Columbus City (part 45 of 57)

Experimentation with electricity as a motive power began in 1887 when Sidney Short, using his own patent devices, built for the company a line from High street to the State Fair Grounds on Chittenden avenue. The system was not entirely successful, but it pointed the way. A decision was soon reached to introduce electric motive power and, an ordinance having been passed permitting the change, the company erected a power station on West Spring street near the river. On November 7, 1891, in order to meet the cost of electrification, the company again increased its capital stock to $1,250,000. About the same time the Glenwood and Green Lawn Street Railroad Company adopted electricity as a motive power, and the first electric cars appeared on its line in August, 1890. Electric cars first appeared on High street January 14, 1891; on Long street September 7, 1891, and on Main street and Mt. Vernon avenue, November 11, 1891.

On June 25, 1892, the system with its entire equipment was sold by the Columbus Consolidated Street Railroad Company to the Columbus Street Railway Company, capital stock $3,000,000, with the following directors and officers: Emerson McMillin, B. J. Burke, G. W. Sinks, C. D. Firestone, P. H. Bruck, and Theodore Rhoads; E. E. Denniston president, E. K. Stewart vice president, general manager and treasurer, R. E. Sheldon second vice president, James Williams secretary. The Glenwood and Green Lawn Street Railroad Company property had then been acquired and improvements and new lines costing .$6M>,000 were in immediate prospect. The line from High street on Chestnut to Fourth and thence north to Chittenden avenue was built that year, and the extension of the High street line south from Stewart avenue had recently been completed.

In 1893 the Columbus & Westerville Railway Company, which held a franchise in Cleveland avenue to the north corporation line, was granted by Council the right to operate a road from Cleveland avenue by various streets to Spring, thence to Front, thence north on Pennsylvania avenue to Fifth avenue, and south on Front, east on Livingston and south on Parsons to south corporation line. This road was built and operated by what was known as the Columbus Central Railway Company.

An independent company in 1893 secured a franchise for the building of a street railway on Leonard avenue and the Crosstown Street Railway Company was organized that year of the Leonard Avenue Street Railway Company and the Glenwood and Green Lawn Street Railway Company, but in 1899 the Crosstown Street Railway Company fell into the hands of the Columbus Railway Company, which at the same time acquired the city lines and the interurban lines of the Columbus & Westerville or Columbus Central Railway Company. The Indianola and Fourth Street Railway Company which had been organized in 1893 and built a line on Fourth street was acquired by the Columbus Railway Company in 1895.

In 1901 S. B. Hartman, O. A. Schenck, Louis Seidensticker, Wm. H. Luchtenberg, and Benjamin Monett incorporated the Central Market Street Railway Company and obtained from the Council the right to build a line in Rich, Fifth, Donaldson, Livingston, and other streets to the south and north corporation lines. Tiie road was built and was acquired by the general company in 1907.

Street And Interurban Transportation 233

current for light and power - the Columbus Electric Light and Power Company and the Columbus Edison Electric Light Company. These were consolidated as The Columbus Edison Company, in 1903 and in 1904 sold to the general railway company which had become the Columbus Railway, Power & Light Company. In the meantime four companies that had been selling electricity and hot water heating were consolidated in 190-1 as the Columbus Public Service Company. They were the Columbus Heating Company, incorporated April 20, 1900; the Indianola Land & Power Company, incorporated March 26, 1901; the Indianola Heating & Lighting Company, incorporated September 7, 1901, and the East Columbus Heating & Lighting Company, incorporated April 26, 1902. All the property of the Columbus Public Service Company in 1908 was leased, and in 1915 was sold, to the Columbus Railway, Power & Light Company.

At the death of Mr. Denniston in 1893, Emerson McMillin was elected president. He resigned in 1898 and was succeeded by Robert E. Sheldon who, in turn, was succeeded in 1912 by Samuel G. McMeen who served till 1919; Norman McD. Crawford vice president. E. K. Stewart vice president, general manager and treasurer, C. M. Clark vice president, P. V. Burington secretary and auditor, H. M. Burington assistant secretary and assistant auditor, Harold W. Clapp general superintendent; board of directors, the president and vice presidents and the following: Carl J. Hoster, D. Meade Massie, Wm. A. Gill, Randolph S. Warner, Casper W. Hacker, Adolf Theobald, Wm. C. Willard and Charles L. Kurtz.

The first barn of the original street railroad company in 1863 was on High street just north of Goodale, a location then far out in the country. The second barn on North High street was at the corner of Chittenden. In 1891 that building, together with 25 cars, was burned. The present carhouse for that end of the line is near Olentangy park. Carhouses are also maintained on Merrit street, Rose avenue, West Broad street, and Cleveland avenue. Besides the power station at Spring street and the river, a larger one was built and equipped and put into operation in 1918, furnishing power, not only for its own cars operated on its 135 miles of track, but also for the cars of the Ohio Electric Company, within the city, the Ohio & Southern and the Columbus, New Albany & Johnstown (interurbans). Its "own extensions beyond the city limits are the lines to Arlington, Westerville and Bexley.

Olentangy park was laid out and completed by the Columbus Street Railway Company in 1896, and was operated by that company till 1899 when it was leased to West & Dusenbury. A subsequent lease was to J. W. and W. J. Dusenbury.

Except for the brief periods in which Council, in order to help out a losing business, permitted the company to charge seven cents for a single fare, the prevailing charge at first was five cents. The early consolidation of three separate companies in 1879 relieved that situation by giving for five cents what had previously cost 10 or even 15 cents, the transfer system having been then introduced, though there were new connections and extensions of routes that made transfer in many cases unnecessary. In 1889 began the period in which six tickets were sold for 25 cents. On February 4, 1901, after long discussion, Council passed an ordinance renewing for 25 years the franchise of the Columbus Railway Company on all the lines owned by it as well as on those bought from the Columbus Central Railway Company. As this franchise was meant to cover all the lines and bring all franchises to an end at the same time, it was called the "blanket franchise." Among its provisions was one that tickets should be sold seven for a quarter from the date of the acceptance of the franchise and that, when the aggregate of receipts from fares should reach $1,750,000 annually, eight tickets should be sold for a quarter. That aggregate was reached April, 1912, and the universal fare became 3* cents, with transfer for a continuous ride in the same general direction.

Early in 1918, the company sent to Council a statement to the effect that increased operating' costs, due to the war conditions, had made its income inadequate; it therefore asked permission to charge a higher rate of fare. Council took no action. In the meantime the employes of the company were asking for higher pay and in July struck. For two days no cars were operated, the company asserting its inability to pay more unless its revenue was increased. The dispute was referred to the National War Labor Board, and operation was resumed. The board soon made its award, allowing large wage increases, adding to the annual payroll more than $560,000, according to the company's computation. Consequently, on August 20, President McMeen sent a communication to the Mayor and the Council announcing that the company had discontinued the sale of tickets and would charge a 5-cent fare for every ride and that for a transfer a charge of one cent would be made, transfer to be used only at designated points. In justification of this action he cited the fact that Council had failed to offer any relief and declared that to a deficit already existing the War Board had added a wage charge of $560,000 more. He said it had been arranged to give the passenger a receipt for payment in excess of the charge provided for in the "blanket franchise," the money to be returned if it were found that the company's action was unjustified. He claimed for the company prepetual franchise rights in six streets - Main street from High street to Rose avenue ; State street from High street to Grant avenue, thence to Oak street, thence to Sherman avenue; Long street from High street to Parkwood avenue and thence in Parkwood to Broad street ; Cleveland avenue from Long street to Mt. Vernon avenue and thence to Washington avenue; West Broad street from High street to the Columbus State Hospital, and Glenwood to the Harrisburg pike and thence to Green Lawn cemetry. All other franchises he surrendered, adding that the company considered itself a tenant at sufferance and would vacate on proper official demand.

At the time of making this change, the company brought suit in the Federal District Court to enjoin the city from seeking to enforce the terms of the franchise ordinance of 1901. The court refused the injunction. Mayor Karb asked the Federal War Board to undertake a settlement of the dispute, but the board declined to act. The situation continued, nearly half the passengers offering to buy tickets at the old rate, and, getting none, refusing to pay and the conductors not seeking to enforce payment. The Council refused, four to three, to give even temporary relief until the results of an expert investigation of the company's business was laid before it, and in November employed E. W. Bemis, of Chicago, to investigate and report.

W. R. Pomerene, one of the company's attorneys, was elected vice president and, owing to President McMeen's illness, became the spokesman for the company. At the December meeting of the directors, E. K. Stewart was re-elected vice president, with supervision of damages and claims ; Harold W. Clapp was promoted to general manager and W. B. Campbell to general superintendent, while Norman MeD. Crawford was elected treasurer.

At a stockholders' meeting January 28, 1919, new directors were elected and the policy and conduct of the business were put into the hands of an executive committee consisting of Charles L. Kurtz, who had been elected president of the company, F. R. Huntington and W. B. Beebe. The former rate of eight tickets for a quarter was restored. C. C. Slater was made general manager vice Clapp. E. K. Stewart retired as vice president and W. B. Campbell as superintendent, the latter position being abolished. A serious effort was then made to regain the public good will, and the Council, on further representations that the company was in financial distress, passed an ordinance permitting a return to the rate of six tickets for a quarter, but the ordinance was ordered to a referendum vote in August and defeated. Following another period of unsatisfactory service, Council passed an ordinance providing for a cash fare of six cents or five tickets for a quarter, with universal transfer, for two years, the rate of fare for the remaining years of the franchise to be six tickets for a quarter. In consideration, the company agreed to share in the cost of certain street improvements. This ordinance was attacked, but the referendum petitions were found insufficient, and tile ordinance went into effect in April, 1920, the company redeeming in cash the receipts for (lie excess charge in 1918.

The Columbus Transfer Company was incorporated September 17, 1881, with Edward Denmead, T. .1. Janney, H. E. Sheldon, Edwin A. Dawson and W. A. Harrison as stockholders; capital stock $50,000, subsequently increased to $100,000. At the outset the company bought the property of W. B. Hawkes & Company, omnibuses, horses and all other equipment. In 1882 the company erected a stable and warehouse on Naghten street between High and Third streets. The company is doing business with increased capital, motorized vehicles and under new management, most, if not all, of the projectors being dead.

Street And Ixterurbax Traxsportatiox 235

Soon after the advent of electricity as a motive power, there began the development of a system of electric roads reaching out into the country and connecting the city with neighboring cities and towns. The first of these lines was that to Westerville, built by the Columbus & Westerville Railway Company, which was incorporated October 3, 1891, capital if 100,000, by M. H. Neil, Lewis Huffman, Adam G. Innis, George W. Williams, G. W. Meeker, F. H. Houghton, J. W. Everal, E. H. Reasoner and C. E. Bell. This road later fell into the hands of the Columbus Street Railway Company, and is now operated as a part of the city system.

The Columbus, New Albany & Johnstown road, as yet built only as far as Gahanna, was projected by L. P. Stephens in 1899. The company was incorporated that year, capital stock $200,000, but construction did not begin until July, 1901, W. D. Brickell, George B. Cox, Daniel J. Ryan, Thomas N. Fordyce and L. P. Stephens providing the money to build it as far as Gahanna, and an arrangement having been made with the Columbus Street Railway Company for power and the use of its tracks from Taylor avenue to High street. Operation was begun in January, 1902. The original owners operated the road until November, 1910, when it was sold to Eastern parties under an agreement to complete the road to Johnstown, The purchasers were unable to carry out their part of the contract, and the property fell into the hands of Cincinnati bankers from whom they had made large loans. L. P. Stephens lias been manager of the road from the first.

The Columbus, Urbana & Western (originally Urbana, Mechanicsburg & Columbus) was incorporated for .$100,000, April 17, 1900, by H. A. Axline, Colin McDonald, G. W. Hitt, J. B. Johnson, E. M. S. Houston, Julius Weber, W. B. Marvin, D. J. Burnham, T, B. Owen, F. M. Clemens and John P. Taylor. The road was built to a point just beyond the Scioto storage dam, a distance of seven and a half miles, at a cost of $400,000. The Columbus Savings & Trust Company made large loans to the traction company and the paper was found among the assets of the bank when it failed. The road was seized for the debt and about 1915 was sold by the State Banking Department for $36,000. The present owners are the J. B. Foraker estate, Eli M. West, Scott M. Webb, John T. Adams, L. P. and Mary J. Stephens, Harry Stafford and John J. Chester. L. P Stephens is the manager.

The Columbus, Buckeye Lake & Newark Company was incorporated October 19, 1899, by M. Spellaey, A. J. Warner, W. A. Carlisle, M. Q. Baker and W. R. Pomerene. The Columbus, London & Springfield Company was incorporated January 26, 1900, by John G. Webb, John M. Good, Hart A. Fisher, Emmett Tompkins and Fletcher S. Penfield. These roads were built and operated separately for a time. In 1907, the Ohio Electric Railway Company was incorporated and acquired them. The station was first on Rich street between High and Third, but a few years ago was moved to Third street between Town and Rieli streets, where a commodious and convenient building had been erected.

The Columbus, Grove City & Southwestern Company was incorporated March 11, 1901, by Adam Grant, H. A. Fisher, F. W. Merrick, Emmett Tompkins and George B. Darnell. This road also was acquired by the Ohio Electric and is operated as far as Orient as a part of its system.

The Columbus, Delaware & Marion Company was incorporated, October 21, 1904, bv John G. Webb, Oscar M. Gottschall, E. M. Campbell, N. J. Catrow and H. B. Hane. The original capital was $2,500,000. It was consolidated with other power and equipment companies along the line in the same year. Aft°r five years of operation, the company fell into financial difficulties, and on August 7, 1909, Eli M. West was appointed receiver. In 1918 the road was sold to the Eastern trust company that held its bonds, Mr. West was made president and the offices of the road were removed to Marion, where the company's larger local interests are centered.

The Ohio & Southern Traction Company was incorporated October 1, 1906, by S. B. Hartman, F. W. Schumacher, James M. Butler, W. V. Baker and Jonas A. Hedges, with a capital stock of $75,000. The road was built from South Columbus 6.85 miles south to accommodate the traffic to and from the Hartman farm. Earl S. Davis, Samuel Matthews, E. C. Schwab and J. W. Spetnagle have been added to the directorate. Mr. Davis is treasurer and Mr. Schwab is general manager.

The Scioto Valley Traction Company was organized September 8, 1899. The incorporators and original stockholders were W. F. Burdell, Alex. Renick, T. King Wilson, E. K.

Stewart, YV. J. Weaver, H. D. Bennett, Edwin R. Sharp, H. M. Daugherty and B. Mahler, the last named representing the Everett & Moore Syndicate, of Cleveland, with which the local projectors had associated themselves. The original charter contemplated only a road to Chillicothe but in 1901 the charter was amended so as to include a branch to Lancaster. Some work had been done on the road when the Everett & Moore Syndicate fell into financial straits and a local pool, of which Frank A. Davis and Edwin R. Sharp were members, was formed to complete the road. The road was completed to Lancaster and Circleville, with a power house at Reese's Station and operation was begun in 1901. The next year the line from Circleville to Chillicothe was completed and put in operation. A third rail, instead of the usual overhead wire, carries the current for this system. The total mileage, including track rights in Columbus and Lancaster, is 71.71. The company's stock is $3,166,300; bonds $1,520,000. Its present officers are: Frank A. Davis president and general manager, E. R. Sharp vice president and treasurer, A. C. Moorhous secretary.

The Columbus, Newark & Zanesville Company was incorporated July 2, 1902, with a capital stock of $1,500,000, by J. R. Harrigan, A. C. Ralph, C. A. Alderman, H. A. Fisher, and J. A. Godown. It built the road from Newark to Zanesville. This road also has been incorporated into the Ohio Electric system, the total mileage of which is 617.4.

Adding to this the 56 miles of the C. D. & M., the 6.85 miles of the Ohio & Southern, the nine miles of the Columbus, New Albany & Johnstown, the seven and a half miles of the C. U. & W., the 70.15 of the Scioto Valley Traction Company, we have a total of nearly 767 miles of interurban electric road leading out of Columbus. To this should be added the lines to Westerville and Arlington operated as parts of the city system, making about 783 miles. These lines have ministered to the growing city and materially aided in its development, but few have been without their financial troubles and losses. The period of stability and steadv sjrowth is believed to be at hand.

Chapter Xxx Charitable Organizations

Public Relief Work - Female Benevolent Society - Hannah Neil Mission - Hare Orphans' Home - Humane Society - Florence Criitenton Home and Other Similar Work - Care of the Aged - District Nursing Association - Tuberculosis Society - Neighborhood Guilds - Associated Charities - Salvation Army - Volunteers of America - Catholic Institutions - Federated Jewish Charities - Central Philanthropic Council.

The people of Columbus have never failed to respond to the appeals of the suffering either at home or abroad. They have helped other cities in time of fire, flood, earthquake and pestilence. They have sent money and foodstuffs for the relief of famine abroad, and their helpfulness in the earlier years of the city was a fair introduction to their exceptional efforts, since the great war began in 1914 to relieve suffering wherever it appeared in the world area of madness and destruction. The record of these benefactions is incomplete, and it is just as well that it is, for to name them even might seem like boasting of good works. Of the benefactions at home it is permitted to speak for they are continuing agencies which need the personal support of other generations.

The oldest organized charity in Columbus is the Female Benevolent Society which had origin in a meeting at the Methodist Episcopal Church on Town street, between High and Third streets, January 5, 1835. A constitution was adopted and Mrs. James Hoge was elected president, Mrs. E. W. Schon vice president, Mrs. Noah H. Swayne treasurer, Miss M. Kelley (afterwards Mrs. James L. Bates), secretary, Mrs. Wm. M. Awl, Mrs. Demas Adams, Mrs. Ralph Osborn, Mrs. Moses Jewett, Mrs. Samuel Crosby, Mrs. John Bailhache, Mrs. Benjamin Blake, Mrs. Joseph Ridgway, jr., Mrs. D. Woodbury, and Mrs. A. Van Horn, managers. The first business meeting was held at the home of Mrs. Demas Adams. A visiting committee for each of the three wards was appointed, and a committee was appointed to purchase supplies for the poor who might be found. In April, 1836, a committee was appointed to provide education for destitute children, and on a lot donated by Alfred Kelley (present 64 South Fourtli street) a small school house was erected and continued to serve till the public school system was established. D. T. Woodbury, Joseph Ridgway, jr., and P. B. Wilcox were an advisory committee.

On March 5, 1838, the Columbus Female Benevolent Society was incorporated by act of the General Assembly in the names of Mary P. Cressy, Maria M. Espy, Sarah Asbury, Maria S. Preston, Mary S. Kelley, Caroline Dryer, Keziah B. Stone and their associates, "for the purpose of ministering to the wants and alleviating the distress of the poor and afflicted of their own sex, and of affording moral, physical and intellectual instruction and improvement to orphans and other poor children." In the constitution of the society another object specified is "to aid and care for worthy women in the perils of childbirth, and for infants." The first revenue was from life and annual memberships and from memorial offerings, and from donations by various organizations. The receipts up to 1854 ranged from $110 to $900 a year.

The first permanent fund of the society was derived from the sale of the lot donated by Alfred Kelley (now known as 61 Soutli Fourth street) and amounted to $500. The society was the beneficiary of several efforts that left a surplus. In 1868, Dr. Lincoln Goodale died, leaving a bequest which yielded $16,885.67. In 1876 Mrs. Elizabeth E. Noble gave a $1,000 bond as a memorial to her mother, Mrs. Matilda A. Edmiston. In 1886, Benjamin S. Brown gave $10,000. In 1887, Wm. G. Deshler gave $100,000 in memory of his mother Betsy Green Deshler, and in recognition of the great sympathy she had expressed with her Columbus neighbors in 1817-27; also $33,000, in memory of bis daughter, to be known as the Kate Deshler Hunter fund for special use in maternity cases. Two years later, Mr. Deshler gave $17,000, to be known as the Deshler Hunter Fund and to be used for the physical improvement of orphans and other poor children. In 1887 Sylvester Medbery gave to the society $5,000 for its general work. By these and other gifts, the permanent fund of the society grew until, in January, 1891, it aggregated $205,507.32.

Mr. Deshler's gifts were so conditioned that a portion of the earnings should annually he added to the principal and that a fraction of the income annually received from the $100,000 gift, varying from one-fourth to one-sixth, should be paid to the Hannah Neil Mission and Home of the Friendless. The treasurer's report, January 7, 1914, showed that the Betsy Green Deshler Fund had grown to .$191,895.22; the Kate Deshler Hunter Fund to $59,000 and the Deshler Hunter Fund to $29,000. The permanent fund and bequests January 1, 1918, aggregated approximately $359,000. The average number of families helped each month in 1917 was 135, the average amount of money spent each month was $3.50 per family. There was help in 128 maternity cases and in 109 cases of children.

In connection with this society there have been some notable services - those of Mrs. H. M. Hubbard, who was president for 36 years, Mrs. W. A. Mahoney, who was secretary for 18 years, Mrs. Harriet E. Ide, a prominent worker, much of the time as vice president, for 30 Jfears, Mrs. Wm. M. Awl, a visitor for 52 years, and Mrs. D. A. Randall, a visitor for 35 years. Other zealous workers of long service were Miss Mary E. Stewart (Mrs. Joseph Geiger), Mrs. Richard D. Harrison, Mrs. James L. Bates, Mrs. Alfred Kelley, Mrs. John N. Champion, and Mrs. John Butler. Mrs. A. B. Adair is now president, Mrs. James H. Sells vice president, Mrs. Edward Damron secretary, Mrs. Frederick Shedd treasurer.

The first industrial school for girls was opened about 1855 by Mrs. W. B. Hubbard in Mechanics' Hall at the corner of High and Rich streets. In 1858, this school was transferred to the City Hall in the old market house and Mrs. Hannah Neil became president. There in 1862, Mrs. S. J. Haver instituted a mothers' meeting and the same year, assisted by Miss Kate Hunter, opened a Sundav school which was maintained for many years. At the close of the Civil War there were many homeless children in the city, and the industrial school which had for a number of years been conducted under the superintendency of Hannah Neil, was reorganized as the Industrial School Mission, with Mrs. M. B. Taylor, president, Mrs. Sarah J. Haver vice preside it and Miss Lucy Peters secretary and treasurer. Its home was the building on Maple st eet that had been used during the war as a soldiers' home. In 1868-69, the institution was renamed the Hannah Neil Mission and Home of the Friendless, and Mrs. S. M. Smith and Mrs. Wm. Ide canvassed the city, raising $12,000, witli which the Neville propertv on East Main street, a house and three acres of ground, was bought as a home for the work. Support was for a few years secured through monthly solicitations by Mrs. Starling Loving and Mrs. Yeatman Anderson. In 1880, a County Children's Home having been provided, the children were transferred to it, and the work of caring for sick and homeless women was taken up, though the facilities of the Mission were in 1883-86, under contract witli the City Council, used for the care of children of the Hare Orphans' Home.

Wm. G. Deshler's gift through the Female Benevolent Society constituted the first permanent fund. Since then Catherine M. Tuttle has given $30,595.85, Mrs. Anne E. Dennison -+;-,000, Mrs. E. J. McMillen $5,000, Wm. E. Ide $1,600, Henry C. Godman $1,000, and other smaller amounts making a total of $56,000.

The institution is conducted by a board of managers of 26 and a board of trustees of five. The presidents have been: Mrs. Martha B. Taylor, 1866-73; Mrs. Isaac C. Aston, 1873-75; Mrs. Harriet E. Ide, 1875-76; Mrs. R. D. Harrison, 1876-87; Mrs. E. A. Fitch, 1887-1906; Mrs. R. 1). McCarter, 1906-07; Mrs. Linus B. Kauffman, 1907-now serving. Emma A. Doe lias for some years been the efficient matron.

The Hare Orphans' Home is the result of the combination of two efforts, the first of which had origin in a meeting of women representing the various churches, at the Second Presbyterian Church. November 16, 1858. Dr. Wm, Awl presided and a committee was appointed to prepare a constitution for a society which should establish a home for orphan children. At a later meeting the constitution was adopted and managers were appointed, one from each of the Protestant religious bodies in the city. Mrs. A. M. Gangewer was the president and Miss Kate M. Tuttle was the first secretary, succeeded in January, 1859, by Miss Kate Chase. A house on Front street was engaged and fitted up and a matron appointed. In April, 1859, John W. Baker donated as a permanent site for the home a lot near the Insane Asylum, then on Broad between Eleventh street and Garfield avenue, and John Noble, Luther Donaldson, C. P. L. Butler, N. B. Marple and M. B. Bateham were appointed trustees. In November, Mrs. John S. Hall was chosen president, Mrs. E. King secretary, and Mrs. W. B. Hawkes treasurer. The matron was Mrs. Force and the physician. Dr. W. L. MeMillen. October 1, 1860, the City Council appropriated $300 for the work of the home. Twenty-six children were cared for in 1863; 205 in 1865.

The other effort referred to was that of Jacob Hare, who died November 3, 1860, aged 79, after a residence here since 1812. He bequeathed an annuity to his wife, nothing to his children, and gave the rest of his estate, the total value of which was $46,000, to the city, vesting the City Council with control and directing that, when the fund should justify it, a suitable building should be erected and an orphans' home maintained. The wife and children brought suit to set aside the will, and in 1863 a compromise was reached, whereby the city received from Hare's executor assets valued at $7,036.57. February 19, 1866, the trustees of the other enterprise offered to turn over to the city all its property, real and personal, valued at $6,000, provided that alike sum was appropriated from the Hare Fund for the necessary buildings. The proposition was accepted and the consolidation was effected, January 28, 1867. But no building was then erected; instead the home was moved to one of the four-story buildings on West Town street, known as the "Eight Buildings." The location was bad, the management unsatisfactory and the service indifferent. In 1878, George B. Okey offered for the Town street building and $3,800 a lot of one and a third acres with building, on Woodland avenue. Council accepted the offer. In 1883, Council sent the ten children then in the home to the Home for the Friendless, agreeing to pay $130 a month for their care and leasing the Woodland avenue property. This arrangement was terminated in May 1888, the Woodland avenue property was occupied as a home and a matron was elected. In 1890, a legal inquiry into the administration of the fund showed that it had been very neglectful.

Nine tracts of ground had been rented to persons who had built upon them, the ground rental then aggregating $2,015 annually; in 1918 this total had been increased to $2,905 annually. On May 13, 1907, the Woodland avenue site was sold for $22,250, and on September 16, 1907, a house and lot with 100 feet frontage, on the north side of Tuller street, was bought for a home for $8,000, repairs costing $1,200 being immediately made. The home, which accommodates about 25 children, is maintained by the proceeds from a permanent fund of $20,000 now in the city treasury, the annual ground rental and such charges as can properly be made against parents for the care of their children, averaging about $1,000 annually.

Under the inspiration of a visit by Henry Bergh, of New York, in December, 1873, a Humane Society was organized in Columbus, with James L. Bates as president and J. A. Scarritt secretary. In 187-1 the directors were D. W. Brooks president, J. A. Scarritt secretary, E. L. Hinman, E. L. Taylor, Wm. Riches, J. J. Voglegesang, Walter C. Brown, Theodore Comstock, Yeatman Anderson, T. W. Tallmadge, T. Ewing Miller, John G. Mitchell, Wm. B. Hayden, Walstein Failing, Richard Xevins and P. W. Huntington. Annual and other fees were fixed, and police officers were asked to enforce an ordinance forbidding cruelty to animals and children.

In 1883, the work was reorganized as a branch of the State Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and Children, and was duly incorporated. In 1881 H. M. Neil was elected president, J. A. Scarritt, George K. Nash and Miss Louise M. Phillips vice presidents, J. W. Myers secretary, and W. H. Albery treasurer. The objects of the society were stated to be "to prevent cruelty to animals, to protect neglected children and to create a public sentiment against the abuse of innocent creatures, whether of the brute kind or human." The children of the public schools were organized into bands of mercy, making the following pledge: "I promise to be kind to all creatures within my reach, and to protect them as far as I can from cruelty and ill usage." Other early presidents were Francis C. Sessions, O. A. B. Senter and R. C. Hoffman. In 1889 Frank C. Hubbard became vice president and E. O Randall secretary. T. B. Vause and Caleb M. Morris were early agents of the society.

The work of the society has gradually developed as its financial support became more secure. Court proceedings are instituted in behalf of neglected children as well as neglected and abused animals. Delinquent parents are pursued, required to perform their natural obligations or are punished; in the 10 years ending in 1917. The society secured from such parents $-120,161. 11 for the support of their children. Sometimes it has been the other way around, and careless children have been required to care for parents. Homes are rehabilitated where possible and dependent children have been sent to the care of proper institutions. Horses and mules are inspected, cases of cruelty prosecuted and hopelessly sick animals are humanely destroyed.

The later presidents have been Frank C. Hubbard and Henry C. Taylor, the latter having been succeeded at his death in 1917 by Mrs. H. R. Gill. Eugene Morgan is secretary and attorney and Wra. H. Albery treasurer, with a board of 20 directors.

The Woman's Home was established February 15, 1876, by the Woman's Christian Association, which had been organized during the previous winter, as a refuge for destitute, fallen and unfortunate women. A residence on East Rich street near Fifth was rented and the home was opened in April, with Mrs. L. V. Desellem as matron, its financial support being derived entirely from membership fees. In 1870 there were 286 active, 41 sustaining and 11 life members. Mrs. James L. Bates was the first president. In 1871, the home was removed to East Long street, and Mrs. Desellem retired as manager.

In 1889 James Haig established a relighus mission at Washington avenue and Mound street and opened a bethel for the rescue of fallen women on South Seventh street in what was then the "red-light" district. Miss Florinda Twitchell also had conducted a Rescue Home, with the same object in view.

In 1900 the Florence Crittenton Home of Columbus was organized as a branch of the National Florence Crittenton Mission, with a board of managers and a board of trustees elected by the managers. Mrs. Shepherd F. Harriman was one of the charter members, one of its presidents and until her death in 1914 one of its most active supporters. Miss Twitchell became its first matron. Miss Clara Orton was for 11 years secretary of the organization. Dr. C. S. Carr and Frank Frankenburg were also closely identified witli it officially. The hame was opened at 1166 East Main street, where it is still maintained. The work is religious, medical and legal, every effort being made to promote the interests of the individual girl. In 1914, eighty cases were handled and 47 babies were born in the home. Approximately onethird of the expenses of the home are paid as fees by inmates, the remainder by donations. Mrs. Elizabeth Kinkead is superintendent.

The Friends' Rescue Home, 282 East Thirteenth avenue, did its first work in 1905 in a residence property, 73 North Harris avenue. Its aim is to rescue fallen girls and attend to the needs of unmarried mothers. It is a part of the missionary work of the Friends churches and is entirely under their control, receiving its financial support chiefly from them. L. C. Haldy is president and R. W. Coats secretary. Its budget is about $7,000.

The Home for the Aged was established January 10, 1887, its initial fund being $1,400, the net proceeds of a charity ball, held at the Princess Rink, West Spring street, December 30 preceding. Mrs. Wm. Monypeny was the manager of the ball and became the president of the home and one of the board of trustees, the other members of which were: J. M. Westwater, D. S. Gray, A. G. Patton, L. C. Newsom, Mrs. N. E. Lovejoy, and Mrs. A. 1). Rodgers. Mrs. A. D. Rodgers, Mrs. W. H. Akin and Mrs. D. S. Gray were the original vice presidents, Mrs. Charles Monypeny was the first treasurer and Mrs. Ira Hutchinson was the first secretary. The home was opened in April, 1887, in a house on Broad street west of Franklin Park, the use of which was donated by Colonel Patton. About the same time Wm. Monypeny donated for a permanent site the lot on East Broad street opposite Franklin Park. Another tract adjoining was subsequently acquired, making a frontage of 150 feet. On this, in 1888, the present building with 21 rooms was erected under the supervision of Wm. Monypeny and E. T. Mithoff, Charles Stribling architect. The resources of the institution were increased by a series of public entertainments, bazaars, French markets, concerts and the like, given under the management of Mrs. Monypeny and her associates. The Home was first opened to women only, but the rules were soon changed to permit the admission of men. Through the generosity of Henry C. Godman, W. W. Franklin, A. W. Green, E. T. Mithoff, and Miss Catherine Tuttle a $300,000 endowment was secured to which many others have since added. Additions have increased the capacity of the Home to 60, and many applicants have to be turned away. The Home is managed by a board of trustees, David S. Gray president, and a board of lady managers, Mrs. Wm. A. Burt president.

The Pauline Home (formerly Altenheim), 1323 East Main street, originally a home for the aged of German nationality, was established in 1886. In 1905 the plan was changed so as to receive the aged of any nationality, the charge for admission and subsequent care being .$300. The home accommodates 21 persons and there is always a waiting list. Mrs. L. B Balz is president and Miss Emma Deeg secretary and Miss Elizabeth Jung treasurer. There is also a board of trustees. Its budget of about $5,500 is met in part by the interest on a permanent fund.

Several attempts to establish a home for aged colored people have been made. The only successful one was the Old Folks' Home, established a few years ago at 155 North Twenty-first street. The work was reorganized in 1917 and is now conducted on a small scale by a society, whose president is James W. Williams.

The Instructive District Nursing Association was organized in the spring of 1898 to care for the sick poor in their own homes. The leader in the movement was Mrs. Samuel L. Black, who before the organization was effected had secured enough pledges to meet the first year's expenses. Mrs. Black was president and Mrs. Luke G. Byrne was secretary. The first superintendent was Miss Louise Salter. Thirty-two women formed the association which was incorporated in June, 1898. During the first year two nurses ministered to 500 patients, the total expenditure being $1,806.76. The work has steadily grown in magnitude and public favor. A committee of the association in 1906 organized the Society for the Prevention and Cure of Tuberculosis. Four classes of work are now done: Baby welfare, general nursing, prevention of blindness and industrial work. In June, 1908, the association formally associated with itself the Babies' Dispensary which had been independently established for the purpose of furnishing pure milk and instructing mothers as to the value of natural food, clean surroundings and fresh air. In 1909, the baby camp was first maintained on a small scale, the Columbus Citizen soliciting subscriptions for its support. In 1910 the Columbus Dispatch took up that part of the work and has since conducted it, first under the direction of the late Frank S. Raper and, since his death, of Arthur C. Johnson. In this way about $6,000 is raised annually to carry on the summer work at the camp on Sullivant avenue. A little tract of woodland has been acquired and several small frame buildings have been erected and equipped, the value of the present plant being about $10,000. The association has an endowment fund of about $56,000, the largest contributors to it having been Henry C. Godman, $30,000, Mrs. E. T. Mithoff, $5,000; Major W. F. Goodspeed and Mrs. Wm. G. Deshler, $1,000 each. Two anonymous gifts of $5,000 or more each have also been made. Miss Ellen Kershaw succeeded Miss Salter as superintendent and was in turn succeeded by Miss Jennie Tuttle, Miss Augusta Condit assistant. Twelve nurses are nowmaintained.

The Columbus Society for the Prevention and Cure of Tuberculosis was organied December 5, 1906, with Mrs. Samuel L. Black president, Henry C. Taylor first vice president, W. O. Thompson second vice president, Mrs. L. R. Doty third vice president, Mrs.

Luke G. Byrne recording secretary, Mrs. Lucile Joyce Hagerty corresponding secretary, Mrs. Carl Lindenburg treasurer, Dr. C. O. Probst medical director, and a board of managers consisting of 100 prominent men and women. Dr. E. A. Harper early became the examining physician and so continues. A dispensary was opened at 34 East Rich street. Miss C. Elizabeth Allen was chief nurse and was aided by Miss Marietta H. Pierson and Miss Estella Condit. The tuberculous were sought out in homes and workshops, inspections were urged, medical advice and help were given and educational work in the schools and elsewhere was begun. The necessary funds were secured through membership fees, gifts and a contribution by the city from the poor fund. The society took the initiative in the matter of a county hospital and in 1908 the commissioners erected two shacks on the infirmary ground and subsequently built near by a substantial hospital well equipped for the care of advanced cases. In 1913, the society erected with money raised by popular subscription, an open air school building on a lot of the board of education at Hudson and Neil avenue, helped financially and otherwise to conduct it for two years and then turned it over to the board of education by whom the work was accepted as a part of the educational system, necessary for anaemic children. The society, under the leadership of the president, Mrs. Black, has conducted several educational campaigns and is heartily eo-operating with all other agencies to improve the health of the community. Miss Bessie MaeMullin was chief nurse 1913-17, Miss Virginia Lewis, 1918-20. In 1920, with the aid of the Rotary Club, a fund of $60,000 was raised by private subscription, a headquarters building at Washington avenue and Oak street was bought, and the work was enlarged. Mrs. Black is still the efficient president.

The North Side Day Nursery, 142 West Spruce street, was organized in 1910 and incorporated in 1913, to do for the working mothers of that section of the city what the Oak Street and Ohio Avenue Day Nurseries did for the mothers of those sections. It is under the direction of a board of managers, Bessie Mae Innis president. The budget is about $2,500, met by subscriptions and proceeds of entertainments.

The First Neighborhood Guild of Columbus, Ohio, was organized in 1898, for the purpose of undertaking social, or university settlement work in the West Goodale Street District. The territory at first designated by the word "Neighborhood," is bounded by Maple street on the south, Buttles avenue on the north, Dennison avenue on the east, and the Scioto river on the west. It was natural that the Guild should find its originators among the graduates and officers of the Ohio State University, who soon enlisted the active interest of other cultivated and philanthropic people of Columbus. A governing board or council of fifteen was organized, with Dr. James H. Canfield, then president of the University, as president. A constitution was adopted, and the animal fee fur supporting members of the Guild was fixed at three dollars.

Mr. and Mrs. Franklin Schott were elected residents and were installed in the west half of the small double brick house at 456 West Goodale street, where they had but six rooms at their disposal. In June 1899, a meeting of business men was held, which resulted in the incorporation of the Neighborhood Guild Association of Columbus. This association raised several thousand dollars by single share subscriptions, when Mr. Henry C. Godman offered a cash gift of $10,000, on condition that a sufficient number of subscriptions be secured to duplicate this .-110011111. Mr. Godman's generous offer was accepted, and he soon advanced a part of his gift in order that the work of building might begin, while the solicitation of Subscriptions was being carried forward at the same time.

Two lots wen- purchased on the north sid - of (ioodale street, opposite the house then occupied by the Guild) with a total frontage of 101! feet and a depth of 178 feet. l'lans were prepared lor :\ large, I hree-storv, t went v-room brick building, and the work of construction was begun in May, 1900. The new home of the Guild was completed in November, and was at once equipped by the Neighborhood Guild Association. The house was named The Godman Guild House, in honor of Mr. and Mrs. Henry C. Godman, friends and supporters of the Guild from its inception. It contains a number of departments, as follows: an office and reception room; two kindergarten rooms, furnished by the Columbus Kindergarten Assoeia- tion; a library, furnished by Col. James Kilbourne; a manual training department, equipped by Prof. Stillman W. Robinson ; a cooking scbool ; a motbers club room, furnished by the women of the neighborhood; a large gymnasium, used also for public entertainments, concerts and lectures ; public bath rooms ; a game room for men ; a club room for boys, and living rooms on the third floor for the residents.

Wallace E. Miller became head resident in 1903, and was succeeded by Charles H. Holbrook in 1906. In 1908, Mr. and Mrs. J. W. Wheeler became head residents and are still serving. Besides eight resident workers, there are from 60 to 80 volunteers weekly, the majority from Ohio State University. The Godman Guild House and equipment are valued at $25,000, and the Guild has an endowment of $16,000, besides the property, called Camp Johnson, a 12-aere tract of woodland near Flint, the gift of Annette Johnson St. Gaudens, in memory of her father, Harvey William Johnson. There a camp is maintained during the summer months for the benefit of tired mothers and their children who would otherwise have no outing. Two cottages have been built since 1909 when the work began, one of them a gift by Miss Emma Jones, in memory of her sister, Mrs. Julia A. Felton. The officers of the society are: W. H. Siebert president, Mrs. F. C. Kelton vice president, Frank C. Eaton treasurer, Wilmer C. Harris secretary, Theodore S. Huntington, George W. Lattimer, H. M. Neil, Edward Orton, jr., and John Siebert trustees.

The Methodist Deaconess Board established the South Side Settlement in 1908 on Barthman avenue "to educate, elevate, give Christian instruction and provide a place of entertainment and community activities. Later, the work was moved to 363 Reeb avenue, where it is being successfully carried on. Rev. C. P. Hargraves is chairman of the committee in charge.

St. Paul's Neighborhood House, 871 Leonard avenue, was opened in 1909 by St. Paul's Episcopal church, for purely settlement activities among women, girls, and younger boys. J. P. Davis is chairman of the committee in charge.

The Broad Street Presbyterian Church in 1909 began settlement and institutional church work at 115 West Main street. A site was bought and building erected and community house work lias been since maintained by a committee of the church, Dr. W. D. Inglis, chairman.

The West Side Social Center of the First Congregational Church dates back to 190-1, when Mrs. J. A. Jeffrey chose a site near Sandusky street and the Pennsylvania railroad tracks, and the Women's Guild, of which she was president, began the work. About a year later, the present site, 511 West Broad street, was occupied. There is a board of control, of which C. S. Plumb is chairman. Mr. and Mrs. J. W. Sleppey were head residents till 1920.

The Associated Charities idea in Columbus dates back to December 11, 1885, when a combination of all the agencies at work in the city was effected and headquarters were established in a building on Front street for more efficient work to meet a serious situation. But in the following May the spirit had departed and the cooperation lagged. A Friendly Inn which had been established was discontinued in December, 1887. The present organization was effected in October, 1899, the first board of managers being, Joseph H. Outhwaite, Washington Gladden, R. M. Rownd, Henry M. Neil, Rev. D. A. Clarke. Joseph H. Dunn. David S. Gray, Rev. John Hewitt. Joseph P. Byers, Charles H. Lindenberg, James Kilbourne, Fred Lazarus. Frank Howe and J. A. Jeffrey. The first officers were: Joseph H. Outhwaite president, Joseph P. Byers secretarv, R. M. Rownd treasurer. Rev. W. S. Eagleson was elected the first superintendent, February 2, 1900, and the office was opened at 69 East State street. Father Clarke resigned and W '. T. Wells was elected to the board to succeed him, June 9, 1900. The first year's expenditures in relief work was .+ 1.700. Secretary Byers resigned and Frank H. Howe was elected to succeed him, November 26, 1902. and is still serving. About this time an arrangement was made with the city by which the Associated Charities was to make investigations of reported need and thus assist in the proper administration of the fund for the poor, for this service receiving $1,200. This arrangement was continued until 1916, when the Associated Charities, feeling that there was no legal warrant for this expenditure of public money, relinquished the payment, but continued to do the work. The office was removed to an old residence on Third street, and Mr. Eagleson continued as superintendent until 1906, when he was succeeded by Otto W. Davis, who served till 1912, with offices on Rich street between High and Third streets. In 1912, James L. Fieser became superintendent, serving till 1917, when he resigned to become the first director of the social service bureau of the Chamber of Commerce, and was succeeded by Stockton Raymond. The offices, during Mr. Fieser's service were first at 120 East Broad and then at the present location, 175 South High street. D. S. Gray was president from 1903 to 1909; D. H. Taft from 1909 to his death in 1915, since which time Arthur I. Vorys has been president. Rev. Byron R. Long has been extension secretary since 1911. Floyd Van Keuren became superintendent in 1920, Mr. Raymond having accepted a similar position in Boston.

The work now is supported entirely by the contributions of persons who are interested in its work. It maintains a visitor in each of five city districts, as well as a visitor in charge of all cases among colored people ; receives reports of indigent families, makes investigations and gives temporary material relief, always aiming at self-dependence. It acts as agent of the outdoor relief department of the city; it conducts investigations for the Hare Orphans' Home, the county commissioners, the Hannah Neil Mission and other organizations. It maintains also a registration bureau, organized in 1912 by the Central Philanthropic Council, through which the various social agencies of the city cooperate in relief of needy families and individuals, eliminating waste of time and duplication of effort. It also administers funds contributed for special cases and does much constructive social work.

One of the interesting early services of the Associated Charities was in connection with the municipal potato patches in 1901-02-03. Secretary Frank H. Howe and Treasurer R. M. Rownd were the personal factors in a movement which in the last year brought as much as 72 acres under cultivation, with a crop valued at $10,000 benefiting families numbering more than 1,200 persons. The Council appropriated the first year $800, which was spent for superintendence, seed and plowing, and continued the appropriations while the interest was maintained.

The Big Sisters' Association was organized in the spring of 1913, with Mrs. R. H. Piatt, Mrs. W. M. Ritter and Mrs. Andre Crotti as governors and Miss Virginia Murray as secretary. It was part of a national movement, the purpose of which was to bring to voung girls lacking good home environment the opportunity to live normally. A home was established first on North Twentieth street where girls who had made their first appearance in tin- juvenile court were given a helping hand. The home was later moved to 172 South Eighteenth street. It is managed by a board of women trustees, Mrs. J. F. Baldwin president, and a board of financial trustees (men). Mrs. Sehoonover is matron. Its budget, at first, was met by membership dues, donations and such sums as the beneficiaries are able to pay. A financial campaign in the spring of 1919 made possible the purchase of the Shepard Sanitarium for a home.

Tin- McKelvey Deaconess Home, 72 South Washington avenue, a Methodist institution, began its religious and social service work in Columbus in 1900. In 1909 the present three-story brick building for its work was built. There the deaconesses live, working among the people of the Methodist churches and in the communities where they are located. The work is managed by a board of men and women. Mrs. F. J. Rogers is superintendent. A worker is maintained at the Union Station.

The Columbia Home Association, 17 South Sixth street, was organized in 1913 to assist girls needing home protection by providing "home comforts and conveniences at reasonable prices." The three-story dwelling lias a capacity for 32 persons. In 1917, 210 girls were cared for. Mrs. Mary Tullcy is president, Mrs. Julius Golz secretary and Miss Margaret Malev matron and there is a board of directors.

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The City Rescue Mission, on Maple street, just west of High, was organized in 1912 and incorporated two years later to do down-town mission work and has the moral and financial support of the Protestant churches. It maintains a lodging house for "downand-out" men. C. L. Dickev is president of the general society and George S. Marshall is president of the hoard of trustees. Wm. S. Hart is superintendent. Its annual budget is about $6,700.

The Children's Home Society of Ohio, with central office in Columbus, was organized in 1893, its object being to place orphans and dependent children in private homes with a view to adoption. Its budget of about $15,000 is met by donations and subscriptions to the Beacon Light. F. H. Darby is state superintendent.

The Salvation Army appeared in Columbus soon after its incorporation in the United States in 1899, and has since conducted its well known religious and relief work among the down-and-outs. It maintains an industrial home, collects cast-off clothing, furniture, paper and rags, sets the unemployed at salvage and sells the product. Relief Corps headquarters are at 138 East State street, where a building was a few years ago constructed, and the industrial home at 584 South High street. Adjutant Melvin Calhoun is in charge of the former and Ensign Henry Hesse of the latter.

In 1904, Major and Mrs. Walter Collins same to Columbus and began the work with a mission at the corner of Long and Third streets. There was a Sunday school and a sewing class in which Mrs. Collins taught girls to cut out and make garments. Later rooms were leased at 116 South Front street and the work of assisting prisoners discharged from the Penitentiary was added. Hope Hall was established in the southern part of the city, and discharged prisoners were given a home till employment could be found for them. An industrial department was established, with a repair and salvage department and later a Workingmen's Hotel, with capacity for 66 men was opened at 80 South Front street. In the fall of 1911, the Volunteers building at 141 South Front was burned, three lives were lost and the work seriously interrupted. The institution was then moved into the Jaeger block at 127^, thus cleaning up a vice resort and transforming a saloon into a mission house. The hotel is nearly self-supporting and the other work is going forward with the aid of voluntary offerings.

Agencies maintained by the Catholics for the succor and relief of the unfortunate follow. Mention of their hospitals will be found in the chapter on "Medical Profession and Hospitals."

In May, 1865, a little band of Good Shepherd nuns with Sister Gertrude Molloy at their head, came to Columbus to found a house of refuge for penitent fallen women and to receive children whose home environment was unfortunate or vicious. Rev. Edward Fitzgerald, pastor of St. Patrick's, the sponsor of their undertaking, rented a little home for them on Spring street near Fifth, and charitable Catholics gave them some furniture and other aid to assist them in beginning their work. By the following year it was necessary to secure larger quarters and again by the guidance of Father Fitzgerald they purchased the old Sullivant home with its spacious grounds at the corner of West Broad and Sandusky streets. Here their work grew and nourished. New buildings were added from time to time, and a beautiful chapel was built in 1907 that the inmates might have the advantage of all possible devotion in their reformation and reclamation. The institution has wrought great good in the city, caring as it does for so many delinquent girls and women and housing other weak and degenerates away from the temptations of the world. It is supported entirely- bv the work of the inmates who are all engaged in some useful labor. There arc 21

Sisters in the community; 26 Sister Magdalens; 8.5 Penitents and 75 children in what is called the Preservation Class. Rev. B. F. Hanna is the chaplain and occupies a residence huilt for him on Sandusky street.

An integral part of the charitable work of the city is St. Vincent's Orphan Asylum at the junction of East Main street and Rose avenue. The care of orphan children was first projected in 1884, and the former home of Louis Zettler on Main, then Friend, street, was purchased and the Sisters of St. Francis secured to take charge of the work. The property consisted of a small house and seven acres of ground, and was dedicated by Bishop Rosecrans on February 2, 1875. Eight orphan girls, formerly cared for at the Good Shepherd Convent, were the first charges. Rev. J. C. Goldschmidt was made chaplain and director, and has remained in charge ever since, planning and carrying out all the work of the institution, as well as the many additions and improvements that have been made in the years that have passed. A large addition was built in 1880; the orphanage church was erected in 1881, and the south main building was put up in 1892. A fine recreation building was dedicated in 1906 by Bishop Hartley. The buildings make a handsome appearance and fitted up in every way for the good work in hand. There are about 260 children cared for annually at St. Vincent's, in charge of 36 Sisters of St. Francis. Mother Lucy is the superior.

In a way St. Ann's Infant Asylum is an adjunct of St. Vincent's orphanage, since all the little ones of the former institution who have not been adopted into homes at the age of six are received into St. Vincent's. The Infant Asylum is located at the corner of Bryden road and Rose avenue and was built in 1907 under the auspices of the Rt. Rev. Bishop, who solemnly dedicated the building on June 14, 1908. Mother Hermana and four Sisters of St. Francis took charge. The scope of the work extended so rapidly, demonstrating the need which had long existed for this phase of charity, that more room became necessary and a commodious addition was built, and dedicated by Bishop Hartley in 1916, making the institution very complete and up-to-date. There is a chapel in the new building, and screened sleeping porches for the children. A maternity hospital is now conducted in connection. There are about 110 small children in the asylum in charge of seven Sisters, and a number of lay nurses.

An adjunct of the institution is St. Ann's Guild, formed to assist the Sisters in clothing the children. There is a large membership, active and associate, some of whom sew at the asylum every Friday afternoon during the year. Mrs. John C. Snee is the president of the Guild at present.

In the year 1912, at the invitation of Bishop Hartley, the Sisters of the Sick Poor from , Xew York City, took up work in Columbus. The Sisters take care of the sick poor in their homes, and furnish them with medicine, food and clothes. The Bishop gave them as their Convent home the house adjoining St. John the Baptist Church on Lincoln street, which he had fitted up for them, witli a tiny chapel on the second floor. To support the work societies of St. Vincent de Paul were organized in all the city parishes at the request of the Bishop, and a Central Council was formed which conducts the business of the allied branches in monthly meetings. The Sisters work to the great spiritual as well as material benfits of the poor of Columbus and are greatly beloved wherever they go. Many organizations and individuals also nave to the Sisters.

relief work was organized in 1909. A branch of this, the Jewish Educational Alliance, is a social sett lenient agency. The Hebrew Free Loan Association is another. The purpose of all these agencies is to aid Jews who arc indigent or in distress. The headquarters was at 1-98 Fast Mound street until Joseph Sehontlial in 1918 bought the Hoster residence, 555

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East Rich street, appropriately remodeled and fitted it up and gave it to the federation as the Hermine Schonthal Community Home, in memory of his wife. Kindergarten rooms, gymnasium, domestic science kitchen and sewing room, library, music room, play rooms, clinic for diseases of the ear, eye, nose, throat and teeth, parlors and assembly room are some of the features of this home. Joseph Hyman is superintendent of the federation and Rose Luper is supervisor of the Home, the income of which is from subscriptions.

A little later Mr. Schonthal gave a 10-room brick residence adjoining the Home to be used in the care of infants of five years and younger and to be known as the Jewish Infants' Home of Ohio. Mr. Schonthal is president and Mr. Hyman secretary of an organization of Jews in different cities of the State who will support the infants' home, the first of its kind in Ohio.

The Central Philanthropic Council was organized in 1910, on the recommendation of Francis H McLean, of the Russell Sage Foundation, who had been asked to make a survey and report. Its purpose is to bring all the social agencies of the city into co-operation, to discover new needs and consider existing and new work, with a view to greater achievement. It is composed of representatives from the various existing social agencies and of individual social workers. Its presidents have been George W. Lattimer, Wm. G. Benham, Dr. James E. Hagerty, Dr. M. B. Hammond, Osman C. Hooper, Rev. Timothy Lehman and Mrs. Linus B. Kauttman. With the exception of the first year, when Wm. G. Benham served the secretary has been the superintendent of the Associated Charities.

Chapter Xxxi Financial Institutions

The Franklin Bank of Columbus - Clinton Bank - State Bank of Ohio - Other Early Banks and Bankers - Present Day Institutions - The Clearing House Association - Building and Loan Associations - Stock Exchange.

In the period to which the founding of Columbus belongs, money was scarce and banking facilities were crude. The silver coin current was largely! of Spanish origin and the notes issued by banks were of uncertain value. To provide a better currency, the General Assembly, February 23, 1816, passed a law incorporating six banks with a capital of $100,000 each. One of the six was the Franklin Bank of Columbus. Each of these banks was permitted by the charter to incur debts to three times the amount of its capital, and the capital itself could be increased by vote of the directors to $500,000. One-half the capital, it was required, should be paid in specie, and one share in every 25 was set apart to the State in lieu of taxes, dividends being reinvested in stock until the State-owned stock should amount to one-sixth of the capital stock of the bank.

Organization of the Franklin Bank of Columbus was effected in September, 1816, the first board of directors being: Lucas Sullivant, James Kilbourne, John Kerr, Alexander Morrison, Abram I. McDowell, Joel Buttles, Robert Massie, Samuel Barr, Samuel Parsons, John Cutler, Robert W. McCoy, Joseph Miller and Henry Brown. Lucas Sullivant was the first president and A. J. Williams the first cashier. John Kerr became president in 1819 and Gustavus Swan in 1823. William Neil became cashier in 1818 and Jonah M. Espy in 1826. The bank prospered, established itself in a handsome building of stone with Doric columns in 1834, and had a creditable career until the expiration of its charter in 1813. In January, 1815, a reorganization was effected and the Franklin Bank, a branch of the State Bank, began business at the southwest corner of High and Town streets, with Gustavus Swan as President. Later the stock of the bank was sold to D. W. Deshler, W. S. Sullivant, Orange Johnson, and others, and Mr. Deshler became president, serving until the closing of the bank in 1851. It turned over to the Franklin National Bank, which succeeded it, $100,000 deposits. In this last named, D. W. Deshler, Wm. G. Deshler, John G. Deshler, Walstein Failing and James L. Bates were directors. Its capital was $500,000. D. W. Deshler was president and Joseph Hutcheson cashier. At the death of D. W. Deshler in 1869, John G. DesWer became president, and at his death in 1887, the bank was closed.

The second bank to be established in the city was the Clinton Bank of Columbus, which was chartered in 1831, the first directors being William Neil, Christopher Neiswander, David W. Deshler, Demas Adams, John Patterson, Jesse Stone, Noah H. Swayne, Joseph Ridgway, Bela Latham, William S. Sullivant, William Miner, O. W. Sherwood and Nathaniel Mulberry. Wm. Neil was the first president, serving till 18 1(5, when he was succeeded by Wm. S. Sullivant. John Delafie'd was the first cashier, then John E. Jeffords, then David W. Deshler. Wm. G. Deshler was for ten years teller. At the expiration of the charter, tin- principal stockholders organized as the Clinton Bank and continued the business The Clinton Bank did a large business outside of the State and was a United States depository of funds for payment on government work.

In 1845, the State Bank of Ohio, with 11 branches, was created by act of the General Assembly. The Franklin Bank, as already stated, became a branch. In the same year, the City Bank of Columbus began business under a provision of the same act at the southeast corner of High and State streets, occupying the same rooms as the Columbus Insurance Co., which was chartered in 1832. The stockholders in one institution were largely stockholders in the other, and so witli tin- directors. The business of the two naturally became mixed. Joel Buttles was president till his death in 1850; Robert W. McCov from that time till his death in 1856. Both the bank and the insurance company finally failed, the latter in 1851 and the bank in 1857. Thomas Moodic was cashier of the bank during its entire existence. The notes of the bank in circulation, being secured by the deposit of State securities, were ultimately redeemed bv the State.

Financial Institutions 249

$125,000. Its first directors were: Win. B. Hubbard, D. T. Woodbury, Edwards Pierrepont, Oren Follett, Lincoln Goodale, and Peter Hayden. Wm. B. Hubbard was its first president and H. M. Hubbard its first cashier. In 1856 D. W. Deshler became president, C. J. H.irdy cashier and P. W. Huntington teller. At the expiration of the bank's charter in 1861, the National Exchange Bank was organized with Wm. Dennison, D. W. Deshler, Wm. A. Piatt, W. B. Hawkes, James S. Abbott and Wm. G. Deshler as directors. David W. Deshler, first president, was succeeded at his death in 186 9 by Wm. G. Deshler. C. J. Hardy was cashier. The bank at once became a United States depository and so remained till it was discontinued.

The State Bank of Ohio, which was created in 1845, was managed by a board of control in which each branch had one representative ; the board met semi-annually in May and November. At its first meeting, July 15, 1815, Gustavus Swan was chosen president and James T. Claypoole secretary. Judge Swan was president till the November meeting in 1854, when Dr. John Andrews, of Steubenville, was elected and served till 1866. Joseph Huteheson was president from 1866 to 1870, when the board dissolved. James Gillet succeeded Mr. Claypoole as secretary in 1817 and was succeeded by John J. Janney in 1850. Mr. Janney served till 1865; R. C. Hull from that date to the end. The board of control occupied the room now used by the Capital City Bank at High and State streets. In 1852 it established a clearing bureau at which mutilated notes could be exchanged for new, and the exchanges were numerous. There was great excitement at the time of the failure of the City Bank in 1854, but the depositors were all fully secured. At the last meeting of the board arrangements were made for the redemption of the outstanding notes of all brandies of the State Bank, then aggregating $360,021.

In July, 1850, John F. Bartlit and F. K. Hulburd established a bank with $10,000 capital. B. E. Smith became a member of the firm in September, 1851, Mr. Hulburd retired in 1883, and the firm name became Bartlit & Smith, with a capital of $'20,000. William Ferson was cashier. The business was closed in 1877, Mr. Smith's railroad troubles at that time causing a failure. The creditors were never paid in full.

Miller, Donaldson & Co. began a private banking business in 1854, at the corner of Higli and State streets. The partners were John Miller, Luther Donaldson and A. H. Greene. The last named retired in 1857, but the business was carried on successfully until 1889. Mr. Miller died in 1887, and Mr. Donaldson a few months after the closing of the business.

Rickly & Brother (S. S. Rickly and J. J. Rickly) began a banking business in 1857. The last named retired in 1870 and S. S. Rickly conducted the business alone till 1875, when the Capital City Bank was incorporated, witli W. S. Shrum, J. W. Souder, George W. Bright, S. S. Rickly and R. R. Rickly as directors. S. S. Rickly became president and R. R. Rickly cashier. The first Rickly Bank was located opposite the State House, the second at the corner of High and State, where the Capital City Bank was organized and still does business.

The First National Bank commenced business December 7, 1863, capital $300,000, with Peter Ambos, Wm. Monypeny, E. T. Mithoff, W. B. Brooks and D. A. Randall as directors. Mr. Ambos was president until his death, when Wm. Monypeny was elected; Theodore P. Gordon was cashier. In 1890 the bank was closed by order of the directors and reorganized as the National Bank of Columbus, with the same officers. When the ranks of its active workers had been depleted by! death, it was, June 15, 1897, merged with the Fourth National Bank, the consolidation taking the name of the New First National Bank. The Fourth National Bank had been organized and conducted by W. E. Ide and Nicholas Schlee. Charles R. Mayers was the organizer of the new bank and became its cashier, witli Mr. Schlee as president and A. D. Heffner vice president. Mr. Mayers succeeded Mr. Schlee as president, Charles M. Wing became vice president on the death of Mr. Heffner, and Charles R. Shields became cashier. The bank occupied rooms at 299 North High street until 1905, when it moved into its own nine-story building, 31-33 North High street. The bank's capital is $500,000. It is the oldest national bank in Columbus and was the pioneer in dealing in municipal bonds.

In 1863, W. E. Ide, L. C. Bailey and Nicholas Schlee began a banking business as Ide. Bailey & Co. It was succeeded in 1867 by Bailey, Thompson & Co. (L. C. Bailey and John G. Thompson), who in 1876, with B. E. Smith & Co. and W. E. Ide, organized the Cen-

P. W. Huntington & Co. commenced business January 1, 1866. The partners were P. \Y. Huntington and U. W. Deshler. After the latter's death in 1869, Mr. Huntington carried on the business alone, erecting a handsome stone building at the southwest corner of High and Broad streets. His sons entered into the business with him, and July 1, 1905, the bank was organized as a national bank. Later the twelve-story Harrison building, High street, opposite the State House, was bought and on June 1, 1916, the bank moved into it. P. W. Huntington, who had from the first been the directing force of the business, died in 1918; and the bank is now officered as follows: F. R. Huntington president, T. S. Huntington vice president, B. G. Huntington cashier. The capital stock is $500,000.

In 1869, David YV. Brooks organized the banking firm of Sparrow, Hines & Co. (Thomas Sparrow, O. P. Hines, David W. Brooks, and James M. Walker). When Mr. Sparrow died, his interest was bought by David Taylor, and the firm name became Hines, Taylor & Co. On the death of Messrs. Hines and Taylor, C. P. L. Butler and Theodore H. Butler came into the firm, which was then known as Brooks, Butler & Co. At the death of Mr. Brooks in 1891, his interest was bought by his son, Herbert Brooks who, after the death of C. P. L. Butler a few months later and the financial embarrassment of Theodore Butler, successfully accomplished the liquidation of the bank, closing a career of nearly a quarter of a century.

The Citizens' Savings Bank was incorporated in July, 1873, capital stock $100,000, with these directors: Henry Miller, John R. Hughes, E. L. Hinman, John Beatty and A D. Rodgers. John Beatty was president and Frank R. Shinn cashier. During the first fifteen years it paid $165,000 interest to savings depositors. The death of Messrs. Hinman, Rodgers and Beatty robbed the bank of its active managers, and in 1906 its business was bought by the Ohio Trust Company, which then became the Citizens' Trust and Savings Company.

The banking house of P. Hayden & Co. (Peter Hayden, Joseph Hutcheson and Win. B. Hayden) was organized in 1866. Mr. Hutcheson retired in 1871, and the firm was composed of Peter Hayden, Wm. B. Hayden, Charles H. Hayden and Edward K. Stewart, the latter being cashier. Peter Hayden died in 1888, but the firm name and business continued as before. The bank's first location was at 13 South High street, but it was subsequently removed to the Hayden building, East Broad street, and became a national bank. In January, 1900, it became a part of the present Hayden-Clinton National Bank.

Reinhard & Co. (Jacob Reinhard, Thomas Miller, Joseph Falkenbach and Frederick Fieser) began business December 1, 1868, capital stock $20,000. Mr. Miller soon retired, Mr. Falkenbach remained till 1881, and Mr. Fieser died in 1891. Mr. Reinhard died soon after, and the business went into liquidation in 1 892.

In 1869 Orange Johnson, F. C. Sessions and J. A. Jeffrey established the Commercial Bank at the corner of High and Long streets. This was succeeded in 1881 by the Commercial National Bank, capital $200,000, with the following directors : Benjamin S. Brown. T. Ewing Miller. C. D. Firestone, Wm. G. Dunn, John Joyce, M. McDaniel, Walter Crafts and \Y. A. Mahoney. F. C. Sessions was president and W. H. Albery cashier. Mr. Sessions died in 1892 and was succeeded as president by Benjamin S. Brown, who died in the following year and was succeeded by Walter Crafts, who served until his death, August 3, 1896, when William T. Cope became president and served till December 31. 1901. when he resigned. William F. Goodspeed was elected president in January, 1902, and served until his death, February 1, 1905, being succeeded by William F. Hoffman, who served till his death, Mareli 25, 1914. George A. Archer was elected president in 191 t and is still serving. Mr. Albery served as cashier till 1897; Wm. F. Hoffman from 1897 to 1905; George A. Archer From 1905 In 1911, Murray Hoffman from 1914 to the present time. The present capital stock of the bank is $300,000, and the surplus earnings now amount to $488,000. Of the original incorporators, I). S. Gray, W. II. Albery and D. E, Putnam are the only survivors, and tlie last named is the only one who is still a stockholder.

The Clinton National Bank was organized January 1. 1887, capital $200,000. with M. \I Greene, M. A. Daugherty, W. M. Greene, II. A. Lanman and R. S. Warner as directors. M. M. Greene was president and F. W. Prentiss was cashier. Its place of business was the northwest corner of High and Chestnut streets. January 9, 1900, the Clinton National and the Hayden National were consolidated with a paid-up capital of $500,000, under the name of the Hayden-Clinton National Bank, F. W. Prentiss president, and the institution occupied the rooms in the Hayden building, East Broad street. July 5, 1910, the Hayden- Clinton took over the business of the Deshler National Bank; the capital stock was increased to $700,000, and Wm. G. Deshler, John G. Deshler and R. S. Warner became directors. Wm. C. Willard is president and Wm. P. Little cashier and, besides these officers, the directors are Charles H. Hayden, F. W. Schumacher, Carl J. Hoster, David S. Gray, James Kilbourne, John G. Deshler, R. S. Warner and Stanton G. Prentiss.

The Ohio Savings Bank began business in August, 1888, witli $.37,500 capital stock paid in. The directors were as follows : John Siebert, Isaac Eberly, Louis Siebert, Fred Theobald, Fred Lazarus, A. W. Krumm, Philip Lindenberg, F. M. Mooar and Emil Kiesewetter. John Siebert was president, Isaac. Eberly vice president and Emil Kiesewetter cashier. On May 17, 1893, the capital stock was increased to $150,000, and four years later the company was reorganized as the Ohio National Bank, capital $100,000. The directorate at that time was the same except that Mr. Mooar had retired and George J. Hoster, C. F. Mayers and Conrad Born had come into it. The bank's first place of business was at 211 South High street, then at the southeast corner of High and Main streets. In 1911, the company occupied its own new building at the southwest corner of High and Town streets. In 1908 Mr. Siebert retired as president and was succeeded by Emil Kiesewetter, now serving. Frank L. Stein is vice president and Edwin Buchanan cashier.

The Deshler Bank began business May 1, 1879, with a capital of $100,000. Its promoters were William G. Deshler, George W. Sinks, and John G. Deshler, Jr., Mr. Sinks being president and John G. Deshler, jr., cashier. It occupied rooms at the northwest corner of High and Broad streets, where the Deshler Hotel now stands and where the Exchange Bank had been. On June 15, 1891, the Deshler Bank became the Deshler National Bank, and increased its capital to $200,000, the business of the old being passed on to the new organization. In July, 1910, it was merged into the Hayden-Clinton National Bank.

The Columbus Savings Bank was organized March 7, 1881, E. L. Hinman president, John R. Hughes vice president, B. N. Huntington treasurer, C. D. Hinman secretary, and with these officers and John Beatty, Charles G. Henderson, George T. Tress and John F. Oglevee as trustees. It has since then been located in the building at the northwest corner of High and Goodale streets. Its founders are all gone, but the institution lives on. B. S. Dickson being president and cashier and W. C. Willard vice president.

The Merchants and Manufacturers' Bank was established September 5, 1881, by J. W. King and W. D. Park, and housed in the King building at the southeast corner of High and Spring streets. Its capital was $100,000. Mr. King, the president, died in 1885 and George M. Peters was elected to succeed him. The bank was reorganized later as the Union National Bank, W. S. Courtright president and E. J. Vaughan cashier, with a capital stock of $750,000. It fell into difficulties and was closed December 1, 1911, the depositors being ultimately paid in full. The stockholders received a total of seven per cent, the final payment having been made, under order of the District Court in September, 1918.

The South End Bank was established in 1882, with H. Mithoff president, L. Lindeman vice president and P. W. Corzilius cashier. In 1888 it closed its doors, and the stockholders were assessed to pays its debts.

The Columbus Savings Association was organized in 1880 at the office of Bowdle and Hilling, 85 North High street, the incorporators being John R. Bowdle, Cyrus Hiding, I.. W. Sherwood, Joseph F. Martin and Wallace Finch. It was the first building and loan association to be organized on the Davton, or more liberal, plan. Its place of business was at 85 North High street, then in the basement of the Board of Trade building, then on East State street, then the Spahr building, East Broad street. In 1901 the organization was changed from a building and loan to a trust company. Up to that time L. W. Sherwood, J. F. Martin and Cyrus Hiding had served successively as preseident, and Mr. Hiding and Frank J. Dawson successively as secretary.

The erection of a 16-story building was projected about 1903, and soon after Hiding and Dawson resigned as president and secretary, and Isaac B. Cameron was elected president and H. W. Backhus secretary. These were the officers when the building, which had been erected in 1905 and substantially and elaborately equipped for banking and office purposes, became the center of an anxious crowd of despositors. The bank's doors were closed

February 26, 1912, and the State banking department immediately took charge of its affairs. It was found that the capital stock paid in was $610,000. The estimated value of the real estate and building was $1,050,000, and there were securities - Texas land and interurban railway bad loans, there were charges of misuse of State funds, followed by litigation and much heartbreaking. To save themselves, the depositors formed a realty company and finally bought the building for $633,000, which was $417,000 less than the estimated value. The shrinkage on the other assets was $654,386.8 1, The liquidation by the State banking department extended over six years and cost $80,000. The total paid to creditors was 68.75 per cent.

The Security Savings Bank, High and Goodale streets, was organized about 1907, J. A. Metcalf, Dr. W. J. Means and Dr. W. B. Carpenter being among its promoters. It was closed by the State department of banks and banking, April 26, 1914, while Beman Thomas was president and Frank C. Rogers was cashier. The Columbus Clearing House association at once advanced enough money to enable the superintendent of banking to pay all depositors.

Milton W. Strait did a private banking business at North Columbus for about ten years, beginning in 1895. He had been a grocer and when there seemed need for a bank there, opened one with a capital stock of $25,000. The bank made its clearances through the Merchants and Manufacturers' Bank and when the latter fell into trouble, was caught. In 1905 J. H. Galbraith was appointed receiver in bankruptcy and succeeded in paying about 75 per cent of its debts.

The West Side Dime Savings Bank, John F. Andrix president and William Little cashier, after several years successful business, became involved and closed its doors, August 14, 1913. Through the action of the Clearing House Association, all the depositors were paid in full.

The Produce Exchange Bank was organized November 10, 1904, and began business the following January 16, at the northwest corner of Town and Fourth streets, witli a capital stock of $25,000: In 1915 it moved to 114 East Town street. The first officers were: A. O. Glock president, J. J. Tanian vice president, Herman Falter treasurer, and A. F. Durant cashier. The present officers are: John Unversagt president, William Trautman vice president, Harry Slier cashier. The bank was moved in September, 1919, to Lazelle and Town streets.

The National Bank of Commerce grew out of the Bank of Commerce Co., which was organized April 9, 1900, and began business at the northeast corner of High and Chestnut streets. Its first officers and directors were: J. C. Campbell president, Dennis Kelley vice president, Philip L. Schneider cashier, F. O. Schoedinger, George T. Spahr, P. W. Huntington, E. B. Gager, Julius F. Stone, D. H. Sowers and H. B. Arnold. R. Grosvenor Hutchins was a director for several years before becoming vice president of the National Bank of Commerce, of New York. The capital stock was originally what it now is, $200,000, though there is now a surplus of $238,000. The institution became a national bank February 21,

1905, and in August of the same year moved to the northwest corner of High and Spring streets. It did business there till July, 1914, when it moved into the rooms of the defunct Union National Bank at the southeast corner of Spring and High streets. Its present officers and directors are: .1. C. Campbell president, Philip L. Schneider vice president and manager, George T. Spain- and Win. E. Rex vice presidents, Richard Patton cashier, Edmund E. Fox assistant cashier, Arthur .1. Buehler auditor, John E. Brown, Frank E. Lauterbach, F. O. Schoedinger, Daniel H. Sowers.

The Stale Savings Bank and Trust Co. was organized December 8, 1891, the incorporators being W. A. Ilardestv, Henry A. Lanman, Edward B. Hall, W. F. Burdell, Edwin R. Sharp, H. M. Hound and Abram Sharp. Its capital stock was $200,000. W. A. Hardesty was the first president and E. R. Sharp the first cashier. Its first place of business was the Chittenden Hotel building and, after the destruction of that building by fire, in the Board of Trade building. Subsequently, E. R. Sharp became president and Howard Butler was cashier. In 1911 the institution was merged with the Capitol Trust Co. as the State Savings and Trust Co., which is now doing business at 8 East Broad street.

Financial Institutions 253

The Capitol Savings and Trust Co., with a paid in capital of $100,000, opened for business in temporary quarters in the Harrison building, Monday, May 8, 1905. The officers were: Walter D. Guilbert president, Stephen Monypeny and W. W. Miller vice presidents, A. W. Mackenzie secretary and treasurer. Bids were opened May 22, 1905, for a 16-story office building at No. 8 East Broad street. Frank L. Packard was the architect and the construction contract was awarded to Nichols & Carr. At that time there were only two buildings of that height in the State. At a meeting of the stockholders September 11, 1906, the name of the institution was changed to the Capitol Trust Co., the completed building having been occupied on the preceding July 2. After several years of prosperous business, the Capitol Trust Co. decided to merge its business with that of the State Savings Bank and Trust Co., the new bank occupying the premises at 8 East Broad street. At that time the officers and directors were: W. D. Guilbert president, R. S. Warner, Elmore Hatton and C. Edward Born vice presidents, A. W. Mackenzie secretary and treasurer, Henry Bohl, James M. Butler, E. M. Fullington, Thaddeus Cromley, F. C. Dietz, Herman Hoster, E. M. Fullington, Adolphus Felty, William Neil King and Singleton P. Outhwaite.

The present City National Bank was organized as the City Deposit Bank by J. J. Jennings in August, 1898, and began business at Fifth avenue and High streets in September, with a capital of $50,000, which was soon increased to .$100,000. Foster Copeland was its president and Mr. Jennings cashier. The bank soon moved to Swan and High streets and on July 4, 1900, moved into its present room at the southeast corner of Gay and High streets. On June 12, 1905, the institution became the City National Bank, capital $300,000. Its officers and directors at that time were: Foster Copeland president, Z. I,. White vice president, J. J. Jennings cashier, H. C. Godman, John W. Brown, C. A. Stribling, S. A. McManigal, John W. Kaufman, James B. Hanna, David Westwater, J. D. Price and F A. Miller. Mr. Copeland continues as president and Mr. Jennings is now first vice president.

The Ohio Trust Co. was organized May 9, 1901, its first officers being George W. Bright president, Nicholas Monsarratt, Carl J. Hoster, and W. S. Courtright vice presidents, and John L. Vance, jr., secretary and treasurer. It occupied rooms in the Wyandot building till February 10, 1902, when it moved to the Hayden building on East Broad street. The original capital of the company was $200,000 which was soon increased to $250,000, then to $500,000 and later to $700,000. In August, 1907, Mr. Vance, having become financially interested in the Dispatch, resigned as secretary-treasurer and was succeeded by Walter English, Mr. Vance being elected a vice president, increasing the number from three to four. In August, 1909, Mr. Vance was elected president of the bank and Mr. Bright chairman of the board of directors. In the fall of 1909 the Ohio Trust Co. purchased the business of the Citizens Savings Bank and changed its corporate title to the Citizens Savings and Trust Co. In 1916 the reorganized company began the erection of its handsome building at the southwest corner of High and Gay streets, occupying it January 21, 1918.

The Lincoln Savings Bank was organized in 1905, bought the property of the People's Savings Bank, which for a short time existed at Mt. Vernon avenue and Twentieth street, and opened business at 1017 Mt. Vernon avenue. The directors are George W. Bright, E. S. Dean, W. H. Halliday, Charles G. Schenck, S. M. Sherman, John S. Sullivan and Charles E. Turner. George W. Bright is president. Capital $10,000.

The Northern Savings Bank was established in 1905 at 2663 North High street; capital stock $25,000. The directors and officers are: C. L. Dickey president, J. H. Zinn vice president, F. E. Robinson cashier, Henry Brown, H. D. Kenney, Bernard Smith and A. B. Walker.

The Market Exchange Bank, now located at the northwest corner of Fourtli and Main streets, began business in a room on Fourth street north of Main, December 1, 1896, with S. B. Hartman as president and O. A. Schenck cashier. In 1915, W. V. Baker became president and was succeeded, on his death, by O. A. Schenck. The original capital of $50,000 has now been increased to $100,000. The directors are: O. A. Schenck, W. R. Gault, Chauncey B. Baker, Lewis Seidensticker, J. A. Kremer, F. B. Weisz, and J. W. Seidensticker.

The Commonwealth Savings Bank was organized in 1919, F. E. Shatfmaster president and J. Allen Pyne cashier, and located on South Parsons avenue; capital $100,000, surplus $25,000.

1908, and began business at the northeast corner of High and Town streets. Julius Stone was president and Howard C. Park cashier. The directors were Julius Stone, Fred Baumann, R. E. Jones, Al G. Field. M. S. Connors, John L. Vance, jr., Fred Lazarus and W. D. Brickell, The present officers and directors arc: Walter R. Beebe president, F. Bauniann vice president, Howard C. Park cashier, J Allen Pyne assistant cashier, James A. Allen. C. Edward Born, Al G. Field, Wm. Trautman M. C. Tyndall and Harvey R. Young.

Tilt East End Bank maintained for a time on Mt. Vernon avenue and the West Side Dime Savings Bank on West Broad street were two institutions that were forced into liquidation, a suicide marking the closing of each. These disasters, while of comparatively small financial magnitude, were among those that led to the careful examination of banks now in vogue.

In the latter part of 1872 the banks of the city organized a Clearing House Association to avoid the complications incident to the daily exchange of checks. T. P. Gordon was president, P. W. Huntington vice president, Joseph Falkenbaeh, George W. Sinks and Joseph A. Jeffrey managing committee, Henry M. Failing manager. Its first office was in the bank of P. Hayden & Co., 13 South High street, later in the Board of Trade rooms in the City Hall. Mr. Failing was succeeded as manager by Jacob Reinhard, whose assistant and substitute was Herbert Brooks. .John Field became manager about 1880 and served many years. In

1909, the rules of the association were revised with a view to making it more useful, and Earl S. Davis was elected manager, continuing until January 1, 1912, when the association found itself with 17 member banks, all but four being regular clearing members. A system of examination of every member bank was adopted and C. M. Hinman became managerexaminer, holding the position until 1917, when he was succeeded by Edwin Buchanan as manager-examiner. Mr. Buchanan resigned in February, 1917, to become cashier of the Ohio National Bank and was succeeded by Walter A. Fox. The examination is careful and continuous, revealing to the examiner the names of borrowing customers and making it possible to prevent the pyramiding of credit and possible losses to banks. Under this plan, which is operative in 30 large cities, the possibility of bank failures is still further reduced. Its worth has already been demonstrated in two local eases in which, witli the aid of the association, depositors were promptly paid off in full and the city was spared the usual humiliation and distress of a bank failure.