Columbus City (part 38 of 57)

The Ohio National Guard began to mobilize in July, and was recruited to full divisional strength of about 26,000 men under the old division formation, 14,129 having enlisted after the declaration of war. The State Fair ground, called Camp Karb, was the principal rendezvous for the local units of the Guard, Col. S. B. Stansbery in command. There and at Central Market hall, which was headquarters for the Ninth Battalion, 1,905 guardsmen were taken into the Federal service as follows: Governor's Squadron, 570; Companies B and I, Fourth regiment, 300; Headquarters company, 58; Machine Gun company, 78; Supply company, 40; Second Ambulance company, 150; Second Field Hospital company, 80; Ammunition and Supply Train, 45; Military Police, 86; Battery C, 150; Signal Company B, 18; Ninth Battalion (colored), 300.

On July 15, the official roster of the Fourth regiment, with special reference to Columbus men in command, was as follows: Colonel, Benson W. Hough, Delaware; Lieutenant Colonel, George Florence, Cireleville; chaplain, John J. Halliday, Delaware; captain and adjutant, Charles S. Gusman, Cireleville. Battalion Commanders - Major R. G. Allen, Washington C. H; Major Frank D. Henderson, Marysville; Major Louis S. Houser, Chillicothe. Battalion adjutants - First Lieut. John S. Bailey, Columbus; First Lieut. Henry H. Grave, Columbus ; First Lieut. Robert S. Beightler, Marysville.

Other companies in the regiment were recruited and officered in Cardington, London, Marion, Marysville, Cireleville, Greenfield, Chillicothe, Delaware, Lancaster and Washington C, H.

On August 13, the Fourth regiment, 2,055 strong left the various stations, with five days rations, and proceeded to Mineola, Long Island, where its strength was increased, under a

While the companies of the Fourth regiment were taking the train for the East, other troops at Camp Karb paraded on Broad street, and were reviewed by Governor James M. Cox and Mayor George J. Karb, who spoke a farewell and benediction, while thousands looked on and cheered. A part of these troops, including the Division Supply Train, Major Robert S. McPeak; the Second Ohio Ambulance Co., Captain D. T. Dawson, and Battery A. Third Ohio Field Artillery, Captain Thomas A. Leahy, left ten days later, for Camp Sheridan, Montgomery, Alabama. On September 10, Battery B, Captain J. Walter Jeffrey; Battery C, Captain Wayne C. Grey; the Second Ohio Field Hospital, Major H. H. Sniveley, and the Second Brigade Headquarters Company left for the same cantonment, Brigadier General John C. Speaks, O. X. G., having been appointed a brigadier general in the regular army, had preceded them thither. The Ninth Battalion, Major John C. Fulton, soon followed.

In the reorganization at Camp Sheridan the Columbus officers and their commands were as follows: Colonel H. M. Bush, commanding 134th Field Artillery; Major J. Walter Jeffrey, 135th Field Artillery; Major L. W. Jacquith, Signal Battalion; Major H. H. Sniveley, 146th Field Hospital; Captain D. T. Dawson, 146th Ambulance Co.; Colonel Perin B. Monypenny, 112th Ammunition Train; Major Robert S. McPeak, 112th Supply Train; Colonel John M. Shetler, Division Quartermaster; Major John C. Fulton, Ninth Battalion infantry; Captain Walter W. Van Gieson and Second Lieutenant Arthur Pickens, 112th Military Police.

One of the events at Camp Sheridan which deeply stirred Columbus was the transfer of General John C. Speaks from division headquarters and his subsequent examination by a military board, by which he was declared to be physically disqualified for service abroad and was honorably discharged from the army in which lie had a few months before been appointed a brigadier general.

Meanwhile the boys of the old Fourth regiment, O. N. G., thoroughly seasoned by their service on the Mexican border the previous year, were being prepared on Long Island, as the 166th infantry of the 42nd ("Rainbow") Division, Brigadier General W. A. Mann, for an early trip to France and service on the western battle front.

The Columbus Academy of Medicine, through a committee consisting of Dr. Andre Crotti, Dr. V. A. Dodd and Dr. G. C. Schaeffer, conferred with the American Red Cross Headquarters at Washington as to the service it could best render, and was asked to organize a naval hospital unit. Dr. Dodd was made director and given authority to assemble a unit consisting of six medical officers, ten nurses and an enlisted non-medical personnel of 29. As finally organized, the medical officers of the unit were as follows: Dr. V. A. Dodd, Dr. Fred O. Williams, Dr. Arthur M. Hauer, Dr. Jonathan Forman, Dr. Philip J. Reel and Dr. Carl C. Hugger. Miss Carrie Churchill was chief nurse. The non-medical personnel was as follows: R. D. Mullen, F. G. Holtkamp, C. M. Huffman, F. J. Conway, H. F. Jones, J. J. Kelly, jr., C. A. MacDonald, D. M. Richmond, J. A. McNamara, J. E. Streit, C. H. Douglas, J. P. Greene, R. R. Vance, H. V. Hager, O. C. Voss, E. O. Hawkins, II. F. Yerges, T. W. Tennant, L. J. Harris, William Laney, Maynard Otey, Clarence Linden, Herschel Cross, E. E. Rhoades, Aldrich Elston, E. Wade, Taylor Farrow, Howard Wormley, Joseph Sloane. The unit was ordered to duty as follows: Medical Officers October 15, 1917; non-medical personnel November 19, 1917. The duty of the Unit was to take charge of tin- hospital at the Naval Operating Base, Hampton Roads, Virginia.

Ohio State University, under the leadership of President Thompson, early threw its forces into the work of preparing the nation for war. The University's offer of help to the nation acquired substance through the efforts of the College of Agriculture to increase crop production throughout the State and of the colleges of Chemistry, Engineering, Medicine. Dentistry, Veterinary Medicine and others to provide men and means for the national service. Ohio State was one of six universities in the country selected by the War Department to maintain schools of aviation, and Major George I.. Converse, the permanent in- structor in military science, took temporary charge of the training of recruits until the arrival of Captain Stratemeyer, of the Aviation corps, U. S. A., several members of the faculty helping to teach the theory and mechanics of flying.

The declaration of war came at about the middle of the second semester, and arrangements were made, under proclamation by Governor Cox by which students were dismissed with credit, to engage in agriculture, to go into the officers' training camp at Ft. Benjamin Harrison or enlist for other service in the national defense. Many took advantage of this opportunity, and the student body at commencement season was much depleted. On the recommendation of President Thompson, solicited by the departments at Washington, 20 men of the university were commissioned second lieutenants in the army and four in the United States Marine Corps. Others, after examination, were appointed military instructors at West Point, accepted as students of aviation, or as physicians or dentists in the Medical Corps. Members of the faculty gave freely of their services for increased crop production, labor employment, food conservation, Y. M. C. A. and relief organization activities, as well as to laboratory instruction and experimentation.

In the School of Military Aeronautics, there were added courses for the education of adjutants and the military instruction of men who had already taken the course in ballooning. Frame barracks in the form of a great square, a brick building with workshops and class rooms and a hospital were erected. For the accommodation of the young men who came at the rate of more than 100 a week, making a constant soldier-student population of 1000 or more, the university authorities vacated the Armory and Hayes Hall and gave over Ohio Union to them for mess purposes. Major J. E. Chaney succeeded Captain Stratemeyer in military command, and Professor F. C. Blake, of the university faculty, took charge of the instruction, with a large staff of university men and army officers. The period of training varied from six to eight weeks, and every week a class was sent elsewhere for practice in actual flight. The university also provided a landing field for airplanes on the bottom west of the group of buildings, and numerous flights were made thither by the men in training at the Dayton grounds.

Further evidence of the earnest co-operation of the university with the government in the war was furnished by the unfurling, May 25, 1918, of a monster service Hag, bearing 2, 640 stars, each representing an alumnus, a student or a faculty member wearing the khaki. Of that number, 892 were officers - 21 in the navy and the remainder in the army. Lowry F. Sater made the presentation speech and President W. O. Thompson made response, a large audience applauding, all making the most stirring incident in campus history.

I.ate in July, 1917, came the appeal of the American Library Association for books and magazines for the soldiers and sailors, in which the Columbus Public Library (John J. Pugh), the Ohio State Library (Charles B. Galbreath) and the Ohio State University Library (Miss Olive Jones) heartily joined. About 4,000 books had been sent from the Columbus Public Library to Camp Sherman at Chillicothe when, in the spring of 1918, the drive of the A. L. A. for 2,000,000 books from the nation was begun. With the aid of the Patriotic League and the newspapers, some 25,000 books were collected from Columbus homes and sent to the Public Library where they were catalogued, and prepared for shipment.

The Columbus committee of the American Fund for French Wounded was organized as early as May, 1915, holding its first meeting's at the home of Mr. and Mrs. A. W. Mackenzie. Later meetings were held at the Columbus Country Club, at the Green-Joyce building and finally at Trinity Parish house, where permanent headquarters and a shipping office were established. The working membership in November, 1917, numbered about eighty with the following officers: Mrs. Alfred Willson chairman, Mrs. Silvio Casparis vice chairman, A. W. Mackenzie treasurer, Mrs. A. W. Mackenzie secretary, Mrs. Herbert Gill, Mrs. Edward J. Wilson, Mrs. Alexander Forrest and Mrs. J. H. J. Upham, executive board. This was one of 500 committees in the United States which furnished supplies to more than 1,000 hospitals in France, independent of but co-operating satisfactorilv with the Red Cross. Miss Louise Brent in 1915 went to France for work in the distributing bureau in Paris, where she became secretary and member of the administration board there. Miss Ruth Caspavis also early went from Columbus and became the director of the motor service of tinorganization. In the fall of 1917, Miss Lueile Atcherson went from Columbus to become secretary of Miss Ann Morgan, whose great fortune was being so generously used in the work. The Columbus committee, while it made no special appeal for funds, by November,

1917, had raised enough money to provide the material for 118,289 articles which, made by the workers, had been shipped to France. These articles were valued at $10,902.21. In this task, help was given by the Clintonville Welfare League and the ladies of the Catholic War Relief Association.

The American Red Cross Chapter, organization of which had been authorized by the national body July 3, 1916, in an initial campaign in the following March, secured a membership of 375. But later, when there was a fuller realization that war, with its wounded, was at hand, and under the impetus of a national campaign, this was increased to 30,000 yielding .$'90,000 in membership fees. When in June Columbus was called upon to give $250,000 to the nation-wide $100,000,000 fund for Red Cross services in the war, a vigorous campaign was begun, with H. J. Schwartz as manager and the following team captains: Dr. Andrew Timberman, James Ross, Stanley Borthwick, F. O. Schoedinger, Max Morehouse, Samuel A. Kinnear, Walter Jones, Claude Meeker, F. A. Miller, F. W. Schumacher, J. H. Frantz, Simon Lazarus, Robert E. Pfeiffer, Ray Zartman, King G. Thompson and J. S. Warwick. Teams of women, under the direction of J. L. Hammill, w7ere also organized witli the following captains: Mrs. M. J. Caples, Mrs. W. O. Thompson, Mrs. J. E. Beery, Miss Anna E. Riordan, Mrs. Nathan Gumble, Mrs. F. R. Huntington, Mrs. W. H. Martin, Mrs. Thomas M. Bigger, Mrs. Julius F. Stone, Mrs. T. B. Sellers, Mrs. Calvin Sold and Mrs. John M. Caren. To this appe.il the city responded by giving $366,000. The chapter organized by electing George W. Lattimer chairman, King G. Thompson first vice chairman, Samuel P. Bush second vice chairman, B. Gwynne Huntington treasurer, George W. Gillette secretary, James L. Fieser assistant secretary, Mayor George J. Karb, Martin J. Caples, Arthur I. Vorvs and Matthew B. Hammond members ex-offieio; Edward L. McCune, chairman military relief committee; James E. Hagerty, chairman civilian relief; H. J. Schwartz, chairman membership and finance. General headquarters were established in the Joyce family home, -171 East Broad street, which had been offered rentfree, and it was soon filled with volunteer workers, under the general direction of Mr. McCune. Branches were established in Westerville, Groveport, Harrisburg, Plain City, North Columbus and other places, and working units in many of the churches and at Ohio State University. The Catholic Women's War Relief Association early organized, with Mrs. William P. Anawalt as president and operated in part as a branch of the Red Cross, using the Knights of Columbus building, Sixth and State streets. In May, 1918, Secretary E. L. McCune was able to report as affiliated and working in co-operation with the Columbus Red Cross Chapter two branches, six auxiliaries and 87 working units; also that 6067 pledged workers were engaged from one to several days a week, producing hospital and other garments and surgical dressings. The product of these workers was gathered and shipped, and troops passing through the city were provided witli refreshments.

The civilian relief committee, James E. Hagerty chairman, early organized with a corps of trained workers and an advisory committee to give medical, legal, financial and other help to the dependents of soldiers and sailors in service, the purpose being to do for the ones left behind what the absent would have done, to give comfort and help to the former and to relieve the anxiety of the latter. Free medical care and legal advice were given, also full information about insurance, allotments and allowances, and there was continuous communication with Red Cross field directors and government officials in the interest of soldiers and their dependents. Miss Florence Covert was in charge. To provide trained workers for this service Dr. Hagerty conducted home institutes at Ohio State University, graduating many young women, after a series of lectures and a period of actual work.

Early in the summer of 1917, classes in dietetics, home care for the sick, first aid and surgical dressing were conducted. Then came the organization of the Junior Auxiliary, under the leadership of Mrs. Samuel L. Black. Hundreds of boys and girls were enrolled and worked during the summer in the Columbus Art School building, producing different useful articles. Later, the headquarters were removed to High street, where the work was continued and membership was extended to all the schools, making the school boys and girls a really effective and constructive force.

At the October meeting of the chapter, the constitution was revised so as to place the authority and the management of the work in the hands of an executive committee of eight, with power to elect its own officers, who were to serve as officers also of the chapter. The following committee was chosen: George W. Lattimer, E. L. McCune, B. Gwynne Huntington,

First Year Of The World War

James E. Hagerty, H. J. Schwartz, James L. Hamill, Mrs. Samuel L. Blaek and Mrs. Martin J. Caples. Mr. Lattimer was elected president, Mr. Huntington treasurer and Mr. McCune secretary. Mr. Gillette, the first secretary, had resigned owing to the pressure of other work, and Mr. Fieser, assistant secretary, had gone to Cleveland and been succeeded by Robert L. Bondy.

Mrs. George W. Knight was in charge of the surgical dressing work of the Red Cross and early opened classes and was assisted in the instruction by Miss Jane Sullivant. Mrs. Charles L. Ireland superintended the many units engaged in sewing, inspected the finished hospital articles and acted as secretary of the educational classes.

Just before Christmas, 1917, there was another membership drive, during which Red Cross window transparencies were sold. Under the direction of Mrs. Charles E. Carter a force of 1,000 workers in automobiles made a house-to-house canvass to all parts of the city, selling in one day more than 7,000 transparencies, adding to the number that had previously been sold in stores and factories and making a score of 20,000 more members, or a grand total of 50,000. According to a report in March, 1918, by Mrs. Charles S. Hamilton, 6,067 women in Franklin county were working in the several units, averaging 11.', hours a month.

When the second national Red Cross drive for $100,000,000 was made in May, 1918, Columbus' quota was paid out of the war chest of $3,300,000 raised in the county earlier in the year.

The Catholic Women's War Relief Association, Mrs. W. P. Anawalt president, was further officered by Mrs. Andre Crotti first vice president, Mrs. Henry Miller, second vice president, Miss Maud Flynn third vice president, Mrs. S. I). Hutchins secretary, Mrs. Mary McNamee treasurer. In November they reported ten branches, with a working membership of 500 women and an auxiliary in Zanesville with 300. Besides working for the Red Cross, they eo-operated actively with the American Fund for French Wounded, the Needlework Guild and the Franco-American Commission, making garments for the refugee children of Belgium and France. They made altar supplies for the Catholic army chaplains, and made knitted sets and comfort kits for the soldiers at Camps Sheridan and Sherman.

Mrs. Samuel L. Black was chairman of a committee of Red Cross workers who in October set out to provide as a Christmas present for every soldier a comfort kit of useful articles. Three thousand khaki bags were made by the women, rilled and forwarded to the camps at the cost of $2 each.

The Columbus Chapter, Daughters of the American Revolution, participated zealously in the war relief work of the national organization. Its program included the raising of its quota of the $15,000 for the Hostess House at Chillicothe and an additional amount for the devastated French village of Tilloloy on the Aisne, as well as knitted garments and other supplies for the men of the navy and army. Mrs. Herbert Backus was president at the time of America's entrance into the war. The officers elected in 1918 were: Mrs. E. M. Hatton regent, Mrs. Frank Winders vice regent, Mrs. William Cureton, jr., recording secretary, Miss Florence Ralston corresponding secretary, Mrs. Earl M. Tilton treasurer, Mrs. Wm. C. Moore registrar, Mrs. Wm. M. Hindman chaplain, Mrs. Wm. G. Deshler, Mrs. C. F. Jaeger, Mrs. Herbert Brooks ind Mrs. E. A. Smith directors. The chapter conducts classes in the settlement houses.

The Columbus branch of the Needlework Guild of America, organized in 1889 by Mrs. Walter Mahoney to make and distribute suitable garments to hospitals and homes of sickness, began its war relief work in 1915 by sending garments to the refugees of Belgium and northern France. After the entrance of America into the war, it continued this service, in addition to its regular work, and Mrs. Karl T. Webber president, was able to report that during the year ending April 1, 1918, shipments abroad had totaled 31,724 articles of hospital supply, all going to Lyons for distribution as needed.

One of the devices of the women for raising money to can-}' on their humane work among the war sufferers was the establishment at the Howald store on High street of a melting pot, into which people were invited to throw their gold and silver jewelry and ornaments. A considerable amount was thus realized, the organizations helped being the American Fund for French Wounded, the Needlework Guild, Fatherless Children of France and the Women's War Relief Association. At Easter, 1918, the Fatherless Children of France organization sold about 10,000 cards at ten cents each for the same purpose and later renewed most of the subscriptions that had been made at the time of Marshal Joffre's visit.

A committee of the Navy League was organized by Columbus women to knit sweaters, mufflers and wristlets for sailors, the first effort to be to provide for the men of the battleship Ohio. Mrs. Wm. G. Deshler was chairman, Mrs. Charles S. Hamilton and Mrs. Oscar Newman secretaries, Mrs. D. H. Sowers treasurer, Mrs. M. S. Hopkins, Mrs. Beman G. Dawes, Mrs. Frank Hickok and Mrs. Agnes Jordan, members of the executive committee.

The Columbus Chapter of the Daughters of the British Empire, with about 50 members, met regularly at Trinitv parish house and produced a large number of articles for the comfort of the soldiers in field and hospital. The chapter was officered: Mrs. W. T. W ells regent, Mrs. Harold W. Clapp and Mrs. William P. Traeev vice regents, Miss Helen M. Forrest corresponding secretary, Mrs. George V. Sheridan recording secretary, Mrs. A. C. Botterell treasurer, Miss Katherine Lowe standard bearer.

The Girls' Friendly Society of Trinitv Episcopal church, gave entertainments and otherwise raised funds to help in sending an ambulance to Frane-e.

The Columbus unit of the women's committee of the Council of National Defense was organized in July, 1917, with Miss Caroline Breyfogle chairman. Mrs. J. A. Riebel and Mrs. Linus B. Kauffman vice chairmen, Mrs. Wm. P. Anawalt recording secretary, Mrs. Henry H. Spencer corresponding secretary, Mrs. John C. Snce treasurer, Mrs. M. J. Caples, Miss Anna Hiordan, Mrs. Joseph Basch, Mrs. W. O. Thompson and Mrs. J. A. Jeffrey executive committee. The early efforts of this organization were given to food conservation; lessons in canning were given at school centers and elsewhere, directed by Miss Faith Lanman, while the home economies department Ohio State University taught bread-making and gave canning demonstrations at various places.

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head of the food department, Mrs. A. B. Nelles child welfare, Mrs. Frank Sanborn liberty loan and war savings stamps, Mrs. Linus B. Kauffman home and foreign relief, Miss Caroline Breyfogle educational propaganda. The women did valiant work in all these departments, preaching and teaching the conservation of food, directing a campaign for the medical inspection of infants, helping to sell the government securities and in other ways contributing to the public welfare and national strength.

Fruits and vegetables in large quantities were canned at the rooms on North High street. In December, 1917, there were on the shelves more than 1,500 cans of fruits and vegetables, besides jellies and jams. These were sold to housewives at about the same prices asked by the retail grocers, the jellies, jams and fruit going first as rapidly as they could be handed out. By poster-designing contests in the schools and by public meetings, education in the need of food conservation was carried on, as well as by the pledging of housewives in the homes. A survey at the end of the year showed that 20,000 conservation pledge cards had been signed and returned to the local office and that hotels and restaurants were complying with the request of the national administration for wheatless and meatless days. This was later increased to 37,000.

In the effort to save wheat that more might be sent abroad, the substitution of other cereals was required, and there were regulations of millers, bakers and grocers calculated to force the substitution on consumers. Bakers' loaves were standardized and rules of sale adopted. The sale and consumption of sugar were restricted. Purchases were at times limited to one or two pounds and hoarding was made an offense. The inconveniences thus imposed were for the most part patriotically borne. The living cost ran high. December 20, 1917, eggs were 60 cents a dozen, butter 56 cents a pound, lard 30 cents, potatoes $1.25 to $1.50 a bushel, flour $12.75 a barrel, hogs $16.75 per cwt., sugar 10 cents a pound, oats 72 cents a bushel, corn $1.50 and wheat $2.15.

Notwithstanding the fact that precautions had early been taken to protect the coal supply for the state and city, there was much trouble, some suffering and a great deal of inconvenience, as well as high prices to consumers. In July, Hocking lump was selling for $5.25 to $5.75 a ton and Pocahontas (West Virginia) at $6.50 to $7 - an advance of $2.50 over the prices of the previous year. Besides, th? supply was short and it remained so throughout the winter. Charges of profiteering by the producers and manipulation of the output by middlemen were freely made. There werj investigations and efforts by fuel administrators, state and national, to deal with the situation, but the results were small. The consumers, if they got the coal at all, continued to pay the price. For lack of coal, schools were closed for days at a time; factories, the city lighting plant and the street railway company were continually embarrassed and there were days when it could not be predicted whether or not they would be in operation the next. The winter was unusually cold and but for a plentiful supply of natural gas, Columbus would have been in dire straits. Profiteering, higher cost of labor and materials, car shortage, conflict of state and national authority, bad management and intentional manipulation of the supply conspired to make a very bad situation; and that too, in spite of the fact that the coal production in 1917 was 38,000,000 tons, or 1,000,000 greater than the year before. Had cars been available every district in the state, according to official report, would have produced from 25 to 30 per cent, more coal.

On Thanksgiving Day, about 1.000 selects from Columbus and the central part of the State came to the city from Camp Sherman and were met at the station by a committee, headed by Lee M. Boda, Mayor Karb and members of the draft board. The troops, headed bv the civilian committee, marched down High street and past the reviewing stand on Broad street, in which there sat, besides the Mayor and the committee, members of the Ohio Supreme Court and several officers from the Barracks. Thousands of people filled the streets and enjoyed the spectacle of the stalwart boys in khaki. The troops then proceeded to Ohio State University, where they stacked rifles and messed on the campus. They then repaired to Ohio Field, where under direction of Major Eric Fisher Wood, they engaged in exhibition drills, games, skirmishes and maneuvers, while a throng of 7,000 persons looked on, cheering and at times shuddering at the minv'e warfare. After the exhibition a fine Kentuckv-bred saddle horse was presented to Major Oeneral E. F. Glenn by Lem G. Neely, of St. Marys, Colonel John Y. Bassell making the presentation speech. Then came a football game between Ohio State University team and the team from Camp Sherman with a victorv for the former by a score of 28 to 0. As a result of the exhibition and game, about $20,000 was netted and paid into the Camp Sherman Trust Fund. The magnitude of the sum was due largely to the public spirit of a number of Columbus men who paid large premiums for the box seats.

A survey of the situation, Thanksgiving, 1917, showed that nearly 5,000 young men of Franklin county were engaged in war activities and that they were widely scattered. There were 1,100 at Camp Sherman, Chillicothe, training for the new national army; 2,000 former members of the Ohio National Guard i i the Federalized army at Camp Sheridan, Montgomery, Alabama; 700 members of the old Fourth regiment, in the Rainbow division then in France; several hundred selects at the Hattiesburg, Mississippi, camp; 60, who enlisted in the Engineering corps, and others in th Hospital, Ambulance and Aviation branches, as well as some officers commissioned at Ft. Benjamin Harrison, first course, were also in France. Franklin county members of the Unit d States Marines were stationed at Santo Domingo, Haiti, Porto Rico, Hawaii, and the Phili ipines. Naval recruits were on the warships in the righting zone and some of the ships doing coast guard duty. The naval hospital unit was at Hampton Roads; there were marines at Quantico, Va. ; boys in the naval aviation school at Pensacola, Florida, and in the land flying schools at Dayton, Ohio; Waco, Texas; Mineola, N. Y. ; San Diego, California, and Ontario, Canada. It was a striking illustration of the wide adaptability of the young men of an ordinarily peaceful American community.

The first course at the officers' training camp, Ft. Benjamin Harrison, Indiana, concluded August 10, yielded commissions to sixty-two Columbus men as follows:

Captains - Edwin R. Sharp, jr., inf.; Harry L. Haight, inf.; Alva K. Overturf, inf.; George Armstrong, inf.; Frank A. Hunter, inf.; Webb I. Vorys, inf.; Hugh K. Martin, cav. ; Rutherford Fullerton, field art.; Prescott S. Bush, field artillery.

The second course at the officers' training camp at Ft. Benjamin Harrison which closed November 27, yielded commissions to Columbus men as follows:

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At about the same time, at Camp Sheridan, D. M. Daugherty, Edgar L. Bull and John O. Thistle were commissioned first lieutenants and Glenn Eustace Rader, second lieutenant of infantry. There were numerous other commissions and promotions, but official information was not easily obtained.

For the nation-wide thrift campaign launched by the federal government to secure war funds and to offer savings opportunity to the people, a State Executive Committee was organized in Columbus, November 29, 1917. H. P. Wolfe, Columbus business man and a director of the Federal Reserve bank of this district, presided and was chosen chairman of the State organization; John Y. Bassell vice chairman, John A. Kelley, secretary, the executive committee being completed by the appointment of the following: Governor James M. Cox, Archbishop Henry Moeller, Cincinnati; J. R. Nutt, Cleveland; H. E. Talbott, Dayton; W. S. Rowe, B. H. Kroger and Theodore D. Watterstroem, Cincinnati; Warren S. Stone, William G. Lee, W. S. Carter, D. C. Wills and Morris Black, Cleveland; Wilbur K. Brown and Miss Nida R. P angle, Toledo; D. W. Durbin, Kenton; R. W. Archer, Barnesville; C. B. McCoy, Coshocton; P. C, Berg, Hillsboro; W. A. Blicke, Bucyrus ; Robert T. Scott, Cambridge; R. E. Hills, Delaware; Mrs. George Zimmerman, Fremont; W. P. Shearer, Zanesville ; Rev. Dr. Washington Gladden, James W. Faylkner, F. B. Pearson, Herbert Myers, Charlr-s H. Brown, Thomas J: Donnelly, Clark S. Wheeler, A. V. Donahey, Samuel A. Kinnear, H. Sage Valentine, Beman G. Dawes, Mrs. Maud Murray Miller, Columbus. Counties were subsequent!}' organized and, under the county organization, cities, villages, and communities.

Ohio's quota was $106,000,000. To secure this amount, thrift stamps were put on sale in postoffices and banks, and mail carriers in city and country and others acted as authorized salesmen. Stamps were sold at 25 cents each, exchangeable in $5 lots for certificates bearing 4 per cent, interest. The quota for Columbus and Franklin county was $5,265,000, and E. A. Reed became chairman of the county campaign committee. By June 25, 1918 the sale here had amounted to $1,931,610.50. Then an intensive campaign was inaugurated, a feature of which was to secure as many subscribers as possible in $1000 amounts, each such subscriber to have his name enrolled on what was called the Victory list. J. J. Stevenson was made campaign manager and twenty teams were organized, ten under the leadership of Fred W. Herbst and ten under that of Edward J. Goodman. Sunday evening, June 23, a great mass meeting; was held in Memorial Hall, witli short addresses by ministers representing Protestant, Catholic and Hebrew congregations. The hall was packed and many worshippers were turned away. It was a meeting at which creed and color were thrown into the melting pot out of which came the one sentiment of church unity in support of the government in the war. On the following Tuesday the canvass by 200 men began, the special solicitation being for Victory subscriptions but nothing; being refused. As in other campaigns, there were daily meetings of the canvassers, with reports ; there was extensive newspaper, billboard and street car publicity, and various devices and stunts were adopted to extend and maintain the interest. At the close of the intensive campaign, the total of sales and pledges to buy before January 1, 1919, was $1,359,796.25. The half-way mark had been safely passed in the first six months. Through later efforts the full quota for the year 1918 was sold, and to Franklin county one of the b-onze tablets signifying that measure of patriotism was awarded and erected in the Court House. The county's quota was $5,265,060; the

Dr. Charles S. Hamilton, in November, was commissioned a major in the United States army and assigned to supervise the organization of the medical advisory boards of Ohio for the new draft classifications. The State was divided into districts, each with its board of physicians to give counsel to the draft board physician in doubtful cases.

Dr. Philip D. Wilson who, in 1916, had served in France as a member of the Harvard ambulance and hospital unit, again went abroad in the summer of 1917, for similar service in the American hospital in France, he having been commissioned a captain.

Dr. O. H. Sellenings joined the staff of the children's bureau of the American Red Cross, with headquarters in Paris. A part of his work, begun in the fall of 1917, was a study of the milk supply problem with a view to securing adequate food for infants, as well as to teach French mothers better pre-natal hygiene and scientific feeding, and save the babies from tuberculosis.

Instruction in French was offered to the recruits at the Barracks by members of Le Cercle Franeais, including Mrs. J. L. V. Bonney, Mrs. Harry B. Arnold, Mrs. Frame C. Brown and Madamoiselle Monier, of the Columbus School for Girls. The purpose was to familiarize the men with traveling phrases, the names of common foods, articles of furniture, clothing, etc.

When in December, 1917, questionnaires were sent to all the remaining registrants under the selective draft, with a view to their classification and determination of the order in which they should be called, a great task was throw i on the draft boards. A large number of attorneys volunteered to help the registrants, and the court rooms at the Court House were used for many days for that purpose. Thither the registrants went, often with their dependents, answering the necessary questions and making oath to their statements. The questionnaires were then filed with the draft boards, and the men in accordance therewith were divided into five classes, those of Class 1 being those subject to earliest call.

Men in this class began to prepare themselves for service. A vocational training course was offered at the Trades school, E. L. Heusch director, and 189 men took the first course of eight weeks ending the middle of April. The training proved popular and others took it as they could. A contingent of 480 left for Camp Sherman April 29; 535 went May 28, and others during the month until the number for May totaled 1,000. June 15, 68 men fit for special training as auto mechanics, blacksmiths, sheet metal workers and radio operators, were sent to the University of Cincinnati for that purpose.

On June 5, 1918, there was under the general law, registration for all young men who had become 21 since the registration of the previous year. The number registered in Franklin county was 1,86 1. They were assigned to classes by the same process of number-drawing and questionnaires, being placed the bottom of their respective classes. Columbus attorneys again volunteered in large numbers to assist the registrants.

About the middle of November, 1917, B. M. Selekman, of the Russell Sage Foundation, came to Columbus representing the War Department Commission on Training Camp Activities. He organized a committee consisting of John G. Price, Dr. J. F. Hagerty, Fred Lazarus, jr., George W. Gillette, Rev. E. F. Chauncey, John W. Pontius, H. S. Warwick, Max Stern, Lee M. Boda, E. A. Reed, Stockton Raymond, Dr. E. F. Tittle, Miss Caroline Breyfogle, Mrs. J. L. V. Bonney, Mrs. W. W. Carlile and Mrs. W. F. Anawalt, with himself as executive secretary. The committee provided entertainments and recreational activities for soldiers who came to Columbus, supplementing the work of the Y. M. C. A. in the camps. Concerts and minstrel entertainments were given and safeguards set around the morals of the soldiers and the community.

The Columbus Khaki Club, with all its facilities free to soldiers, was opened in the old Mithoff home at Fifth and Broad streets, June 1, 1918, with Charles B. Comstock in charge. Rooms had been furnished by the Altrurian, Rotary and Kiwanis Clubs, and the Art League had loaned pictures for the walls. A reading room with books, magazines and papers had been prepared and shower baths had been installed. This hospitality was freely accepted bv the soldiers from the first and a useful purpose was served.

Organization of the Columbus branch of the Patriotic League was begun in January, 1918, the purpose being to enlist the young women of the city in a variety of work for winning the war by aiding the Red Cross, helping in the conservation of fuel and food and in other ways protecting and preserving the ideals of democracy at home. Mrs. J. L. V. Bonney was made chairman and appointed an executive committee consisting of Mrs. Charles W. Harper, Mrs. Wm. P. Anawalt, Mrs. T. B. Sellers, Mrs. R. H. Sweetser, Mrs. E. W. Campion, Mrs. J. C. Whitridge, Mrs. E. C. Caldwell, Mrs. A. T. Seymour, Mrs. Frank Kelton, Mrs. H. A. Arnold, Mrs. Frank Ray, Mrs. Martin J. Caples, Mrs. W. W. Carlile, Miss Jane Sullivant, Mrs. Nathan Gumble, Mrs. C. P. Hansberger and Mrs. James G. Gilmore. Mrs. Luke Cooperider was made executive secretary. Headquarters were established and a campaign for membership was prosecuted in factories, stores, schools, churches and elsewhere. Thousands of young women joined the league, organized their various groups, held rallies and generally engaged in the proposed activities. Miss Lillian Stocklin sprang quickly into prominence as director of music and later organized a girls' glee club.

Registration of both men and women residents, the subjects of enemy countries, was required and put into effect without trouble, limitations being set upon their movements. For the co-operation of the police department Mayor Karb was thanked by United States Attorney General Gregory. Most of the sympathy with Germany disappeared after the declaration of war, but enough remained to cause some anxiety and to give rise to many rumors. District Attorney Stuart Bolin was assisted by a large volunteer committee of citizens to whom he turned over complaints for investigation and report.

More than 6,000 copies of Pastor Russell's "The Finished Mystery" and 20,000 copies of the Kingdom News, organ of the International Bible Students' Association were seized here as dangerously pacifist and distribution was prohibited except to bona fide members. A map-maker in state employ, for distributing this sort of literature, was dismissed from his place as a result of his arrest.

A fire in the American Chain Company's plant was officially believed to have been the result of a pro-German plot. One of the plotters was thought to have been at the time murdered by another. Two men were indicted by the Federal grand jury for attempting to destroy machinery at the Ralston Steel Car Company's plant, and several men were arrested for making derogatory remarks against the Liberty bonds.

The study of German in the public schools was first restricted and later banished entirely. Unpatriotic actions and comments by teachers were so persistently reported that the Board of Education in May, 1918, adopted a resolution warning all employes that all reports of disloyal acts and utterances would be promptly investigated and that proof would be followed by speedy and positive discipline, regardless of all considerations of service. The banishing of German from the schools was made the occasion of the public burning of German textbooks. Wood piles were made at the street corners on East Broad street, and books brought to them were burned, April 19, 1918, while members of the Columbus Reserve Guards stood by to see that there was no interference. The Board of Education was more thrifty than individuals; it sold its German texts at 50 cents a hundred pounds, on condition that they be reduced to pulp. The proceeds totaled more than $400.

The City Council also responded to the a-iti-German sentiment by changing the name of Schiller park to Washington park and of Germania park to Mohawk park, and by renaming Schiller, Germania and Bismarck streets, Whittier, Steward and Lansing avenues respectively. The petitions for the changes were many and the protests few. The local branch of the Order of Druids, after sixty years of use of the German language in its ritualistic work, substituted English, and some business organizations eliminated all Teutonic suggestion in their names. The First and Second German M. E. churches dropped the word "German" from their names, and the former substituted the word "Zion," erecting also a tablet with this inscription, "We Stand for God and Christ, Our Country and Flag, Humanity and Democracy."

Chapter Xii Second Year Of The World War

Chamber of Commerce Leads in Civilian Activities - Home Reserve Guard - Food Production and Prices - Saving the Children - Patriotic Parade - Call for Nurses and Physicians - Americanization Day - Community Sings - Red Cross and Other Relief Work - Selective Service - Shifting of Labor to War Work - "Atonement" Liberty Drive - Students' Army Training Corps - "Gasless" Sundays - Epidemk of Influenza - Sounding of "Taps" - Getting Ready for the Wounded - Peace Reports, False and True - War Chest Report - Ovations to Returning Aviators and Troops - J'ictory Loan Campaign - Masonic Welcome and Memorial Service - Honoring Edward L. McCune - British Recruiting Mission.

The activities of the Chamber of Commerce in the war period are not easily enumerated. Its machinery was used for practically every patriotic effort of the city. With Henry A. Williams as president and George W. Gillette as secretary, the Chamber co-operated with every movement for food production and conservation. It financed and supported by personal service various lines of recruiting, aided in floating the Liberty loans, provided quarters, funds and organization machinery for the Red Cross membership and money campaigns as well as the War Chest. It directed the ceremonies on "Call to the Colors" day and various demonstrations in honor of the enlisted and selected men. It compiled for the Federal Government valuable information regarding the available community resources, assisted in the campaign for the selective draft, helped in the distribution of labor and the organization of tile Home Reserve Guard and generally was the nucleus and much of the substance of the numerous citizen activities.

The organization of a Home Reserve Guard to insure the peace of the city at a time when so many men were absent was a matter of early concern. Mayor Karb called for the organization of such a body and the Chamber of Commerce supported his plea. There was some difficulty at the outset, but ultimately the Rifles, Knights of Columbus, the Elks, the Automobile Club, the Engineers' Club, Sons of Veterans, Knights of St. John and other organizations contributed companies, and a body of over 600 men was formed. Headquarters was established at the Seventh Avenue Armory, and the men were uniformed by patriotic subscription at a cost of $.'50,000. There were nine letter companies, with signal and medical corps. W. B. Hammil was the first colonel but in a subsequent reorganization, George L. Chennell was elected colonel; E. A. Selagi lieutenant colonel, C. W. Wallace, W. H. Fisher and W. W. Mowery majors. The companies drilled separately and as a regiment once a week. The regiment appeared on all patriotic occasions, camped at the Driving Park, the week of July 1, 1918, and performed much useful service whenever great crowds gathered. From its membership nearly 200 men went into the regular army service, one-half of whom became officers. At the close of the war H. C. Collingwood, who had served as a lieutenant of the Fifth Engineers' Training Regiment, was elected to the command and served till the Guard was honorably discharged by the Mayor in July, 1919.

All forces were set at work early in 1918 to increase the production of foodstuffs. In February, a tractor school was held at the State Fair Grounds. It was attended by some 1,300 farmers from different parts of the State, all eager to learn what they could about tractors, 20 of which were there for demonstration purposes. There were lectures by experts and laboratory classes. Governor Cox was present and spoke, earnestly urging farmers to employ the tractor as a duty to the country and to the boys in the trenches. He promised that bankers would give credit at low rates of interest, that service stations where tractor parts could be obtained would be established and that the government would give preference' to farmers in the purchase of tractor fuel. The school lasted a week and served to introduce the new field power to manv.

In April the State and County Food Administration fixed the prices of bread from bakers to retailers and from retailers to consumers a- follows: A 16-OUnce loaf 8.1 and 10 cents, a 21-ounce loaf 12.1 and 15 cents, two of the latter to a consumer for 29 cents. The chief reason for the advance of half a tent a loaf was that the substitute flours cost more than wheat flour. While the regulation of business was strange, it was cheerfully accepted as necessary, and the Ohio Wholesale Grocers, at their meeting in April, praised the national and state food administrators and pledged their heart}' support.

Emphasis was again laid on home gardening, and by the middle of March Director Grant P. Ward of the City Recreation Department, had assigned 300 lots. Under the direction of the Food Administration all lot-owners were to cultivate or let others cultivate the ground. The Godman Guild conducted community gardens for 350 families, besides planting fourteen acres at Camp Johnson. Nine thousand Columbus school children joined the war garden army and their work was supervised by J. C. Hambleton with the assistance of fiftytwo teachers. The Recreation Department supervised the cultivation of 5,783 lots, fourfifths of which were turned over by their owners for assignment to others.

At the end of April, 1918, there was begun, with the indorsement of Governor Cox, a campaign to reduce infant mortality during the war. In a letter to Dr. A. W. Freeman, State Commissioner of Health, he approved the project already under way by the department, characterizing the children as the third line of defense. The child welfare committee of the Franklin County Women's Council of National Defense distributed cards on which were printed the normal height and weight of children of different ages, established stations for the weighing and measuring of all children under six years, and urged parents to bring their children for the test. The number of Franklin county babies thus tested was 4,744, and the warning thus sounded, it is believed, was effective in saving many lives. Women prominent in this campaign were Mrs. A. B. Nelles, Miss Jennie Tuttle and Mrs. Linus B. Kauffman, who at the end of May because of her efficient work, was promoted from vice chairman to chairman of the Women's Council, with headquarters in the Chamber of Commerce building. She continued in this capacity to the end.

On Sunday, June 9, 1918, a great patriotic parade was held in which 25,000 persons, men, women and children, marched, other thousands looking on from every point of vantage. The line of march was from Broad and Sixth to Town, to High, to Chestnut, countermarch to Broad and east to the starting point. There were six divisions: Mothers of soldiers, Red Cross, Junior Red Cross, Patriotic League, War Stamps and War Chest. With bands and banners, on symbolical floats, on foot and on horseback, in uniform and otherwise, the women workers wearing their flowing veils, the procession moved through the streets, making one of the most beautiful and inspiring spectacles Columbus has ever seen. To the city demonstrants were added delegations from nearly all the townships in the county, their banners adding- to the cheer and demonstrating the unity of the people behind the troops. Into a great flag, carried by war chest marchers, spectators threw $749.43. Boy Scouts pushed a great war savings ball behind a banner reading "Keep the Ball Rolling," and Ohio State University women carried the great service flag of that institution with its 2,640 stars. The streets were decorated with the allied colors and effectivelv patrolled by the police and the Home Guard. John J. Baird was parade marshal and his aide, General John C. Speaks. Motion pictures of the parade were taken with a view to sending to the boys in camp at the front visible evidence of the sentiment at home. In the State House yard, during and after the parade, there was speaking by returned soldiers, and others and the singing or religious and patriotic songs by thousands of school children. Two of the speakers were Corporal Thomas S. Cosgrove, of Toledo, and Corporal Charles E. Morris, of Younsrstown, both of whom had served for six months with Pershing in France.

County Auditor Sage E. Valentine was the first chairman of the Franklin County Food Administration Committee which operated to secure a fair distribution of foodstuffs and to prevent hoarding. In July, 1918, on the resignation of Mr. Valentine, O. E. Harrison was chosen and the committee was reconstituted as follows : Mayor George J. Karb, Geor«e W. Gillette, Dr. Louis Kahn, D. C. Meehan. Frank L. Stein, Daniel H. Sowers, Edward Hymrod, Arthur Carlile, Dr. H. W. Whitaker, Phil S. Bradford, L. L. Pegg, Mrs. Linus B. Kauffman and Miss Faith Lanman.

At the same time there was begun the semi-monthly publication of food prices deemed fair by the State Food Administration. The first of these, published July 2, set prices for the retailer as well as the consumer. For the latter, the price of wheat flour ranged fro $1.42 to $1.62 for -J barrel; rye flour, 7 to 8 J cents a pound; corn meal 5} to 6 cents a pound; eggs 40 to 44 cents per dozen; butter 47 to 52 cents a pound; sugar 9 to 9\ cents a pound; beans 12:1 to 18 cents a pound; lard 28 to 31 cents a pound; bread, 1-pound loaf, S to 10

A fair price list, published in the following November fixed prices to the consumer as follows: Wheat flour, $1.57 to $1.65 for ^ barrel; rye flour 6 -J to 7 cents a pound; corn meal, 5 to 6 cents a pound; fresh eggs 77 to 78 cents a dozen; sugar 11 cents a pound; beans 12 J to 14 cents a pound; lard 35 to 36 cents a pound; bread, 1 -pound loaf, 8 to 10 cents; cream cheese 46 to 58 cents a pound. Creamery butter was selling on market at 72 to 75 cents a pound; country butter 48 to 50 cents a pound; chickens, dressed, 30 to 35 cents a pound; ducks, dressed, 38 to 40 cents a pound; turkeys, dressed, 45 cents a pound, Bacon was 60 cents a pound, corned beef 40 cents, boiled ham 60 cents, lamb chops 60 cents, pork chops 40 to 45 cents, porterhouse steak 60 cents, round steak 35 cents, sausage 33 to 35 cents, oysters 80 to 90 cents a quart, potatoes 50 to 60 cents a peek, apples 50 cents to $1 a peck, oranges 50 to 60 cents a dozen. The cost of living had soared, but fortunately most persons had money to buy with.

As a result of the visit of Comtesse Madeline de Bryas, who spoke in Memorial Hall, June 27, in the interest of her country, there was formed a Columbus branch of the American Committee for Devastated France with the following directors: Mrs. F. O. Johnson, Miss Howard, Mrs. Wm. S. Miller, Mrs. E. M. Poston, Mrs. T. T. Frankenburg, Mrs. Max Goodman, Mrs. S. D. Hutchins, Mrs. Nathan Gumble, Mrs. Fred W. Atcherson, Mrs. A. I. Vorys, Mrs. J. G. Sayre, Mrs. E. J. Wilson, Mrs. Willard Holcomb, Miss Cornelia Lanman and Miss Helen Converse, Beman G. Dawes, John Garber, W. H. Alexander, P. B. Whitsit, Dr. H. C. Brown and Bishop Theodore I. Rees. A bazaar was opened in the Deshler Hotel building and other means were adopted for raising money and securing garments for the sufferers.

Canteen service of the Red Cross established headquarters in the rooms of the Columbus Art School, East Broad street, with Mrs. John H. Roys and Mrs. Walter H. Martin in charge, the special work being to meet the troop trains at the Union Station and serve the men with refreshments. Owing to the location of Columbus on the through lines east and west, there were many such trains. The Junior Red Cross in July moved into the Campbell Chittenden home at Broad and Seventeenth streets, where classes in home nursing and first aid were continued and garments and other useful things were made. Here and there playgrounds were equipped for the care of children whose mothers wished to work at the Red Cross centers.

Trained nurses of Columbus early began enlisting for hospital service in the army and navy at home and abroad. These numbered about 150 when in June, 1918, came the Red Cross call for more. Of the 25,000 asked from the whole country Columbus and Franklin county were asked for 150. A week's campaign, (Prof. J. S. Myers manager), in which the Red Cross Chapter, the hospitals and the physicians assisted, resulted in the enrollment of 203 graduate nurses. At the same time 126 young women enrolled for training in the various hospitals in the city and at the camp hospitals under the supervision of the surgeon general of the United States army.

Later under the direction of Dr. C. F. Clark physicians were organized into a volunteer medical corps. Large meetings were held, mt only of local physicians, but of those in the surrounding counties, and hundreds offered their services, the purpose being two-fold - to care for the home situation and to relieve those physicians who were eligible for active service in the army hospitals.

July 4, 1918, was observed as Americanization Day, the program being under the direction of a Chamber of Commerce committee, M. J. Caples chairman. There was a parade in the morning of foreign-born residents - Italians, Greeks, Belgians, French, Danes, Poles, Assyrians. Armenians, Dutch, Hungarians, Finns, Japanese, Russians, Lithuanians, Swiss, Swedes, Rumanians, Norwegians, Austrians, Germans and Serbians - each group carrying its native flag as well as Old Glory and banners w'th inscriptions as to its nationality. The parade entered the State House grounds, where with a throng estimated at 10,000, of whom 4,000 were foreign-born, there was a band concert, with singing and a mass repetition of the vow of allegiance, led by President Henry A. Williams of the Chamber of Commerce: "I pledge allegiance to my flag, and to the republic for which it stands; one nation indivisible, with liberty and justice to all." In the afternoon at Memorial Hall Ignace Jan Paderewski, distinguished Polish pianist, addressed a large audience chiefly of the foreign-born. He praised the loyalty of the latter and the unity of the nation and likened the Polish spirit to that of the Americans. "Keep your country open for the oppressed," lie said. "Let them live peacefully in your midst and die quietly in your blessed land. With this, patriotism will come, I assure you."

In the summer a series of community sings was held, some in Franklin Park and Ohio Field. One of these fell on July 14, the anniversary of the fall of the Bastile, and there was a crowd of 10,000 at the park. The Barracks band and 550 soldiers from the Barracks; also the Republican Glee Club led by Karl Hoenig, a thousand girls from the Patriotic League and large representations from the Women's Music Club and the church choirs. Alfred Barrington, Robert W. Roberts and Mr. Hoenig led the mass singing of the "Marsellaise" and other patriotic songs. Another great crowd gathered at the Barracks to attend the French fete Monday evening, under the auspices of the organization for the Fatherless Children of France. In an imitation French garden there was a program of singing, dancing and instrumental music. Thirty girls' from the Patriotic League sang war songs, and there was dancing by pupils from the School for Girls, while overhead an aviator from the Dayton field circled. The fete netted several thousand dollars for the relief fund.

At Ohio Field, July 21, a crowd of soldiers, aviation students and civilians, estimated at 17,000, sang for victory, Samuel R. Gaines and Willis G. Bowland being added to the list of directors. At the Barracks, in Memorial Hall, in the Masonic Temple and elsewhere these community sings were held weekly, the Rotarians, Knights of Columbus and the Columbus Choral Society, the Elks, the Woodmen of the World, the Democratic Glee Club and others aiding witli leaders and voices. The Fourth Liberty Loan drive was inaugurated September 29, with a great "sing" in the Coliseum at the State Fair Grounds and fifteen others in various parts of the county.

Selects continued to be sent by the draft boards to the camps for training. July 16 there was an elaborate farewell for 156 colored men, a meeting at Memorial Hall and a parade to the station. On the 23d the county's largest contingent, 1,026 men, marched to the station, with an escort of honor, and departed for Camp Sherman. With the exception of about 500 men, this exhausted the availables in Class 1 of the 1917 draft. For the instruction of those who remained and the 1918 registrants, each of the draft boards appointed a committee of eight or ten citizens, and an additional training school was opened in the Y. M. C. A. building, with General John C. Speaks as director.

The reorganized Franklin County Food Administration Committee was active and efficient. O. E. Harrison was chairman, Phil S. Bradford secretary, Archard Brandon counsel, D. H. Sowers chairman of the law enforcement committee and E. L. Pease compiler of the fair price list. Rules regarding the sales of foodstuffs, especially sugar, were made and their observance watched. Violators were assessed fines which were paid into the Red Cross treasury, but the willful violators were few, both dealers and consumers accepting the regulations in a spirit of patriotism. The July prices for lump coal ran from $5.80 for Hocking to $6.45 for West Virginia splint.

The War Chest Committee met periodically and made appropriations from the fund according to the plan announced prior to the solicitation. It also sent to the company fund of each unit in which there were Franklin county boys an amount equal to $10 per capita to be used in securing those comforts the War Department could not furnish. The committee joined with similar committees elsewhere in the creation of a national bureau for procuring information on efficiency of administration, possible duplication of effort and wortliv appeals for assistance.

The Federal Government's call for a student nurse reserve found Columbus eager to serve. A recruiting station was opened in the Deshler Hotel, with Mrs. C. C. Corner in charee and a publicity committee went to work with the result that in the allotted time the enrollment of 1 1 1 young women to train for the service, either in civilian or military schools, had been exceeded. The need for nurses continuing, this was supplemented in October and November by a house-to-house canvass of the county to make a record of all available persons. Mrs. C. C. Corner, who had been elected secretary of the social service bureau of the Chamber of Commerce, vice R. L. Bondy, called to military duty, was seeretarv of the committee, and the work was done largely through the organization of women that Mrs. Linns B. Kauffman had built up, with representatives in every ward and township of the county.

In the summer the Knights of Columbus dedicated their recreation building at the Columbus Barracks, with short addresses by representatives of that Catholic order, the military and the Y. M. C. A. The Elks, the Columbus branch participating, erected a $10,000 community house at Camp Sherman. Miss Jean Hamilton, representing the colored Y. W. C. A., began the organization of colored women and girls for war work, headquarters being established at 195 East Long street. Out of this it was hoped would grow a movement for a permanent Y. W. C. A. A school for staff workers in war community service was held at the Great Southern Hotel, in September, under the direction of Mrs. Eva W. White, of Boston, workers from other places being addressed by Mrs. J. L. V. Bonney, Mrs. T. B. Sellers, Mrs. W. P. Anawalt, Mrs. C. W. Harper and others of the successful Columbus organizers of young women. A third institute for the training of workers in the relief of soldiers' families was held in October at Ohio State University under the direction of Dr. J. E. Hagerty.

Meanwhile the Red Cross workers continued unceasingly to turn out hospital supplies. At the annual meeting of the directors of the chapter in October, A. T. Seymour appeared as the successor of Mrs. M. J. Caples, removed from the city. The official staff then included: Mrs. W. T. Wells, chairman of the women's work; Mrs. C. L. Ireland, chairman of outside working units ; Mrs. Edgar B. Kinkead, chief of the bureau of information ; Mrs. F. N. Sinks assistant. In the civilian relief department Miss Ann Evans assumed charge of the workers, succeeding Mrs. Lois Olcott, who had served temporarily, vice Miss Covert, resigned on account of illness. Later, when Mrs. Ireland was called to Washington, Mrs. W. D. Hamilton took up her work here. E. L. McCune, chairman of the military relief committee, in his report, highly complimented botli the women workers and the Junior Red Cross. Their work made it possible to ship i i the period from May 1, 1917, to September 30, 1918, 754 cases containing 555,521 articles, besides many garments for the refugees in Belgium and articles for the convelescents at Camp Sherman.

For the canteen workers a hut was built on the bridge inside the Union Station, and there night and day, refreshments were served by willing hands to the trainloads of soldiers passing through to camps or ports of embarkation and to those who were returning, shattered, to hospital or home. But, alas! these were not all; there were also silent heroes in their coffins, to whom no further service could be rendered. The lumber for the hut was donated and the hut was built without charge by the Builders' and Traders' Exchange, and the money for the refreshment supplies was paid out of the War Chest, the services of the workers completing a beautiful circle of grateful appreciation of the men called to military duty.

In compliance with the call for men for fie army there was, August 21, the registration of about 500 young men who had reached the age of 21 since June 5, 1917. Preparations were at the same time begun for the new draft of men between the ages of 18 and 15. E. W. Swisher was appointed chairman of the Franklin county draft commission and he appointed as a committee to assist: Richard Lloyd, John J. Joyce, Harry C. Arnold and George Van Loon, members of the board of elections, II. Sage Valentine, Walter A. Pfeifer, Arthur J. Thatcher, Wm. A. Ginder, Judge Homer Z. Bostwick and James A. Allen, with Joseph A. Klunk as secretary. The election booths in the various precincts and townships were manned by volunteers, as before, election officers and others, and on September 12. the registration was made, 37,938 men in the county, between the ages of 18 and 21 and 31 and 15, willingly offering their services. As usual, Columbus and Franklin count}' exceeded the estimate, and the per capita cost, 18 cents for eacli registered man, was officially reported the smallest for any large city in th" State. The questionnaire and classification process was in progress when it was interrupted by the outbreak of influenza and pneumonia at Camp Sherman and in Columbus.

In the latter part of September there began an organized effort to transfer labor from non-essential tasks to those of war. The construction of the great storage warehouses of the Federal Government, east of the city, was lagging and there was other need of united effort to produce those things and do those things required for the winning of the war. A community war labor board was appointed consisting of Rev. Timotheus Lehmann, pastor of St. John's Evanyelic.il Protestant church, chairman; C. J. Tucker, secretary of the Columbus Federation of Labor, and A. H. Thomas, superintendent of the Buckeye Steel Castings Co. The board sent out questionnaires to all employers of labor, asking to what extent they were engaged in war work, the number and kind of workers and the character of the business, with a view to an amicable agreement as to the release of man power. So far as possible it was asked that women be substituted for men as clerks, elevator operators, etc., and there was a request for the discontinuance of many non-essential occupations such as shoe-shining and pop-corn-vending. There was a patriotic response. Absenteeism in Columbus plants doing war work was cut 50 per cent., men shifted from non-essential to essential tasks, employers readjusted their business so as to give the needed release and much personal service was abandoned, the city sent to the warehouse site its force of men for street cleaning and refuse collection and misdemeanants who would otherwise have been sent to the workhouse were given the chance to do war work instead. For weeks the employment bureaus were busy placing the new labor to get the best results.

To aid in eliminating non-war construction work Governor Cox appointed the following committee: C. L. Dickey, president of the Northern Savings Bank Co.; Frank L. Packard, architect, and Edwin F. Wood, secretary of the Ohio State Savings Association. Operating in harmony with boards in other counties, it promulgated rules limiting to $1000 new construction in rural districts, prohibiting it in cities and limiting alterations and repairs to a cost of $2,500. In thirty days building operations in Columbus and Ohio were reduced to a minimum, all passed upon and permitted.

The Fourth Liberty Loan Drive was for the sale of $13,070,550 bonds in Franklin county. The committee was organized with P'red Lazarus, jr., chairman, and Edwin Buchanan as secretary. Teams were organized as before, with the following captains : F. W. Schumacher, James A. Maddox, Max Morehouse, H. B. Arnold, E. J. Goodman, D. N. Postlewaite, J. J. Stevenson, W. H. Martin, Eugene Gray, E. P. Tice, Walter A. Jones, F. O. Schoedinger, F. W. Braggins, Frank J. Macklin and Andrew Timberman. The news had come of the death of forty-two Franklin county boys on the field of battle, and the campaign was called the Atonement drive. A beautiful memorial of concrete was built in Broad street facing High street, on which was a tablet inscribed with the names of the fallen as follows:

That these soldiers "shall not have died in vain," the people of the county were asked to make subscriptions to the loan. On Saturday, September 28, Lieutenant John Philip Sousa and his Great Lakes band of 300 pieces came to Columbus, thrilling all with their massive music, as they marched the streets. Abram I. Elkus, former United States Ambassador to Turkey, spoke in the evening at Memorial Hall, and the great band played. On Monday, Colonel Theodore Roosevelt, at the invitation of the committee, came and spoke from a platform at the base of the memorial to a great crowd that gathered in Broad street and braved the rain to hear him. He spoke also to a thousand bond salesmen gathered at luncheon in the Masonic Temple. With the impetus of these exceptional demonstrations, the committee and teams took up the work Tuesday morning, and carried it to a successful conclusion in five days. At the Saturday night meeting of the solicitors at the Masonic Temple, it was announced amid great enthusiasm that the city and county had again gone "over the top," the total then being $16,929,450. Resolving that they would inaugurate the custom of lifting the hat whenever they passed the memorial to the dead soldiers, the solicitors adjourned. The subscribers numbered 55,113.

The Federal Government school of military aeronautics at Ohio State University was closed August 31, the work that had been done in this and other institutions being concentrated at fewer places. Announcement was made of the Government's purpose to establish at this and other institutions of learning a Students' Army Training Corps, under the regulations of which young men of 18 years could attend college and at the same time be prepared for military service. The corps was to be organized by voluntary induction under the selective service act, instead of by enlistment ; the student would thus become a soldier in the United States army, subject to military discipline and with the pay of a private, $30 a month, housing, subsistence and instruction to be furnished; he would receive military instruction and be kept under observation and assigned to duty, when there was need, according to his qualifications. This proved an alluring offer. Registration at the University was heavy and on October 1, about 2,000 young men had made application for admission to the corps. As fast as their physical fitness could be determined the young men were admitted tile the barracks on the University grounds or to other buildings that were to be so used. As far as military requirements would allow, each member of the corps was permitted to pursue his chosen course of study.

September brought another unique demonstration of the unity of the people for the win nine of tin- war. The Federal Fuel Administration requested that as a means of saving gasoline that more might be sent over seas to the army, .all pleasure riding and needless automobile driving lie abandoned on Sunday. There was general compliance, the streets of the city on Sunday, September 1, being almost as clear of automobiles as they were before such vehicles came into vogue. The few thai ventured out had to run the gantlet of the street urchins' cries of "Slacker!" The second Sunday was a repetition of the first, except that it was found necessary to permit essential service cars to be run, and such were propcrlv placarded on the windshield. For the five Sundays in September and the first two in October the ban remained on Sunday riding and when it was lifted, there was official assurance

Second Year Of The World War 91

The epidemic of influenza which spread over the country in the autumn reached Camp Sherman in the latter half of September. It raged for more than a month causing nearly 1,100 deaths. The sickness of sons or other relatives called many Columbus people to the Camp and to Chillicothe where accommodations already were inadequate. For the better accommodation of visitors, Columbus club women made an appeal for gifts of mattresses, bedding, towels and supplies of various kinds. Gifts poured in and on the 12th of October seven trucks filled with the offerings left the United Commercial Travelers' building on Goodale street for the camp. The Red Cross also sent supplies and scores of women, nurses and nurses' assistants offered their services. From the Volunteer Medical Service Corps, Dr. C. F. Clark, chairman, was able to send a number of physicians for civilian service in Boston and elsewhere. The emergency call for face masks, pillow cases, towels, etc., was met by the Red Cross workers.

And while this work of relief was going on the epidemic stole into Columbus and put everybody on the defensive. Following the lead of the State Department of Health, the Columbus authorities on October 13, when 516 cases and a score of deaths had been reported, ordered the closing of schools, colleges, Sunday schools, theaters and motion picture houses, prohibited public and private dances in halls and hotels and all loitering about saloons and pool rooms, requesting also the abandonment of all public assemblages and the closing of churches and lodges. Ohio State University, in compliance with the state orders, had closed on the preceding Friday. Observance of the municipal orders was general, the request being as effective as the prohibition, but it was not till October 30 that signs of an early mastery of the disease appeared. Then the number of reported cases was 3,186, while the deaths totaled 265, of which 49 occurred at the Columbus Barracks. The first lifting of the health board ban was on November 3, when churches were permitted to hold services, if they were short and good ventilation maintained. In many of the churches appeals for votes favorable to the prohibition amendment to the State Constitution were made, that being the first and only opportunity for such appeal, as public meetings had been prohibited during the period of the epidemic. The disease continued its ravages, however, as related elsewhere, and it was not until the summer of 1919 that normal conditions were reached.

On Friday, September 6, at the suggestion of Governor Cox, addressed to every community in Ohio, the daily sounding of taps from the west front of the State House was begun. Choice fell on the hour of 4 :30 p. m., that, making allowance for the difference in time, most nearly corresponding with the hour at which the call would daily be sounded in France. "To us here at home," said the Governor, "what more beautiful sentiment can be imagined than the consciusness that, as the cadences rise and fall, somewhere within the shadow of death and under the pall of battle, our beloved ones are thinking of us." The first sounding here was made an impressive ceremony. In the presence of 10,000 people prayer was offered by Rev. Irving Maurer, of the First Congregational church. Captain D. M. Hall, Commander of the Ohio G. A. R., introduced H. S. Warwick as master of ceremonies, who read the Governor's proclamation of taps and General Pershing's address at the tomb of Lafayette. Adjutant General Roy E. Layton read a telegram from Pershing, saying: "To know that taps will be sounded tonight from the State House and every court house in Ohio is a touching thought and brings us very near in spirit to the people at home who are supporting us so splendidly." A male octette sang to the tune of taps these lines by C. S. Anderson:

There was singing of Allied airs by the throng, led by Karl Hoenig, and the bugler sounded taps. Governor James M. Cox, former Governor James E. Campbell, Mayor George J. Karb and Colonel Tyree Rivers, commandant at Camp Sherman, sat on the platform during the ceremonies. Two companies of so'diers from the camp afterwards gave an exhibition drill in Broad street. The sounding of taps was maintained daily during the war.

The American Protective League, in charge of Robert E. Pfeiffer, special assistant United States District Attorney, during the p riod of the war, was aided by about 150 volunteer investigators. About 250 German men and 300 German women were under constant supervision by the league. They could not leave Columbus or go from one part of the city to another without a permit, and thus insidious propaganda and spying were reduced to a minimum.

The task of supervising women's work at the Red Cross headquarters in January, 1919, fell to Mrs. E. B. Kinkead who, in one capacity or another, had been with the Red Cross since its organization for war work. The armistice put an end to the demand for surgical dressings, but there was a call for garments for the children of France, Belgium and Serbia, and the work of many women was continued in that particular for several months. Civilian relief, under the direction of Miss Elizabeth Long, who had succeeded Miss Evans, continued until January, 1920, as did the canteen work at the Union Station.

The February, 1919, report of the Columbus Committee American Fund for French Wounded showed that since May, 1915, it had sent abroad supplies valued at $28,506.21 and money to the amount of $1-1,000, a total of $12,506.21. There were about 40 units in this organization and six departments with the following chairmen : Mrs. J. H. J. Upham, Mrs. Earle Clarke Derby, Mrs. E. J. Wilson, Mrs. Silvio Casparis, Mrs. B. L. Bowen and Mrs. A. W. Mackenzie.

To President Wilson's query, October 17, "How soon can Ohio be ready to care for her wounded brave boys who need to be returned home for rehabilitation, where the}' may have the loving attention of parents and friends?" Governor Cox replied, "Ohio is ready now." The buildings of the State School for the Deaf were at once offered for this use, were found admirably adapted and were accepted. Plans for the transfer of the deaf pupils to other buildings in Columbus and elsewhere were made by Superintendent J. W. Jones, but were not executed, as the wounded were sent to Camp Sherman hospitals. Coincident with this, the Columbus Chapter of the Red Cross, with the backing of the War Chest Committee, began preparations for the rehabilitation of disabled soldiers and sailors and their employment at money-earning tasks. A committee consisting of J. Russell Kilbourne, chairman, James E. Hagerty, Thomas J. Duffy, W. F. Maxwell, Theodore E. Glenn, George W. Gillette, A. H. Thomas, J. W. Jones, Mrs. Karl E. Burr and Miss Ann Evans was appointed to take charge of the work.

The tensity of the popular feeling in Columbus was revealed by a tremendous outburst of enthusiasm, Thursday, November 7, when the false news came that the German commissioners had arrived at the headquarters of General Foch and had signed the Allied terms of armistice. The Columbus Citizen, in common with newspapers of other cities, served by the United Press, printed an extra soon after 11 o'clock a. m., announcing in flaming type the end of the war. In vain other newspapers having no such information, declared the report unconfirmed from Washington or elsewhere. Bells were rung and whistles were blown. After long effort and repression, the people would not have it otherwise. Shops, factories, stores and offices released their happy workers, and thousands joined in impromptu parades in Broad and High streets. With banners and bands and noise-making implements of all sorts, men, women and children marched. A great throng nearly rilled the yard west of the Capitol and clamored for speeches from the Governor and Mayor. Time passed and there was no confirmation, though the Citizen issued other editions carrying the same news. No other information was considered except in mockery. Red Cross workers from headquarters and the canteen joined in the demonstration. A delirium of joy swept over the citv; women wept and kissed one another; men indulged in extravagant conduct. Far into the night High street was a seething mass of joyous humanity; there was ill humor with no one save those who refused to believe. It was not until the next day that these latter would be heard with patience. Then came the positive news that the armistice terms had not been signed and that the fighting was still in progress. It was a rude awakening, hut the people bore it well. They had voiced their long pent-lip desire for peace with victory, and they were content.

On the following Monday, November 11, people were awakened by the blowing of whistles and ringing of bells. This time there was no mistake about it. The official an- nouncement had come that the armistice terms had, that morning', and not before, been signed by the German commissioners. At once the city gave itself over to a celebration similar to that of the Thursday preceding. All day long the people marched through the streets with banners and flags and bands and bells, or looked on from sidewalk and window, shouting their joy or indicating it by the noise they made with horns, the beating or rattling of pans, cans, etc. The kaiser was hanged at several places in effigy, while other figures of him were transported in coffins. The streets were thronged with noisy, happy people until midnight. At Memorial Hall there was a great thanksgiving service, conducted by the pastors of the city and shared in by the members of their congregations. Having thus given a second expression of its joy at the promise of peace, the city on the following morning resumed its usual activities.

The War Chest executive committee reported, November 1, that subscribers had paid in $1,843,196.28 and that it had appropriated for soldiers' and sailors' need, supply work, domestic and home relief and foreign relief, a total of $620,811.10 and held itself in readiness to contribute to the united war work campaign soon to be made, $427,000, the quota of the county, adding to it if the national quota was increased, as desired. It was then expected that there would be need to fill the chest again, but the signing of the armistice changed all that and at the end of the month the committee announced that collections would end with December, each subscriber being asked for only 75% of his full subscription for the year, and that to those who had paid in full a refund of 25% would be made. In April, however, it was decided to finance the Red Cross canteen work and civilian relief to January 1, 1920, and return the remainder to the subscribers, and so it was done in July, 1918. Thus each subscriber to the chest paid 18% of his original subscription. The total subscribed was $3,374,526.97, and the shrinkage was but 7%.

The spring of 1919 was marked by a series of ovations to the returning troops. The boys were weary of military service and many of them would have preferred to be discharged and go direct to their homes, but at the earnest request of city officials who represented the enthusiastic people, arrangements were made for some of the returning units to come.

Captain Edward Rickenbacker, whose service in the air had made him the chief of American aces, reached Columbus February 17, 1919. Known here in other years as an automobile racer, he went to France in May, 1917, as chauffeur for General Pershing. After a few months in that capacity he entered an aviation school and was commissioned as first lieutenant and later captain of his squadron which rendered a remarkable fighting service. Riikenbacker himself received official credit for bringing down twenty-six German planes and was awarded the French Croix de Guerre, the French Legion of Honor medal and the American Distinguished Service Cross. A parade and banquet marked his home-coming. He is the son of Mrs. Elizabeth Rickenbacker.

Distinguished service in the air-fighting was rendered by five other Columbus men, two of whom were killed. Those who made the supreme sacrifice were Lieutenant Fred Norton, son of Mr. and Mrs. Frank W. Norton, and Lieutenant Vaughn McCormick, son of Mr. and Mrs. E. W. McCormick. Lieutenant Norton was credited with bringing down six German planes and was awarded the Croix de Guerre and the American Distinguished Service Cross. He was wounded in an air fight in July, 1918, and died three days later. Lieutenant McCormick had two German planes to his credit and had been recommended for promotion for bravery and efficiency, when he was killed in action in September, 1918.

Two of the Columbus aviators were captured and held prisoners by the Germans until the armistice was signed. Thev are Lieutenant Walter Avery, son of Mr. and Mrs. F. E. Avery, and Lieutenant W. B. Wanamaker, son of Judge and Mrs. R. M. Wanamaker. T.ieut. Avery is credited with destroying three German planes, one of them that of Capt. Mendkopf, famous German ace. He suffered a broken jaw when his machine fell within the German lines in October, 1918. He was awarded the Croix de Guerre and the American Distinguished Service Cross. Lieut. Wanamaker had brought down one enemy plane in the fighting at Chateau Thierry when he was forced down with a broken leg and nose. He had then been fighting one month.

Lieut. Louis Simon, son of Mr. and Mrs. M. E. Simon, was officially credited with destroying four German planes. He received the American Distinguished Service Cross for heroism, September 16, 1918, and both French and American citation for exceptional' bravery in action.

On April 5, 1919, the first troops returning from P'ranee reached Columbus - the 112th Sanitary Train, the 112th Signal Battalion and the 62nd Artillery Brigade. Many of these men were from Columbus. In the parade with them were one hundred wounded soldiers from the base hospital at Camp Sherman. They were escorted by the Chamber of Commerce committee, the Columbus Reserve Guard and veterans of the Civil War and the Spanish-American War. High street from Naghten to Main and Broad street from High to Third were packed with cheering people, and Governor Cox spoke a welcome from the reviewing stand. The wounded were showered with flowers and cigarettes, and all had luncheon and personal greeting in the State House yard.

This scene was repeated on the following day when the 116th Infantry, 112th Supply Train and the 112th Engineers arrived from France and marched over the same route. The 148th Infantry had the same enthusiastic welcome on the 10th. A month later, Saturday, May 10, came the old Fourth Regiment, now the 166th Regiment, Rainbow Division, Col. B. W. Hough in command. The train was late but the enthusiasm was such that the great throngs in the street waited for hours to see their favorite regiment. Unexpectedly, in recognition of the deep popular feeling, the regiment was halted here over Sunday, the men whose homes were in the city were permitted to go to their homes ; the others were quartered in Memorial Hall for the night and on Sunday were guests in different homes, the invitations exceeding the number of soldiers. On Monday morning, the regiment proceeded to Camp Sherman for discharge.

On May 31, the 324th Field Artillery, fresh from the Rhine, came marching in their heavy uniforms in a street temperature of 102 degrees. In the regiment there were approximately 500 men from this city, and the welcome was, like the others, of the greatest enthusiasm. Refreshments were served in the State House grounds, and the regiment left in the afternoon for Camp Sherman.

Col. Benson W. Hough commanded the 166th Regiment during its entire foreign service, during six months of which it was in battle contact with the enemy, participating in the engagements of Champagne, second Marne, St. Mihiel and Argonne-Meuse. The regiment also served for four months in the army of occupation on the Rhine. It lost 100 killed in action or died of wounds, and 3500 suffered wounds, many of minor character. Eight officers and twenty-nine men returned with the American D. S. C. ; six officers and twenty-four men with the French Croix de Guerre ; two with the Belgian War Cross, one with the Medal Militaire and one with the Legion of Honor medal. Chaplain George Carpentier, of Aquinas College, Columbus, known as the "Fighting Chaplain," was slightly wounded during service in the Argonne. He received the American D. S. C, the decoration being conferred at a dinner in his honor, Major B. R. Hedges, of the local recruiting station, acting for the government.

For the great Victory Loan campaign, in which Columbus and Franklin county were asked to subscribe for $10,297,750 of the bonds, elaborate preparations were made by the committee that served so effectively before. Fred Lazarus, jr., was chairman, and there were twelve divisions with a chairman for each, and a total membership of nearly 2,000 solicitors, men and women, each of whom took the following pledge:

Realizing that the victory of our arms is not yet paid for, and in consideration of the sacrifice of the soldiers and sailors of my country who have fought to protect me, my family and property, I solemnly pledge my whole-hearted service as a worker in the Victory Loan bond campaign, and expressly agree to give all the time necessary for the Victory Loan work assigned to me during the week of the campaign; to obey all instructions; to approach no prospects not assigned to me; to sell a maximum of bonds to every one of my prospects, to the end that our boys shall not have fought and died in vain, and that Franklin county may finish the job.

The task was to sell the full quota of boids in the week of April 20, 1919. It was accomplished, and more, the total of sales amounting to $12,773,450; number of subscribers, 35,909. Sunday afternoon there was a service, with community sing at Memorial Hall; Monday, a workers' breakfast at the Elks' Home and administering of the pledge in Broad street by a justice of the Supreme Court; Tuesday, luncheon at the Masonic Temple, Senator Warren G. Harding, speaker; dedication of a new tablet on the Memorial arch, with a parade, General John C. Speaks, marshal, and an address by Admiral W. S. Sims, who also spoke with Senator Harding and Governor Cox at a subscription dinner at the Deshler

Second Year Of The World War

Hotel in the evening; Wednesday, Thursday and Friday, workers* luncheons at Masonic Temple; Thursday, community sing, led by Karl Hoenig, at Memorial Hall; Saturday noon, concert by the Canadian War Veterans' Band at the State House, and at 6 p. m., final report and dinner at the Masonic Temple. Great enthusiasm followed the announcement that Franklin county had again gone over the top.

The beautiful new tablet dedicated on this occasion was of solid bronze, and, as it was designed to replace the first tablet, bore the names of all Franklin count}- soldiers, sailors, marines and nurses wiio had died in the war - 292 in all. An eagle at the top bore the caption "Honor Roll" and beiow was the inscription: "In honor of the Franklin County Boys Who Have Sacrificed Their Lives upon the Altar of Democracy." The names were inscribed in four rows and at the bottom was this quotation from Lincoln: "That this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom, and that government of the people, by the people and for the people shall not perish from the earth."

On May 20, 1919, Columbus Masons welcomed home members of the order who had fought overseas and held services in memory of the twenty-nine members of Franklin county lodges who had died in the service. There was a noon luncheon at the Temple for returned soldiers and sailors; a parade in which every Masonic lodge in the city was represented, General John C. Speaks, chief marshal. The memorial service was held in Memorial Hall, with John Lloyd Thomas, of New York, as the speaker. This was a fitting sequel to the incident of August 18 and 19, 1917, when at the time of the mobilization the Scioto Consistory conferred the Scottish Rite degree on 588 men who were volunteers at the camps in and about the city. "It is meet," was the explanation, "that Masons who will honor us by fighting for us be thus honored by us." In the number were men of all ranks in tie army and five men of the navy.

The supreme service in connection with the local Red Cross chapter was everywhere conceded to have been rendered by Edward L. McCune, secretary and director of the work at headquarters. In recognition of his unremitting volunteer service which had continued daily for two years, he was made the guest of honor by his fellow-workers at a Deshler Hotel dinner, March 24, just prior to his retirement, lauded by several speakers and presented with a gold watch.

The Boy Scouts, 50 troops with a membership of 1,528, rendered a notable service during the war months. They sold bonds and war savings stamps totaling about $450,000, distributed thousands of pieces of literature, served as messengers for a dozen or more organizations, collected phonograph records and books to be sent to the soldiers and sailors, and helped in many parades.

Alexander W. Mackenzie was chairman of the British and Canadian Recruiting Mission in Columbus from January to October, 1918, when the draft arrangement with the United States Government was concluded. Aided by Sergeant George Tear, of the Canadian army and a local committee, he succeeded in sending 199 men to different branches of the service.

Chapter Xiii Back To Peace, 1919

War-Time Finances of Columbus - Columbus Women in Nursing Service - Large Public Gifts and Money Campaigns for Social Service Work - The Coming of Prohibition - Methodist Centenary of Missions - More Population than Houses - High Food Prices and Strikes - Special Markets and Sale of Army Food - President Wilson a Visitor - Grand Army Encampment - Municipal Election - General Pershing's Visit.

In every way Columbus and Franklin county had risen notably to the demands of the war. Not fewer than 15,000 young men had gone into the army, navy or marine service. The activities of those at home had been continuous and at times trying. The financial support of the Government was greater than anybody would have dreamed possible and, after it was all over, even the best informed marveled at the showing. Up to August 1, 1919, the investments in bonds, war savings stamps and certificates of indebtedness had been as follows :

To this total of investments in government securities there must be added the subscription of $3,374,526.97 to the Community War Chest, of which $1,619,772,95 was used; >\ subscription of about $550,000 to the Young Men and Young Women's Christian Associations; about $475,000 to the Red Cross before the War Chest was formed; $323,000 to the Knights of Columbus; $50,000 to the Big Sisters' Association; $42,000 to the Fund for French Wounded; $25,000 for the French War Orphans; $100,000 to the Salvation Army; $25,000 for the Jewish Relief Fund; $12,000 for the American Memorial Hospital at Rheims. There were funds for Italian and Armenian relief, a soldiers' tobacco fund, a soldiers' athletic fund, and many funds for the purchase of materials that went into the supplies for the soldiers, sailors and war sufferers. There were continuous appeals from national and international bodies, to many of which there was response before the War Chest was organized. Churches and lodges were generous in their varied helpfulness. Income and profit taxes, paid into the United States Treasury aggregated approximately $20,000,000. The grand total paid out by Franklin county citizens on account of the war in two years is put by John G. Deslder, banker, at $88,465,649. But this computation, while it counts the full volume of War Chest subscriptions, necessarily omits a multitude of contributions of which there is no collected record. The total of investments and relief offerings will probably never be more accurately known.