteran religieuse became incapacitated for work only within the past few months after more than fifty years of arduous and unstinted labor.

Additions have been built to the Academy and convent from time to time and in 1880 a chapel was added. A school for small boys was started a few years ago at the corner of Rich and Sixth streets. The present Superior is Sister Josephine Ignatius, who has been connected with the institution for many years. There are 58 Sisters in the community, who teach in the Academy and in four parish schools besides. The Sisters also give religious instruction to the Catholic children in the Institution for the Blind.

With the Academy are connected two active literary societies - the Watterson Reading Circle and the Notre Dame Literary Circle, the latter made up chiefly of graduates of the Academy. The Watterson Reading Circle has been in existence for twenty-four years and has a high standing among literary circles throughout the country. It maintains a lecture course which has brought many distinguished men and women to Columbus and has done much to foster the intellectual life of the Catholic people. Its members also, with the Bishop's approval, do social and catechetical work.

St. Mary's of the Springs, situated about three miles east of Columbus, is one of its popular educational institutions. Its history dates back to 1830, when a small band of Dominican Sisters came into Ohio from Kentucky on the invitation of Bishop Fenwick of Cincinnati. They settled in the historic town of Somerset, Perry county, where they conducted a school and novitiate for thirty-six years. In 1866 their home there was totally destroyed by fire. While they were considering a new building, Mr. Theodore Leonard of Columbus, offered them a tract of land east of Columbus, also pledging his assistance in the erection of a suitable building. The offer was accepted, and the building was put up on the picturesque site, which because of the many springs in the grounds was called St. Mary's of the Springs. The school was opened in September, 1868, and from that date has had a steady and substantial growth and a high standard as an educational institution. Many additions have been built to meet the needs of the times and the property is now a beautiful one and one of the show places of the city. The first community numbered 26 Sisters, where now there are 262 with about .'50 novices in training. St. Mary's is also the mother- house of this community. Mother Miriam Maasterson is the Mother General of the congregation, succeeding in 1916 Mother Yineentia Erskine, who had held the office for 21 years. In addition to the Academy with its 125 pupils, the Sisters teach parish schools in various cities of Ohio, as well as in Pennsylvania and in New York City and New Haven, Conn. In the two latter cities they also have prosperous academies.

The Pontifical College Josephinum is one of the most extensive Catholic educational institutions in the city. It is located on East Main street at the corner of Seventeenth street. It was founded by Rev. Joseph Jessing, first in Pomeroy, Ohio, for the care of orphan boys, and later in Columbus where he transferred the work in 1877, together with the printing plant of the Ohio Waisenfreund, a paper started by him to finance his charity enterprise. The bovs were educated and trained in technical and mechanical branches. In 1888 Father Jessing further extended his work by opening a school for worthy young men anxious to enter the priesthood who were without means to prosecute their studies, and from that small beginning evolved the present college. The seminary was opened in the fall of 189-1. In 1892 Father Jessing placed the institution under the immediate jurisdiction of the Sacred College of the Propaganda, whence came its present title, the Pontifical College Josephinum. Father Jessing, who had been made a Domestic Prelate with the title of Monsignor by Pope Leo XIII, died in 1899, his iron constitution worn down by a life of incessant labor and extreme self-denial. He was succeeded by Rev. Joseph Soentgerath, D. D., one of his most valuable assistants, who has conducted the institution with great success. There is a faculty of 17 priests, teachi lg 105 clerical students and 56 young men in the seminary. One of the professors, Rev. A. W. Centner, Ph. D., was in 1917 commissioned as Chaplain in the army.

Still connected with the Josephinum is the St. Joseph's Orphan's Home where forty bovs are cared for. The Sisters Mission Workers of the Sacred Heart have charge of the domestic department of the home and the Josephinum.

Until the year 1895 Columbus had no facilities for the higher education of Catholic boys. In that year Bishop Hartley requested the Dominican Fathers to take charge of a high school and college for boys and young men which he wished to establish. The site chosen was the plot of ground at the corner of Mount Vernon and Washington avenues which belonged to the diocese, and was once the site of the Catholic cemetery. The first building was completed by the first of the year 1906 and school was opened on February 6. The school prospered from the first. In 1912 an addition was built to supply the growing needs of the school and at that date, the name of the college, which had heretofore been known as St. Patrick's, was changed to Aquinas College. There are now in the college about 250 students, some of whom are boarding students from various parts of the country. The faculty numbers twelve Dominican Fathers, with Rev. M. S. Welch, O. P., as President.

Chapter Xxi Public And Private Schools

Early Schools and Teachers - Academies, Seminaries and Institutes - First Public Schools - Growth of Public Schools in Favor - School Superintendents and Their Administi ations - German in the Schools - Men and Women on the Board of Education - Private Schools and Business Colleges.

While in the earliest legislation with reference to the Northwest Territory, there was thought of the necessity for education and provision for the maintenance of schools, the first schools in this community, as well as in others, were privately supported, parents paying the teacher in proportion to the number of their c lildren in school. The lands that were set aside for school purposes did not yield the necessary revenue. They were virgin, unoccupied for the most part and of little value. The support they were able to give was never great, and they were finally sold, the proceeds being turned into the State Treasury as an irreducible debt, the income since 1825 having been supplemented annually by a general tax.

The first school was where the first settlement was made, in Franklinton, and the first school house, built probably in 1806, was a log structure about IS feet square and stood a little north of Broad street west of what is now Sandusky street. It was built by Lucas Sullivant, the builder of most of the first things in Franklinton. His son, Joseph, in later life wrote that his acquaintance with school life began in this "cabin, with its slabs for seats polished by use, and big chimney witli downward drafts, with fleas inside and hogs under the floor, no grammar, no geography, but a teacher who ruled with a rod." Perhaps the teacher referred to was Dr. Peleg Sisson, for when that worthy taught in that school house, Mr. Sullivant is known to have been a pupil. But there were women school teachers in those days as now, and the first Franklinton teachers of whom there is record were Miss Sarah Reed, also a Christian worker with Dr. James Hoge, and Miss Mary Wait. William Lusk at an early day taught a common subscription school and not later than 1818 opened an academy.

The first school east of the Scioto was opened in the Presbyterian log church on Springstreet, in 1814. Wm. T. Martin taught a school on Town street half a block east of High, in 1816-17, his wife aiding him with the younger pupils. Dr. Sisson moved his school from Franklinton to a room in the Pike tavern and about 1819 took charge of a classical school for boys that had been opened in a frame building at the northwest corner of High and Town streets. About the same time, Mrs. David Smith, wife of the editor of the Monitor, opened a school for girls on Front street. Rudolphus Dickinson, Samuel Bigger and Daniel Bigelow were also among the early Columbus teachers. John Kilbourne's Ohio Gazeteer for 1826 says: 'Columbus contains four or five private schools and a classical seminary," at a time when there were 200 dwellings and 1,400 inhabitants. Near the close of that year, the first public school was established, but many pay schools - academies, seminaries and institutes - continued to exist and were attended by children of all ages.

One of these was the Columbus Academy which in 1820 was housed in a one-story frame building on Third street at the present Central Presbyterian church site. The structure was erected by a school company of about twenty citizens, out "among the pawpaw bushes with but three other houses in the vicinity." The first teacher was Aaron G. Brown, a graduate of Ohio University, and among his pupils were Joseph Sullivant, W. A. Piatt, John and Daniel Overdier. Margaret Livingston, J. R. Osborn, Robert and John Armstrong, Henry Mills, Keys Barr, Margaret, Elizabeth and Moses Hoge. Cyrus Parker and William Lusk also taught in this academy at one of its several locations, for it was removed to Front street and later to Fourth, near the present Central Market house; and so, too, H. N. Hubbell, Andrew Williams and Moses Spurgeon.

Special schools for girls were not lacking;. In 1826, Miss Anna Treat and Miss Sarah Benfield opened a "female academy" in the Pike building, West Broad street, and conducted it for several years. In the McCoy building at the northwest corner of High and State streets, the Columbus Female Seminary was opened in 1828, with Rev. Joseph Labaree as principal and a superintending committee composed of N. McLean, R. W. McCoy, J. M.

The basement of Trinity Episcopal church, from 1835 on, was the home of a number of private schools taught by J. W. Mattison, J. O. Masterson, W. S. Wheaton, George Cole, Ezra Munson and others. In 1830, Elder George Jeffries taught school in a log house on the north side of West Mound street, where also he organized the First Baptist church. In 1838-39 a high school for young ladies was conducted in the lecture room of the First Presbyterian church by Miss Mary A. Shaw. These and other instances testify to the close relationship in those days of the church and the school. A tragic incident in the private school life of the city was the drowning of J. O. Masterson in the Scioto. Dismissing school, one day, in a building on Gay street, he asked each of the pupils to submit an essay next morning on "Never speak ill of the dead." When the pupils went to school the following day, they learned that their teacher had been drowned.

In 1836, a number of women doing charity work discovered many children, some of them orphans, who did not go to school. They organized a society representing all the churches and established a school in a brick building on a lot near Fourth street that Alfred Kelley gave for the purpose. A report, December, 1837, showed that school had been conducted for five quarters at an expense of $287.50, that 92 different children had attended, with an average of 35, and that $750 had been raised by membership fees. The work was continued for some years.

Prior to 183G, the colored people maintained a school in the southern part of the city. In the year named a school society was formed, with David Jenkins, B. Roberts and C. Lewis as trustees. In the fall of 1839, the society had $60 in the treasury and a subscribed building fund of $225, the goal being $700 for lot and building. In 1810 there was a colored school with (S3 pupils. In 1811, Alfred Kelley, John I,. Gill and Peter Hayden erected a building at tin- northeast corner of Oak and Fifth, and established a school there which was taught for several years by Robert Barrett.

In the multitude of private schools that have come and gone, these others must be mentioned: The Columbus Institute, in 18-10, by Abiel Foster, at Rich and Front streets; the Female Seminary, 1813-18. by Mr. and Mrs. E. Schenck, at Broad and High; the Literary .and Scientific Institute, 1840-46, by Rev. John Covert, on Town street; the Esther Institute, 1852-62, by Charles Jucksch, T. G. Wormlcy and others, first on Ricli street, later in a pretentious building on East Broad street near Fourth, where the Athletic Club now stands; the English and Classical school for girls, 1884-94, by Miss L. M. Phelps and a strong corps of teachers, at Broad and fourth streets and th - Columbus Latin School, established at Fourth

Public And Private Schools 165

In 1822, Governor Trimble appointed a state commission to devise and report a system of common schools for the state. Caleb Atwater and Rev. James Hoge, of Columbus, were among the active members. Their report, while not adopted by the General Assembly, led to the school act of 1825. Under this law, each of the townships in Franklin county was divided into school districts, in which school directors were elected. In that part of Columbus which was then Franklinton, there were two districts, while in Columbus east of the river there were six. The two Franklinton districts were found to have 40 and 37 householders respectively, while the six in Columbus showed a total of 273 householders with 405 children from five to 15 years of age. Among the earliest directors in the Franklinton districts were Winchester Risley, Wm. Badger, Samuel Deardurff and Horace Walcutt. Among the earliest in the Columbus districts were Wm. T. Martin, Dr. Peleg Sisson, David Smith, Otis Crosby, Wm. Long, D. W. Deshler, Orris Parrish, Andrew Backus, Rev. Chas. Hinkle, Thomas Carpenter and Joseph Hunter.

In April, 1826, the Court of Common Pleas appointed as the first county school examiners: Rev. James Hoge, Dr. Charles H. Wetmore and Rev. Henry Matthews. They examined and granted certificates to teachers as follows : Joseph P. Smith, W. P. Meacham, C. W. Lewis, Eli Wall, H. N. Hubbell, Nancy Squires, John Starr, Robert Ware, Margaret Livingston, George Black, Kate Reese, Cyrus Parker, Lucas Ball, Ira Wilcox and Caleb Davis. Other early county examiners were Dr. Peleg Sisson, Bela Latham, Samuel Parsons, P. B. Wilcox, I. N. Whiting, Rev. George Jeffries, Wm. S. Sullivant, Timothy Lee, Joseph Sullivant and David Smith - all names that stand out in local history.

The first public schools to be opened were those in the second district of Franklinton where Caleb Davis taught, using the log building that Lucas Sullivant had erected near the river in 1806, and in the third district of Columbus, where H. N. Hubbell taught, usino- the Academy building that Lucas Sullivant and 20 other citizens had built in 1820. The first teachers in the other Columbus districts were Starr, Wall, Lewis, Smith and Meacham. The reason for this precedence was that in the two districts named buildings were at once available. Nineteen days after the organization of the Columbus third district, the directors - Otis Crosby, David Smith and Wm. Long - bought the Academy lot and building, January 30, 1827. A peculiar historic interest thus centers in that site and building. The lot was the northeast corner of Town and Fourth streets, and extended back to the alley. The building stood on the north end facing east. It was a two-room frame 31x48 feet, and was distinguished by a belfry in which hung a bell that was said to be second only to that on the State House. A large wood-burning stove stood in the center of each room. The other furnishing consisted of board benches, a few of which had low backs, a few writing shelves, a plain boxlike desk for the teacher and a small blackboard. The building was used as a school till 1836, when the school directors - John L. Gill, Ichabod G. Jones and Jonathan Xeereamer - sold the lot to Orris Parrish, reserving the building which was later converted into a blacksmith shop, then into a feed store and was torn down in 1870.

In the other districts schools were opened at different dates and at places not identified. School funds were derived from taxation and the interest on the fund created bv the sale of school lands. The amount for the several districts was meager, amounting in 1826 to 60^ cents to each householder. A teacher's pay was approximately $15 a month and the term of employment was three or four months. In the third district, in 1837, school was maintained four months, while the private schools ran seven; in the fourth district, there was no public school that year, while three private schools ran four months each. In the ten years (1829-38) D. W. Deshler was treasurer of the first district, he received a total of $1,621.22, or about $160 a year. Others had less. These facts indicate the uncertainty and irregularity that marked the work of the first public schools. Many preferred the private schools and clung to them, and even in that day. according to the record, there were parents wholly indifferent to their children's education. In 1826 an observer wrote: "There are many children growing up amongst us whose parents entirely neglect their education. Thev are wholly illiterate and enjoy at home neither the benefit of precept nor example. Youth nightly infest our streets with riot and din, accompanied with the most shocking profanity." Apparently there were bad boys and wayward girls even in those "good old days." The same writer adds: "Teachers see to the morals of the little ones entrusted to them no further than the hours of exercise, and even then sometimes suffer a state of insubordination wholly inconsistent with improvement." Criticism of teachers is evidently no new thing.

There were women among those to whom teachers' certificates were first granted under the law of 1825, but all the teachers first employed under the law, both in Columbus and Franklinton were men. Miss Kate Reese, who taught a public school near Third and Long streets in 1835, was the first woman teacher in public employ. Elizabeth Williams (afterwards Mrs. Abel Hildreth) was the next, in 1837, her school being held in the building at Front and Court, the second structure used by Elder George Jeffries and Ins Baptist church.

In its first twelve years the public school system traveled a hard road. It had little money and much opposition. But in Columbus it found stalwart advocates. Among them was Alfred Kelley who, as a representative in the General Assembly, offered in 1837 a resolution instructing the standing committee on schools to inquire into the expediency of creating the office of State Superintendent of Common Schools. The office was created and Samuel Lewis was its first incumbent. Happily he was an enthusiast. In his first year he traversed the State, mostly on horseback, visiting 40 towns and 300 schools and covering a distance of 1 200 miles. He reported to the General Assembly that there was a deep interest in public schools, especially among parents, and that where schools were free to rich and poor alike, they flourished best. He recommended the creation of a State School Fund, the establishment of school libraries, the publication of a school journal and proper care of the school lands. He asked and was granted authority to call upon county auditors for information.

Superintendent Lewis found no stronger support anywhere than in Columbus. Among those earliest at his back were Rev. James Hoge, Alfred Kelley, Mathew Mathews, P. B. Wilcox, Smithson E. Wright, David W. Deshler, Joseph Ridgway, jr., R. Bixby, Joel Buttles, Wm. Hance, Noah H. Swayne, Col. John Noble, Lewis Heyl and Rev. Frank R. Cressv. Columbus in 1838 became a separate school district, with its own directors elected for three years and with authority to establish schools of different grades and to "provide (annually) at least six months good schooling to all white unmarried youth in the district." The clerk of the city became the clerk of the school board. The receipts for school purposes ran from $3,502.10 in 1838 to $2,174.80 in 1814, the decline being due to hard times and legislative permission to reduce the levy. W. H. McGuffey, of school reader fame, spoke in the churches on education in 1838, and in December of the same year, the Ohio Educational Convention was held here, with Rev. James Hoge as chairman. The local newspapers also greatly helped to popularize education in free public schools.

As a result of three meetings of citizens, all in September, 1838, Dr. Peleg Sisson, Adam Brotherlin and George W. Slocum were elected the first Columbus school directors and a tax of $3,500 was authorized to buy three lots and provide buildings - one at Long and Third, one at Rich and Third and one at Mound and Third streets. The first named lot was bought from Lyne Starling in the following January for $500 and in April the other two were acquired - a lot at Mound street for $525 and the north half of the present school site at Rich street, with the Hazeltine school building on it, for $1,200. Thus in 1839 the school directors owned four lots and two school buildings, the Columbus Academy property at Town and Fourth having already passed into their hands. The number of pupils in that year was 400 and the number of teachers twelve. Most of the schools were maintained in rented rooms at a rental of $fi00 annually. This showed progress, but it did not satisfy; already strong sentiment was finding expression in the newspapers that all public schools should be held in buildings municipally owned ; it was better economy to pay the $f>00 in interest than in rent.

In 18 1! Dr. Peleg Sisson, James Cherry and P. B. Wilcox were elected directors. The report of 1842 shows that 13 schools, one German, were maintained till the funds were exhausted; five of them were taught by men for seven months at $80 a quarter and eight by women for eight and a half months, at $50 a quarter. The number of pupils ranged from f>00 to 750, though there were 1.598 children of school age in the city. In 1812 there was organized a teachers' association which was maintained for many years.

Early in 1815 Joseph Ridgway, jr., a representative in the General Assembly, introduced and secured the passage of a bill for the better regulation and support of the common schools. It created for Columbus the Board of Education of six members, and after popular election and subsequent organization, the board appeared thus constituted: Wm. Long president, Smithson E. Wright secretary, H. I". Huntington treasurer, P. B. Wilcox, James

Public And Private Schools 167

Cherry and J. B. Thompson. At the same election a proposition to levy a tax to build school houses was defeated: Yeas 104, nays 211, blanks 501. But at the election in 1816, when Thompson and Wright were re-elected, the tax proposition prevailed: Yeas 776, nays 323. A tax that would yield $7,500 was levied by ths City Council, and the board erected three buildings on the sites previously purchased. These buildings were all of a style called "Lancastrian," of one story and built of brick. Each was 187-J feet long and 24 feet wide and contained six rooms, furnished for primary, secondary and grammar grades. When they were finished the city had about $14,000 invested ii school lots, buildings and equipment.

In January, 1847, the board elected Asa D. Lord, M. D., the first superintendent of public schools, and he began his work May 15 following, assuming general oversight of the schools, the examination of teachers and the arrangement of the course of study. Dr. Lord was then 31 years of age, having been born in Madrid, St. Lawrence county, X. Y., June 17. 1816. He taught his first school at the age of 16 and at 23 became principal of the Western Reserve Seminary, Kirtland, Ohio, one of the earliest normal schools in the country. While at Kirtland he took his degree in medicine and organized there, in 1843, the first teachers' institute in Ohio. In Columbus he organized the first graded schools in the State and, besides his regular duties, edited at different times four school papers, the Ohio School Journal, the School Friend, the Public School Advocate, and the Ohio Journal of Education. He served as superintendent for seven years, beginning at a salary of $600. In 1863, having completed a course in theology, he was licensed to preach by the Presbytery of Franklin. For several years he was superintendent of the Ohio Institution for the Blind and in 1868 was called to a similar position in Batavia, N. Y., where he died in 1874.