Columbus City (part 46 of 57)

Columbus banks are now at the high tide of prosperity and usefulness in the community. All gave generous aid to the government in the flotation of the various Liberty loans and in the Clearing House Association are brought into co-operation. The rooms of the association were occupied jointly by the Liberty Loan Committee, and the campaigns were conducted from that center.

Banking in Columbus has been marked by failures and disappointments and a few tragedies; but no more than elsewhere, much less than in many places. The men engaged in it.

Financial Institutions 255

as a study of these records will show, were among the most sturdy and progressive citizens, Gradually, the difficulties of the earlier period were oyercome, the business was stabilized and a system of co-operation and inspection was instituted till now a bank failure, with losses to the depositors, is regarded as a practical impossibility.

The first building and loan association of which there is any available record was the Franklin, incorporated in 1868, capital stock $200,000, its incorporators being J. J. Janney, Raymond Burr, D. J. Thompson, John Reeves, John H. Grove, John F. Bartlit and Justin Morrison. The object, as described then, was "to raise money from members and stockholders and to receive deposits to be loaned among the members and depositors for use in buying lots or houses, or for other purposes." Then, in the same year, came the Home, Wm. B. Hayden president, and the Capital, M. C. Lilley president. In the next five years, six others came into being - the Clinton, the Germania, the Citizens, the Teutonia, the Columbus Real Estate and Building, Loan and the Savings Building and Loan. Among the substantial men interested in these organizations were William G. Deshler, Charles C. Walcutt, S. S. Rickly, Conrad Born, Thomas Miller, R. C. Hoffman, W. E. Ide, Henry Lindenberg, H. Mithoff, J. W. Sehueller, J. A. Jeffrey, J. R. Hughes, James Watson, Theodore Leonard, G. G. Collins, and John G. Mitchell.

These were the pioneers, and the fact that not one of these organizations is in business today is due solely to the discovery of a better method of organization.

In 1918, there were in Columbus twenty-two building and loan associations, and there were two others in suburban districts - one in East Columbus and one in Linden Heights. The first association, at least the first one organized on the more liberal and helpful Dayton plan was the Columbus Savings Association, which was incorporated in 1880 by Join1 R. Bowdle, Cyrus Hiding, and others, and which, nearly a third of a century later, after it had become the Columbus Savings and Trust Co., and had passed into other hands, collapsed by reason of bad loans.

The oldest of the existing associations is the Railroad Employes Building and Loan Co., which was incorporated July 24, 1885, and is now doing business in the Chamber of Commerce building, with an authorized capital of $5,000,000. President, Jacob Henry; secretary, Jacob D. Streeper.

The Mutual Savings and Loan Co., incorporated September 4, 1886°. It lias an authorized capital of $ 1.000,000 and its place of business is in the basement of the Chamber of Commerce building. President, George T. Spahr; secretary, Charles S. Cherrington.

The Peoples' Savings Association, incorporated November 16, 1888; authorized capital, $2,000,000. President, Fred Weadon ; secretary, George Hardy. It is located in the Citizens Bank building.

The Allemania Building and Loan Co., incorporated March 9, 1888; authorized capital, $1,000,000. President, Louis Seidensticker ; secretary, Frank Schenck. Located at 280 South High street.

The Lilley Building and Loan Co., incorporated December 29. 1888; authorized caoital, $2,500,000. President, J. Nick Koerner ; secretary, Harley L. Stoneburner. Located at 85 East State street.

The Central Building, Loan and Savings Co., incorporated February 7. 1889; authorized capital, $2,000,000. President. Fred J. Heer; secretary, A. N. Fox. Located at 16 East Gay street.

The Franklin Loan and Savings Co., incorporated April 25, 1890; authorized capital $500,000. President, Henry Kropp; secretary. Frank R. Schwartz. Located at '1 17 South High street.

The Park Savings Co., incorporated January 3, 1890; authorized capital, $500,000. President, W. J. Means; secretary, John F. Fergus. Located at 576 North High street.

The Ohio State Savings Association, incorporated April 21, 1891; authorized capital, $1,000,000. President. John J. Stoddart ; secretary, Edwin F. Wood. Located in the Outlook building, East Broad street.

The Fireside Building, Loan and Savings Co., incorporated December, 1893; authorized capital, $13000,000. President, Henry G. Bower; secretary, Walter E. Schwartz. Located at 2505 North High street.

The Buckeye State Building and Loan Co., incorporated January 2, 1895; authorized capital, #10,000.000. President, L. L. Rankin; secretary, B. C. Blachley. Located in the Rankin building, 22 West Gay street.

The West Side Building and Loan Association, incorporated January 30, 1895; authorized capital, #500,000. President, Henry T. Linke; secretary, Orr H. Williams. Located at 612 West Broad street.

The Central Ohio Building and Loan Co., incorporated March, 1897; authorized capital, #5,000,000. President, C. H. Vance; secretary, W. W. Simmons. Located at 53 East State street.

The Ohio Building and Loan Co., incorporated March 8, 1898; authorized capital, #5,000,000. President, D. S. Wilder; secretary, E. E. Moore; treasurer, Herbert Brooks. Located at 14 East Long street.

The Home Building and Loan Association, incorporated August 25, 1899; authorized capital, #1,250,000. President, Moses Miller; secretary, George W. Rhodes. Located at 1082 Mt. Vernon avenue.

The Fidelity Building, Loan and Savings Co., incorporated February 10, 1900; authorized capital, #5,000,000. President, WTm. J. McComb; secretary, J. Lawrence Porter. Located at 111 J South High street.

The Union Building and Savings Co., incorporated December 9, 1903; authorized capital, $100,000. President, Henry Bohl; secretary, Nathan Dawson. Located at 48-50 West Gay street.

The Dollar Building and Loan Co., incorporated May 8, 1907; authorized capital, $1,000,000. President, Frank A. Chenowith; secretary, Emilia M. Fladt. Located at 198 South High street.

The Scioto Building and Loan Co., incorporated April 23, 1910; authorized capital, #1,000,000. President, James W. Nitschke; secretary, Charles E. Nitschke. Located at 31-37 East Gay street.

The Jeffrey Building, Loan and Savings Association, incorporated October 21, 1911; authorized capital, #1,000,000. President, Wm. L. Bruncr; secretary, Anthony Ruppersberg.

The East Columbus Building and Loan Association, incorporated June 24, 1913; authorized capital, #250,000. President, J. S. Ralston; secretary, C. H. Weber.

The Linden Heights Savings and Loan Co., incorporated August 27, 1914; authorized capital, #50,000. President, E. E. Rockfield; secretary, S. M. Wells.

The assets of the 22 Columbus companies, June 30, 1917, as reported to the State Inspector of Building and Loan Associations, was $36,188,630.90, a net increase over the amount the year before of #(3,803,864.42. There has been State inspection of building and loan associations since 1892, and in the period since then, there has been but one failure, that of the Teutonia Building and Loan Co., which was incorporated in 1908 and collapsed in 1913. Almost without exception, the Columbus companies have been in the hands of capable and careful men who have administered their trust so as to promote home-owning bv the man whose only capital is his earning and saving ability.

The Columbus Stock Exchange was organized in May, 1903, with nine charter members - Frank L. Griffith, Claude Meeker, Caleb L. McKee, Fred Vercoe, J. J. Stevenson, J. Zettler Krumm, F. R. Huntington, F. M. Sessions and George B. Durant. The first sheet naming and quoting securities was issued May 25, 1903, and the first sale was that of 50 shares of Columbus Railway & Light. In 1911 the membership had increased to 19, the constitutional limit being 20. The exchange was first opened in the Chamber of Commerce building, but later moved to the Hayden-Clinton building. J. Zettler Krumm was its first secretary. The present officers are: Herman J. Engler president, Samuel L. Landcn vice president, Gilbert I,. Fuller, treasurer, Charles S. Basil secretary, the last named having served since 1905.

Chapter Xxxii Literary Life

Early Gazetteers and Almanacs - Charles Dickens' Visit - Books of 1850 and I860 - W. D. Hozcells, John James Piatt, S. S. Cox - A Busy Publishing House - Win. S. Sullivant, Leo Lesquereux and Theodore G. Wormley - Book Dealers of Long Record - Lyceums and Libraries - Writers of History, Poetry, Fiction and Science - Women as Authors and Writers - Literary Clubs.

Not less important than the story of a city's material growth and development is its literary history, expressing as it does the mind of the community, as religion does its soul. Rugged men were the pioneer settlers of the region now known as Columbus, trained in severity of thought by the hardships of the times, and with few amusements to divert their minds from the pressing work of carving a home out of the wilderness ; but there is evidence to show that the literary history of Columbus dates back to the earliest days when the first settlers of the small village on the banks of the Scioto turned after their hard day's work to the almanac or to such cherished volumes as the more educated had brought with them over the mountains in their search for a new Eldorado of the west. The flickering candle light in many a rude cabin or more pretentious home revealed not only the eager face of the schoolboy but also the earnest eyes of the seeker after intellectual enjoyment poring over the pages of some treasured volume or printed sheet. For with the first settlers came that valuable adjunct of civilization, the printing press, and as early as 1812, when clearings were being made for the first State building, the Freeman's Chronicle was being issued from the press of James B. Gardiner, at Franklinton, now the West Side ; while the progenitor of the Ohio State Journal, the Western Intelligencer, had been founded the year previous at Worthington, ten miles north, by Colonel James Kilbourne. Copies of the Freeman's Chronicle are so rare that not a library in the city or State has a file of them.

John Kilbourne was the author and compiler of the first book published in Columbus. It was called the Ohio Gazetteer and first came out in 1816, going by reason of the extent and variety of its information into a tenth edition in 1826. It gave information about places, roads, routes of travel and proved a useful handbook for the shifting population of the day. Samuel Barr printed a "Farmer's Almanac" in 1822. Another work produced yearly for a time, beginning about 1827, was the "Columbus Magazine and Single Almanac." Cornelius Thomas, who used to say that bis occupation was "bisecting and rif tingwood," published in 1827 a brochure called "The Columbus Elucidator," as he himself stated in the Ohio State Journal of May 10, 1827, "to explain matters and things, to open the eyes or minds of men, to reform the government and laws - political sermons with poetry to suit the prose." He advertised it for sale at McCoy's store and at "Captain Howton's near the Mound, price 12-J cents." To encourage buying, he declared that "first rate men speak well of me and my pamphlet, but absurd boys and biased adult varlets, etc., try their best to make fun of both."

In 1837 announcement was made of ihe early publication of John W. Campbell's biographical sketches of Ohio pioneers then deceased. The book, which was issued as promised, was an interesting contribution to Ohio literature. In the same year Isaac N. Whiting published the "Ohio Gazetteer and Travelers' Guide," a book of 550 duodecimo pages, nearly twice the size of Kilbourne's similar work. A little earlier than this William Lusk published "The Ohio Register and Western Calendar."

As an evidence of growing gentility, it is interesting to note that one of the books published while Columbus was yet a borough bore the significant title "The Young Lady's and Gentleman's Explanatory Monitor." Social amenities were evidently looking up for the author, Rufus W. Adams, undertook to give advice as to dress, deportment, morals, etc., and the book, which was recommended by Jacob Lindlev, of the college at Athens, proved its usefulness by going into a fifth edition. There also appeared a little later a collection of popular songs under the title, "The American Songster."

In 1812 two books of minor importance from the pens of Columbus residents appeared. They were "Political Economy" by Thomas Chalmers and "Claims of the Country on American Females," bv Margaret Coxe, the latter of whom was also the author of several other works designed for the perusal of her sex.

It was in April, 1842, that a most distinguished writer came to Columbus, in the person of Charles Dickens, even then a figure of wide renown in the world of books. But he came unheralded and he left unrecognized, as far as the chronicles of the times inform us. In his "American Notes" he wrote:

AVe reached Columbus shortly after seven o'clock, and stayed there to refresh that day and night; having excellent apartments in a large unfinished hotel called the Neil House, which were richly fitted with the polished wood of the black walnut and opened on a handsome portico and stone verandah, like rooms in some Italian mansion. The town is clean and pretty and, of course, is going to be much larger. It is the seat of the state legislature of Ohio and lays claim in consequence to some consideration and importance.

Mr. Dickens was traveling by stage coach from Cincinnati to Sandusky, and left the following morning by special conveyance as there was no stage that day.

Law books by the Swans (Gustavus S. and Joseph R.) began to appear in this period, and a work of scientific import, "Lectures on the Globe," by George Brewster, appeared. "Volumes of the War," by Thomas Prescott appeared in 1851. Dr. I. G. Jones published in 1853 a work on "The Theory and Practice of Medicine." Wm. T. Martin brought out in 1858 his "History of Franklin County," and the following year Wm. T. Coggeshall published "The Cincinnati Riots of 1836 and 1811." These riots were caused by the publication there of an anti-slavery paper. In 1860 appeared Mr. Coggeshall's best known book, "Poets and Poetrv of the West." It was published here by Follett, Foster & Co., the most notable of early Columbus publishers. From the same house in 1859 came Judge Simeon Nash's "Morality and the State" and Joshua Giddings' "Exiles in Florida"; in 1860, ' Tin- Poems of Two Friends," by W. D. Howells and John James Piatt, and "A Familiar Forensic View of Man and Law," by Judge R. B. Warden. A "Life of Douglas" and a "Life of Lincoln," the latter by Wm. D. Howells, and a "Life of Alfred Kelley," by Gustavus Swan, also came from this press in 1860. A few of the other publications of this house, as showing its importance, may be mentioned heie: "A Buckeye Abroad," by Samuel Sullivan Cox (1851); "Debates of Lincoln and Douglas"; "A Story of Life in Chili," edited by Mr. Howells; a translation of Gautier's "Romance of a Mummy," done by a Marietta lady; "Adela, the Octoroon," by H. L. Hosmer; "Life and Character in the South and West." by W. T. Coggeshall; "Eric, or Little by Little," an English story for boys.

It is around Mr. Howells that t lie chief literary traditions of Columbus center, for he was tin first to go from this city to achieve high distinction in the world of letters. He was connected witli the Ohio State Journal as a writer for the greater part of the period 1858-61. He wrote six poems in 1860 which were accepted for publication in the Atlantic Monthly. Tlie first of them, published in the February number, being so short and significant that it is reproduced:

The Poet'S Friends

Mr. Howells, in bis "Reminiscences," says that his writings met with kindness, if not honor, in Columbus. So, in the poem, he may not have used the robin to typify himself ami tin cattle to represent bis Columbus neighbors. According to tradition, Mr. Howells received For this poem .+'2 5 , which be put in bank and then, needing some money, had to ask his friend. James M. Conily, "Jim, when you put money in the bank, how do you get it out again ?"

John James Piatt, co-author of the "I'o-ms of Two Friends," was also a printer and writer on the Ohio State Journal. Unlike Mr. Howells, who went into fiction, be clung to poetrv and later, while in Washington and in Ireland as United States Consul, wrote and

Literary Life 259

Among the other familiar names of this period is that of Hon. S. S. Cox, who came from Zanesville in 1853 to be the editor of the Ohio Statesman and who gained a peculiar distinction by writing for the Statesman of May 19, 1853, his beautiful sketch, "A Great Old Sunset." This was both praised and ridiculed, for it wTas a new thing in editorial expressions. One of the political editors of the time - and they were nearly all such - parodied it in "A Great Old Henset," and the initials of Mr. Cox's name were immediately amplified into "Sun Set." The nickname stuck, and Mr. Cox came to be very fond of it in later years when he was congressman and diplomat and writer of other books.

John H. Klippart in 1860 published an exhaustive treatise on "The Wheat Plant," which went through three large editions and in 1862 another on "Theory and Practice of Farm Drainage." In 1865 appeared the "Lincoln Memorial," by Wm. T. Coggeshall.

In 1861 appeared William S. Sullivant's "Icones Muscorum," a scientific work on which he had labored for more than twenty years, much of the time having the assistance of that other Columbus scientist, Leo Lesquereux. Mr. Sullivant was a son of the founder of Franklinton and had previously published an exhaustive study of the flora of central Ohio. In addition to his collaboration with Mr. Sullivant in his work on mosses, Mr. Lesquereux was constantly employed by the National Geographical Society and numerous State surveys in the study of and report upon specimens sent to him from the field. Both of these men were scientists far beyond the appreciation of their neighbors, and they had more fame abroad than at home.

A contemporary of Sullivant and Lesquereux was Dr. Theodore G. Wormley, professor of chemistry first at Capital University and later at Starling Medical College, where he served about twenty-three years. In 1867, during the latter service he published his work. "The Micro-Chemistry of Poisons," the greatest work of the kind up to that time produced. His accomplished wife made not only the drawings, but also the steel engravings for the book.

Of purveyors of books Columbus had some even in the earliest days. Back in 1818 Samuel Barr & Co. sold books off the same shelves that held groceries, boots, drugs, hardware, and farmers' implements. The first regular bookstore here was opened by I. N. Whiting in 1829, but his belief in the culture of the community was shaken, the year following, when he was obliged to add a stock of hardware. One could get along without books in those days, but hardware was a necessity to pioneer endeavor. Besides dealing in books, Mr. Whiting was a publisher and his name is found in the imprint of many of the early books. He continued in the business many yjears. H. W. Derby appeared here in the book business in 1813 and J. H. Riley in 1811. Burr, Randall & Long began business in 1850, the firm afterward becoming Randall & Aston (Isaac C.) The last-named continued in the book business after the death of his partner. George W. Gleason and George H. Twiss were book dealers in the 70's. Henry C. McClelland died in 1918 after sixty years as clerk or proprietor, and the business he started is now carried on under the name of McCelland & Co., by F. W. Flowers, lona; Mr. McClelland's partner. Arthur H. Smvthe was another veteran in the business, his Neil House store having long been one of the landmarks. His wide knowledge of books as well as his discriminating mind caused him to be greatly missed by Columbus booklovers when he retired from business in 1919.

In 1821 the apprentices of the town established a library solely for their own use. Two years later the borough boasted a circulating library, and in 1835 the Columbus Reading Room and Institute was established. Reading rooms and lyceums succeeded one another until 1853, when the Columbus Atheneum came into existence, occupying rooms in the Court House and contributing to the intellectual growth of the city by bringing within its gates such nationally famous men as Horace Mann, Bayard Taylor, Thomas Fwing, Wendell Phillips, Donald Mitchell, Ralph Waldo Emerson and P. T. Barnum. It is recorded that considerable exception was taken to the appearance of the circus man on such a high class lecture platform, but the commentary is also written that his was one of the few financially successful lectures of the course. The lecture course was eventually discontinued, but the library remained in service until 1871 when all its books were turned over to the City Library then established by the City Council. The State Library, founded in 1816 by Ohio's first executive, Governor Worthington, was a strong factor in the literary life of growing Columbus, giving special aid to the student, writer and research worker, and furnishing standard and authoritative information in all branches of literary endeavor. By all these means a literary standard had been formed and a certain measure of culture acquired, flowering forth into a multiplicity of publications, many of which have already been referred to.

Bankers as well as business men found time in the early days for dalliance with the pen. Of these George W. Manypenny wrote of "Our Indian Wards"; a valuable history of Ireland was published by Michael McAllister; and Francis Sessions was the author of .several books of travel. About this time, too, a biographical sketch of Professor Espy and two books of verse came from the pen of Mrs. L. M. Morehead ; Col. S. K. Donovan, then living in Columbus, published a Christmas story, and a romance entitled "Nellie Harlaiid," was written by Elmer Vance.

The early newspaper writers were men of distinctively literary tastes, exemplified in Howells, Piatt, and William D. Gallagher, the latter of whom was related through his mother to Alice and Phoebe Carv. Mr. Gallagher was the son of an Irish patriot implicated in the rebellion of 1798 and made his way to Columbus on a flatboat. Associated with the Ohio State Journal in an editorial capacity, it is especially interesting at this particular time to learn why he severed his connection with it. He opposed the publication of the laws in the German language and the teaching of any foreign language in the public schools, and finding his views injurious to the interests of the paper he chose to resign, in the words of Dr. Venable, rather than suppress his honest opinions. He was the publisher of three books and died in 1894.

One of the interesting incidents in the literary life of Columbus was the publication in 1870 of an edition of the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam. It was an unauthorized reprint of the Quaritch edition, made solely in admiration of the beauty of Fitzgerald's translation, and with no desire of pecuniary reward. It was, in fact, the first edition of Omar to be published in this country and the small number issued, between 75 and a hundred, was soon exhausted. It is thought that no more than half a dozen remain now in the possession of Columbus residents. The late Col. Watson was chiefly responsible, with a group of congenial young friends, for the publication of the little volume, which was printed by Nevins & Myers.

In the course of her history Columbus has produced writers in all branches of literature - history, fiction, poetry, the sciences, religion, travel, adventure, education, ethics - in fact, there is no branch untouched, and many have been illuminated by the sons and daughters of Ohio's capital. A. B. Laurens, a printer, wrote a little book of delicious poems, called "Bubbles"; Arnold H. Isler, an editor, "Wild Thoughts in Rhyme' ; P. V. N. Myers, an educator, "Life and Nature Under the Tropics" and "Remains of Lost Empires": Henry B. Carrington, a lawyer, "Battles of the American Revolution" and a "Patriotic Reader"; Rev. Dr. D. A. Randall, "The Handwriting of God in Egypt, Sinai and the Holy Land" and "The Tabernacle": Samuel H. Church, "Horatio Plodgers" and later his "Oliver Cromwell"; Judge George C. Benham, "A Year of Wreck"; Colonel Edward L. Taylor, lawyer, historical monographs on Indian life; General John Beatty, banker, "The Citizen Soldier" and "The Belle' of Beckett's Lane": Hon. E. O. Randall, editor of the Historical Quarterly, numerous books on the Mound Builders and Indians and co-author witli Daniel J. Ryan of a monumental history of Ohio; Hon. Daniel J. Ryan, "The Civil War Literature of Ohio," "Masters of Men" and other books: David K. Watson, a history of American coinage and a two-volume work on the Constitution; F. F. D. Alberv, "Michael Ryan"; Al G. Field, "Watch Yourself Go By"; Francis C. Sessions, "On the Wing Through Europe," and other books of travel; William G. Benham, a standard work on palmistry; Charles B. Galbrcath, "Song Writers of Ohio" and other literary monographs and poems; Francis B. Pearson, "Reveries of a Schoolmaster" and "The Reconstructed School"; Frank V. Irish, "Orthography and Orthoepy" and "American and British Authors."

Tin- local medical profession from the days when Dr. I. G. Jones wrote "The Theory and Practice of Medicine," probably the first technical work of an Ohio physician, to the present time, has been well represented by a long list of authors of books as well as editors and contributors to medical journals. Besides his scientific works, Dr. I). Tod Gilliam has written two novels, "The Rose Croix" and The Righting of Richard Devereux." Dr. Frank Warner has been a prolific contributor to medical and surgical journals, and Dr. Andre Crotti in 1918 published a work giving the results of years of study of the "Thyroid and Thymus Glands."

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fessor John Short, of the Ohio State University, and ever since the University has been largely represented in the literary productions of the day. Most prominent in this body of work is that of the late Dr. Edward Orton, whose work and writings in geology were and are of inestimable value. His son, Professor Edward Orton, jr., the first manufacturer in the United States of ferrosilicon and director of the first school founded in this country for instruction in the technology of clay, glass and cement industries, has written much of Ohio clay working industries. Professor Wilbur Henry Siebert's historical studies are of interest and worth, also the text-books of the late Professor Rhodes and those of Professor Joseph Villiers Denny, Benjamin Bowen, James E. Hagerty, Frank Pierre pont Graves, Josiali R. Smith, also a musical critic of distinction. George Wells Knight, Dr. Sidney Norton, Joseph A. Leighton, Henry Weber, Warren K. Morehead, William McPherson, Charles Plumb, Ludwig Lewissohn, and Dr. W. O. Thompson, the versatile president of the big educational institution, have added luster to the name of the University by their varied and valuable contributions to literature. In the faculty, too, are found poets - Joseph Russell Taylor, whose verse finds its way into all the best magazines ; also Professor William Lucius Graves, a poet as well as a man of marked literary tastes. To these may be added the names of Professor James Chalmers, who published theses on Macaulay and his essays, and Professor Alfred Welsh, who through Lis study of "The Development of English Language and Literature" won an almost world-wide reputation. A variety of textbooks attest the fertility of Prof. Welsh's pen. These are only a few of the University men who have contributed to the output of Columbus literature.

One of the first and best histories of Columbus was that of W. T. Martin in 1838, a reference book of value to all later historians. An excellent history was published in 1873 by Jacob H. Studer, who also the same year issued his book on the "Birds of North America," which held its place as an accepted ornithology through the long period until Oliver Davie, naturalist and poet, published his "Nests and Eggs of North American Birds," illustrated by Theodore Jasper, since translated into several foreign languages. In 1892 Captain Alfred E. Lee published a very voluminous history of Columbus, a source of varied information and extremely valuable to later historians. Another interesting work of Captain Lee was "European Days and Ways," written as a result of his German consulship. The official State historian, Henry Howe, whose "Historical Collections of Ohio" was bought by the State and published in many editions, wrote widely on history and travel. The late W. A. Tavlor, veteran newspaper man, also published much history and biography, also verse of high quality.

Among the later newspaper men who carried out the traditions of Howells and Piatt by their contributions to literature may be mentioned the late Col. E. S. Wilson editor of the Ohio State Journal, the author of several books, among them "Consular Impressions of Porto Rico" and "The Poetry of Eating"; Osman Castle Hooper, for many years editorial writer on the Dispatch, now editor of its Sunday literary page and professor of journalism at Ohio State, who has two charming books of verse to his credit, "The Joy of Things" and "The Shepherd Wind"; Scannell O'Neill, associate editor of the Catholic Columbian, a book of appealing verse and many monographs and compilations; Webster Huntington, formerly a Columbus editor, who writes verse and fiction also; Robert O. Ryder of the Ohio State Journal, author of the clever little book, "The Young Lady Across the Way." Among other makers of timely literature may be mentioned Hon. James Boyle, at one time political correspondent and for several years consul to Liverpool, who has written books on Socialism and Syndicalism; Claude Meeker, former consul to Bradford, England, a monograph on "Charlotte and Emily Bronte's Haworth" ; Howard Thompson, Paris representative of the Associated press, Herbert Brooks, Howard Conard, and many others.

Of educational literature Columbus has produced an immense and valuable body. Her educators are earnest men who write extensively on subjects of vital import to the work in which they are engaged, many of them being editors, translators, essayists, historians. Some of these have already been referred to in the productive work of the Ohio State University faculty, and among others who have distinguished themselves along this line may be mentioned O. T. Corson, former State School Commissioner, Dr. J. A. Shawan, former superintendent of Columbus public schools, Dr. F. W. Howard, Secretary-General of the Catholic Educational Association, editor of its publications and author of various articles on educational subjects.

A figure that must always loom large in the literary history of Columbus is that of the late Dr. Washington Gladden, Congregationalist minister, who passed away in July, 1918, after a long life, in the course of which he wrote a large number of books, many of which had international circulation, as well as his essays, poetry and magazine articles, chiefly religious and ethical in character. Other minister writers were Rev. Francis Marsten, whose graceful verse appeared in the Century; Dr. Edward D. Morris, author of books on theology, Rev. Carl S. Patton, Rev. C. H. L. Schuette, and many more. Rev. Francis A. Gaffney, O. P., is the author of a book of poems, and Rev. T. L. Crowley, O. P., pastor of St." Patrick's church, has published two books, one of travel and the other of poetry and is the writer of much graceful verse.

Other Columbus writers who have produced one or more books are: Captain Alexis Cope, Major Henry M. Neil, Col. W. L. Curry, Harry Parker Ward, Bennett J. Loomis, T. T. Frankenburg, C. E. Sherman, Edmund N. Hatcher, Charles Kinney, Frederick Tibbetts, A. Livingstone Stage, Olin Ross, M. B. Earnhart, John W. Wilson, the late Daniel MeAlister, Stokeley S. Fisher, Alonzo Bodell, J. M. Washburn, and William C. Mills.

Columbus has produced a full quota of women writers to whom she early accorded substantial recognition and encouragement. Among them a recent writer mentioned Mrs. Caroline Parsons, who published literary criticism and fiction, and Mrs. Alfred Kelley who wrote well on art. Mrs. Lillie Gill Derby is also known for her art criticism. One of the daughters of Columbus to attain conspicuous success is Lida Rose McCabe, whose first book, "Don't You Remember?" was reminiscent of the capital's early days, and who in the midst of an active newspaper life in New York City has found time for the writing of other books and magazine articles. It is interesting to note that a schoolmate of Miss McCabe, Mrs. Penlope Smythe Perrill, achieved considerable success as a newspaper writer and dramatic critic. Mrs. Elizabeth Hopley wrote a monograph on "Women in Ohio History"; Mrs. Stella Breyfogle McDonald is a fiction writer; Ada and Eleanor Skinner have published several books for children; Miss Mary Marget MacEachen, while resident in Columbus, wrote a "Child's Life of Washington," and has also to her credit a "Child's Life of Mary, Queen of Scots" and of "Abraham Lincoln." Florence Gilmore, author of "A Romance of Old Jerusalem," "Dr. Dupont," and other books, besides being a clever essayist and magazine writer; Maude Florence Bellar, author of "Santa Claus Castle"; Teresa Beatrice O'Hare, "Songs at Twilight" and other verse; Harriet B. Bradbury, 'Civilization and Women"; Helen Moriarty a book of poems, magazine verse and short stories; Mary C. Thurman, "Sketches in Ebony and Gold"; Emma Stabler Smith, "Sweet Home Stories for Children." These are some of the women writers and their works which contribute to the literary fame of Columbus. In addition Lillian Cole-Bethel has written a standard brochure on parliamentary law; Julia E. S. Neil on genealogy; Essie Collins Matthews on old slave days. A Columbus woman who, though not a writer of books, has contributed largely to the literary life of the city by means of her excellent critical reviews of books and publications, is Miss Rowena Hewitt Landon. Mrs. Henry L. Gilbert and Mrs. Philip D. Wilson have achieved distinction as translators.

In the story of the literary life of Columbus some mention must be made of the woman's club movement which had its inception in the nineties and which to a certain degree stimulated an interest in books and literatures of all times. The studies thus entered into and the consequent wider diffusion of knowledge of things bookish were not without influence on the letters of the day, and the movement deserves to be chronicled as a force that made for more serious reading and study of things worth while. In the decline of the movement some few devoted to more earnest study have continued, and among these the Watterson Reading Circle, now in its twenty-fifth year, has won high rank for bringing before Columbus audience by means of its lecture course, men and women of distinction in the literary world, notably Joyce Kilmer, Thomas Walsh, Frederic Paulding, James J. Walsh, Eliza Allen Star. Among institutions which have contributed to the literary growth of Columbus by means of lecture courses must be mentioned the Ohio State University, the Columbus School for Girls, St. Mary's of the Springs Academy at Shepard and many churches and church societies which brine noted literary men from time to time.

'flu- Crichton Club, formed in the latter part of 1!>1!>, contributes to the literary life of Columbus by bringing to the city for lectures authors of wide renown. The Kit-Kat Club, orzanized in lilll, is also a strong factor in literary growth.

Chapter Xxxiii Various Important Organizations

First Board of Trade - Building Project - Changed to Chamber of Commerce - Presidents and Secretaries - The Young Men's Christian Association - The Railway "Y" - Branch for Colored Youth - The Young Women's Christian Association, Its Origin and Growth - Archaeological and Historical Society.

Business men of Columbus and neighboring towns met in the City Hall, July 17, 1858, to organize a society, as Theodore Comstock, chairman of the meeting, said, "to promote integrity, good feeling and just and equitable principles in business transactions" and "to protect the rights and advance the commercial, mercantile and manufacturing interests of the city." Such an organization was formed and called the Board of Trade of Columbus, with H. Fitch president, John B. Bortle secretary, and S. S. Rickly treasurer. The board maintained rooms at High and Town streets, but was soon lost to sight, probably submerged in the Civil War activity and excitement.

On June 23, 1866, there was another meeting of citizens, called for the purpose of organizing a body similar to the first. C. P. L. Butler was chairman and James M. Comly was secretary. A Board of Trade of Columbus was organized "to promote integrity and good faith, just and equitable principles of business ; to discover and correct abuses ; to establish and maintain uniformity in commercial usages; to acquiie, preserve and disseminate valuable business statistics and information; to prevent or adjust controversies or misunderstandings which may arise between persons engaged in trade ; and generally to foster, protect and advance the commercial, mercantile and manufacturing interests of the city." Fifty-seven men signed the articles of association, and W. B. Brooks was elected president, James M. Comly secretary, and Carl X. Bancroft treasurer. This organization, too, was short-lived.

On November 9, 1872, there was another meeting of citizens following a call signed by 200 business men. A Board of Trade was again organized - John L. Gill president. T. Ewing Miller, Theodore Comstock, E. L. Hinman, D. S. Gray, W. B. Brooks and H. Mithoff vice presidents ; H. M. Failing secretary and Joseph Falkenbach treasurer. Rooms were opened in the City Hall in February, 1873, the membership then being 143. James M. Comly was elected president in November, 1873; T. Ewing Miller, in 1871; S. S. Rickly in 1876. Secretary Failing having died in 1871, he was succeeded by S. M. Smith, jr., and in 1876 Smith was succeeded by Charles B. Stewart. The organization languished and on April 30, 1881, a new board was incorporated by R. E. Sheldon, C. D. Firestone, Theodore Rhoads, P. W. Corzilius and W. A. Mahoney. May 13, a meeting for reorganization was held, and the following officers were elected: W. Y. Miles president, Theodore H. Butler and C. D. Firestone vice presidents; Edwin Kelton, H. C. Lonnis, Theodore Rhoads, Walter Crafts, G. W. Lattimer, R. E. Sheldon, F. H. Kingsbury, E. E. Shedd, P. W. Corzilius and Carl N. Bancroft, directors. May 15, Charles G. Lord was chosen secretary and Walter Crafts treasurer and a temporary office was opened in the Deshler block. The following month the offices were removed to the City Hall; the membership was then 1 10. At the annual meeting January 20. 1885, the officers were re-elected.

A building project, which the president had mentioned in his address in 1884, was promoted at a meeting, September 21, 1886, in a resolution offered bv S. S. Rickly, instructing the directors to consider the propriety of buying a lot and erecting a building, with a hall suitable for public meetings. The directors reported favorably November 9, and on December 28, 1886, a resolution to erect a building was adopted and a committee on site and plans was appointed. Ownership certificates of $100 each were subscribed for to the extent of $65,000 and the Buckeye House lot. East Broad street, was bought for $15,000. The limit of total expenditure, originally fixed at $125,000, was subsequently advanced to $150,000, and the building was begun, interrupted May 3, 1888, bv the collapse of what was known as the Terrell arch which formed the ceiling of the basement. The arch was named for the architect of the building, Elah Terrell, and was built of brick over scaffolding and was supposed to be secure after the supports had been removed. But while these supports were being taken away, the arch fell, burying three men - Samuel Coleman, Jesse F. Beckom and

George Terwilliger. The last two died soon after being- taken from the ruins, and Coleman was severely injured. This distressing accident, involving payments to the living and the families of the dead workmen, as well as repairs and alterations of plans, added materially to the cost of the structure, the auditorium of which was formally dedicated July 23, 1889, with addresses by J. S. Morton, Allen G. Thurman, John L. Gill, Emerson McMillin, S. S. Rickly and Emilius O. Randall.

Established in its own home, with a secretary of energy and pleasing personality who gave his entire time to the work of the organization, the Board of Trade quickly became a power in all the lines conceived by the leaders of the movements of 1858 and 1866. Its members from the first were among the most substantial business and professional men of the city. Their thought was of city duty, city opportunity and city progress and, working together, they helped to make public opinion in municipal, State and national affairs. The board became and under another name (now Chamber of Commerce) still is the unofficial spokesman of the city. Since its establishment, there has hardly been a single project of civic betterment that has not been considered by the board with advantage to the public. Business conditions have been improved and trade with the surrounding country has been promoted by the board and its subsidiary organizations and committees. What it did after the outbreak of the war with Germany to unify and vitalize the community and make it an effective unit in the nation is to be read all through the story of the war activities. Without it, or some similar body, Columbus would have cut a sorry figure.

Secretary Lord served successfully until his death in 1896, when John F. Oglevee was for a short time secretary. He was succeeded in 1897 by John Y. Bassell, who served till 1913, when George W. Gillette became secretary, retiring in August, 1918, and being succeeded by J. T. Daniels, who is now serving, with a staff of five.

The presidents have been, in the order of their service: W. Y. Miles, C. D. Firestone, E. O. Randall, Emerson McMillin, John S. Morton, Andrew D. Rodgers, Henry J. Booth, William F. Burdell, Philip H. Bruck, William Felton, James Kilbourne, George W. Bright, Gilbert H. Stewart, W. H. Andrews, O. A. Miller, Jos. H. Outhwaite, Irvin Butterworth, Robert H. Jeffrey, George T. Spahr, F. W. Schumacher, Grovernor Hutchins, George W. Lattimer, F. O. Sehoedinger, Oliver H. Perry, W. G. Benham, Chas. J. Pretzman, Fred Herbst, John E. Todd, K. D. Wood, A. T. Seymour, W. P. Tracy, M. J. Caples, Henry A. Williams and Frank L. Packard.

The first effort to establish a Young Men's Christian Association was at a meeting in the First Presbyterian Church, January 15, 1855. A constitution was signed by 10 persons and H. B. Carrington was elected president. Like some other first efforts, it languished and a determined beginning of the present work was not made till the spring of 1866, when Capt. Wm. Mitchell was chosen president, Rev. E. P. Goodwin vice president, W. H Lathrop secretary, and O. G. Peters treasurer. A lyeeum and library were planned and courses of lectures were given in 1866 and 1867. Gordon Moodie was elected president in 1869 and George H. Twiss in 1870; B. J. Loomis vice president, Wm. Awl secretary, A. Ritson treasurer, witli E. L. Taylor and L. J. Critchfield among the trustees. The rooms were in the Buckeye block and the membership had grown to 300. An effort to raise $40,000 for a building failed, but the association struggled on. In 1875, C. H. Hall was chosen president, Dr. J. F. Baldwin vice president, R. A. Beard secretary, J. A. Jeffrey treasurer. In 1876 rooms for a railway branch were fitted up in the Union Station, being formally dedicated Sunday, October 1. The Central association moved to the Sessions block, at the southeast corner of High and Long, October 15, and religious mission work was continued as it had begun at the State, county and city penal institutions, with meetings at the United States Barracks and association rooms. In 1878, William G. Dunn was elected president, F. C. Sessions vice president, J. A. Jeffrey treasurer, and Rev. L. Taft secretary. Following them in 1881, J. M. Godman was president, G. L. Smead vice president, J. A. Jeffrey treasurer, and C. D. Firestone secretary.

Various Important Organizations 265

the Ministerial Association of outside missionary work and the creation of Y. M. C. A. activities as now conducted. C. A. Bowe was president, Amasa Pratt vice president, J. H. Dunn treasurer, O. E. D. Barron recording secretary), and J. C. Briggs, A. H. Smythe, Foster Copeland, John G. Barden, George T. Spahr, E. O. Randall, Frank T. Cole and John N. Eldridge, directors. The association leased rooms at 56 East Broad for $900 a year, and the budget, raised by personal subscription, was .$3500. The Ohio State University branch was organized in that year. In 1885 the association moved to 14. East Broad at an annual rental of $1200.

In 1889, the building project was renewed through an initial offer of $15,000 from Benjamin S. Brown, if $35,000 were otherwise raised. The total aimed at was subsequently raised to $100,000, of which Mr. Brown gave $25,000 and other citizens $75,000. Foremost in this effort were D. S. Gray, one of the directors, and W. T. Perkins, who had then just been called to the secretaryship. The lot on Third street opposite the State House was bought for $30,000 from Ripley C. Hoffman, who gave $3,000 of the amount. Charles E. Munson was chosen president of the association in 1890, and the building was erected in 1891 under the direction of the following committee: Charles E. Munson, O. A. Miller, George W. Bright, George Hardy, G. M. Peters, and R. M. Rownd. At the solicitation of F. C. Sessions, who gave $2,000 toward the additional cost, a fifth story was added to the building to accommodate the Columbus Art School ; so the lot and building complete cost $125,000. The building was dedicated in 1892, Governor (later President) Wm. McKinley making the address, the following quotation from which was afterwards carved on a memorial tablet at the entrance :

"I know of no other investment which the business men of this city could make that would pay better or larger dividends, now or hereafter, than this building. Here is where young men are aided to make character, the demand of the hour, and there is nothing that commends a man more than Christian character."

George Sands was the first general .secretary. He was followed by James T. Minehart, F. YV. Wardle, Percy Bankhart (resigned in 1884.), Newell Dwight Hilles (resigned after two months), George M. Hersey (resigned in 1886), Alfred B. Paul (two years), W H. Parker (resigned in 1889), W. T. Perkins (1889 to 1903), H. E. Owen (1903 to 1906), Harry M. Blair (1906 to 1911), John W. Pontius ( 191 1, now serving).

Since 1883, the Y. M. C. A. has consistently striven to lead young men and boys to a better and more efficient manhood. The strictly religious work, which was the entire program at the outset, has been gradually turned over to the churches, and the emphasis laid on the education of young men in evening classes for higher and better-paying tasks ; on the organization of boys for wholesome recreation ; on the physical training of both classes and the securing of work for the unemployed. To this service it has added temporary housing accommodations for young men who came strangers to the city, thus materially helping them to self-support. The policy has been to require some payment from those who receive the service, but few of the departments have been self-sustaining, and the annual deficit has been made up by the subscriptions of interested citizens.

Portions of the building that was dedicated in 1892 were for a time rented, as the room was not needed for Y. M. C. A. activities. An auditorium seating about -100 was used for Sunday afternoon religious meetings and at other times for concerts and other entertainments. But with the growth of the work all this was changed. The upper floors were transformed into dormitories and the auditorium into a gymnasium. The building was ultimately filled to overflowing and the establishment of a branch for colored youth was contemplated. For this latter, property at the corner of Spring and Fifth streets was bought and the branch opened in 1912, in the abandoned dwelling house, the people of the colored churches helping to finance the enterprise. A campaign to raise $500,000 for a new central building and on adequate structure for the colored branch was launched in 1916 and quickly pressed to success. The school lot at the northeast corner of Long and Front streets was bought for the new central building. The work of razing the school building was soon begun and plans for both structures were adopted. The cornerstone of the colored branch was laid Sunday, June 23, 1918, following a parade by colored fraternities, religious and civic organizations. Dr. W. A. Method was master of ceremonies and several speakers voiced the general applause. Ximrod B. Allen was the executive of this branch, and there were 673 members.

War activities interfered somewhat with the larger building plan. Secretary Pontius went to Europe, on leave, for Y. M. C. A. work, and there was a scattering of the employed officers of the association, M. C. Thompson and Earl F. Hughes went to Camp Sherman; Arthur A. Seholl to the Columbus Barracks, where Seth A. Drummond was in charge of the Y. M. C. A. branch; Glenn Somers and Paul Davies, into the navy, and E. R. Ames into the naval reserve; S. T. Brooks, to the mechanics' division school at Cincinnati; W. D. Will, Luther D. Evans, Fred H. Pumphrey into the army. Ely D. Miller became acting general secretary in Mr. Pontius' absence, with Gerald G. Lord as extension secretary, and Raymond L. Dickinson, executive of the South Side Industrial Extension branch, begun August 1, 1917. The last named, with the co-operation of churches and manufacturing companies, did a valuable work in religious, physical and educational training among the thousands of workmen, many of whom were of foreign birth and new to this country. From the Ohio State University Y. M. C. A. staff went Ruskin Dyer, Don Demorest and Huntley Dupre, first to Y. M. C. A. service in France and ultimately into the army. From the colored branch staff went Thurman Ragland to Y. M. C. A. war work; Leonard J. Faulkner and Rusty Bush to the army and George Anderson, to the naval base hospital. The financial campaign for Y. M. C. A. war activities is described in another chapter.

In June, 1918, the Central Y. M. C. A. bought Silver Lake park, near Bellefontaine, 129 acres, including a 10-acre lake, with several buildings, for a summer recreation ground and boys' camp. For several years it had been rented for similar purposes.

The first step toward the organization of a Railroad Young Men's Christian Association was taken April 2, 1876, when through the personal efforts of Thomas E. Humphreys, T. J. Janney, and others, a meeting was held in the east room of the old Union Depot. M. P. Ford was president of the first executive board, and in May, O. R. Stockwell was elected general secretary. The Union Depot Co. donated the use of the east room of the depot, and the association fitted it up as a reading room. Secretary Stockwell resigned in 1878 and was succeeded by W. A. Waggoner, who carried on the work till 1891. In 1892, E. Dow Bancroft became secretary and so continues.

The association was incorporated April 18, 1881, by M. I'. Ford, I'. H. Kingsbury, R. B. Poore, T. J. Janney and (). W. Merrill. Earlv presidents, following Mr. Ford, were: C. E. B. Lamson, Thomas E. Humphreys, E. C. Beach, P. J. Magly, W. C. Wallace. From 1883 to 1888, the association had the use of two rooms on the third floor of the old depot, but in the latter year had to give up one of them. It continued in the cramped quarters till the fall of 1890, when it leased the second floor of the building, 312.1 North Higli street and formally opened the rooms in the following February. The membership then was 215. In 1896, a reading room was opened in the T. & O. C. station on West Broad street. In 1899, the dormitory accommodations at the main rooms had been increased to 29, and the building was kept open at night to care for incoming railroad men. Shop meetings and Bible classes, as well as Sunday afternoon meetings, were held, and reading room, bath and dormitory accommodations provided, and the need for more room became urgent. The old Park Hotel building at Goodale and Higli streets was leased in 1911, and the service much increased. A Pennsylvania branch at Twenty-second street, where dormitory, bath and restaurant privileges are provided, is also successfully maintained. During Secretary Bancroft's absence for war Y. M. C. A. work overseas, in 1918, W. C. Hoodlet was acting secretary.

indicated elsewhere. May 15, 1917. The work soon outgrew the original quarters, and a in u building was opened January 27, 1918. S. A. Drummond was general secretary.

Various Important Organizations 267

Among- those who assisted in religious, social, athletic and other activities, most af them for short periods before enlistment, were E. Spencer Myers, Nathan L. Mack, Sidney Mayer, A. Arthur Scholl, James Dorman, A. V. Bennett, Orville W. Briner, G. C. Morris and A. W. Spung. At the hut a circulating library was maintained. For a time 170,000 letters were written there every month and more than $4000 worth of stamps were sold monthly, while 300 men were entertained daily on the athletic field. A report in August, 1918, showed that 650 persons had aided in the programs for th - entertainment of the soldiers.

An organization called the Woman's Exchange designed to establish a market for articles of home manufacture, chiefly as an aid to women who felt the need of adding to a slender income, was established in 1884. By the payment of a small annual or semi-annual fee, any woman might become a consignor and have the product of her hands offered for sale. There was also an educational branch intended to train young women to usefulness. Tineffort met with success. Following this, there was a meeting of women in December, 1886, to organize a larger work and as a result, in January, 1887, the Women's Educational and Industrial Union was incorporated by Harriet E. Ide, Anne E. Dennison, Elizabeth McMillen, Annie C. Dunham and Alice Corner Brown. The last named was the first president and was succeeded, the following year, by Mrs. Dunham. The purpose of the organization was "to unite the women of Columbus in moral and educational work for the benefit of working women and girls, and to protect and promote their moral, industrial and financial interests." The work was begun in a 12-room residence, 64 South Fourth street, leased for the purpose, in 1887, Mrs. Ira J. Bailey, matron. Cooking, dressmaking, hygiene and other subjects were taught. In 1889 a frame building, costing $1500, was erected on the rear of the lot and there the first day nursery and kindergarten were conducted and the Y. W. C. A. recreation work begun. At the same time the lot and residence were bought for $15,586.14 and paid for by subscriptions, the largest of which was $5500 by Benjamin S. Brown. In 1901 J. H. Godman proposed a day nursery for colored children, paid the first year's expenses and the next year gave $10,000 to make the Ohio avenue institution permanent. In 1902, the residence at 64 South Fourth street was replaced with the building now known as Residence Hall, at a cost of $28,000 raised by subscriptions, the largest of which were: J. H. Godman, $10,000; Miss Catherine Tuttle, $10,000. This was opened April 14, 1903, as a home for young women. Out of the kindergarten work grew the Columbus Kindergarten Association, in the work of which Mrs. John Brown, Mrs. L. P. Stafford, Mrs. George T. Spahr and Miss Clara McColm were prominent. These and others carried on the work till it became a part of the public school system. The day nursery work wras presided over by Mrs. M. E. Bowen, Mrs. John Brown," Mrs. D. C. Beggs, Mrs. C. A. McAllister, Mrs. Robert Gilliam, and others. Begun at the corner of Fourth and Oak, it was soon carried to another building on Oak street, which in 1916 was remodeled. The Ohio avenue day nursery for colored children, established in 1901, was rebuilt in 1916. Each is supported bv endowments, annual subscriptions and the small fee charged mothers. Since 1 889 Charles E. Munson has given $100 annually for shoes for children. Other considerable gifts for this work have been: Jane B. McNaughton, $10,000; H. C. Godman, $19,100; Mrs. E. T. Mithoff, $5000; Catherine M. Tuttle, $30,000.

In 1894 the Young Women's Christian Association was incorporated by Mrs. John M. Dunham, Mrs. R. M. Rownd, Mrs. Margaret H. Pcttit and Mrs. L. B. Taylor. It became a department of the W. E. and I. U., with Mrs. John J. Lentz as first president. Other presidents were Mrs. Linus B. Kauffman and Mrs. Frank C. Martin, and the Olds house and lot at 65 South Fourth street were bought for the use of the association. In 1910, when Mrs. Martin was president of the Y. W C. A. and Mrs. Kauffman was president of the W. E. and I. U, the boards of the two organizations voted to consolidate under the name of the Young Women's Christian Association. The change was resisted by a few of the older workers in the W. E. and I. U and there was litigation covering several years, at the end of which the consolidation was allowed to stand.

In the meantime the work had gone forward. The two buildings on Fourth street were found to be inadequate and a building at 25 South Fourth street had been leased for the administration offices and cafeteria. Mrs. Kauffman resigned as president in 1915 and was succeeded by the present executive, Mrs. C. F. Hansberger. Mrs. Alberta Wiltsee, general secretary, was succeeded in 1915, by Miss Esther Erickson, who resigned in 1918 and was succeeded in 1918 by Miss Ruth Dorsey. Mrs. R. A. Harrison was treasurer of the W. E. and I. U. for 18 years, having been succeeded by Mrs. D. C. Beggs, who in that and other capacities has served the organization for 28 years.

In 1918, the Y. W. C. A. bought for $100,000 the Vendome hotel property on Third street opposite the State House, to which all the work of the organization, except that of the original building (now Residence Hall) was transferred, with a staff in immediate charge of the religious, industrial, dormitory, cafeteria, girls' organization and other work.

The original of The Archaeological Society was formed in the year 1875, at the home of General Brinkerhoff, in Mansfield, Ohio. This Society received soon after an appropriation of $2500 from the legislature, to make an exhibition at the Centennial Exposition, in Philadelphia. Prof. John T. Short, of the Ohio State University, was secretary of the society, and continued as such until his death, (Nov. 11, 1883), after which the original society became practically inoperative.

Governor Hoadly suggested the revival of the Society, and a meeting was called for the purpose, at the office of the Secretary of State, (Feb. 12, 1885). A number of prominent men, including leading citizens, scholars, and professional men responded to the call, from various parts of the State.

At a subsequent meeting, (March 12, 1885), at Columbus, sixty men were present, and the convention continued in session for two days, perfecting the present organization, which was incorporated (March 13, 1885), by the following men: Allen G. Thurman, Douglas Putnam, John W. Anderson, S. S. Rickly, H. Sabine, C. J. Wetmore, E. B. Finley, Win. E. Moore, W. P. Cutler, A. W. Jones, Israel W. Andrews, J. J. Janney, John R. Peasley, Norton S. Townshend, D. H. Gard, Samuel C. Derbv, Charles W. Bryant, A. A. Graham, E. M. P. Brister, Beman Gates, W. A. Schultz, Alexis Cope, R. P. Brinkerhoff, T. Ewing Miller, Henry T. Chittenden, and J. S. Robinson (only two of whom, Mr. D. H. Gard and Prof. Derby are now living).

Hon. A. G. Thurman was chosen president, and Mr. A. A. Graham, secretary, which post he occupied until 1893, when ill health compelled his removal to the west, and he died at Albuquerque, New Mexico, February, 1896. Mr. E. O. Randall was elected assistant secretary in December, 1893, to act in the absence of Mr. Graham, and at the annual .Meeting of the trustees, (Feb. 20, 1894), Mr. Randall was elected associate secretary; and secretary after the resignation of Mr. Graham, (Nov. 10, 1891), continuing as such till his death in 1919. Charles B. Galbreath is the present secretary.

Judge Thurman was succeeded, in turn, as president, by Francis C. Sessions, President Rutherford B. Hayes, Roeliff P. Brinkerhoff, (who died June l, 181 1), G. Frederick Wright (now emeritus), and (1918) ex-Governor James E. Campbell.

For over thirty-three years the society has held annual meetings in Columbus, and in that time has accumulated a very valuable collection of relics and antiquities, and many historical papers, books, magazines and articles of great value, including hundreds of thousands of archaeological specimens relating to the history of the ancient inhabitants of Ohio, also historical relics of the early white settlers of the state. It has also a library of 1 1,000 volumes.

There is no state in the Union which has richer resources for archaeological research, and no collection as large as that of the Society. It is the custodian of Ft. Ancient, in Warren county, models of which are in many European and American museums; the Serpen* Mound, in Adams county; and the site of the "Big Bottom Massacre," (1790), in Morgan county, on the banks of the Muskingum river. Its curator. Dr. William C. Mills, and an able corps of explorers, annually make extensive researches and diggings for relics in some of the most famous mounds in the State. They are doing splendid work in exhuming, examining, and making permanent records of many points of interest. Dr. Mills, Archaeological Atlas of Ohio (published 1911), designates the locations of all mounds in the State, not less than 5,000 in number.

Chapter Xxxiv Medical Profession And Hospitals

First Physicians of Franklinton - Epidemics o" Fever and Cholera - Educational Equipment - First Specialist in Surgery - Physicians Who Were Leaders in. Public Service - Starling Medical College, Columbus Medical College, Ohio Medical University and the Present College of Medicine - Organizations of Physicians - Board of Health - Influenza Epidemic of 1918 - Various Hospitals.

In the early years of the nineteenth century, as has already appeared in this narrative, there was much sickness in Franklinton and Columbus. Fortunately, there came to Franklinton, before Columbus was laid out, two physicians who were all that anybody could have wished them to be as citizens and all it was passible for them to be then professionally. They1 were Dr. Lincoln Goodale and Dr. Samuel Parsons. Dr. Goodale came in 1805 from Belpre, where he had studied in the office of Dr. Leonard Jewett. Coming with his widowed mother, he engaged in the practice of medicine. Trade tempted him and he opened a store, part of his stock being drugs and medicines, for which there was great demand. He invested in land and made money, sharing his prosperity with the. poor by giving them free medical treatment. He volunteered for service in the war of 1812 and became an assistant surgeon. He was thus the first of the many who have gone from this community into army medical service. Dr. Goodale lived many years in Columbus and was the donor of the beautiful park that bears his name.

Dr. Samuel Parsons came to Franklinton in 1811 from Connecticut, where he had acquired his medical knowledge. He practiced in Franklinton till 1816, when he moved across the river to Columbus where he continued to practice till late in the 1840's. As a physician he had a high reputation and as a citizen was greatly respected. Without solicitation on his part, lie was elected a representative in the General Assembly and was for several years president of the Franklin branch of the State Bank of Ohio.

Dr. John Ball was another of these pioneer physicians. Of him, Mrs. Emily Merion Stewart' some years ago, wrote: "Dr. Ball utterly sacrificed his life for the public good and died, March 10, 1818, aged but 43 years. His tombstone braved the winds and storms of years in the old Franklinton cemetery." Dr. John M. Edmiston and Dr. Peleg Sisson, who was also a school teacher in earlv Columbus, were other pioneers in their profession.

There was much sickness in the community in the summer and fall of 1823. Whole families were prostrated with bilious and intermittent fevers. Among the prominent men who died that year wrere Lucas Sullivant, founder and first citizen of Franklinton ; John Kerr, one of the original Columbus land syndicate; John A. McDowell, head of the famous house of that name; David S. Broderiek and Barzillai Wright, keeper of the Penitentiary. In 1821, the same disease carried off Captain Joseph Vance and Joseph Culbertson.

The practice of all the physicians of that day included internal medicine, surgery, obstetrics and dentistry. Every practitioner announced himself as "physician and surgeon" and was expected to serve equally well in all ailments. "These men," wrote Dr. Starling Loving in 1910, "were reasonablv well qualified and their practice compared favorably with that of their compeers in other parts of the country, but their knowledge was far inferior to what is now considered the minimum. Special anatomy was well understood and was as thoroughly taught then as now, but physiology was only in the rudimentary stage. The microscope was used by a few European scientists in the study of botany and the lower animal life, but no one had imagined the important influence it has had since in the advance of physiology and pathologv. Chemistry had made little advance in centuries, and no one had thought of what lias since been accomplished in pathology, and more especially in pharmacy and therapeutics, through its aid. The materia medica consisted of a vast collection of crude drugs and formula1, of which, while many were and still are valuable, the greater part were inert and useless." Dr. Loving mentions Peruvian bark, decoctions of boneset and dogwood bark, arsenic, pills of spider web, calomel, Epsom salts, and other then known drugs, and refers to the processes of salivation, sweating and bleeding. "Surgery," he continues, "as compared with today was almost rudimentary. The operations of that day were comparatively few and simple. Anesthesia and antisepsis were unknown, and the many delicate operations involving internal and vital organs had not been thought of."

In 1833, ten years after the epidemic of fevers, came a worse scourge, the cholera. It raged in the late summer of several years, as narrated elsewhere, and caused many deaths, some of which were startlingly sudden, the patient being apparently in perfect health in the morning and dead at night. The disease was not understood as it now is and, despiti the heroic efforts of the physicians - three of whom became its victims, Drs. B. F. Gard, Horace Lathrop and Isaac F. Taylor - the people were practically helpless. After the first season, at the first warning of the approach of cholera, one-third or one-fourth of the population fled and did not return till the danger had passed.

With every recurrence a Board of Health was appointed, the chief functions of which were to procure medical attendance for the sick and make daily reports of the progress of the disease, with a summary when the scourge had passed. As far as anybody knew there was nothing else to be done. Those who served on this board, some of them several years, were Isaac Dalton, N. W. Smith, George B. Harvey, W. W. Pollard, James Cherry and T. J. McCamish. In 1850 when the population was less than 18,000 and one-fourth had fled, the mortality from cholera and other diseases was 325, or about 23 for every 1000 of the population remaining. In 184.9, 200 had died in the town and 116 in the Penitentiary.

Among the other physicians of whom we read in the first 25 years of city life were Dr. Wm. M. Awl, who in 1832 was appointed physician at the first Poor House, located three miles north in the fork of the Scioto and Olentangy ; Drs. Robert and John B. Thompson, Dr. I. G. Jones, Dr. Wm. Trevitt, Dr. S. M. Smitth, Dr. Francis Carter, Dr. R. L. Howard, Dr. Norman Gay, Dr. G. W. Maris and Dr. J. W. Butterfield. Dr. Leuthstrom, according to Dr. Loving, was the first homeopathist. Dr. Awl, says the same authority, "was the first surgeon west of the Alleghenies to ligate the carotid artery, and the first in Ohio, almost in the United States, to devote talent, time and money to the blind as a class. Through his instrumentality alone, the State School for the Blind was established, and a little later, through his influence, the first hospital in Ohio for the insane was built in Columbus. He was for many years superintendent of the Central Hospital for the Insane and greatly distinguished himself as an alienist. The resolution establishing the school for the blind, in his own handwriting, handed by him to the speaker of the House of Representatives, of which he was at the time a member, is now preserved in the present school in Columbus." Of other early physicians, Dr. Loving wrote:

Dr. It. I.. Howard was the first to practice surgery as a specialty. While he gave his attention in the main to surgery, like most surgeons of the present (lay, lie never refused a ease of internal disease when it was offered. He performed many successful operations, was connected with the local medical schools as teacher of surgery, and died in 1853, much regretted.

Drs. Smith, Carter and Butterfield attained eminence as general practioners, and each had a large following. Dr. .Tones practiced electieism. He was popular and successful, lint distinguished himself more by his work in natural science. He was an accomplished and enthusiastic botanist and made the first, if not the only complete collection of plants, including mosses and grasses in central Ohio,

Between 1850 and 18(>5, Dr. John W. Hamilton, Dr. Robert Barr, Dr. John A. Little and Dr. Robert Morrison settled here. Dr. Hamilton was connected with Starling Medical College, first as teacher of materia medica and later as teacher of surgery. He was very successful and attained much eminence.

In 1846 Willoughby Medical College ( Willoughby, O.) moved to Columbus. One course of lectures was given here and then the enterprise was abandoned. During this term, I.yne Starling gave $30,000, to be paid in installments, for the purchase of a lot and the erection of a building lor .a medical college and a hospital in connection therewith. He named as trustees William S. Sullivant, John W. Andrews, Robert W. McCoy, Joseph R. Swan, Francis Carter, Samuel M. Smith, and John W. Butterfield. These trustees met January 2, 18 18, and received from Mr. Starling an additional $5000. Starling Medical College was incorporated January 28, tin- trustees organized by electing Wm. S. Sullivant president, R. \\". McCoy treasurer, and Francis Carter secretary, and the following members of the faculty were

Medical Profession And Hospitals

1848, and in the following year the erection of the building was begun, R. A. Sheldon architect. The address, at the laying of the corner-stone, was delivered by Rev. James Hoge. In the fall of 1850 the building had so far progressed that the first course of lectures was given. From the first, the building attracted attention by the beauty of its architecture, and it stands today, unique, dignified and impressive. It has been somewhat enlarged to meet modern needs, but in the main it is as it was first built. In front of it stands the statue of Dr. S. M. Smith, a member of the original faculty,, first erected at High and Broad streets.

The college prospered from the first, and the first graduating class consisted of 32. A chemical laboratory, a well-stored museum and all the means for instruction in anatomy and medicine were early installed. About 1861, the Sisters of the Poor of St. Francis, who had come to the city empty-handed two years before and started their work of charity on East Rich street, opposite Holy Cross Church, helped to carry out the wishes of Mr. Starling by establishing a hospital in the building. They had intended to build on Main street, but through the influence of Dr. Starling Loving were led to make the connection of their work with Starling Medical College, occupying the rooms in the building set apart for that purpose. Their first patients were soldiers returning from the Civil War. Under a 99-year lease made at the time, the Sisters began their work and have since continued to minister freely to the Their first patients were soldiers returning disabled from the Civil War. Under a 99-year lease made at the time, the Sisters began their work and have since continued to minister freely to the sick and injured without regard to race, creed or color. The hospital, with the later additions, offers accommodations for about '200 patients. Twenty-one Sisters are in charge, and the chaplain is Rev. Edward Leinhauser.

In 1873, the faculty of Starling included Drs. S. M. Smith, Francis Carter, ,1. M. Wheaton. J. W. Hamilton, Starling Loving, Theodore G. Wormley, H. C. Pearee, \Y. L Peek. D. X. Kinsman, D. Halderman and Otto Frankenberg; also Judge J. YV. Baldwin and H. A. Weber. Later, Dr. J. H. Pooley, Dr. T. C. Hoover. Dr. John M. Dunham, Dr. E. B.

Fullerton and many other able physicians and surgeons were members of its faculty, while Prof. Curtis C. Howard was long at the head of its chemistry department.

In 1875, Dr. J. W. Hamilton and others organized the Columbus Medical College, conducting it for a time in the Sessions block at the corner of High and Long streets. Later the college moved into a building erected for the purpose on Long street between Third and Fourth streets. In 1891 there was dissension in the faculty over policy and control, and Drs. J. U. Barnhill, D. N. Kinsman, Josiah Medbury, J. M. Dunham, and G. M. Waters withdrew. In 1892, this college was combined with Starling, of which it had been a keen rival.

The Ohio Medical University was incorporated December 31, 1890, bv George M. Peters, Wm. M. Mutchmore, J. F. Baldwin, John W. Wright, R. Harvey Reed,"A. E. Evans, A. F. Emminger, and S. L. McCurdy for the purpose of teaching medicine, surgery, dentistry, pharmacy, obstetrics and nursing; also to conduct dispensaries and a hospital. It was announced that it would offer a three-year course, with nine months work each year. It opened in September, 1892, in a residence, 775 Park street, with John W. Wright as dean. Dr. J. F. Baldwin was the first chancellor and Dr. W. J. Means its first registrar. Among its active trustees were Dr. John M. Dunham, Fred J. Heer and Wm. M. Mutchmore, who in 1897 succeeded Dr. Means as registrar. Of its large faculty, Dr. John Edwin Brown and Dr. George M. Wraters were notable for long-continued service. Besides being registrar, Mr. Mutchmore was manager of the famous 0. M. U football team which, next to the good work in education, served to advertise the institution. The university soon outgrew its original quarters and erected a building of its own on the east side of Park street half a square south of the original site. In 1898 negotiations for a union of Starling Medical College and Ohio Medical University as a college of medicine in Ohio State, University failed. But in 1907, the first step of the original plan was taken, and the two institutions on State street and Park street were conducted as Starling-Ohio Medical College until 1911, when the second step was taken and the last named became the College of Medicine of Ohio State University, with Dr. W. J. Means as dean. In 1916, Dr. E. F. McCampbell became dean and is still serving. The property, buildings and equipment taken over by the State in 1914 were estimated to be worth $250,000. The O. M. U had to its credit the unusual achievement of having built itself up without a dollar of outside money.

The Central Ohio Medical Society was organized at Westerville June 14, 1869, with the following officers: President, Dr. C. P. Landon; vice president, W. F. Page; secretary, Dr. P. F. Beverly; treasurer, Dr. John McClurg; censors, Drs. A. Andrus, Alexander Neil and O. Johnson. The meetings, which were at first quarterly, were held monthly at different points in central Ohio. The society enjoyed an active life for 27 years, the last meetinghaving been held November 5, 1896. Among the Columbus physicians who at different times were president were: Drs. G. S. Stein, J. F. Baldwin, R. Wirth, F. F. Lawrence. Among its secretaries were: Dr. J. U Barnhill, G. M. Clouse and E. M. Hatton.

In April, 1892, the Columbus Academy of Medicine was organized and the following officers were elected: President, Dr. D. N. Kinsman; vice president, Dr. T. W. Rankin; secretary, Dr. J. C. Graham; treasurer, Dr. F. W. Blake; board of censors, Drs. T. C. Hoover, H. W. Whitaker, H. P. Allen, Frank Warner and J. B. Schueller. It meets regularly for the consideration of questions of interest to the profession.

Other short-lived organizations of physicians were the Columbus Pathological Society in which Dr. J. W. Hamilton was the leader, and the Franklin County Medical Society, with Dr. W. J. Means at its head. These various organizations, as well as the rival medical Colleges were the outward manifestations of much bitter strife in the profession, of which little need here be said. Suffice it to say that the profession has for the most part escaped from those unhappy days, and is now devoting its energy to the great work of the prevention and cure of disease. In surgery and medicine and in general and specialized practice. Columbus has many nun of wide repute. Women physicians also have appeared and are doing their share to relieve suffering humanity. Preventive measures are favored in private practice as well as in public service, and in the latter the physicians are giving generously of their effort and their knowledge.

Prior to 1887. the only public health service was rendered, first by temporary boards appointed in emergency, and, later, by the Police Commission. In April, 1887, Council passed an ordinance creating a Hoard of Health, the members to he elected annually by the

Council. The following constituted the first board, chosen the following month: P. H. Bruck, president, ex-officio, Z. F. Guerin, M. D., A. E. Evans, M. D., N. S. Townshend, M. D., J. M. Dunham, M. D., Emerson McMillin and Alexis Keeler. Dr. Frank Gunsaulus was chosen health officer; T. B. Vause, milk and meat inspector. It is fortunate for this important service which gained recognition so late that the executive duties were intrusted to physicians of the first class, such as Dr. D. N. Kinsman, Dr. J. B. Schueller and Dr. W. D. Deuschle. These men saw the need and the possibilities of the service and in reports urged its enlargement and perfection. During Dr. Schueller's administration, Council made provision for a bacteriological laboratory, in which Dr. John D. Dunham and Dr. Harvey C. Fraker were the first to serve, giving to the work a portion of their time.

In 190:3 under the new charter, the Board of Health was reorganized and constituted as follows, the appointment bv the Mayor and confirmation by the Council: J. W. Clemmer, M. D., W. E. Edmiston, M. D, P. D." Shriner, M. D., J. U. Barnhill, M. D., and George W. Schoedinger. McKendree Smith became health officer. Others in the order of their service were: Dr. E. G. Horton, Dr. S. B. Taylor, Dr. J. W. Clemmer and Dr. Louis Kahn, who was elected in 1912 and served till February, 1919. John W. Keegan, the present secretary, has served in that capacity since 1906.

The Board of Health was considerably disorganized in 1918 by the war service of some members and the enforced absence of others. While it was in that condition the epidemic of influenza and pneumonia came upon the citv, and the burden fell upon the remaining members, Dr. Kahn and Secretary Keegan. The disease began to be felt early in October and at the end of the month 320 deaths had been r -corded. In the next eight months, the deaths from this scourge in the city were as follows: November 246, December 251, January 67, February 76, March 165, April 57, May 12, June 12 - a total of 1,236 deaths in nine months from this single cause. The height of the epidemic was reached late in December, and the ban on public gatherings was removed, but there was a flare-up in March which quickly subsided.

When Dr. Kahn retired in February to return to private practice, Dr. W. L. Dick became Acting Health Officer. The vacancies on the Board were filled and that body is composed of the following, besides the Mayor: P. D. Shriner, M. D. ; O. H. Sellenings, M. D. ; Wells Teachnor, M. D. ; Ira B. Hamblin, M. D., and Joseph Carr, Director of Public Welfare.

From the city and county, 126 physicians entered the army in 1918 for professional service, while others aided in the selective service and bore the extra burden imposed by the employment of so many of their brethren in the war work. Some of these were privileged to render exceptional service. It is possible to mention a few such as Dr. Charles S. Hamilton, major in charge of medical activities for the draft; Dr. H. H. Sniveley, colonel, Army Medical service abroad; Dr. Verne A. Dodd, commander, Naval Base Hospital; Dr. F. O. Williams, commander. Naval Base Hospital; Dr. Philip D. Wilson, captain, Army Medical service in France ; Dr. Sylvester J. Goodman, captain, Army Medical service at the camps and in France; Dr. Andre Crotti, Army Medical service at the camps; Dr. Carl D. Postle, captain Aran- Medical service in carans. Dr. E. F. McCampbell, dean of the College of Medicine, and Dr. A. W. Freeman, of the State Department of Health, were also actively in the service.

Twentv-four Columbus dentists entered the army with commissions, serving at diffi nut camps in this country and abroad, while those who remained at home examined and gave free service to men called in the draft. Of these may be mentioned Dr. John W. Means, captain. Medical Corps, Columbus Barracks, and Dr. W. I. Jones, captain, Medical Corps in Italy.

St. Anthony's Hospital which, like St. Francis Hospital, is conducted by the Sisters of the Poor of St. Francis, is located at Hawthorne and Taylor avenues. It was built in 1890 and dedicated by Bishop Watterson in 1891. It has accommodations for 200 patients and also gives a home to old and decrepit people who have no relatives to care for them in their declining' years. Rev. John Gotz is the chaplain.

This beautiful hospital situated on West State street justly maintains a national reputation. The hospital was projected in 1885 by Dr. W. B. Hawkes and Dr. J. W. Hamilton on ground donated by the former. Death claimed Dr. Hawkes before the completion of the building and work ceased for lack of funds. At this juncture Dr. Hamilton induced the Sisters of the Holy Cross from Notre Dame, Ind., to assume charge of the project. They took up the work in July, 1886, and the hospital was blessed and opened in September as Hawkes Hospital of Mount Carmel. In a short while the work grew to such an extent that and addition was necessary and this was built in 1892. As the fame of the hospital grew further room became a prime necessity, and another tine addition was erected in 190(5, making Mount Carmel one of the most complete and modern hospitals in the country. The Sisters have bought other grounds for the present and future needs of the hospital, including a plot across State street now sown in grass and parked to give a breathing space for the hospital and a plot to the west where a home for nurses is now being built. A high class Training School for Nurses was established in 1903. There are nqw 80 in the school. Thirty-two Sisters are in the community, of which Sister M. Brendan is the superior.

The project of a Children's Hospital had origin in the minds of the women and girls of the King's Daughters of St. Paul's Episcopal Church who, in May, 1890, gave a tea and fair at the residence of Mrs. James Kilbourne and deposited the proceeds, $'125, in a bank as a nucleus of the necessary fund. January 23, 1891, there was a meeting of men and women at which serious consideration was given to the subject, and on February 27, 1892, articles of incorporation were filed and the Children's Hospital society was organized and the following trustees were elected: Dr. Charles F. Clark, C. C. Wait, Gilbert C. Hoover, W. F. Goodspeed, H. A. Lanman, Thomas C. Hoover, Edwin Kelton, Dr. Starling Loving, F. C. Eaton. John Siebert, James Kilbourne, Geo. M. Sinks, Herman G. Dennison, Chas. Parrott, A. B. Cohen, F. W. Prentiss, and T. B. Galloway.

A lot at Miller and Fair avenues was bought, and the erection of the building was begun in September, 1892. A public reception was given December 30, 1893, and the hospital was opened for work, February 1, 1891. Six beds were at once permanently endowed: life memberships (110 in three years), annual memberships, donations and a series of entertainments provided other funds, and in 1900 the Columbus Lodge of Elks contributed enough for a needed addition to the building. The work had steadily grown and in March, 1916, a campaign for $300,000 for a new building yielded $155,265.57. The hospital also became a prospective beneficiary in the will of Campbell Chittenden, who left a large estate, the income from which was to be used by others till their death.

The hospital is managed by a board of trustees, of which Foster Copeland is president, and by a women's board, of which Mrs. Truitt B. Sellers is president and Mrs. Henry C. Taylor is secretary. It lias a capacity of 50 beds.

The Protestant Hospital was organized in 1891 for the purpose of healing the sick, performing surgical operations and training nurses. Its first building at Third and Dennison avenues had a capacity of about 30 beds. In 1894 the present site fronting on Goodale Park was donated by tin Ohio Medical University and in October, 1898. the present building, with 50 private rooms and eight wards for charity work - 110 beds in all - was opened. The hospital is under the direction of a fiscal board of trustees, chosi n by the Church Extension Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and a lady hoard of managers and visitors. D. S. Gray is president of the board of trustees and X. W. Good is secretary. Mrs. E. S. Pershing is president of Hie lady board. The assets of the hospital are about $230,000 including buildings $125,000 and loans and securities, $102,125. The hospital co-operates with tin' College of Medicine of Ohio State University.

Medical Profession And Hospitals 275

Mercy Hospital, 1130 South High street, is maintained by the Mercy Hospital Association, which was organized in 1904 to care for the sick and injured and give training to nurses. The officers of the association are W. O. Frohock, president ; A. W. Mackenzie, treasurer; Katheryn R. Gutwalt, superintendent.

Grant Hospital opened its doors for the reception of patients in July, 1900. The original building on Grant avenue was erected by Dr. J. F. Baldwin to provide a home for his private patients. Its accommodations were, however, made available to the patients of other physicians of repute, and that plan has been continued by the founder. A 50-room addition was built in 1904. In 1910, a number of other physicians and specialists joined in the enterprise, additional ground was bought, ar.d a building, six stories and basement, was erected on Town street adjacent to the original structure, making the total capacity of the hospital 250 beds, with all modern equipment. A nurses' training school is conducted in connection with the hospital, the graduates of which are eligible for service anywhere. While this is a private hospital, charity beds are maintained out of the income. While a large number of physicians and surgeons do their work at the hospital, the financial responsibilities remain, as at first, on the shoulders of the founder, Dr. J. F. Baldwin.

The Lawrence Hospital was incorporated by Dr. F: F. Lawrence and others in 1899. The institution was opened at 423 East Town street and has since been maintained there. About one-third of its work has been free, but no solicitation for funds has been made, nor have gifts been received. Dr. Lawrence has projected another institution to be known as MeKinley Hospital, but beyond the purchase of a beautiful site at the northeast corner of Broad street and Grant avenue, nothing has as yet been done.

The Homeopathic Hospital, situated on Neil avenue at the southern edge of the grounds of the Ohio State University, was established as a part of the University in September, 1914, to furnish clinical material for the students in the College of Homeopathic Medicine and also to care for any who might apply. Its equipment consists of two buildings, one of which, erected in 1916, is specially designed for clinical teaching purposes. It maintains a training school for nurses, with lectures by graduate nurses, the course extending over three years and covering both practical and theoretical work.

The St. Clair Hospital on St. Clair avenue north of Mt. Vernon avenue, was constructed in 1910 by the St. Clair Hospital Co., incorporated, and was formally opened to patients January 12, 1911. It is conducted as a general hospital, with two operating rooms and a capacity for thirty beds. A nurses' training school, with a two and a half year course, is maintained.

Chapter Xxxv Secret And Social Organizations

Masonic Bodies - Independent Order of Odd Fellows - Knights of Pythias - Elks and Other Orders - Columbus Club - Wyandot Club- Athletic Club - Country Club - Rotary and Kvwanis Clubs - Tyndall Association - United Commercial Travelers - Kit-Kat Club - Knights of Columbus - A. 0. of H. - Foresters - Knights of St. John - Jt'elsli and Scotch Societies.

Mt. Vernon Commanderv No. 1 was the first Masonic body organized west of the Allegheny mountains. Three men, Thomas Smith Webb, John Snow and Frederick Curtis, believed to have been the only Knights Templar in Ohio at the time, met at Worthington March 15, 1818, and in full compliance with all the requirements of the order, organized and proceeded to receive applications and to initiate other members. Among the first were James Kilbourne, Chester Griswold, Levi Pinney, Mark Seeley, Joseph S. Hughes, William Little, Chauncey Barker, Benjamin Gardiner, and Roger Searle.

In 1811 the Commanderv met in Columbus for the first time, coming hither by horseback and at night to avoid an injunction threatened by those who wished to remain at Worthington. Wm. B. Hubbard was generalissimo and Bela Latham commander.

The following Blue or Symbolic Lodges of Free and Accepted Masons were early organized in Columbus: Ohio Lodge No. 30 in 1815, which included in its membership John Kerr, Lincoln Goodale, Joel Buttles, Gustavus Swan, Abram I. McDowell and John L. Gill, becoming extinct in 1836; Columbus Lodee organized in 1811, Wm. B. Hubbard being the first Master; Magnolia Lodge No. 20, 1817, Bela Latham first Master; Goodale Lodge No. 372 in 1866, James Williams first Master; Humboldt Lodge No. 176, 1873, O. A. B. Senter first Master. Since then seven other lodges have been organized: Kinsman, West Gate, East Gate, Neocacia, York, University and Linden.

A dispensation was granted to Ohio Chapter No. 12 Capitular Masonry, November 27, 1824, Bela Latham. Joel Buttles, A. J. McDowell and Lincoln Goodale being among the officers. The membership rose to thirty-six in 1827, but declined during the anti-Masonic storm; and, becoming almost extinct for a time, the chapter was revived in 1811 by some of the same men. Temple Chapter, No. 155 R. A. M. was organized May 5, 1886, with C. S. Ammel first High Priest. To these two has now been added a third, York Chapter.

The Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite was introduced in Ohio in 1851. In that year the Adoniram Lodge of Perfection and Ohio Council of Princes of Jerusalem was organized in Columbus. Wm. B. Hubbard. Thomas Lowe and B. F. Martin were among its members. In the following year the lodge room was destroyed by fire and the work ceased. Enoch Grand Lodge of Perfection was organized May 25, 1877. when twenty-two applied for the grades conferred. Among those who have served as presiding officer of this body are B. F. Reese, Henry O'Kane and 1). N. Kinsman.

In 1878 the Franklin Council Princes of Jerusalem and Columbus Chapter Rose Croix were organized. Among the charter members of both bodies were W . A. Hershiser, Henry

O'Kane, R. R. Rickly, A. G. Patton, A. B. Coit, O. A. B. Senter, G. A. Frambes, C. H. Lindenberg, Charles Huston. George F. Wheeler and 15. F. Rees. The Scioto Consistory lias since been added to this group.

The Masonic Cathedral on North Fourth street, the south portion of which was erected in 18!1~ and the remainder in 1914, is one of the most beautiful and commodious buildings in the city.