Columbus City (part 42 of 57)

Dr. Lord's administration was one of vigorous growth. At the outset he organized the staffs at the three buildings thus: North building (Third and Long), D. C. Pearson, principal, Miss Lavina Lazelle, Miss Roxana Stevens, Miss A. N. Stoddart; Middle building (Third and Rich), Charles J. Webster, principal, Miss Catherine Lumney, Miss Roda Sinnel, Miss E. Fally, Dr. and Mrs. Lord; South building (Third and Mound), Orlando Wilson, principal, S. S. Rickly (teacher of German), Emily J. Ricketts. Principals were paid $400 a year, the other men teachers less, women teachers $140 a year. Each building had primary, secondary and grammar grades; the total enrollment was 1.750, average attendance 798.

The tide of sentiment was running in favor of the public schools, and there was call for instruction in the higher branches. There was long discussion of the question out of which came the conclusion that the demand was just and that, if it were not met, the proffered favor of many would be lost to the public school system. So, in November, 1847, a high school department was opened in the Middle building, with Dr. and Mrs. Lord in charge. The attendance the first quarter was 25, the second 33 and the third 50. The growth was such that the department was taken to the Covert building on East Town street, where S. S. Rickly was one of the teachers for a year ; then to the basement of the Reformed church across the street, where E. D. Kingsley began teaching in 1819; and in 1853. to the State street building where it remained till 1862. The first high school class was graduated in December, 1851, in the Reformed church, James L. Bates making the address.

One school for colored children had been maintained since 1839; in 1853 there were two such schools. German was taught as earlv as 1839; in 1845 there were two German schools and in 1847 there were three, occupying the South building and a rented room. In 1850 these schools had an enrollment of 207; in 1851 there were four German schools with 316 pupils; in 1852 the board bought a lot at Fourth and Court streets and at a cost of $3,000 erected a frame building to which the German schools were removed.

The site of the present Sullivant school building on State street was bought in 1852 and a plain brick building of three stories and a basement was erected at a cost of $15,000. In 1853 the high school department was housed there, in connection with other schools.

At the resignation of Dr. Lord, Februarv 21, 1854, to accept another position, David P. Mahew became superintendent of the Columbus schools and served till July 10, 1855, when lie resigned to accept the chair of chemistry and physics in the Michigan State Normal School, of which he was afterwards president. In his year as superintendent here the schools included three grammar, eight secondary, nine primary, three German, four colored schools and the high school. Night schools were also maintained. J. Suffern became the first special teacher of music, Mr. Folsom the first special teacher of penmanship. The organization of the colored schools caused much enthusiasm among the people of that race; of the 336 colored children enumerated, 312 were enrolled. Two of these schools were on Gay street, one on High and one on Town. The teachers were C. H. Langston, J. A. Thompson, T. N. Stewart and A. E. Fuller. The high school showed an enrollment of 150, average attendance 100.

Dr. Asa D. Lord came back to the superintendency at Mr. Mahew's departure, and served another year to July 11, 1856, when Erasmus I). Kingsley was elected, Dr. Lord going to the superintendency of the Ohio Institution for the Blind. Mr. Kingsley was a native of Whitehall, N. Y. In 1818 he was graduated from the New York State Normal School in Albany. For one year he was principal of Aurora Acadenn^ ; he taught one year in Columbus in 1819 and for seven years thereafter was superintendent of the Marietta public schools. From Marietta he came to the work here, served for nine years and, after his retirement was a merchant and useful citizen in Columbus. He died May 13, 1907.

When Superintendent Kingsley 's administration began, Columbus had five school buildings - the three on Third street, the German building on Fourth and the State street building Adding those that were rented, the total number of school rooms was 36. When he retired, the number of buildings was 12, the number of rooms 57 and the number of teachers 63. The number of youth of school age was 7,759 and the enrollment 4,148. A lot adjoining the German school, one adjoining the Rich street school and the Douglas school site were bought in 1856-57. The Broad and Sixth street site, with a foundation that Trinity Episcopal church had laid for a proposed house of worship, was bought in 1859, and the high school building was erected in 1860-61 at a cost of $23,400. The Middle building in 1859 was condemned, and a plain two-story brick structure was erected at a cost of $15,000. S. B. Phipps became special teacher of music, Mr. Rittenberg of writing and Adolph Mott of French. The courses of study and rules of administration were revised; an intermediate department was put in between the secondary and grammar grades ; playgrounds were rearranged ; special attention was given to the elementary branches and the word method of teaching reading was introduced. Night schools and teachers' meetings were maintained.

In 1864, the method of electing members of the board on a general ticket was abandoned and one member was chosen from each ward. Of the first board thus elected, Frederick Fieser was president and Henry T. Chittenden secretary. In 1865 William Mitchell, A. M., was elected superintendent and served six years. He had been graduated from the Ashland (O.) Academy and had received his master's degree from Kenyon College. He had been superintendent of schools at Frederiektown, Norwalk, and Mt. Vernon, and had been a captain in the Civil War. Leaving here in 1871, he practiced law for a time in Cleveland and was afterwards State Superintendent of Instruction of North Dakota. He died in March, 1890.

During Superintendent Mitchell's administration, lots were bought on Park street, Spring street, Fulton street and Third and Sycamore, and buildings were erected, all patterned after that at Rich and Third streets. In 1870 the State street building was condemned and on the same site another, named in honor of Joseph Sullivant, was erected at a cost of nearly $69,000. In 1871 all the colored schools, which had been variously located, were assigned to a reconstructed building at Long and Third streets which, because of his earnest advocacy of the project, was named the Loving building for Dr. Starling Loving. In the German schools of this period, German was first taught, then English, after which the two languages were used in the instruction.

Robert W. Stevenson, A. M., was elected and began his service as superintendent, July 13, 1871. He was a native of Zanesville and had served as superintendent at Dresden and Norwalk. He served here 18 years, resigning in 1889 to become superintendent of schools at Wichita, Kas. He died March 6, 1893. Prior to 1875 one of the board members had served as secretary, but in that year Granville A. Frambes was elected to that position and served also as assistant superintendent, continuing thus for ten years, when O. E. D. Barron became clerk. In 1875, the first normal training school was opened in the high school, with the principal in charge and with the assistance of teachers of his staff. Classes were held on Saturday. In 1883, this school was formally organized in the Sullivant building with Miss L. Hughes as principal and was reorganized in 1889, with Miss Margaret Sutherland as principal. Superintendent Stevenson's administration was one of rapid extension and much building. In 1872, extension of the city boundaries took in the Franklinton school which had been maintained in the old Court House and eight suburban schools, the Fieser building, the Miller avenue, the Douglas avenue, the Northwood, the Garfield, the Fifth avenue, the Eighth avenue, the Front street, the present Mound street, the Siebert street and other buildings were erected. The Loving school was abandoned and sold in 1882, and the colored pupils were distributed to other buildings according to residence. The position of superintendent of buildings was created in 188-1 and Henry Lott was elected to the place; Frederick Schwann followed in 1888; Frederick Krumm in 1890; Edward J. Aston in 1894. In 1883, a branch high school was established in the Second avenue building, with C. D. Everett as principal, Rosa Hesse assistant.

When Superintendent J. A. Shawan began his administration in 1889, there were 25 school buildings with an average attendance of 13,504 and a corps of 279 teachers. The annual cost of running the schools was $361,826.52. W. S. Goodnough was supervisor of drawing and W. H. Lott supervisor of music. In 1890 the compulsory school law became operative and David O. Mull was appointed truant officer. Mr. Mull died in 1891 and John E. Jones was appointed, serving until his death in 1918. In 1891, Mr. Goodnough resigned to accept a position in New York, and was succeeded by Miss Helen Fraser who served for 12 years. Miss Lillian Bicknell, who took up the work in 1903, was followed by W. D. Campbell in 1912.

The first departure from the one-high-school plan was in 1891-93 when the North High school was erected and occupied. In 1895 a high school for the South Side was temporarily located in the Ohio avenue building and in 1898-99 high school buildings for both South and East Side were provided. West High school soon followed, and the original high school at Sixth and Broad was given over to commercial courses for the entire city. With the extension of the city boundaries, Clinton and Milo High schools were added and junior high schools were organized in four grade buildings in 1913.

A school savings plan was begun in February, 1902, with the idea of showing the children how pennies saved will grow into dollars. Two savings banks co-operated, teachers receiving deposits and the banks making weekly collections and opening accounts with the children depositors. The plan was a success from the start. In five months the collections aggregated $8,665.30. The next year 3,291 accounts ranging from 50 cents to $2.11 showed a total of $11,721.21. The first five years showed a total savings of $66,500. The total for the year 1911-12 was $17,028.82; in" 1913-14, it was $19,140.47. In August, 1916, the total of deposits was $228,191.40 and there was then on deposit $80,658.71.

Manual training and domestic economy began to be taught in 1893. In 1906 this was broadened into manual training, industrial art, shop work and domestic science, and a trades school was established in the building at Front and Long streets, and was there maintained till 1916 when, the site having been sold to the Y. M. C. A., the school was moved to a new building on the Spring street site. W. B. Dee was first director of manual training and J. H. Gill of the trades school.

who had been an instructor under Froebel, conducted a school for a short time. Subsequently she went again to Germany and, returning in 1858, opened a kindergarten on the south side of Rich, just east of High street. There was for a time in the 1870's on Fifth street, north of the Cathedral, a school for the training of kindergarten teachers. Kindergartens were maintained in the public schools for a time in 1892-93, with the aid of Women's Educational and Industrial Union, that organization paying the teachers. The work was resumed and made a part of the school system in 1912.

David Riebel was made school architect in 1893 and Edward J. Aston became superintendent of buildings January 1, 1891, to meet the continuous building operations and the call for care and repair of the numerous buildings. There were then more than 30 buildings and new ones were being erected at the rate of two or three a year. Now there are 60 school sites and 57 buildings valued with contents at approximately $ 4,500,000.

To meet the working conditions and make possible compliance with the compulsory education law, evening schools were reorganized in 1893, running four or five months with an average attendance of 150. Evening trade schools were added in 1913. A special school for truants and incorrigibles was opened in 1906; special attention was given to backward students with medical advice for the physically and mentally defective. In 1912 a psychological clinic for retarded pupils was held showing that, by the Binet test, they were from 2-i to 7 years younger mentally than physically. Physical inspection of pupils to determine defects was formally inaugurated in 1913, Dr. H. M. Platter in charge and assisted by four school nurses. Dr. Platter was succeeded in 1917 by Dr. C. P. Linhart.

In 1913 a special school for anaemic children disposed to tuberculosis was opened at Neil avenue and Hudson street overlooking the Olentangy. Money for the building was contributed by citizens through the Society for the Prevention and Cure of Tuberculosis. The society also provided the clothing outfit, a nurse, a cook and the necessary lunches. The board provided the site, the equipment and teacher. Twenty-five pupils were at first accommodated, later 50, and there were at one and the same time educated and nursed back to health. The board and society thus co-operated till 1916 when the full management of the school was taken over by the board, the building which cost $6,111 passing also to its ownership. Fresh air and the recreation of children at the buildings continually received more attention, and in 1913 half -work-half-play schools were inaugurated. Penny lunches were also served in buildings by the Home and School Association. Funds for the purchase of shoes for less fortunate children were established and at Thanksgiving time the children took to their buildings contributions which totaled large and served well.

In February, 1911, Edward B. McFadden, clerk, was also made treasurer, and the school funds from all sources were received and put at interest in banks selected by competitive bidding. The interest rate secured at the outset was from 2.65 to 3.25 per cent, and the aggregate increase has run from $8,000 to $12,000 a year.

The congestion in the buildings in 1913 was such that portable buildings in the school and adjoining yards were used at ten of the buildings, and in 1915 the number of them had increased to 32. The school attendance was approximately 25,000, and there was no money tor needed buildings. The expenses of the board had increased to nearly $1,500,000 annually, the tax commissioners refused the levy asked, and the bonded debt for buildings had increased to $1,243,400. In 1916 this debt was $1,131,000.

1 lie flood of 1913 closed seven buildings, the water reaching in most of them to the second floor. Relief stations were established in the upper stories of the most available, and teachers and janitors heartily co-operated with the other agencies. Among those who lost their lives were 12 school children. In the other schools of the city a relief fund of $2,12 4.12 was raised and expended by the principals of the seven submerged buildings. To this fund the Women Teachers' Association added $789.85. The buildings were reopened at different times between April and June.

German, as has been seen, was early taught in the public schools and special provision was made for the accommodation of those who desired such instruction. In the report of 1872 the statement is made that "the German language, as well as the English, is the medium of communicating the subjects to the pupils, and both languages enjoy equal importance, yet without mingling them together. This German-English instruction begins in the lowest grades and is continued uninterruptedly to the high school and through it as a branch of instruction." This was considered by the superintendent as particularly creditable.

Public And Private Schools

the system surpassing those in Cincinnati and St. Louis. The Ger man system was the pattern when industrial schools were introduced later. The number of pupils studying German in 1914 was reported to be 4,340, about one-sixth of all the pnpils. With the breaking out of the war, German instruction began to lose favor; in 1917, it was restricted and in 1918 it was wholly discontinued. Many German books were burned and the remainder were sold to be made into paper.

In 1906 free textbooks were adopted universally for the first four grades and later extended to the fifth and sixth for arithmetic. This made new work for the Public School Library which had long been providing books for supplementary reading in the schools as well as conducting a general circulating and reference department. J. H. Spielman was the first school librarian. He was succeeded in 189(5 by Martin Hensel, and Mr. Hensel in 1919 by Miss Emma Schaub.

Instruction in music, introduced in 1854, has been given by Charles R. Dunbar, S. B. Phipps (1859), Carl L. Spohr, Carl Schoppelrei (1869-70), Herman Eckhardt (1871-72), J. A. Scarritt (1874-86), W. H. Lott (1887-1905), Tillie Gemuender Lord (1906-14), R. W. Roberts (1915 - ). The later incumbents have been supervisors. Anton Leibold became instructor of physical culture in 1889 and continued the work until 1919 as supervisor. Penmanship has had special attention under Mr. Rittenburg (1859), C. W. Slocum (1892) and C. P. Zaner (1913). Miss Faith R. Lanman has for several years been director of home economics, Miss Mathilde Hungelmann of German and Miss Elizabeth Samuel of kinder- garten. R. G. Kinkead, who was first elected as assistant superintendent, became supervisor of grades in 1915, while Miss Marie Gugle became supervisor of high schools.

In the period from 1904 to 1918, the siz; of the board and the number of members were several times changed. In 1904 there were 19 members elected, one from each ward; in 1905 three members were elected at large and one from each of 12 sub-districts; in 1912, four were elected at large and seven from sub-districts; in 1915, the membership was reduced to seven elected at large as their terms expire for a term of four years. The first woman elected to the board was June Purcell Guild, who resigned after a short service in June, 1912. Mrs. Cora Mae Kellogg and Mrs. Dora Sandoe Bachman have also served, the former resigning on her removal from the city, and the latter being succeeded on the completion of her term, by Miss Kate M. Lacey,' elected in 1917. Mrs. Win. McPherson was elected a member in 1919.

The management of the schools has commanded the energies of many of the best citizens of Columbus. The longest service on the board was that of General Charles C. Walcutt, 22 years; the next was that of Dr. Starling Loving, 19 years. Joseph Sullivant and Dr. Alexander Neil each served 16 years, F. J. Heer 14 years. Dr. J. B. Schueller and Rev. James Poindexter served 10 years each. Thomas Sparrow, Frederick Fieser, Konrad Mees, S. W. Andrews, nine years each; Louis Siebert 8 years, and Dr. E. J. Wilson seven years. Among the others to whom it was permitted to render notable service were Aaron F. Perry, Judge James L. Bates, ,Tud<>'e J. Wm. Baldwin, J. J. Jannev. A. B. Buttles, J. G. Miller,

Joseph Sullivant was president of the board for 13 years, General C. C. Walcutt for five years, Rev. B. N. Spahr and Dr. Starling Loving, three years each. Other presidents after the reorganization in 1875 were Henry Olnhausen, Edward Pagels, Judge John E. Sater, Jonas A. Hedges, Dr. Edward J. Wilson, John J. Stoddart, Z. L. White, Thomas A. Morgan, Dr. J. U. Barnhill, F. J. Heer, John L. Davies, Charles S. Means, Charles J. Palmer, John L. Trauger, John J. Stoddart, W. O. Thompson, Edward Herbst, King G. Thompson, Dora Sandoe Bachman, W. D. Deuschle, Joseph S. Kornfeld and Fred D. Connolley.

In the period when the clerk was selected from the board membership, S. E. Wright, James L. Bates, A. B. Buttles, Allen G. Thurman, Francis Collins, John Greiner, Otto Dresel, S. S. Rickly, Henry T. Chittenden, S. W. Andrews, Peter Johnson, R. M. Denig and Alexander Neil served. Granville A. Frambes served from 1875 to 1885; O. E. D. Barron from 1885 to 1895; James A. Williams from 1895 to 1906; Harlan P. Judd from 1906 to April, 1910, when he died; Edward B. McFadden from 1910 to the present.

In 1916, Superintendent Shawan resigned, after 27 years of service and retired to his country home. Knowing his purpose, the board made search for a successor before the end of the school year and elected John H. Francis, superintendent of the Los Angeles schools, Mr. Francis, with the aid of principals and teachers,, made a survey of the schools and asked for a bond issue of $3,500,000 for new buildings and repairs. The proposition was beaten at the polls by a very large majority. In the spring of 1918 the board "ranted Mr. Francis leave of absence to accept a war-work position in Washington, and Charles H. Fullerton became acting superintendent, serving until July, 1919, when Mr. Francis resumed the superintendence-, Mr. Fullerton again becoming assistant.

Columbus has numerous private schools, some of which have stood the test of years. Among these are the Columbus Shcool for Girls, conducted by Miss Alice Gladden and Miss Grace Lattimer Jones at Parsons avenue and Bryden Road; the Columbus Academy (boys), by F. P. R. Van Syckel, Franklin Park South; the Wallace Collegiate School and Conservatory, Jefferson avenue; the Fox School of Oratory, by Frank S. Fox, Neil avenue; Bliss Business College, Office Training School, Columbus Business College, Mann's Business Training School and Hartsough's College of Shorthand.

Chapter Xxii The Bench And Bar

First Franklin County Common Pleas Court and County Officers - First Attorneys Admitted to Practice - List of Associate Justices - Removal of Courts from Franklinton to Columbus - Common Pleas Judges Under the Constitution of 1S51 and Since - Notable Justices of the Peace - List of Prosecuting Attorneys, Probate Judges and Superior Court Judges - District, Circuit and Appellate Courts - Ohio Supreme Court and Supreme Court Commission - United State: District Court - Mayor's Court, Police Court and Municipal Court - Juvenile Court - Reminiscences - Noteworthy Cases Tried Here - Bar Association.

The history of the courts of what is now Columbus begins with the creation of Franklin county by the General Assembly in 1803, and the appointment of John Dill, David Jamison and Joseph Foos to be associate justices of the Court of Common Pleas of Franklin, and of Wyllis Silliman to be president judge of the circuit, which included the counties of Adams, Scioto, Ross, Franklin, Fairfield and Gallia. This was the second of three circuits, into which the State was divided. Only the presiding judge was a lawyer; the associate justices were good, public-spirited citizens, to whom fell the business which under a later system was transferred to the County Commissioners and the Probate Judge.

The first session of the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas was held May 3, 1803, the associate justices only sitting. It was held in a room of one of the primitive buildings that had been erected in Franklinton, now a part of West Columbus. There were no lawyers present. Lucas Sullivant was appointed Clerk, and the only other action was the granting of the application of Joseph Foos and Jane Foos, relict of John Foos, for "letters of administration on his estate."

On May 10, the court held another session and, as provided by law, divided the county into four townships - Franklin and Darby, west of the river and Harrison and Liberty, east of the river - and provided for the election of Justices of the Peace, June 21 following. The justices so elected were: Franklin township, Zachariah Stephen and James Marshal; Darby, Joshua Ewing; Harrison, William Bennett; Liberty, Joseph Hunter and Ezra Brown, Ohio's one Representative in Congress was elected the same day, and it is interesting to note that the vote for the entire county was 150. It was then the business of the Common Pleas Court to count and certify the vote, and the record of that count, signed by David Jamison and Joseph Foos, may still be read.

Other early records show that this court issued tavern licenses, ordered surveys, directed the opening of roads, fixed the bounty to be paid for wolf and panther scalps, made allowances for certain services and directed the erection of public buildings. It appointed the first group of county officials. Lucas Sullivant was appointed the first Clerk of the Courts. He was also appointed the first County Recorder. Other appointments by the court in 1803 were: Jacob Grubb, County Treasurer; Benjamin White, County Collector and also Sheriff; Joseph Vance, County Survevor. The court seems to have appointed a Prosecuting Attorney when it needed such an official, and the first of record is John S. Wills, in 1803. The County Commissioners, Sheriff ani Coroner were elected in 1804 and 1805, and other officials continued appointive, some by the Commissioners. Dill, Jamison and Foos remained as associate justices till 1808, when Foos resigned and was succeeded by William Thompson, who served by appointment till 1809, when Isaac Miner was elected.

At the September, 1803, session of the court, Wyllis Silliman, presiding judge of the circuit being present, with two of the associates, David Jamison and Joseph Foos, five attorney's expressed their wish to practice in the court and took the necessary oath. They were John S. Wills, Michael Baldwin, Philemon Beecher, William W. Irwin and John Reddick. On the same day, the Commissioners who had chosen Franklinton as the county seat were allowed $12 each for their six davs' service, one of them, Jeremiah McLene, being allowed $3 additional for "writing and circulating the notices required by law." John S. Wills, for services as Prosecutor pro tempore, was allowed $10. His task was the presentation of the first indictment by a grand jury - that of Usual Osborn for assault and battery on John Story. The case was never tried, the record showing that the court accepted the terms of their private settlement, each party paying half of the costs. That was at the January, 1804, term, at which also Adam Hosack, who had just been elected Sheriff, was allowed $1.50 for summoning the grand jury.

Following the associate justices already named, down to 1851, when the courts were reorganized, those who held these offices were, in the order of their service: Robert Shannon, William Reed, Alexander Morrison, jr., Arthur O'Harra, Samuel G. Flennikin, David Smith, Recompence Stansbery, Edward Livingston, Abner Lord, John Kerr, Thomas Johnston, Arora Buttles, William McElvain, Adam Reed, Christian Heyl, James Dalzell, John A. Lazell, John Landes, and William T. Martin. The president judges from 1803 to 1851 were Wyllis Silliman, Levin Belt, Robert Slaughter, William Wilson, John Thompson, Orris Parrish, Frederick Grimke, John A. McDowell, Gustavus Swan, Joseph R. Swan and J. L. Torbet.

The first lawyers to locate here were David Smith, Orris Parrish, David Scott and Gustavus Swan. Soon after came John R. Parrish, who died in 1829, T. C. Flournoy, James K. Cory and William Dohertv. According to Martin, there were ten practicing lawyers here in 1831 - Gustavus Swan, Orris Parrish, Noah H. Swayne, P. B. Wilcox, Lyne Starling, M. J. Gilbert, Mease Smith, John G. Miller, Samuel C. Andrews and John D. Munford. Around the first five of those men, much of the early historv of Columbus centered.

The court met in rented rooms in Franklinton until 1808, when the first Court House was erected, as described in another chapter. Then and even before, a session of court was a great event in the community. "In the early history of Ohio," wrote the late Richard A. Harrison, "each judicial circuit was composed of many counties, and each county was very large. The lawyers traveled with the president judge of the circuit from county to county, on horse, over wretched roads, a great part of the year, with their papers and books in their saddlebags, and some of them, not without flasks and packs. They were often compelled to lodge two in a bed, thus carrying into practice Blackstone's theory that the science of law is of a sociable disposition. A session of court was an event of interest to all the inhabitants. It was largely attended by mere spectators. The lawyers were thereby stimulated to do their best, much more than they were by the pittances received from their clients. Trials were of short duration. The lawyers went straight to the material points in controversy, and the fray was soon ended. A trial was not a siege, but a short hand-to-hand contest."

In 1821, when the county seat was removed from Franklinton to Columbus, the associate judges of the Court of Common Pleas w?re Edward Livingston, Samuel G. Flenniken and Arora Buttles, and the presiding judge of the circuit was Gustavus Swan. A. I. McDowell was Clerk and Robert Brotherton was Sheriff. The court met in the United States Court House, which citizens of Columbus and the Legislature jointly had erected in 1820 on the State House square, flush with High street and almost opposite the north end of the Neil House. The structure, says Martin, "was a plain brick building, two stories high with a rough stone foundation. It was probably 15 feet square, and the roof ascended from the four sides to a circular dome in the center. The front had a recess entrance, about the size of a large portico, but within the line of the front wall. The same recess extended up through the second story, thus affording a pleasant view of the street from the second story. On the lower floor there was a hall through the center, and two rooms on each side, one of which was used for the office of the Clerk of the United States Court, one as an office for the Marshal and one as a jurv room. Back of this building, there was erected in 1828 a one-storv brick structure, in which the countv offices were located."

By the Constitution of 1851, the State was divided into nine Common Pleas districts. with one such judge in each county; and there was created a District Court, consisting of two or more of the Common Pleas judges and one judge of the Supreme Court. The districts were also split into subdivisions, and Franklin, Pickawav and Madison counties comprised the third subdivision of the fifth judicial district. To this subdivision, one judgeship was assigned and in the sixty-eight years six men have filled it as follows:

The Bench And Bar 175

There have been changes in the subdivision until now Franklin county is a judicial unit, and as the business of the courts increased, additional judgeships have been created by statute. The other judges and their terras of service are as follows:

The present Common Pleas bench of Fra lklin county consists of six judgeships - one created by the constitution and five added by statute, as indicated above. It has always been a bench of high character, the judges enjoying the confidence of the people, as shown by the length, of terms they have served.

Of the many Justices of the Peace in this and other townships, it is possible to name only a few, notable for repeated re-elections or for other activities. Arthur O'Harra and Jacob Grubb served 15 and 18 years respectively, and were among the first. David W. Deshler served four years, James Kilbourne three years, Ezra Griswold eleven years, William T. Martin, 21 years, John Tipton 15 years, William Walker 21 years, Pereival Adams 18 years, Andrew Dill 15 years, John Eberly 24 years, Alexander Cameron, Samuel Kinnear and Timothy Lee 15 years each, Billingsly Bull 12 years, John G. Miller six years, John P. Bruck and Lot L. Smith nine years each. It was before Justice Bruck that the interesting case of Frederick Douglas, the colored orator, against the Ohio Stage Company, was brought. On July 16, 1850, Mr. Douglas paid to the company the regular fare, $3, for passage from Columbus to Zanesville. After he had taken his seat inside the coach, the agent ordered him out and directed him to take a seat on top. He declined to take the seat above and asked for the return of his money. As the agent refused, Douglas brought suit, Joshua R. Giddings being his. attorney. The company settled out of court, paying Douglas $13 and the costs.

In the list of Prosecuting Attorneys, beginning with the temporary appointment of John S. Wills in 1803 and continuing down through the years (by election since 1833) there are some distinguished names. The list runs: John S. Wills, Reuben Bonam, David Scott, John A. McDowell, Thomas Backus, John R. Parrish, James Corey, Joseph R. Swan, P. B. Wilcox, Moses H. Kirby, William W. Backus, Lewis Heyl, L. H. Webster, Thomas Sparrow, B. F. Martin, George L. Converse, J. O. Reamey, Milton H. Mann, Edward T. Delaney, George K. Nash, Joseph H. Outhwaite, William J. Clark, R. B. Montgomery, Cyrus Huling, Curtis C. Williams, Joseph H. Dyer, Charles W. Vorhees, Lee Allen Thurman, E. L. Taylor, jr., Augustus T. Seymour, Karl T. Webber, Edward L. Turner, Robert P. Duncan and Hugo Schlesinger (incumbent 1919).

A Probate Judge for each county was also created by the Constitution of 1851, probate business up to that time having been attended to by the associate judges in the several counties. The office was made elective for three years and the following have served in Franklin county: W. R. Rankin, 1852-55; Wm. Jamison, 1855-58; Herman B. Albery, 1858- 63; John M. Pugh, 1863-79; John T. Gale, 1879-85; Charles G. Saffin, 1885-91; Lorenzo D. Hagerty, 1891-97; Tod B. Galloway, 1897-1903; Samuel L. Black, 1903-17; Homer D. Bostwick, 1917 .

The Superior Court of Franklin county, with a single judge, having jurisdiction in civil cases onlv, was established by the General Assembly in 1857, and abolished in 1865. Fitz James Matthews was the first judge of this court and after a five-year term, was re-elected in 1862. Owing to ill health, he resigned in 1861, and J. William Baldwin was appointed.

The first District Court, under the Constitution of 1851, was held in Columbus June 15, 1852. There were present James L. Bates, Sheppard F. Norris and John L. Green, Common Pleas judges. On the following day, Supreme Court Judge Thomas W. Bartley joined them. They appointed Henry B. Carrington, E. Backus, Noah H. Swayne, Henry C. Noble and John W. Andrews a committee to examine applicants for admission to the bar, and then adjourned. The District Court existed for thirty years, but proved unsatisfactory for several reasons, one of which was that, owing to pressure of business in their own court, a Supreme Court judge was not always present, and Common Pleas judges were left to pass on their own decisions.

In 1883, a Constitutional amendment provided for a Circuit Court composed of judges having no connection with the lower courts. Franklin county fell into the second circuit with Preble, Darke, Shelby, Miami, Montgomery, Champaign, Clark, Greene, Fayette and Madison counties. The first term of this court was held in Columbus, beginning February 23, 1885, with Marshall J. Williams, John A. Schauck and Gilbert H. Stewart on the bench. Other judges of this court have been: Charles C. Shearer, James I. Allread, Augustus N. Summers, Harrison Wilson, Theodore Sullivan, Charles W. Dustin, H. L. Ferncding and Albert H. Kunkle.

Under the Constitution of 1912, the Circuit Court became the Court of Appeals, the State being divided into eight appellate districts and the jurisdiction of the new court being extended. Eacli district has three judges a majority of whom may decide all questions except a reversal upon the weight of evidence, where a unanimous court is required. The principal feature of the Appellate Court is the finality of its judgment in an increased number of cases, so that practically all general litigation among private suitors ends with this court. The thought of the constitution-makers was that one trial and one review meet all the essential demands for an efficient administration of justice. The Supreme Court retains jurisdiction over judgments of the Court of Appeals in a limited class of cases - judgments in cases originating in the Court of Appeals, cases involving constitutional questions, cases of public and general interest, and judgments of one Court of Appeals in conflict with another. The judges of the Appellate Court of this district in 1918 were. Albert H. Kunkle, Springfield, presiding judge; James I. Allread, Columbus, and H. I,. Ferneding, Dayton.

The Ohio Supreme Court has met in Columbus since the removal of the capital from Chillicothe. Of the thirty judges under the first Constitution, but one was from Franklin county - Gustavus Swan, appointed in 1830 to fill a vacancy expiring in 1831. Of those who served under the Constitution of 1851, three were chosen from Franklin county - Joseph R. Swan, Robert B. Warden and John W. Okey. Of the others a few, like Allen G. Thurman, of Ross county, and Selwyn N. Owen, of Williams county remained in the city where they had served and became a part of its active citizenship.

There have been two Supreme Court Commissions - judicial bodies created by the General Assembly to assist the Supreme Court in clearing its dockets. The first of these was appointed in 1876 and concluded its labors in 1879. Richard A. Harrison was offered an appointment to it but declined. The second was appointed in 1883 and served two years. George K. Nash was a member.

The responsible position of Supreme Court Reporter lias been filled by a number of Columbus men. The first of these was Pliin -as B. Wilcox, who served in 1810. Edwin M. Stanton, the great war secretary of Lincoln's administration, who clerked in a Columbus bookstore in 183 1, served as Reporter in 1811-11 inclusive. Robert Bruce Warden was reporter in 1853 and after a short service on the Supreme bench again in 1855. Leander J. Critchfield served from 1856 to 1871 and then declined reappointment. Epinctus I.. DeWitt served from 1871 to 1885, and was succeeded bv George B. Okey, who served till 1887. Emilius 0. Randal] was appointed in 1895 and served continuously till his death in 1919. He edited and published forty-eight volumes of the Ohio State Reports and ten volumes of the Reports of Court of Appeals. John I.. W. Henney is the present Reporter.

The United States District Court was moved to Columbus soon after it became the capital. It met for a time in a brick building, once known as the Buckeye House, which stood on the present site of the Chamber of Commerce building, Broad street, half a square east of

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High street. Later, it occupied the hall of the House of Representatives, and then took rooms in the brick Court House, already referred to, on the State House square. In 1855, there was a division of the district, which took the United States courts to Cleveland and Cincinnati. In 1880, the court was returned to Columbus, when the eastern division of the Southern Ohio district was created. The sessions were first held in the Council chamber in the City Hall, then in rooms on the second floor of the building; at the southwest corner of State and Fourth streets, and in the Federal building at the corner of State and Third streets, since its erection. The return of the United States Court in 1880 was signalized by the Columbus Bar Association, by a banquet in the City Hall, June 1, in honor of the United States Court judges and court officials. An address of welcome was made by Henry C. Noble, and there were responses by Justice Noah H. Swayne, of the Supreme Court of the United States, and Judges P. B. Swing, William White and Joseph R. Swan. Hon. Richard A. Harrison also spoke for the city.

In order, the judges of this court have been: Charles Willing Byrd, until 1828; William Creighton, two months, appointment rejected by the Senate; John W. Campbell, till his death in 1833; Benjamin Tappan, three days, appointment rejected by the Senate; Humphrey H. Leavitt, till his death in 1871; Philip B. Swing, till his death in 1882; William White, who died soon after he took his seat; George R. Sage, till 1898; Albert C. Thompson till 1909; John E. Sater, appointed in 1907 and still serving.

Judge Sater's appointment was due to the fact that the volume of business was such as to demand the presence of a Federal judge here all of the time. And it has continued to grow until at the end of his eleventh year of service, Clerk C. P. White's records showed that, excluding the sums handled in the bankruptcy court and sums which had been deposited awaiting the termination of suits involving such sums and an order of the court for their distribution, Judge Sater had rendered judgments for each and every day of the eleven years, Sundays and holidays included, to an amount averaging -$11,000 a day.

The validity and construction of many of the State laws have been tested in this court during Judge Sater's incumbency. Notable among these laws so tested were the dairy and food act, the Juvenile Court act, the coal screen act, the act creating the Tax Commission, and the "Blue Sky" law, all the decisions except the last-named being affirmed. Federal statutes, too, have found in this court correct interpretations, notably the Harrison law regulating the sale and distribution of narcotics and the pure food law as applied to the marketing of champagne and Maraschino cherries.

The period of the great war of 1917-18 brought to this court some notable cases. Judge Sater tried what was probably the first case under the War Act - that against Hennacy and Townsley for conspiracy to defeat the enlistment and draft - and the conviction of the men is believed to have put an end here to resistance to the selective service act. He also tried the first case in the country under the statute which makes it a crime to threate?! to kill the President, and he rendered the first reported opinion on the constitutionality of the vice clauses of the selective service act, as well as the first reported opinion on that part of the sabotage act which makes an attempt to interfere with the manufacture of war material a crime. The first case under the War Act making it a crime wilfully to interfere with the possesion and operation of railroad property, taken over by the President for the better prosecution of the war, was also tried in this court.

The Mayor's Court came into existence with the organization of Columbus as a town, Februarv 10, 1816. The Mayor was clothed with the powers of a Justice of the Peace within the corporate limits. He could administer oaths and levy and collect fines, and he held court for the trial of law-breakers taken into custody by tile police. His judicial powers remained with some slight variations the same until 1891, when the General Assembly created the office of Police Judge and Matthias Martin was elected to the bench for three years. In 1891 Judge Martin was succeeded by Thomas M. Bigger, who served until 1897, when he resigned to take his seat on the Common Pleas bench. Governor Asa Bushnell appointed Samuel J. Swartz to the vacancy, and at the succeeding municipal election, Judge Swartz was elected to succeed himself and served till 1899, when he resigned to take the office of Mayor. Moses B. Earnhart served by gubernatorial appointment until the next municipal election, when N. W. Dick was chosen and served till 1903, when R. I.. Wildermuth was elected and, by reason of a change in the date of the municipal election, served till January 1, 1908, when Samuel G. Osborn succeeded and served till January 1, 1916, when, under the law creating the Municipal Court, the Police Judges and the Justices of the Peace were brought together in one bench. This lias resulted in dignifying all the processes of the old courts and in civil cases extending the jurisdiction so as to include those involving claims to the amount of $'750. Homer Z. Bostwick was elected Chief Justice, and Samuel G. Osborn, Frank Ruth and E. F. Berry were elected judges. In November, 1916, Chief Justice Bostwick, having been elected Probate Judge, resigned, and the Governor appointed John F. Seidel to the vacancy.

Separate Juvenile Courts were authorized by the General Assembly April 23, 1908, the judges of the Common Pleas Court in each county being empowered to designate one of their number to sit in the cases of minors under arrest. In Franklin county, Probate Judge Samuel L. Black was so designated and served efficiently until he retired as Probate Judge in 1917, when he was succeeded in this function by the newly elected Probate Judge, Homer Z. Bostwick. The cases, not only of delinquent children, but also of adults contributing to the delinquency, of parents failing of their duty to children and of others whose conduct is inimical to child life, are dealt with in this court, and much good has been accomplished and is still capable of accomplishment.

Because of the number of the courts in Columbus the city was at a very early day a mecca of lawyers. Primitive means of travel caused delays and lawyers were here brought together more frequently in a social way than they now are. In various ways, each was able to measure up outside the court room, the antagonist he was to meet within it. Of the judicial procedure and the men engaged in it in the period centering about 1810, the late L. J. Critchfield testified:

The meeting of lawyers in Columbus, in attendance upon the court, during the greater part of each winter, became in effect a high school of law and oratory. The men who thus assembled were the flower of the Ohio bar, and in measuring strength with one another in the discussion of causes in court, they developed and exhibited the highest intellectual powers imagine what deep interest the court and bar, as well as the general public, would take in these battles of the giants, when the combatants were such men as Burnet, Hammond, Wright and their compeers, with the occasional presence and participation of Doddridge of Virginia, and Henry Clay, of Kentucky; and when, during a later period, Ewing, Stanbery, Corwin, Vinton, Goddard and their associates were in their prime and contended for the mastery.

But those days passed with the coming of the railroad, the telegraph and other conveniences of civilization which have increased the hurry of life. Lawyers are not now found in waiting groups as they once were. The public, busy with its own affairs, leaves the lawyers to their eloquence and the courts to their processes, for the most part confident that justice will emerge.

Naturally, many important cases have been tried in the courts lure. The first of them were fugitive slave cases, in which there was great popular interest because of the growing antagonism to slavery. The first of these was heard in the United States District Court here in 1816, but the most notable because it almost brought Ohio into rebellion against the United States, was heard in the Supreme Court here in 1859. It was the case of Simeon Bushnell and Charles Langston, who had rescued fugitive slaves from Federal officers who were taking them back into the South. The rescuers were arrested and sought release by habeas corpus proceedings in the Supreme Court. The contention was that the fugitive slave law was unconstitutional. The Supreme Court sustained the law and remanded the prisoners, but only by a majority of one in a bench of five. Chief Justice Joseph R. Swan delivered the opinion, holding that a State Court cannot interfere with the orderly action of the United States Court within its constitutional limit. It was a courageous action, especially since his interpretation of the law produced a result in conflict with his personal feelings and bis political beliefs, for he had been elected in 185 1 on an anti-slavery platform. In this decision he antagonized public sentiment throughout Ohio, but lie was a man to do what he believed to be right, whatever might happen. At the close of the opinion, lie said:

As :i citizen I would net deliberately violat" the constitution or the law 1>\ interference with fugitives from service, but if a weary frightened slave should appeal to me to protect him from his pursuers, it is possible I might momentarily forget my allegiance to the law and constitution, and give him ;i covert from tho' c who were on bis track. There an1, no doubt, many slave-holders who would tons follow the impulse of human sympathy; and if I did it and were prosecuted, condemned and imprisoned, and brought by my counsel before this tribunal on a habeas corpus, and then were permitted to pronounce judgment in my own case, I trust I should have the moral courage to say, before God and the country, as I am now compelled to say, under the solemn duties of a judge, bound by my official oath to sustain the supremacy of the constitution and the law: "The prisoner must be remanded."

One of the most celebrated cases ever tried in Columbus was that against Lyman Cole and five others, charged with burning the steamer, Martha Washington, and her cargo, in the Ohio river, December 15, 1851, in order to collect the insurance. Arrests were made in December, 1852, and a preliminary examination was made before United States Commissioner P. B. Wilcox, who held them for trial in the United States District Court. The accused were indicted in May, 1853, and the trial began before Judge McLean in the following October. There was a great array of lawyers. The District Attorney was assisted by Henry Stanberv, while among the attorneys for the defense were Thomas Ewing, George E. Pugh, George H. Pendleton, Noah PL Swayne and Samuel Galloway. The trial lasted many days and aroused great interest, partly because of the sensational character of the charge, but chiefly because of the prominence of the counsel. The public anticipated a great display of oratory at the close, and there was bitter disappointment when the defense submitted the case after the District Attorney's argument. The jury, after deliberating two days, brought in a verdict of "not guilty," which was received with a great shout by the waiting people.

There have been important land title cases which cannot here be detailed. There was the "geography war" of 1880, arising from the effort of the Columbus Board of Education to reverse its action substituting Harper s geographies for the Cornell series. In the Supreme Court, the case for the Harper publishing house, as against that of Van Antwerp, Bragg & Co., was won on an interpretation of parliamentary law, it being held that the board could not within one week of its decision reverse it except by a three-fourths vote, which did not appear.

The bar of Columbus has produced a number of really great lawyers, such as Joseph R. Swan, Allen G. Thurman, R. A. Harrison and Noah H. Swayne, the last named attaining to the bench of the United States Supreme Court. Some have shone in other fields - S. S. Cox, distinguished as a politician, diplomat and author; Samuel Gallowav, friend of Lincoln, orator and wit; General Joseph H. Geiger, widely known for his political oratory and humorous lectures. Gustavus A. Swan and Joseph R. Swan wrote books of "Pleading and Practice," the latter being also the author of "Swan's Treatise," which has stood the test of more than two generations and is still regarded throughout the United States as the leading authority on magistrates' courts. P. B. Wilcox and James A. Wilcox wrote books of practice. Judge P'itz James Matthews, with the assistance of Judge H. B. Albery, published the last edition of "Raff's Guide," an authority for guardians and trustees. Judge Warden wrote a philosophical treatise on "Man and Law"; W . H. Page, a book on "Wills and Contracts"; Henry J. Booth, a book on the law of street railways; Paul Jones, a book on taxation; David K. Watson, a history of the I'ederal Constitution, and Judge E. B. Kinkead, a work on pleadings.

The last fifty years have seen tremendous changes in the legal profession in Columbus. The growth of the city, the increase in the number of corporations and the development of new kinds of trading produced new relations Corporation law became more important. Tile practicing lawyer no longer needs the KiV, flat-topned table in the middle of the room for maps and atlases and for drawing outlines of farm lands and town lots, for that class of work has been taken over by the abstracters of title and real estate men who have sprung up to dispute and divide his ancient heritage. Classification came and now we have legal specialists of different kinds, each doing a wo -k which was once but a part of that of the general practitioner.

In 1869 a Bar Association was organized, fifty-four names being signed to the constitution, and with varying strength and activity this organization has continued till now, maintaining a measure of esprit de corps and strivmp; to improve methods and facilitate the business of the courts. In its present membership there arc 350 attorneys, the total of all classes in the county being estimated at 500.

For obvious reasons it is impossible to speak of all of these individually. Suffice it to say that for talent, virtue and achievement thev measure well, and the bench and bar of Columbus will not suffer by comparison with any similar group in the land.

Chapter Xxiii The Press

A Pioneer Enterprise Here as Elsewhere - The Freeman's Chronicle of 1812 - The Western Intelligencer Moved Here in 1814 - The Ohio Monitor of 181G - Two Lines of Descent to the Present - The Ohio Statesman anil Ohio State Journal - The Columbus Gazette, The Crisis of Medaru and the Capital City Fact - Sunday Newspapers - The Dispatch - The Citizen - Weekly Newspapers - German Language Papers - Religious Newspapers - Educational and Other Monthlies - Tf'omen in Journalism - Elliott-Osborn Tragedy.

Here as elsewhere, the newspaper was one of the earliest pioneer enterprises. The people of the settlement wanted to know, not so much what was going on among themselves as what the outside world was doing. The former they could learn from their neighbors by word of mouth, but the latter was a longer story and more difficult to obtain. All this is revealed in the newspapers themselves, through the columns of which one will look almost in vain for information about the life of the community. The interest of the people was in the doings of the government at Washington, the happenings in the East and in Europe, and the early editors met it as they could. But their troubles were many and great. Presses were primitive; paper and ink and type, like the news itself, were brought from long distances over roads that were scarcely more than trails, or up the river by boat. The means of transportation were such that the arrival of news and supplies was subject to all sorts of delay ; and many a weekly issue was omitted because there was no white paper or ink. There were other omissions because there was sickness in the editor's family or other duties were more imperative. But the subscribers were charitable. No one was without shortcomings, and subscriptions were paid more often in produce than in money. The struggle to subdue the wilderness was common to all and, if every person was doing his best, there was no fault to be found.

It was war that brought the first newspaper to Columbus - the war of 1812. Columbus was still in swaddling clothes, but Franklinton, west of the river, was a town of fourteen years and a convenient rendezvous for soldiers. Besides the regular population, many were coming and going. James B. Gardiner saw the opportunity of service and established the Freeman's Chronicle, "pledged to religion, liberty and law." The first issue of the paper bore the date of July 1, 1812. It was a folio of four columns to the page, and its news was of Washington, Europe and the Indian war. The foreign news was from three to five months old, the Washington news from three to five weeks old; with the war news the editor was more fortunate, for the headquarters of General William Henry Harrison, first at Piqua, were later removed to Franklinton. As for the immediate vicinity, the news was in the advertisements or in the occasional brief comment of the editor. Other papers, which came by mail, were the chief source of information; and when the mail was delayed, there was no Freeman's Chronicle - breaks that were made up for by the occasional issue of extras, tlie size of a handbill containing some important news. One of these, issued Sunday evening, January 2 1, 1813, announced "Lewis' victory at the River Raisin." In an editorial, April 8, 1S1 t, it is stated that $150 had been expended for paper alone during the last six months, and not more than $30 had been received for subscriptions. The end was in sight. The war had ended, the community had again settled down to peaceful pursuits and a rival newspaper had appeared on the other side of the liver. Publication ceased in 1815.

That rival was the Western Intelligencer which in 1814 was moved from Worthington where its publication was begun in 1811. The equipment for this paper was bought by Colonel James Kilbourne, founder of Worthington, in 1 80S), and Ezra Griswold had set seven columns of type for the first issue, but at that point the project was interrupted, and there was no issue until two years later, when Joel Buttles and George Smith bought the plant. An interesting tradition is that this press was originally the property of James B. Gardiner, of the Freeman's Chronicle, and was used by him in the publication of an earlier paper at Marietta.

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gencer aiid Columbus Gazette. In 1817 the name was changed to Columbus Gazette, in 1825, to Ohio State Journal and Columbus Gazette; in 1837 to Ohio State Journal and Register; in 1838 to Ohio State Journal, which it has since remained.

Men who have been prominently identified with this newspaper as owners or editors in its more than a century of publication are: Joel Buttles, George Smith, James Hills, P. H. Olmsted, Ezra Griswold, George Nashee, John Bailhache (1825), Charles Scott (1835), Smithson E. Wright, John M.^Gallagher, John Teesdale (1843), William B. Thrall (1846), Henry Reed (1818), William T. Bascom (1851), Oren Follett, Aaron F. Perry (1855), John Greiner, Colonel Wm. Schouler, A. M. Gangewer, Henry D. Cooke, William Dean Howells (1S58), F. W. Hurtt, Wm. T. Coggeshall (1865), J." Q. Howard (1868), General James M. Comly (1871), Andrew W. Francisco (1872), Sylvanus E. Johnson (1877), Colonel James Taylor, Samuel J. Flickinger (1878), W. W. Bond, Captain Alfred E. Lee, General B. R. Cowen, Henry Monett, Jerome C. Briggs (1882), Colonel Wm. S. Furay, Edward K. Rife, George B. Hische, Colonel James Ellison, D. L. Bowersmith, R. F. Wolfe. H. P. Wolfe (1903), Samuel G. McClure, Colonel E. S. Wilson, Robert O. Ryder, and Harry J. Westerman, who since 1901 has been the successful and widely copied cartoonist.

The next longest line of newspaper descent, which ended with the suspension of the News, under the management of Allen Albert in 1907, was begun with the establishment of the Ohio Monitor in 1816 by David Smith and Ezra Griswold. It came to represent the opposing political party and did so far many years. In 1835 Mr. Smith, who had become sole owner, sold the paper to Jacob Medary, who consolidated it with the Hemisphere, and published it under that name till 1837, when it became the Ohio Statesman, with Samuel Medary & Brothers as proprietors. On combination with the Ohio State Democrat in 1854, it became the Ohio Statesman and Democrat; in 1857, the name was changed back to Ohio Statesman; in 1879, it became the Democrat and Statesman; in 1880, the Times; in 1888, the Press; in 1895, the Press-Post, on the absorption of the Post, which had been established in 18S8, with H. S. Perkins as editor and Charles Q. Davis as manager; in 1905, after it had fallen into the hands of a company of which Allen Albert was the representative, it became the News. And, bearing that name, it died in 1907.

The names that stand out prominently in connection with the Monitor and its successors are those of David Smith, who was its editor for the first 19 years; Samuel Medary, whose editorship, with the exception of two short intervals, extended from 1837 to 1857; S. S. Cox (1853-51), H. W. Derby, Horace S. Knapp, Colonel Charles B. Flood, James Haddock Smith, Thomas Miller (1858) George W. Manypenny, Amos Layman, Lewis Baker, E. B. Eshelman, Richard Nevins (1867), Jonathan Linton (1872), John H. Putnam, William Trevitt, John G. Thompson (1880), Solon Goode, James Goode, George H. Tyler, Simeon K. Donavin, Henry T. Chittenden (1881), Ferd J. Wendell, Charles' W. Harper, J. H. Galbraith, Clarence Jones, DeWitt C. Jones, L. P. Stephens, Ellis O. Jones. John J. Lentz, W. P. Harrison and Allen Albert.

One of the weekly papers of long life and much influence was the Columbus Gazette which was continuously published in one cause or another from 1819 to 1S86. It engaged the activities of many men, including, George M. Swan, John Greiner, Gamaliel Scott, Char'es S. Glenn, Alexander E. Glenn, S. S. Peters, E. O. Randall, L. G. Thrall, J. H. Hann and George E. Thrall. It began as a Free Soil paper and died advocating prohibition.

The Crisis, established by Samuel Medary, January 31, 1861, to advocate the settlement of the troubles between the states without resort to arms, created a great commotion. Its unpopularity made for it a great circulation and incited citizens and soldiers to violence. But Governor Medary was a pacifist not to be denied, and he continued to publish his paper till his death. November 7, 1861. Others carried it on till 1870, when it was merged into the Statesman.

Sunday newspapers (weeklies) for a time had quite a vogue. The first was the Sunday Morning News, published continuously from 1867 to 1900. In 1875 came the Sunday Herald which was consolidated with the News in 1891. The Sunday Capital first appeared February 17, 1878; its last issue was in March, 1891, after its editors, Wm. J. and P. J. Elliott, had shot and killed on the street Albert C. Osborne, editor of the Sunday World, a rival paper started a short time before. Sunday newspapers as separate publications ceased to be profitable when the dailies came into the Sunday field, and the bad morals of some of them hastened the departure of all.

Other weeklies of note were the Saturday Bohemian, designed to criticise the stage, society and politics, edited by Arnold H. Isler (1882-1885); The Owl (afterwards Light) edited by Opha Moore (1888); The Modern Argo, a high-class literary publication, by S. H. Dooley (1878); The Saturday Critic by Colonel W. A. Taylor in 1882.

In 1851 a number of journeyman printers began the publication of the Daily Capital City Fact. After a few months, the paper came into the control of Colonel John Geary, who continued the publication till 1863, when he sold it to W. H. Foster, who changed the name to the Evening Express. The Express was discontinued in 1864.

The Sentinel, a morning daily, backed by Allen G. Thurman, Henry Chittenden and other Liberals and Democrats, was established in 1872 to support Horace Greeley for the presidency. J. Q. Howard was editor. It lived six years.

Among the papers absorbed by the Ohio State Journal, aside from those already mentioned, were the Western Statesman in 1828; the Ohio State Bulletin in 1835, the Columbian in 1855, and the Western Home Visitor in 1856. On each side of the political fence, when there was dissatisfaction with the chief exponent of party faith, a new paper was started, struggled awhile and was absorbed or discontinued. In these contests, the Journal fared better than the Statesman, for the latter was several times overcome and would have perished but for the splendor Governor Medary gave to the name. The Statesman and its successors were many times in financial difficulties and litigation, and on the latest of those occasions, the line expired. The Journal was in the hands of a receiver in 1851, and it was in sore distress in 1858 when Henry D. Cooke became its managing spirit. Much money has been made in the Columbus newspaper field, but much has been lost, and the losers far outnumber the gainers. It is only when the many efforts are considered in the light of service that the men who lost money can find comfort, but that may be all sufficient. Scores of Columbus daily and weekly publications lived their little day and passed, and their names are either forgotten or without present significance but to each of them we may give the credit for some part, great or small, in the making of the public opinion controlling the progress of the city.

The Dispatch Printing Company was incorporated with a nominal capital stock of $10,000 in June, 1871, by Wm. Trevitt, jr., Samuel Bradford, Timothy McMahon, James O'Donnell, Peter C. Johnson. L. P. Stephens, John M. Webb, J. S. B. 'Given, C. M. Morris and Willoughby W. Webb - all men of newspaper experience. With the exception of the last named, they paid in $100 each and agreed to work ten weeks, without drawing salary, the same to be credited to them on the books. Twenty-five per cent, was after the first ten weeks paid in cash, in the second year, 50 per cent, and in the third year, 75 per cent., the remainder in each case being credited. In the summer of 1874 the company sold the paper to Captain John H. Putnam and Dr. G. A. Doren for $10,500. They secured the Associated Press franchise, improved the equipment and January 1, 1876, sold to Captain L. D. Myers and Wm. D. Brickell. In 1882 Captain Myers, having been appointed postmaster, sold his interest to Mr. Brickell, who, in 1003, sold the paper to J. J. Gill, of Steubenville, and others. In 1905, the majority of the stock was bought by Robert F. and Harry P. Wolfe. The history of the Dispatch, unlike that of most Columbus papers has been one of continuous growth and prosperity. Mr. Brickell added the Sunday issue, buying the Sunday Morning News to get the Associated Press service, thus making the Dispatch a six-day evening and Sunday morning paper.

Prominent among its editors and editorial writers have been Willoughby W. Webb, John II. Putnam, Captain L. D. Myers, Stephen B. Porter, John H. Green, Osman C. Hooper. J. I. inn Rodgers, Webster P. Huntington, Charles M. Lewis, Clarence Metters, John Metters, Arthur C. Johnson, Charles J. Reiker and George F. Burba. Dispatch cartoons, which have long been made by W. A. Ireland, have gained a national fame.

The Dispatch was long published in the building at the northeast corner of High street and Lynn alley. Mr. Brickell bought the bui'ding at the northeast corner of High and Gav streets and moved the Dispatch into it. In 1907, after the paper had passed into the hands of its present owners, the building was burned. For about two years the paper was published from the rooms, 3 1-38 N. High street, to which the rescued presses and type had been moved. The work of constructing a new building pro -ceded in the meantime, and the paper was again housed at the Dispatch corner in the fall of 1910.

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the first number having been issued from the office of the Express-Westbote, German daily, 210 South High street, March 1, 1899. George Smart was editorial manager, performing the duties of both managing and city editov. June 1, 1900, E. E. Cook became city editor and later, when Mr. Smart went to Cleveland, became managing editor, and in 1901 became editor, with B. S. Stephenson as managing editor and R. H. Jones city editor. On resignation of Mr. Stephenson, E. H. Hilt became managing editor and was himself succeeded in 1909 by Mr. Jones, H. F. Busey becoming city editor.

The first move of the Citizen was, with the Express-Westbote, July 31, 1899, to the building, 208 South High street. On September 24, 1900, the Citizen was issued from its own plant and its own office, 47 East State street, just east of the City Hall. On July 6, 1904, Mr. Dunn sold a controlling interest in the paper to the Seripps-McRae organization and later disposed of the remainder of his stock to persons connected with that organization, removing to Toledo where he died while publishing the Toledo Times. In 1910 the Citizen Publishing Company bought a lot at the corner of Third street and Lynn alley and erected a two-story brick building and, with a complete equipment, issued the first paper there November 28, 1910.

The Citizen was established as an independent paper and continued as such until September 2, 1901, when it announced its purpose to be Democratic. After its purchase by the Seripps-McRae organization, it again became independent and has so continued. Charles F. Fischer became business manager, February 8, 1904, and is still serving, with Mr. Cook as editor. Harry S. Keys, Citizen cartoonist, entertains with his humor and, like the others, helps with his more serious drawings to make public opinion.

On August 14, 1915, the Saturday Monitor, with E. Howard Gilkey as editor, made its appearance, the publication office being at 136 East Gay street. On July 10, 1916, the Daily Monitor appeared, avowedly as a Republican organ. S. B. Anson eame from Cleveland to be publisher, and J. S. Ralston was understood to be the principal financial backer. The paper was moved to large and well appointed quarters at the southwest corner of High and Chestnut streets, where publication was suspended July 6, 1917, on the order of Mr. Ralston and the appointment by the court of Mr. Gilkey as receiver and the issuing of an injunction to prevent Mr. Anson and others from continuing the publication. About 125 persons were thrown out of employment by the suspension, which was due to accumulating losses.

The Liberal Advocate, the official organ of the retail liquor trade of the State, after a career of twenty-five years as a weekly, suspended publication immediately after the election of November, 1918. Ohio had just voted to prohibit the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors.

The Labor News, a weekly devoted to the cause of labor, was first published in 1915 under a partnership agreement by J. A. Armstrong, O. C. Gilbert and William Blinco, of Columbus, and Walter Hilton, editor of the Wheeling Majority. In February, 1919, the Columbus Labor News Company was incorporated by the three Columbus men named, H. M. Hageman and J. R. Elder, to continue the publication and "combat the Bolsheviki and I. W. W. menace in all organized or unorganized groups of wage-earners, to uphold the fundamental principles of the American Federation of Labor and the betterment of mankind in general, with an eight-hour day for all workers."

The Columbus Democrat, weekly, seven-column folio, was established in September. 1915, by the Columbus Democrat Company. It is devoted to local news and comment and the support of the Democratic organization in countv and State.

The Week, owned and edited by C. C. Philbrick, was established April 9, 1910. In its sixteen 10x15 pages there has appeared every Saturdav a review of the week's political, financial and sporting news and various features. By its sub-title, is was first "a journal of fundamental Democracy," but later "a Republican paper with established principles." Prior to the establishment of the Week, Mr. Philbrick was the directing force of the Ohio Sun, a morning daily, established July 4, 1907, in an old residence on Broad street opposite the Capitol. The paper survived less than two years.

The first German language newspaper printed in Columbus was the Emigrant, Henry Roedter editor, begun in 1833 and discontinued the following year. The Ohio Staatszeitung was the next - a Whig campaign paper in 1840. Beginning in 1811 and continuing for about 18 months, the Ohio Eagle (Adler) was published by V. Kastner. The failure of the Eagle suggested to .Jacob Reinhard that lie try his hand at the business and he went to Cincinnati to talk over the project with F. Fieser, then editor of the Volksblatt there. The two united their forces and the result was the establishment in October, 1813, of Der Westbote, so named when the daughter of Stephen Molitor, Mr. Fieser's assistant, drew out of a hat a slip bearing that name. The paper was printed with new equipment in a building on East Main street. Reinhard & Fieser, as the firm name was, continued to publish the Westbote till May, 1881, when Mr. Fieser sold his interest to William F. Kemmler, George J. Brand and Peter Hintersehitt, all of whom bad for many years been in the service of the company and had helped to make it a journalistic success in a none too favorable location. In 1885, a joint stock company was formed with a capital of $ 100,000, the principal stock holders being Jacob Reinhard, Henry A. Reinhard and the other three men named. The Westbote was first a weekly, then a semi-weekly and later a tri-weeklv.

In 1876, Leo Hirsch, a fugitive from Prussian militarism which in his paper in Frankfort he had antagonized when it was preparing for the war against France, came to Columbus and became a member of the Westbote staff. Two years later, in the era of exclusive Sunday papers, he established the Sontagsgast and built it up till in 1890 he was able to launch the Columbus Daily Express, a Republican paper in the German language. Success crowned this effort also, and in 1903 he was able to buy the Westbote which he consolidated with the Express as the Express-Westbote, daily. The Westbote was continued as a semiweekly and the Sontagsgast as a Sunday paper. Mr. Hirsch died in August, 1908, and the papers were continued by his sons, Gustav, Ralph and Max Hirsch, the chief figures in the German-American Publishing Company. The company was doing a thriving business at the outbreak of the war with Germanv, but it never faltered in its Americanism. "We have from this time but one duty to perform, and that an unswerving, unfaltering loyalty to the country and the flag of our adoption," read an Express-Westbote editorial. On August 17, 1918, the company because it believed that no more German language newspapers should be published in this country, announced the discontinuance of its three papers. Gustav Hirsch was then a major in the Tenth Field Battalion of the United States Signal Corps, and his brothers were prominent in the war work at home. The company then employed at its publication office, 271 South Third street, forty-two persons, to each of whom a month's pay was given.

The Hunter-Trader-Trapper is a monthly of regular magazine proportions and a nationwide circulation of about 90,000. It was established in October, 1900, by A. R. Hardinir and conducted by him till June, 1914, when it was bought by F. J. and W. F. Heer, and has since been conducted with increasing success, with Otto Kuechler as editor. Camp and Trail, a weekly established by Mr. Harding in June, 1910, was merged into the Hunter- Trader-Trapper in August, 1913.

The Kit-Kat, a literary monthlv, established in January, 1912, was published by the Kit-Kat Club for a year and then was turned over to the editors, Osman C. Hooper, Charles C. Pavey, Herbert Brooks and A. W. Mackenzie, who with the aid of a foundation of a score or more men, mostly members of the Club, have since continued it as monthly or quarterly. It is no! a commercial project.

Tin- first religious paper to be published in Columbus was the Cross and Journal, a Baptist weekly, which was later the Journal and Messenger, of Cincinnati. Its Columbus career covered the period from 1838 to 1849, George Cole, Rev. D. A. Randall and Rev. J. I.. Batchelder being connected with it as editors and owners. Mr, Batchelder, to whom the paper passed in 1849, moved the publication office to Cincinnati.

The Ohio Waiscnt'reund is a religious weekly for Catholics, founded in 1872 at Pomeroy, Ohio, by Id v. J. Jessing, and five years later brought to Columbus, where it has since been published with marked success, the proceeds being used in the maintenance of the Josephinum, an orphans' home and school. This is a German language paper. Another paper, the Josephinum Weekly in English, also emanates from the institution.

Rev. I). A. Clarke. Rev. M. M. Meara, I.uke Byrne and Major O. T. Turney organized I In- Columbian Printing Co. The first number was published January (i, 1 S 7 -"> , Bishop Rosecrans, the editor, being assisted by Father Clarke who also served as business manager.

At I he death of Bishop Rosecrans in 1878, the whole editorial work devolved on Father Clarke, who also continued as business manager. In 1881, John A. Kuster, of Newark, bought an interest and assumed the business management, and three years later became sole proprietor, Father Clarke retiring, happy in the nine years to have established on a sound basis a Catholic family journal for central Ohio. Under Mr. Kuster's management the Columbian continued a useful and growing service for twenty-five years. In 1906 he sold the paper to James T. Carroll and associates. Since then Mr. Carroll has been editor and publisher.

The Lutheran Book Concern was established in Columbus in 1881, making the city the center of the denomination's publications, just as the Capital University had made it an educational center. John L. Trauger was the first manager and at his death was succeeded by F. J. Heer. In 1907, A. H. Dornbirer assumed that function and is now serving. The Concern publishes religious books on the society and on individual account and issues a number of church publications. The oldest of these is the Lutheran Standard, established here in 1842 as a weekly. Rev. J. Sheatsley is the present editor. The German language counterpart of the Standard is the Lutherische Kirehenzeitung, which was established in 1859. Rev. R. C. H. Lenski has been the editor-in-chief for fifteen years. The Lutheran Youth is an English language weekly, established in 1912. Professor C. B. Gohdes is the editor. The Theological Magazine is a periodical of 96 pages printed in both German and English. Dr. F. W. Stellhorn is the editor. A half dozen periodicals for the Sunday school, some monthlv and others quarterly, with a circulation covering the United States and Canada, are also published.

The Jewish Chronicle, a monthly magazine of twenty-four large pages, devoted to the interests of the Jewish people in America, was begun in April, 1918 - E. L. Parker publisher, Louis Rich editor, and Sampson H. Rosenfield business manager.

The Ohio Teacher, a monthly, was founded by Dr. John M. McBurney, at Cambridge, Ohio, in August, 1880. Dr. McBurney at that time was a professor in Muskingum College, at New Concord, with which institution he was long connected. In 1889 lie sold the magazine to Prof. Martin R. Andrews, of Marietta College, and Superintendent Henry G. Williams, of the Marietta public schools, who published it in Marietta until 1902, when Professor Andrews sold his interest and Dr. Williams became sole owner. The office of publication was moved to Athens, where Dr. Williams became dean of the State Normal College organized in the spring of that year. The circulation of the Ohio Teacher grew rapidly and by 1906 it had outgrown the facilities for publishing it in Athens. The publication office was then removed to Columbus and has remained here continuously ever since, the editorial rooms now being at 101 North Third street, while the mechanical work is done by the Stoneman Press Co., on South High street. The magazine is vigorous in its editorial policy and is a staunch advocate of better schools, better trained teachers, better citizenship and better government and an equal educational opportunity for nil. Dr. Williams, the owner and editor, has given thirty-seven years to the cause of education in Ohio.

The Ohio Educational Monthly, now owned and edited by Mr. J. L. Clifton, had origin in 1851, when the Ohio Teachers' Association, in session at Cleveland, decided to establish an educational journal as the organ of the Association. A committee, appointed at that meeting, made a favorable report at the meeting in Columbus the following year. The report was adopted, and the management of the project was put into the hands of the executive committee. A. D. Lord was made managing editor, and the first number appeared in January, 1852, under the name of the Ohio Journal of Education. In 1858 it was transferred to private parties, owing to financial difficulties, and Anson Smyth, State Commissioner of Common Schools, became the editor. In 1861 Dr. E. E. White became associated with Mr. Smyth in the publication, and in 1863 became sole owner and editor. In 1875 he sold the publication which had been renamed by Mr. Smyth the Ohio Educational Monthly, to Dr. W. D. Henkle, who published it at Salem until his death in 1881. The following year it became the propertv of Dr. Samuel Findlev, who published it at Akron until 1895 when it was sold to Prof. O. T. Corson, who published it at Columbus until August, 1918, when he in turn sold to Professor Clifton, who for two years had been its managing editor. Professor Clifton has for years been connected with the public schools and is a member of the faculty of the College of Education, Ohio State University. The Ohio Educational Monthly is the oldest publication of its kind in the United States. Its offices are at 55 East Main street.

Women have been a working factor in Columbus journalism since 1890. Women proofreaders appeared even before that, but gradually disappeared as the Typographical Union took over that task. Then they appeared in the newspaper offices as society editors, literary, art and dramatic critics, reporters of philanthropic activities, telephone-desk and rewrite reporters and the editors of special columns of advice to the love-lorn and others. In their employment of women Columbus newspapers have been conservative, never having assigned them to purely sensational and degrading tasks. Notable among the women who have done newspaper work, some of them only occasionally for some special public purpose arc : Rachel Frances Harrison, Elise Fitch Hinman, Mrs. Earl Clark Derby, Rowena Hewitt Landon, Georgia Hopley, Nellie Elizabeth Slaughter, Clara Markeson, Penelope Smythe Perrill, Helen Converse, Ella May Smith, Nan Cannon, Millicent Easter, Dolly Patterson, Helen Moriartv. Ellen J. Connor, Alice Coon Brown. Sadie B. Connor, Maud Murray Miller. Charme Seeds, Alice Peter, Sara C. Swaney, Mary Toole, Daisy Krier, Dorothy Knott. Anna Quinby, Ruth Young, Ruth Parrett, Olga Jones and Mary Lewis. Mrs. Maybel Monvpeny Huntington, Mrs. Dickson L. Moore, Dr. Alice Johnston and others have been prominent in publicity work for special causes.

Journalism in Columbus, as in most places, has been marked by newspaper quarrels, mostly with ink, occasionally with fists and canes. The record of fisticuffs and ink, however. was broken in 1891, when the quarrel between two Sunday newspapers, the Capital and tin- World, resulted in murder. In the Sunday World of February 22, which was owned and edited by Albert C. Osborn and F. W. Levering, there appeared an article which William J. Elliott, editor of the Capital, interpreted as a reflection on his wife and mother. It was the culmination of a long controversy over the respective merits of the papers and their editors. On Monday morning William J. Elliott and his brother, P. J. Elliott, were together on High street, when they met Osborn opposite the Capitol. The street was thronged with people, for there was a delayed observance of Washington's birthday, with a parade by patriotic societies. As the hostile editor approached the shooting besran and was continued till Osborn had been killed. W. L. Hughes a by-stander, was also killed, and half a dozen others in the crowd were more or less injured. It was the greatest and most sensational of all Columbus tragedies. The local daily papers were full of the details, and probably no important paper in the country failed to comment on it. The Elliotts were immediately arrested, in due time were indicted for first degree murder, and the trial of William J. Eliott began May 1 following, before Judge D. F. Pugh, of the Common Pleas Court. For the State there appeared Cyrus Huling, Prosecuting Attorney; Ira Crum, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney; Henry J. Booth and Colonel J. T. Holmes. The attorneys for the defense were George L. Converse, Thomas E. Powell, E. L. Taylor, Gilbert H. Bargar and M. B. Earnhart. The taking of testimonv continued till July l(i; there was a week of argument by the attorneys and. after five days of deliberation, the jury returned a compromise verdict, finding the prisoner guilty of second degree murder. Elliott was sentenced to the Penitentiary for life, but was released after a few years, with the understanding that he would leave the State. P. J. Elliott was subsequently tried and convicted of manslaughter. lb was sentenced to imprisonment for twenty years, only a part of which he served.

Chapter Xxiv

To put into a few pages of a general history an adequate account of the religious life of the community with its hundreds of church organizations is a difficult task. In the 122 years since the founding of Franklinton, the workers have been innumerable and a list even of those who have preached the Gospel from the various pulpits cannot here be given. It is only left to the historian to sketch the beginnings and some portions of the development to the present great network of religious instruction and inspiration and to name some of the men who have served notably as churchmen and citizens in the building of the city.

There was no recognized religious leader in the Franklinton community till Rev. James Hoge came in 1805 and established worship, according to the Presbyterian faith, in the house of John Overdier, a two-story frame building north of Broad and Sandusky streets. Later, he preached in the Court House, which was erected in 1807, and in September of that year was called to be the pastor of the First Presbyterian church, a relationship which he maintained for SO years, his farewell sermon having been preached June 25. 1857. It was a great service, of which more will be said later.

The Methodists appeared here as an organization in 181 1, when Rev. Samuel West, then in charge of this circuit, brought together George MeCormick and his wife, George B. Harvey and Miss Jane Armstrong, constituting them a class to which Moses Freeman, a colored man, was soon admitted. From that humble beginning has sprung the great Methodist organization of the present city.

Trinity Episcopal church was organized by Bishop Philander Chase in 1817, the first church officers being: Orris Parrish and Benjamin Gardiner, wardens; John Kilbourne and Joel Buttles, vestry; Joel Buttles, secretary. There was no regular rector or building for some years, and Bishop Chase, then living in Worthington, preached occasionally in a onestorv frame building on Third street, between Town and Rich.

The German Lutheran Reformed church was organized in 1821, Rev. Charles Hinkle pastor, and worshipped in a frame building on Third street between Town and Rich.

The Baptists next appeared, having been organized in 1825 by Rev. George Jeffries, who figures in early Columbus history as cabinet-maker, glazier, school teacher, school director and manufacturer. He was a man of many parts and is to be classed among the sturdy men of the time who made the city.

Thus in 1831 when Columbus became a city, six religious denominations were represented here in a population of about 2,000. All of the churches were weak, some of them without pastors. Martin in his history names eight officiating clergyman of that date: Dr. James Hoge, Presbyterian: William Preston, Episcopalian; L. B. Gurlev, Methodist, with Thomas Asbury and Jesse F. Wiscom, local preachers, and Russell Bigelow, agent for the Temperance Society, all of the same denomination; George Jeffries and Edward Davis, Baptist. The Welsh Presbyterians organized in 1S37 and, without a regular pastor, worshipped in a small frame building on Town street, east of Fifth. In the same year the Universalist Society appeared and held meetings in the United States Court House, where Rev. A. A. Davis, of Delaware county, preached. The German Evangelical Protestants organized and erected a church on Mound street in 18 12; the German Reformed, Rev. Hiram Shall, Town street, between Fourth and Fifth, in 1816; the Welsh Methodists organized in 1848 and erected a brick building at Long and Sixtli streets, Rev. Mr. Perry of Granville, being the first pastor. The first Jewish organization appeared in IS 19, when 28 members worshipped in rented rooms, with S. Lazarus as rabbi. The colored Methodists appear as a separate organization in 1823, and the colored Baptists in 183(i, with a building on Gay street, between Third and Fourth, and the Anti-Slavery Baptists (colored) in 1817. with a brick building on Town street, between Fifth and Sixth. It was there that Rev. James Poindexter first preached. The two congregations were afterwards combined, with him as pastor, in the Gay street building', and there he ministered for many years, being the most distinguished representative of the race in civic, as well as religious affairs.

The First Congregational church, winch has played so important a part in the life of the city, was first constituted September 29, 1852, its original 42 members having been dismissed from the Second Presbyterian church for that purpose. Among its first officers were M. B. Bateham, J. W. Hamilton and F. C. Sessions. Its rules of government were partly Presbyterian and partly Congregational, with Rev. Wm. H. Marble as first pastor. In 1856 by a unanimous vote of the members the organization became the First Congregational church.

As the churches have from the first rendered an incalculable service in determining the high quality of civic life, so many of the religious leaders have come, either from active participation in public affairs or from the silent influence they exerted from the sanctuary, to be regarded as never-to-be-forgotten builders of the city. First and foremost of these is Rev. James Hoge who, born in Moorfield, Va., the son of a Revolutionary soldier and divine, came here when he was 21, and here spent the remainder of his life. He preached for two years and then organized the First Presbyterian church, of which he wras pastor for 50 years. He was prominently identified with all the early charitable and benevolent enterprises, participated in the establishment of the state schools for the education of the deaf and blind and the first hospital for the insane. He was an early advocate of the public school system, and in his years of activity no public gathering for doing good was complete without him. The Presbyterians have also given to the city Rev. E. D. Morris, pastor of the Second church from 1855 to 1868, afterwards identified with Lane Theological Seminary; Henry L. Hitchcock, pastor of the same church till 1855, when he became president of Western Reserve University; Rev. William E. Moore, for more than 20 years pastor of the same church and from 1872 a sterling factor in the city life.

Of the Methodist leaders only a few can here be mentioned: Rev. J. M Trimble, pastor of Town street church in 18-10-11 and later at Wesley Chapel; Rev. A. G. Byers, once pastor of Third avenue, later secretary of the State Board of Charities and foremost in the State's benevolent work; Rev. James L. Grover, at different times pastor of Wesley Chapel and Third avenue church and later the first librarian of the Public Library; Rev. Granville Moody, pastor of Town street church in 18-15-17 and, in the Civil War, colonel of the 71th Ohio Infantry, commandant at Camp Chase where he won the affection of the Confederate prisoners, and later in active military service.

Rev. Philander Chase, (after 1818 Bishop) was the founder of the Protestant Episcopal church here, being identified with it from 18 17 to 1830. He came from Connecticut to establish churches in this section, made his home on a farm between Columbus and Worthington, preached in both places, and organized at his farm house a college which was afterwards established at Gambier as Kenyon College. It was in 1826 that Bishop Chase took possession of the new site and began the erection of the first building of the present thriving i n st i t lit ion.

For eight years ending about 1865, Rev. 1). A. Randall was the regular pastor of the First Baptist church, and thereafter often preached in the absence of the regular pastor or on special occasions. He was later tin- head of the linn of book dealers, Randall & Aston. He was traveler and author, and was interested in the early efforts to establish a public library, I In- fruit of which is the present institution, of which his son. Dr. F. O. Randall, was long a trustee. Another Baptist minister who contributed much to the city life was Rev. I. F. Stidham, who was pastor of the First church from 1871 to 1886. He was deeply interested in the science of ! he dav and for his achievements received from Denison University the degree of Ph. I).

Notable pastorates in the German churches, each covering about three decades, were those of Rev. Conrad Mees, pastor of the German Evangelical church which long stood at High and .Mound streets; Rev. W. F. Lehmann, of Trinity German Evangelical on Third street, and Rev. Christian Heddaeus, of the Independent Protestant German church at worshipped on Third street .south of Town. Later he preached in the church on State street and after that was pastor of All Souls church. His interest in public welfare work has been keen and helpful.