Farmer Township (part 17 of 25)

Growing Celery For Home Use

I think every home garden should have a few rows Of celery. There is nothing more delicious when it is crisp and tender, and if one has a natural love for outdoor work, the growing 'of this vegetable will prove most interesting. Good, strong plants, rich st)il and plenty of moisture, will insure success. If the soil is not naturally rich, it should be made so by the application of well-rotted manure carefully worked in. Plants for main crop may be set in the latitude of Columbus, O., (40 degs.) any time from the last week in June until the middle of August tho, of course, that which is planted late will not be ready for use before Thanksgiving. Late celery may be planted where other crops have been grown. We often plant it after early sweet corn and potatoes have been removed from the ground.

Where only a small amount of celery is grown, I would advise levelground planting, for two reasons; first, because it is less trouble and second, the plants have a better chance to grow. Some growers argue that it is easier to blanch the celery when planted in trenches. This can not be denied; but so far as the total labor is concerned we can see no difference, for it is no child's play to dig a trench as it should be. Then, several inches of good soil must be put in the bottom of each trench. Every time a washing rain comes there is danger of "drowning" the plants out. It is rather discouraging to go out after a rain and find your trenches half- full of muddy water.

When planted on level ground the rows should be seven or eight feet apart unless the so-called self-blanching variety is grown. Even then, if wanted for late fall and winter use the banking method will give better results than any other that we know of.

Plants should be set in double rows about ten inches apart and six or eight inches apart in the row. Keep the soil well hoed and after they have got a good start., mulch with well-rotted manure, and if the weather is dry pour water around the roots, every few days. Remember a sprinkling will do very little good. If you want to grow fine celery, keep the soil cold and damp. Liquid fertilizer is good, but it should not he poured upon the plants, as it will cause rot.

If earth is to be used for blanching purposes, begin to draw up a little as soon as the plants are large enough to endure it. But don't pack it too close lest it retard the growth. Never work with celery, after "a rain, while the leaves and soil are wet, as it is sure to cause rust. One advantage in drawing the earth up to the plants as they grow, is that nearly the entire bunch will be blanched, while if one waits until the bunches are large and all the banking-up is done at one time, when wanted for use it will be found that more than half of each bunch Or plant will be green. When once a stalk grows green, it never by any chance, turns white.

The Golden Self-Blanching is less difficult to blanch than any other variety, so far as I know. Still I think it is greatly improved, both in color and texture, by being banked. I tried close cultivation once, using boards between the rows to keep out the light, hut will never do it again. The boards kept out the air and seemed to draw the heat. Needless to say, the celery nearly all rotted.

The only fault I find with the Golden Self-Blanching, is the plants are *-ery difficult to grow. The seed never germinates so well as other sorts and the tiny plants are very tender. In this climate (east-central Ohio) celery will keep in the ground until mid-winter, and even later when well protected. I find that it keeps much better in the ground than it does in the cellar for no matter how carefully the roots are packed, the plant loses its flavor. Therefore to have it at its best, do not disturb the roots. When preparing celery for the table, cut off the roots the first thing. If the root is left on, for any length of time, the stalks will lose much of that delicate

I speak from experience, but am unable to give an explanation of these peculiarities, unless it be that as soon as the roots are taken from the soil, growth ceases and the "sap" goes downward.

Here is how I keep celery in the ground, without freezing. Bank the rows even with the tops of the stalks; then cover about a foot deep, with dry leaves: Weight down with boards or old carpet and then set bunches of corn fodder, as closely as possible, on both sides of the ridges. During warm spells, I take off the covering in order to let the plants have air. An occasional rain is also beneficial. But when the weather is very cold it is best not to disturb it for celery can not endure much freezing without being injured more or less. Frost, alone, will not injure it. Perhaps some readers will wonder why dry leaves are recommended for covering. Simply because nothing else that I know of will keep out the cola so well. - Anna Galigher, Muskingum Co., O.

Flowers For Every-Day

It is frequently one of the most perplexing tasks, to the lover of flowers, to select such kinds as are best adapted to one's wants and conveniences. There are always so many, and one can have so few. I propose to name only a few of the best kinds for the amateur gardener, and such as give good satisfaction with ordinary treatment, with such directions for cultivation as I have proved, by my own experience, and that of my friends, to be most practical and likeliest to meet the wants of the average cultivator of flowers.

In the first place, I advise only such kinds as give a large amount of bloom. There are several of this class, which are easily cared for, and which always prove satisfactory, such as asters, petunias, phlox, balsams, pansies, ten weeks stock, nasturtim s, sweet peas, salvia splendens and \v benas, with, of course mignonette. These few kinds well cared for will afford far greater satisfaction than a larger number, half cared for. A flower that has been neglected is a sorrowful sight to me, and is classed, in my sympathies, along with neglected children. Those who can not give the kinds we have named the little care they require, had better not try their hand at flower-growing for they will make a failure of it. I advise everybody to try, and. think they will find the time they devote to flowers among the most delightful hours of recreation.

Asters do best, I find, when started in boxes in the house. They get a start, in this way, which brings them into bloom much earlier in the fall. In starting seeds in the house, bear in mind this: Always after the plants are up, give plenty of sun, water enough to keep the ground moist, but never wet. and not much heat. If the sun and water are given in the proper proportions, with plenty of air, they will not grow spindling and weak, unless the heat is too great. Phlox is hurried into bloom by planting in the house. Petunias, balsams and stock I have found to do better when sown where they are to bloom, in the beds. Pansies can be started in boxes to advantage, and be set out in some shady corner of the garden. Sweet peas can he sown very early, as frost does not injure them. They make a fine screen, and can be used to cover an unsightly 'fence, or atump. There is nothing more fragrant for bouquets in the list of garden annuals. The more one cuts off the blossoms the more they bloom, hence a bright spot is to be had for all the summer season, also the nasturtiums are brilliant in color - some a rich scarlet, velvety red, brick red, chrome yellow, and numerous other bright colors. There are two kinds of the dwarf, growing in a compact, rounded growth, and the tall climbing varieties. These succeed best on light, well-drained soils or in slightly raised beds where any surplus moisture will rapidly drain away, these trained to climb a five-foot, two-inch-mesh, chicken-wire fence make a gorgeous and "beautiful scr'een. The contrast produced by numerous blooms each so conspicuously different, is charming. Salvia splendens is now a standard bedding plant, and well does it deserve its honor. Seed is best started under glass, tho self-grown seed frequently comes, up in great numbers where a bed of these plants had been the previous year. This is sometimes called scarlet sage; it blooms freely and the flowers are bright red spikes. Verbenas can also be started in the house, if great care is taken to air them occasionally. If not well aired, they are apt to "damp off," and turn yellow and die. I have always found the verbena a hard plant to raise from seed and prefer to buy my plants. Be sure to have a bed of verbenas. They are constant bloomers, and afford such a variety of brilliant hues, and delicate shading, that no other flower surpasses them in the garden. They should be planted in beds raised in the center, as they are low, spreading growers. Sweet peas make a good background, as they grow tall. In front of them place asters, as the next in hight. I like to have my asters in groups, keeping each color separate. Petunias and phlox should be sown in circular raised beds, with plenty of space to flourish in, and from the time they begin blooming till late in the fall, there will be a constant and profuse show of bright, scintillating colors.

The phlox is the one most satisfactory flower for the average garden, to be found in the whole catalog. It has a large variety of colors, is covered with blooms and cares for itself if kept free from weeds. Mignonette is fine or edgings or for sowing in little clumps here, there and everywhere. It is grown for its delicious fragrance, makes a pretty plant for pot culture, and if sown in August and potted before the early frost will bloom all winter.

The soil must be made mellow for tory flowers for the average garden, to weeds. Hoeing among them to keep the earth me'low will keep down the weeds, and will not take up half an hour's time a day, if one has all the kinds we have mentioned. In dry weather they may need watering. But in ordinary seasons, keeping the weeds down and the soil light, is really all the care necessary. Keep in mind that a few good ones are better than a lot of poor ones. Do not transplant until all danger of frost is over, one can use his own discretion in regard to planting out. - Addie Marian Neff,Seneca Co., O.

No Skin Left On Body

"Six months after birth my little girl broke out with eczema and I had | two doctors in attendance. There was I not a particle of skin left on her body, the blood oozed out just anywhere, and we had to wrap her in silk and carry her on a pillow for ten weeks. She was the most terrible sight I ever saw, and for six months I looked for her to die. I used every known remedy to alleviate her suffering, for it

Cuticura Remedies. She will soon be three years old and has never had a sign of the dread trouble since. We used about eight cakes of Cuticura Soap and three boxes of CuticuTa Ointment. James J. Smith, Dumid, Va., Oct. 14 and 22, 1.906."

Summer Flowers

Old-fashioned flowers and flower gardens seem to have been relegated to the background with other old-fashioned things, which is to be much regretted. One of the pleasures dear to my childish heart was a visit to my grandmother's garden, down the center of which was a long bed where grew mammoth snowball bushes, clumps of peonies, bleeding heart, smoke pipes, blue bells, tulips and many other perennials, the names of which I have forgotten. It is true this bed was flanked on all sides with beds of vegetables, hut around all was a tight fence that effectually excluded the chickens; and whiffs of fragrance from that undisturbed flower garden come to me yet as memory carries me back to the big, old-fashioned house on the hill.

In these days it is more fashionable to have showy beds on the lawn. But if there is no dog, and only a poor fence about the yard, the industrious hen (which is very conspicuous on every farm; soon reduces the best made bed to an unsightly dust hole, which disfigures the lawn and disgusts the florist, as well as being very aggravating to the one who tries to mow the lawn.

Instead of trying to have such beds of flowers, fool the chickens by having the flower garden enclosed with the vegetable garden, selecting annuals or I perennials as the taste and purse may j dictate. Such a spot would be a joy to visit, and from it bouquets could be gathered all summer long. The unbroken lawn would then be easier j kept trim and tidy, the close-clipped , surface of which would add so much to the attractiveness of the home. - Demarest Glentworth Rubins. Hancock Co., O.

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Beef Making On Small Farm

Recent conditions indicate that the country's beef supply in the future will come mainly from the small farm where the beeves will be bred and finished. The day of the range steer and the range calf is drawing to a close. The ranges are being cut up into small tracts and sold to settlers, who, by the practice of mixed farming, can afford to pay a price for the land which is prohibitive to the cattle business as formerly conducted. It is a case of "move on" with the ranchman, and the "move-on-ro" territory is now about all occupied and the ranchman in many places has been compelled of necessity to order cars and ship cows, steers, heifers and calves to the slaughterhouse. The steer feeder of the corn-belt who gt>es to the stock yards to buy good feeder steers comes in contact with the packer who can use the same class of steers and so is outbid by him.

Considering the high price for both cattle and feed, the man wht) lands a profit from the steer-feeding business in this day and age must do some close figuring. A half-bushel of 60 to 70 cent corn per day (and there will not be a great deal left after the big short-fed steer gets thru with it) runs into money pretty fast when we remember that two pounds per day are good average gains. Feeders who have been depending upon the range calves complain of their costing too much, taking too long to start and nt>t of the right quality. And those who have been going to the stock yards for feeder steers complain of the right kind being too high, not enough ma'rgin between the buying and selling price, and its requiring too much feed to produce a pound of gain.

Producing beef by either of the above methods can not be made to pay on the small farm. There is a method, however, which, if carefully followed, can be made profitable even on the small farm of 80 acres and upwards. The method consists in brief of the keeping of good cows. of a beef breed and of a proper type that are {.-jod milkers; breed them to the right kind of a sire, milk them, sell the cream or make a gilt-edge butter; use the hand separator, raise the calves on separator-skim-milk and other feeds and finish them as baby beeves. These cows, able to produce a profitable amount of milk and butter and whose calves will deverop into market-topping beeves, while being scarce, are not impossible. The reason they are so scarce is because very little effort has been made in late years to produce them. A greater effort will be made in the future, and as time goes on they will become more numerous. Any t»ne who will look up the records, or who will visit the great beef herds of the country, will find occasionally just such cows in spite of the fact that they have not been bred for this purpose and no effort has been made to develop their milk-diving qualities, ff these cows are found even where not being bred for the purpose, surely in the hands of the careful breeder ihey can be produced at as great a c~'-tainty as any other class of live stock.

W hile it is not intended to discuss the much-argued question of combining beef and milk, I simply want to state that I belong to the minority who believe that conformation does not control the animal's ability to give milk, and that bir milk producers are found in all breeds and types. The mutton ewe often cited as comhinitJg perfect meat-producing form and at the same time being a big milk producer is not a producer of milk because she has been bred for milk, because she has had two and sometimes three lambs and her instinct has created a desire to nourish these lambs, and to do this her milking qualities have been wonderfully devp'oped just as it can be done in the COW. Meat and milk, however, need ret be looked for in the same animal at the same time. The cow, the -we, oi- the mare, that carries a big amount of tVsh during the flush of milk can right there and then be set down as a

The meat-producing animal that is a deep milker will lose its excess flesh and fat during the milking period, always. A breeder of high-class mutton sheep was once heard to remark that "when these ewes have lambs they dissolve and go to milk." The cow from which the double revenue is expected must do the same. The success with which one will meet in this business depends greatly upon having the right kind of cow. She must be either pure-bred or a high-grade of a beef breed, and must be of the right type and a producer Of good calves of the right type. (An animal may be of a good type and not a good individual.) This cow should be bigbodied, low set, broad and deep and rather fine in the bone. The idea that a beef animal should have big, coarse, long legs and a general coarse makeup to produce big gains and weight is erroneous. The sire should be of the same breed and type; should come from a deep-milking dam and capable of carrying thick flesh, which should be evenly placed and not patchy noT lumpy. The better heifers from the better milking cows must be kept in the herd for breeding purposes, and their milking qualities developed. As soon as a heifer has been found a failure as a milker, after a fair trial, she should be discarded.

There are two ways of developing the milking qualities of a heifer. One is to milk her carefully by hand, and the other is to require her to suckle two calves for five or six months, and then give her the third calf to suckle up to about eight weeks of calving. The dairyman who is a careless milker need never hope to train a heifer to her duty in milk secretion. The calves should not be allowed to run with these heifers in the pastures. Where the intention is to hand-milk a heifer, it must be begun at first calving. To milk a heifer one season or a part of it and then allow her to suckle calves the remainder of the time, will work only in theory and not in practice, except with an occasional cow. Whether the cows are all to be milked, the separator used and the calves hand-fed, will depend upon ability to secure satisfactory help and the price obtainable for butter. The cows can all be milked or a part of the cows may be allowed to raise all of the calves. Where no milking is to be done, good beef-bred calves must be bought outside of the herd and each cow required to suckle two to three calves during the year. I have always maintained that to keep a cow for but one calf, if this calf is to go to the block, is not profitable, and in order to get good calves and get them profitably, milk-giving and beef-making must be combined and some of the above methods adopted. - Chas. Mclntire.

A Little Experience In Hog Breeding

We have tried most all the common pure breeds and have also tried cross-breeding. Our aim was always to keep a pedigree male and to have all the sows to farrow as near the same time as possible, so the pigs will be the same size and age. The one thing that bothered us was, 0"e sow's piss would do so much better than others and often a sow would not have two pigs the same size; some of the pigs would grow so rapidly and thrive so much better than others. Seemingly the smaller pigs were as hearty and healthy as the larger ones, and it seemed *to be a loss of feed on the small pigs' part. We were striving after the quick-growth and thrifty hog - the one that gives us a greater return for our feed and work - and these smaller pigs seemed most always to be present. It seemed to be more prominent with the pure-blood than in the cross>-eed. The Poland- China pure blood was not prolific enough as a rule. Too often the sow would only have three or four pics at a litter, which of course would make nice pigs, but this necessitated the keeping of too many sows to get the number of p'gs wanted. We had similar results with the Berkshires and another objection, applicable also to the Yorkshire, was their wild and cross disposition, being somewhat

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Rhine

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It seemed to he the failing of the ed strain of hogs to be too prolific to aise pigs properly; in fact, one hog iuyer in our community said he got lore scrubby red hogs than any othr breed, but said, in addition to this tatement,. that the best hogs he got or market were the cross between the )uroc-Jersey (sow) and the Poland- Ihina (male). Our neighbor, E. S., !Oticed that his O. I. C. brood sow ,-as a much better mother than his 'oland-China (haying a P.-C. male), nd as her pigs made a quicker and etter .growth than the P.-C. he disarded the latter entirely and stocked ,p with an entirely pure and pedireed strain of O. I. C. ; but seemingly e did not have the results with the ure breed as he did with his first O. . C. sow. Another neighbor, S. W., beig a Poland-China breeder, purchased or his herd a pedigreed male from the how-ring class. His pigs proved to e poor feeders: they were not inlined to eat enough to fatten, merely laking fine looking stock hogs. It eemed that the male was too closely r too highly bred. Neighbor C. B. red one mongrel sow to this pediree Poland-China and another monrel to our O. I. C, the result being hat the Poland-China pigs would not sed, only eating what would keep hem nice stockers, while the O. I. C. ross would feed and fatten for maret. I will say that this Poland-Chia male was the only one I ever knew ath this characteristic failing.

We find the Belted or Thin-Rind sow n ideal breeder, but as thi^ breed has uch a long nose and long legs, we ave crossed the breed with the O. I. !. male, as the O. I. C. has an excepional short nose and short legs. The igs from this cross have proven to s to be of regular growth and size, rhich makes an even bunch of hogs, 'he Belted sow is an exceedingly good lother, keeping her suckling pigs in etter flesh than any other cross that re have ever tried. She is also fairly rolific and a sure breeder, and the O. . C. has proven for us the best feeder nd grazer we have had any experince with. I often read articles in arm papers warning the farmers hout the breeding of a sow too close succession, or rather, too hard and ontinual breeding, which we have earned by the loss of pigs and run- [own condition of the sow. We have ne young Belted sow that had raised, ir was raising, us eight or nine pigs it a litter and bringing them up to veaning time in tip-top condition. The ralue of her pigs tempted us to keep ler going, so she was bred every time he came in heat, to a pure-blood O. I. 1 male. The consequence was that me late summer or fall litter of eight )igs had suckled her down in rather >ad condition in spite of ' our efforts o keep her up. She raised her pigs n the same first-class shape, but we :ould not get her started up in flesh ind her general system seemed to be n poor condition. She soon had an- )ther litter of seven fine white pigs without making any preparation whatever for them, neither did she have nilk for them. She tried to mother :hem for a while but semed to become lisgusted with the hungry pigs and tier own attempts. We tried to help her all we could by feeding her what milk, bran and oil meal we thought we dared to, also fed the pigs several times a day, but all efforts, were in vain, losing seven valuable pigs.

So we have found it advisable not to breed a sow mora than twice in succession. If she has raised a fall and spring litter, let her skip the next fall so that she will have good such cess with the next spring's litter. - T. Roush, Highland Co., O.

catch crop, useful in sowing where ' the main crop has failed to make a I good stand, and also as a succulent feed for all kinds of stock, the flat-top I turnip is unexcelled. The economy of root feeding will be amply demonstrated by even a short trial. The season is at hand to raise a supply for next winter. - Gilbert Allen, Madison Co., Ind.

Root Crops For Hogs

Many do not recognize the value of roots as a feed for hogs during the winter when succulent feeds are scarce. Those who have tried the feeding of mangel-wurzels and turnips can testify as to .their efficacy in keeping up the health and vigor of growing stock, by adding variety to the daily ration and thereby supplying 'a deficiency so common during the winter months. The sugar beet is probably the most nutritious of the root crops, but the mangel-wurzel yields much more heavily than the beets, and is of good quality for feeding. As a

Sulfur For Sheep

Perhaps my experience of several years ago might be of interest to your readers. I had a flock of sheep that were doing no good. They pulled the wool from their sides with their teeth and altho I was feeding them liberally they continued to go down. Upon examination I found that the sheep were covere'd with a small, flesh-colored louse and they also had many ticks on them.

This was during the winter season. I began feeding them ground feed with a liberal quantity of sulfur mixed, onco a day. I fed them sulfur for two or three weeks and it was not long until I noticed an improvement on my sheep. At clipping time the lice were all gone and there was not a live tick found on them. I found many dead ticks in the wool. Some persons told me that there was danger of the sulfur making the ewes lose their lambs, but there was not any loss at all from this source and there was no bad effects from the use of sulfur noticeable in any way. I find that sulfur is quite as effective in ridding cattle of lice when fed to them for a few days once a day. - A. J. Legg, Nicholas Co., W. Va.

Later in the year horses should be watched closely and their bowels kept moving regularly, and even loosely for at least three weeks till most of the danger of bots is over. The bots breed in manure and by some guidance not known to man, the bot fly deposits its eggs just where they are most apt to be licked off by the horse or swallowed with the feed. If the eggs should happen to lodge in some recess of the stomach or bowels, when they are hatched, the grubs are likely to work thru the intestines and give the horse much annoyance. Because of this possible lodgement of the eggs the bowels should be kept quite loose for several weeks. If nature is aided a little the grubs and eggs will pass out with the manure. Much anxiety will be saved if farmers will bathe the legs, belly and under jaws of horses frequently with two parts of lard oil and one part of spirits turpentine; then with a corn cob and stiff brush rub the eggs off. - E. D. Hanna, Tucker Co., W. Va.

A Notable Horse Sold. - The Davenport Percheron Horse Co. of Washington, recently bought of McLaughlin Bros, the great Percheron stallion, j Etradegant, winner of the championship at the 1906 International. Etrad- j egant is a great show horse, having won first prize in every show where he has ever been exhibited.

Starch For Hogs

Is factory made starch from corn good for hog feed? What percent of the feeding or fattening value is taken out of the corn in the process of starch manufacture? A wagon box that will hold 20 bushels of corn in the ear will hold 3.000 pounds of starch feed. What would this be worth, counting corn at 60 cents per bushel? Should any other feed be mixed with this starch for hogs in pasture? I have fed the starch slop and found it very good when made thick enough, but have never tried the starch feed. - J. V. H.. Cincinnati. O.

The composition of starch feed is, of course, very variable according to the amount of water which it carries, and the average of 12 analyses of this feed gives figures as follows:

For comparison I also give an average of 69 analyses of Indian corn. You will note that the starch feed contains 65 percent of water. I should say that it is worth about 40 percent as much per pound as corn. I would feed it with corn to hogs about half and half by measures. - E. B. Forbes, Chief in Nutrition. Expt. Sta.

With

UNTIL Amatite was put on the market a few years ago, practically everybody who used ready roofings had to paint them regularly. Some of the roofings required a coat every year; others every two or three years.

The popularity of Amatite is largely owing to the fact that its use does away with all such trouble and expense. This is due to its real mineral surface which is far more durable than any paint made. It is not affected by weather and will last indefinitely.

Mineral Surfaced

Every practical man will doubly appreciate the "no-paint" idea when we add to that statement the fact that Amatite is lower in price than most of the "paint-me-every - two - years -orleak" roofing.

In addition, Amatite with its smooth lap edge is easy to lay, and the necessary nails and liquid cement for laps are supplied free, packed conveniently in each roll.

Illustrations at top, from left to right, show: Chas. Johnson's Residence, Atlantic City, East Machias Lumber Co., East Machias, Me., Walton Skating Rink, LockportN. Y. All covered with Amatite.

Barrett Manufacturing Company

THE GEIGER-JONES COMPANY are selling their industrial securities to some of the most conservative men in the state - men who invest only in perfectly sound and reliable securities.

A farm with its live stock and poultry suffering from germ infection is like factory with its machinery broken down. Neither can pay a profit diseases where used regularly. Recommended as a Dip for all Live Stock and General Disinfectant by the Agricultural Experiment Stations of the Various States and permitted by the U. S. Government for the Official Dipping of Sheep Scab. Kills lice, makes thrifty auimals. insures their getting ali the benefit of their feed - more profit to yon. Antiseptic and healing for ali wounds, cuts, sores. Oldest made, still the leader; every gallon guaranteed. Prices: 1 gal. (makes 100 gallons Dip and Disinfectant) $1 .50; 5 gal. $6.75; 10 gal. $12.50; quotations on quantity furnished gladly. Sold by all representative dealers. "MaktnQ Stock Health'/ and Keeping Them So" is a scientific but practical work on the methods of prevention and cure of all germ-diseaseB in every kind of farm stock, poultrv. etc. Sent/ree on request.

WEST DISINFECTING CO., Inc., 24 East 59th Street, New York City Depots: Chicago, St. Louis. Cincinnati, Louisville, Detroit, Omaha, and throughout Arizona and Wyoming

In order to close out the remaining st-"»ek now on hand at tlie SHAKON VALLEY STOCK FARM, so as to make room fur another importation early this fall the Attest and best Draft Stallions and Mares, Belgian «»<1 Perehcroni, also eral teams and well matched geldings, suitable for brewery nt any heavy work, will be sold at ridiculously low prices to anyone who, in need of such horses, will visit Col. 8.W. t'rawford's Barns at Newark, O., and select theone lie wants before the other felldw gets ahead of him. The Sharon ValleyStock Farm has imported and sold more stallions and mare* IBelgians, Pcrchcrons and German Coachers) than any other importing establishment in Ament a. Interested persons will be met at station if they will phone to

Churn Overrun

There is a difference between "butter" and "butterfat," altho this difference is not always considered by buttermakers. Butter is the finished product as it comes from the churn, while the butterfat is the actual fat iree from the presence of moisture or any other foreign matter. The butterfat is shown by the Babcock test and and butter by the churn. The actual fat shown by the tester is about 1G or 17 percent less than the butter which should result from the churn. This excess is called churn-gain or overrun and is due. to moisture, salt and a small amount of other solid matter found in milk.

Many people have the mistaken impression that the butter should correspond to the fat shown by the tester and they do not count upon this churn overrun. In fact, it is almost safe to say that the majority of those who send milk to the creamery or make it into butter on the farm, 'do not understand that they should receive pay from the creamery of about 16 percent in excess of the fat delivered in. the milk, or if they churn it on the farm that the butter product should exceed the fat in the milk by the same percentage. We have examined several dividends from different creameries and in some of them have found practically no allowance at all for this churn overrun. Now in these cases something is wrong. The separator is not doing efficient work, the churn leaving fat in the buttermilk, the maker incapable of obtaining the best results, or if he is not incompetent, is willfully keeping the overrun for himself, a conclusion which is unpleasant to accept.

The milk must be cared for and the cream kept and churned under the proper conditions to get the full amount of this overrun. It may be that the fat is lost in the skim-milk by the separator not delivering it, or is not completely gathered from the buttermilk when churned. The source of loss should be learned and prevented On the farm one can tell whether the churn overrun is obtained. The milk from which the butter is to be made should be weighed and tested. The total fat shown by the test should be increased by 16 percent and this amount compared with the butter after churning. If the churn product does not exceed the amount shown by the tester by at least 16 percent, there is a loss. Another method is to weigh the cream to be churned, test it and figure up the total fat. This is not quite so accurate as the former method, because it is more difficult to get a representative sample of the cream and the churn overrun varies. With cream, the overrun should be higher than with milk; that is, from the total fat shown by the tester. The overrun ought to be about 20 percent with cream.

Proper churning plays an important part in Obtaining the correct overrun. The loss of fat in the buttermilk from insufficient gathering may be great enough to offset any churn gain. If it is not churned at the right temperature or long enough the amount of the overrun goes into the buttermilk for the hogs, which makes a rather expensive feed. If the cream has been kept and ripened at the proper temperatures, it ought to be churned so as to gather in about forty-five minutes and from that to an hour and a half. That is about the only guide to churn temperature. If it gathers in a less time than forty-five minutes, the cream was probably too warm; if over an hour and a half, it was colder than was necessary. One can not get all the fat in much less than the minimum time just mentioned and it is a mistake to churn at a temperature that will bring the butter in a short time. When it comes in one mass, all the fat is not secured. If the cream is churned at a fairly low temperature, the butter gathers in the form of small granules. When the butter first begins to gather these are about the size of pinheads. but they increase in size as the cream is agitated. The churning should not be stopped until they are as large as corn kernels.

Many butter makers recommend that the churning be stopped when the kernels are about the size of wheat grains, but there is danger of not getting all the fat when this rule is followed. If the temperature is right there is no objection to churning until the granules are of the larger size and there is no danger of losing a certain percent of fat in the buttermilk. If one has conditions favorable to gather all the fat, the overrun will take care of itself and make butter in excess of the fat about 17 percent.

Butter may contain as high as 16 percent moisture and be within the limits of the law. Salt and a few other milk solids constitute the other percent of overrun. More than 16 percent of moisture is not allowed, but one is safe in introducing nearly 17 percent as it comes from the churn. Some of the moisture will evaporate and work out and by the time it is put on the market the butter contains no more than 16 percent, a moisture content of 16 percent is not too high and the quality is just a.j good as a 12-percent moisture butter.

If one owns a dairy producing an average of 20 pounds of fat per day for 300 days out of the year, the pure fat for that time will be 6,000 pounds. An overrun of 17 percent will produce a total of 7,020 pounds of butter Or a gain over the pure fat of 1,020 pounds, worth $255 with butter valued at 25 cents a pound. If the overrun is only 4 percent, the increased butter will be 240 pounds, worth $57, butter at same valuation. The financial difference in favor of the higher overrun is nearly $200 for one year alone. This is quite an item in the profits of a farm and should be looked after. The first thing to do is to make an investigation to find out whether the correct overrun is being obtained. This should be done whether the milk is taken care of on the farm or placed in the hands of a butter-maker at the local creamery. To do this the following formula is serviceable:

Total butter minus fat shown by tester, multiplied by 100. Divide the result by fat shown by test, and the final result equals the percent of overrun. For illustration take 600 lb. of milk testing 5 percent in which there will be 30 lb. pure fat shown by tester. The cream from this milk is churned and 35 pounds of butter obtained. The formula then would be:

If only 32 lb, [ (32-^30)xl00J-^30= 6.66 percent. The same formula will determine the creamery overrun. Take the total pounds of milk delivered and from the average test of the creamery, get the total pounds of fat. Subtract this from the total pounds of butter made, multiply by one hundred, divide by the fat and the answer will bo the percent overrun for the creamery - also your overrun. It is simple to figure and an important fact to know.

If the overrun is low in either case, the reason should be discovered and steps taken to increase it to the proper percentage. As was previously stated it may be caused by poor skimming on the part of the separator, loss : of fat in the buttermilk, or if it is at ] a creamery, dishonesty on the part of | the maker. The overrun is justly due to the credit of the dairy and it is the I manager's or farmer's business to see t hat the correct amount is obtained. - | Lynford Haynes, Erie Co., Pa.

What the Tubular does in the dairy puts it foremost - twice as clean separating as other separators at Fairmont, Minn.; twice as clean at Kendall, Wis.; six to ten times as clean at Scotsburn, N. S.; fifteen times as clean at Gananoque, Ont.

But these competitions were far away from your home. Well, try it out in your own dairy, and see whether the Tubular is sterling, whether it will do better for you, with your own cows, than any other process or separator. No cost to you. Just write us you want to know what the Tubular can do for you. Ask first for Catalogue No. 151. It's a good introduction.

The mine owner gets his gold mixed with rock and combined with other metals. He gets out all the gold and then makes in addition what he can from the lead and silver, the "by-products."

Care Of Dairy Calves

There is no part of the farm stock that is mere likely to he neglet ted at | this season than the young calves. I They are often confined in some cttnvenlent lot with neither shade nor pro- 1 tection from storms, and depending upon grass and cremery milk for their ! sole food supply. This method of raising calves is sure to result in disappointment when good dairy cows are expected. The hoiliug sun soon has its effects for evil, stormy weather gets in its had work, flies drive them fitfm one torner of the lot to another. , the grass is at best very poor, feed for a young calf, and as fall appears the chilly and sometimes cold and | stormy nights complete the wreck. When winter appears such calves are so reduced in flesh that they can not he wintered without extra turning, and even then they are devoid of the vigoi that should abound in every

To Farm And Save You 50 Per Cent

CREAM SEPARATOR DIRECT FROM FACTORY TO FARM AND SAVE YOU 50 PER CENT yfV ^? Gtt My Prices Bclori Von Boy- Send lor My Catalog -Get My Separator

I am oirerlnir every fanner just that sort of machine In my Iiew improves Galloway at a price that will fit any lyockctbook. and will take all the rlskof my separator pi as afar.

I i ill fend It out on my SO days' free trial plan, backed by my prBUlarr»,OWlcv»l bond guarantee, ana you can jiuh,-o for yoursclt Its merit.

Then to the first fanner In any section who huyr my separator I am (rolntf Jo make toe greatest proposition ever made bv any manufacturer on a cream setwvrator.

Mt Special Proposition Issomethlwr new. I>on't fall to write me for t» at once. Tito offer Is good only for the first party In any locality buyingono of my separators.

I guarantee tho Gallowar la just the mach Ino you want on your farm. That Is exactly what I do when I offer to let you try It SO days on my free trial pin tilt is a machine with every modern feature In tho lino of creer-i ac|«\r -or const ruction. I.OW supply can. Kudosed gearlnir. dust-proof and perfectly safe, fcan.tary. Kosy runnine. Kast cleaned, lloso skimming, right down to the last drop. Built stronfc-cr t nan really nooessarr to last - out of tho best materials money can buy. A beauty In design. Period lit arrangement. Sllnplo In construction. Adjustableal crrrr point. In tart It Is tlioouly modcru In every le.it urosi t»tratormado to.lsy.and Is sold direct toy ou under ___ tho s'rongrst kind of a giiarantcaat pHooa you are » tiling to

Spring and summer calves should te kept in the stable until the next spring and ted good skim-milk after three or four weeks old. with clover hav and grain. By this plan they are free from sun, flies, storms, cold and grass that to a young calf is nearer physic than food. They will then begin winter in good condition and vigorous health. If they are not worthy of the best feed and care then it is plain that they are not the kind that a thrifty farmer should keep. Good calves that are well cared for, that have warm shelter and plenty of nutritious food, not over fed, will continue their growth thru the winter and can be bred at 15 months old, thus beginning their work in the dairy at two years, which is a matter of considerable importance to the dairyman. By this plan a spring calf will be a spring cow. I think cows should be fresh in the fall but I recognize that the majority of farmers practice what ii called summer dairying and it is to j this class that these remarks are di- j lected. Whatever the time of freshening the heifer should he well grown at two years. No time is so good to give close attention to farm stock as the first year." Neglect at this important period is almost certain to result in loss.

A poor, runty yearling can not be expected to be in milk at two years old. and at three years she can not equal the two-year-old that has had generous feed and care from its birth. But the poor three-year-old has cost more than the good two-year-old. Many farmers make nt> estimate of the cost of raising stock, and do not therefore fully appreciate the difference between heifers freshening at two and at three years old. If this question of early development were given proper attention we think more generous feeding would be practiced and an earlier and better development of the heifer would be secured. Profitable milk yield must originate in an animal that is plump and well fleshed, not a scarecrow consisting only of dry bones and hide. It must originate in an animal that has excellent digestive powers that have been made excellent by proper development thru an abundance of nourishing food; but the calf that has been starved and stinted, frozen and- physicked', has had its digestive powers seriously injured, and there is a strong probability that it will never he in proper condition to profitably convert hay and grain into milk. After all that can De said concerning the superiority of some cows over others for dairy work re at last depends very much upon this question of digestion as to which of the several individuals of a herd are the better producers, and poorly fed animals, including humans, are notorious for their weak digestion. - W. C. Jeffries, Holmes Co., O.

Packing Butter

Please give a good method of packing butter for family use. J. F. M., Painesville, O - After butter has been salted it should be allowed to stand for some time to allow the salt to dissolve. At a temperature of 45 to 50 degrees butter needs from three to four hours before it is ready for the last working. Butter is now usually sold in prints, but if wanted for family use it may be packed in crocks or tubs. The receptacle should be thoroly cleaned and sterilized before the butter is packed into it. Pack the butter closely and firmly st> that no air spaces will appear in it. Rancidity usually starts at these air spaces, and often such butter shows discoloration. Pack it firm and fill the crock or tub. Then lay a piece of cheese cloth or thin cotton cloth, cut to fit the tub, over the butter, and cover with a thin layer of salt. Cover over this with paper, tying the edges down over the edges of the receptacle. Store in a cool place. A cellar free from vegetable and other cellar odors is a good place. Avoid moving more than is necessary.

In 1S94 we purchased an Ohio Farmer sewing machine. "We now need some needles. Please tell us where to send. The machine has given most splendid service all these years. A couple of new bands is all we needed and a family of seven persons to sew for. It was a bargain. - W. J. Elder. Tidioute, Pa.

Cream

That's what the De Laval shops have been doing since early in February, from seven o'clock in the morning until nine o'clock nt night, with every available man and new tools being added every week; while the material supplying shops have been running double force all day and all night.

That's the record of the De Laval shops in the effort to meet the double demand from every section for, the new Improved 1908 DE LAVAL machines.

There's certainly a very good reason for it, and if you need a separator - either the first one or a good one in place of a poor one - it's up to you to find it.

Guaranteed to skim closer than any separator in (r.a world. Sold direct from the factory. We arc the Ovdest exclusive manufacturers of hand separators iDAmciiea. You save all agents', dealers' and even mall order In .use profits. We have tne I ost liberal 30 DAYS' TRIAL, freight prepaid offer. Vi'rlte fo - low down, waist l.leh separator Is the finest; highest quality machlii< < n the market: no other I parator compares with It In close skimming, case of cleaning, easy running simplicity, strength or qua'lty. Our own (the manufa' turer'e)guaraiit<-e orotects you on every AMERICAN machine. We can ship Immediately. Write for our great ofier and handsome free catalogue on our new waist high model, if ,

Record

Our catalog shows the most complete! line of Silo Filling Machin ery on the market. WE GUARANTEE ROSS GOODS to be the best. We prove it by the machines themselves. Give us a trial. THE E. W. KOS8 CO., Box 38 Springfield, O. Largest manufacturers of Ensilage Machinery in the world. We made ROSS SILOS and MANURE SPREADERS.

The sterilized air treatment for Milk Fever has cured 96.7 percent of cases treated, is recommended by the V. S. Dept. of Agriculture, and its use absolutely insures you against loss from t'lis common dairy disease, which always attacks the heaviest milking and most valuable cows. The improved Ohio Farmer outfit has new style milk tube, with valve, and no rubber parts except the tubing. Complete outfit, ready to use, with full instructions, by express, prepaid, for only $2. or with Ohio Farmer 3 years. $3. By mail, postpaid, at purchaser's risk, if preferred, or add 8 cents for registered mail. Circular free. Address

Turns Easy

"We agree that this machine will skim as close as the Iowa on hot and coW milk, thick or thin cream, or we will return the money or the note." If you insist on that, you will never own any except the Iowa. If they sign it, write us. We will be there with our machine.

Closest Skimmer In The World I. Afraid Of The Iowa

ami the Iowa Separator, and the people refused absolutely to run their machine with the Iowa, each machine to be run according to the instructions sent. Signed:

Not one but five summarized authentic competitive tests made by the Oregon Station proved that The Iowa heats all standard machines an average of

We guarantee to stop sending paper when the time for which it is paid has expired, so that, to avoid missing any numbers, all should renew promptly.

Always send money by draft, postoffice money order, registered letter, or by express. We will not be responsible for money sent in letters. Address all communications to, and make all drafts, checks and post- 0 h r orders payable to The Lawrence Publishing Co.

WE GUARANTEE to stop THE OHIO FARMER immediately upon expiration of time subscribed for, and we will pay all expenses for defending any suit brought against any subscriber to The Ohio Farmer by the publisher of any farm paper which has been sent after the time ordered has expired, providing you return such papers to your postmaster unread, tell him to notify the publishers that you refuse to accept them, and you send us due notice before suit Is started.

Avoid future trouble by refusing to subscribe for any farm paper which does not print, in each Issue, a definite guarantee to stop on expiration of subscription.

In order to learn what our corn contestants are doing, and to give our readers the benefit of tests in seed germination, we hare decided to ask all the young men in our corn contest to make a report at once on the condition of the seed corn they used and the stands of corn they have obtained. Please answer briefly but clearly the following questions: First, did you test your seed corn? Second, if so, what was the result of your test? Third, what was the germination result in the field? We want all contestants to answer the last question whether they tested their seed or not. In answering this question count as perfect each hill having the number of stalks the planter was set to drop. Report to us the number of perfect hills in the acre, and the number of Imperfect ones, and tell in what way these hills are imperfect. Supposing you set the planter to drop four kernels to a hill, go over the acre and report to us the number of hills in which there are four stalks, and the number in which there are three, two, one or no stalks. Do this at once as the reports must reach us before June 20. We will make a table of all reports and publish as soon as possible after that date. It will not take long to go over an acre to get these figures, and in giving this report you will be assisting in showing all of our readers the importance of testing seed before planting. Coii"' fairly and report just what you fiiid. Your report will be kept and neatness and clearness of your statements will be count-

29, seems sure to pass in spite of Senator Aldrich's frank admission that the measure undoubtedly permits the use of railroad bonds, warehouse and elevator certificates and all other forms of commercial paper as security for the proposed emergency notes. To our mind it is clear that the cause of the shortage or stringency in currency is the present widespread lack of confidence in our banks, life insurance companies, etc., which sends inro hiding vast amounts of currency that should be in active use. But, before we discuss that cause and its obvious remedy, we wish to call sharp attention to the fact that the same men or classes of men who, during the "free silver craze," insisted that gold and United States bonds on actual deposit were the only safe bases of our currency, are now agreeing to what seems to us the most treacherous form of security - well-nigh wild - cat currency. Hitherto for about forty years our United States and national bank notes have been safe. No holder of any of them has ever lost a dollar of his currency in hand thru the failure of any bank or trust company. And st>, when banks and life insurance companies failed here and there and everywhere, and men and women feared to deposit, they have hoarded bank Mils in "stockings," private safes and safety deposit drawers or boxes. Let us go back a little. When man learned, chiefly in the 19th century, indeed chiefly in its last half, how to use effectively Nature's mighty forces, wind, water, steam, electricity, instead of the puny strength of men and animals in molding Nature's vast supply of materials into forms of tangible wealth fitted to supply man's wants, an almost inconceivable increase in material wealth 'resulted. Of course, the shrewdest and strongest seized the major part of this vast and sudden wealth; even as when some foolishly benevolent man flings a great lot of dimes, nickels and pennies into a great crowd of city newsboys or gamins. In both cases even if the shrewd ones do not get the most in the first mad scramble, they soon win it from the duller ones thru some form of gambling or confidence game. In the amazing increase of tangible wealth even the common workers and the mechanics, glass men, iron-workers and the like, earned far more than was needed for the former frugal living. The spendthrifts spent the surplus in drink, gambling and immoral follies. The prudent invested it in banks, building and trust associations and in life insurance. Then the great defalcations began to occur. Tne vast life insurance companies spent hundreds of thousands for the unearned salaries of officials, or, worse, sunk it in margins on wheat or corn, like the present wheat and corn "corners" in Chicago, where Patten is said to be "making" $2,000,000 per day. Of course, no man can "make" money at such rates. He simply "wins" it by the meanest sort of loaded dice. And he wins it from the "lambs." And the "lambs" are largely made up of bank cashiers and trust officials who are staking, not their own money, but the sacred trust funds committed to them by millions of the insured and the depositors. Or A, B, C, D and E as directors of the bank or insurance company, boom their own securities and sell them to A, B, C, F and G, the directors of some outside enterprise or ring, or "wheel within a wheel." and pocket the profits- or put the funds, at heavy risk, into promoting some shaky traction or manufacturing enterprise of which they are the principal directors. If the enterprise "wins out" they take the extra profits of the extra risk If it loses, the losses come out of the depositors or lesser stockholders, and the bank "fails" as three banks or trust companies have just done in Cleveland within about as many weeks. And confidence is destroyed and even the currency from the Aldrich-Vreeland measure, as soon as it gets into the channels of trade and into the hands of the common people - the farmers for their prodm ts.

the laborers for their work - will hide in the "stockings" the private safes and the private safety deposit drawers, and the shortage of currency will return. The only remedy is a return to fundamental honesty and integrity on the part of our banks and trust and insurance companies. How this return may be promoted and wellnigh compelled by law by heavier penalties and by forcing all the transactions of such great financial and fiduciary concerns "into the lime-light of publicity," and in other ways, is another and a more difficult question, reserved for future consideration.

are taking an active interest in the business welfare of their farmer depositors. This may not be unusual, but such interest has not been particularly apparent to us in the past. These wide-awake banking institutions are appreciating what the scientists and experimenters are doing to improve the corn crop and they are going to some trouble to keep their farmer depositors acquainted with the most recent facts. One bank in Zanesville, O., has been furnishing its patrons all of the best available information from agricultural papers, experiment station bulletins, etc., and a bank at Paulding, O., had fifty cornseed testing boxes made last spring, and sent them out to its patrons, free. In a letter concerning this work the president of the bank says: "We feel that we are as much interested in the success of the farmers of this country as are the farmers themselves, and anything that we can possibly do to increase the yield of their crops is just so much increase to us." This statement shows good, hard business sense. It shows that the work of making and sending out the seed-testing boxes was not a mere fad to please and cajole the patrons of the bank but it was the first link in a chain of farming and commercial operations that would increase the profits of all concerned. The fact that the bankers thought enough of the importance of testing seed corn to have the testing boxes made would serve to convince many farmers that there must be something in it that would make it worth while. The test of the seed assures the grower that he need plant none but good 'seed, and that means that he will have a more uniform stand than he could possibly have otherwise. This in turn means that he will have a better product for his labor, for he would have to cultivate his field just as thoroly and at just as much expense if 10 percent of the hills were missing as if there was a perfect stand. Granted all of this, the income from the, crop will be increased and the grower will have more money to put in the bank. That is where the banker comes in. The general idea of a bank is that it is a place to put money after it is earned, and that the interest of the banker in the depositor ceases there. Banks can be of great benefit to their depositors and to themselves, however, by taking a healthy interest in the, business welfare of their patrons as in the cases cited above.

during the last few years, and the almost prohibitive prices this spring have undoubtedly affected the acreage of new seeding. The clovers have become the most important factor in good farming, but when the price of seed reaches $1L' and $14 a bushel, the farmer is inclined to hesitate long before buying, and in many cases is entirely unable to do so. This spring the supply was probably sold closer than ever before. For a few days the leading markets of the country were entirely bare of alsike, and the total of all clover seed in the country today is probably less than 500 bags, and these all of foreigngrown seed. There must be a reason for this scarcity, other than the unfavorable weather of last year. Farmers are growing less seed, or are devoting more attention to the growing of otber legumes, such as alfalfa, cowpeas and soy beans. Clover seed has steadily increased in price in the last five years. The president of a prominent seed firm recently told us that after twenty years' experience in the seed business, he had never expected to sec the price go above $9 a bushel until the recent high tide came; $7 was considered high a few years ago, and $5 was considered more nearly the average price. It is probable that the prices of this spring will not be duplicated for many years, and farmers generally will not care to see them repeated. The more prudent ones will try to grow their own seed as far as possible. Ohio is not usually considered a clover seed state, but it might become more so with a little intelligent study of the conditions which lead to successful production of clover seed, and a careful nurturing of her supply of bumble-bees. The small boy who works overtime batting down every bumble-bee he finds in uie clover field and who hunts out the bumblebees' nests to see the little fellows fight, has been an unconscious hindrance to clover seed production. Strange as it may seem to those who have not investigated the subject, the chief reason for small clover seed yields is the lack of pollenization of the clover blossoms. The bumble-bees are the pollenizing agents and where they are plentiful clover usually gives a good yield of seed. A noted scientist even went so far as to say that good clover yields were dependent upon the number of old maids in the neighborhood, his reas ning being that where there were many old maids there were many cats, and where there were many cats there were few mice, and where there were few mice there were many bumble-bees. The active season for bumble-bees is in August, hence seed is best grown from the second crop of clover. Where seed is to be produced, the first crop should be clipped about the first of July and every advantage given to the second crop. Authorities agree pretty well that better results are obtained by pasturing the first crop, preferably with sheep, until July l, and then let the crop go to seed. Where the first crop is pastured rather closely, the vitality of the plant is not drawn upon so heavily as where a crop of hay is matured. Less soil moisture is also required for a pasture, hence the more left in the soil to carrv the plants thru the dry spells which usually occur in July and August. Clover seed production has not been given the study which the crop deserves. There are many reasons whv more farmers should grow their own seed, not only because it can. be grown at a liberal profit at present prices, but also because of the advantage of knowing that the seed is clean and to have it when it is needed for best seeding.

Charles Edward Trinity CuiRcir. Russell. in the New York City. April and May numbers of the New Broadway Magazine, makes an unsuccessful attempt to clear the mvstery whkh shrouds this corporation Its vast present wealth, probably about $100,000,000, is nearlv all of it what Henry George calls the "unearned increment" of its original land in New York; that is. the increase caused, not by the labor of its owners but by the vast influx of population. The main facts, brieflv stated are these: In K.96 the New York Episcopalians built a church, and the next year got a charter for it under the name of Trinity. New York then had a population of about 2.000 souls down near the Fort. In 1704 Queen Anne endowed the church with two Dutch farms, near-by. At first both fams 'rented for a total of about $17.r, per year. Trinity offered pan of the land, near Broadway, to the Presbyterians, but they declined to accept it. on the ground that the land was worth less than the cost of fencing it! Now. the purchase price of some of this land would cover its surface with hundreddollar bills! Trinity, however, succeeded In giving a large part of this worse than valueless 1 nd to .hurches and charitable organizations. The portion not thus given away is now worth somewhere near the sum named above. The parts given away were scattered among many parties who." by their presence and work, helped to increase the value of their land. But in the case of Trinity this amazing wealth (whose amount, even approximately, and whose management aTe. as far as possible, hidden from the public and from the taxpayers) was almost wholly an "unearned increment." The land is leased (Concluded on page 17.)

Colonel Carruthers' Stay In The White Mountains

I met her at a boarding house in the White Mountains of New Hampshire. I had never stayed at a summer boarding house before, I have never stayed at one since, and I often wonder why I went to one on that occasion. It was a freak on my part, the result of the suggestion of my friend, Andrew S. Cameron, the wellknown private detective of Boston. My visit taught me a valuable lesson. I am disposed to think that the experience involved was distinctly pathetic, but Mr. Cameron tells me that it was decidedly comic, which shows that different people take opposite views of the same occurrence.

The boarders said that it was a nice boarding house, as such establishments go. It did not commend itself to me, altho it was charmingly situated in a most picturesque district not a great distance from the little, old-fashioned city of Woodstock. I had taken my room for only a week in the first instance, and had told the lady of the house, that I should not stay longer; but ion the second day after my arrival, when I was trying to think of some excuse for getting away before my week was up, Mrs. Jarvis appeared upon the scene, and after that no power on earth would have dragged me away while she remained. She brought her sister with her, and I got a good look at both ladies fox the first time at the dinner table that evening. It would have puzzled even sisters to present a greater contrast in general appearance, altho I must admit that they often achieve most astonishing results in that line. One was the exact opposite of all that I admire in a woman - tall and dark with pronouncedly masculine features, a somewhat ungainly figure, a harsh voice, and an abrupt, unattractive manner. The other sister was simply my ideal personified. That is to say, she was small and fair, and graceful, with a face like some beautiful flower, perhaps a carnation, a cloud of fluffy, golden hair, the most innocent blue eyes in the world, and a voice as soft as music. The former, Sarah Mclntyre, was unmarried, and it seemed to me extremely probable that she would remain so. The latter, Ethel Jarvis, was a widow. To me, there is, as a rule, a very subtle fascination about widows, but I do not know exactly what it consists of - it is almost always present, and that is about all I can say. Mrs. Jarvis was no exception to the rule, for she was simply the most fascinating woman I have ever met, in addition to being one of the handsomest. I fell in love with her at first sight - as she was entering the house On her arrival. Incidentally, I may mention that I have fallen in love about a dozen times in the course of my life, but I have never performed the feat with such headlong rapidity as on that occasion.

Miss Mclntyre, it seemed, was somewhat of an invalid, notwithstanding her looks. After the fii'St evening.she appeared no more in the dining-room, and it was explained that she would not have appeared there at all had there not been some misunderstanding concerning the conveyance Of her meals to her parlor. Mrs. Jarvis, however, came regularly three times a day to her seat opposite mine, and I changed my mind and continued to stay at the boarding house!

I know that it is not altogether reasonable, but I am very susceptible to first impressions, and I almost invariably base my estimate of a person's character on some incident connected with our first meeting. A chance word, or action, or even look, is frequently sufficient to enable me to form a decided opinion. It was so in this case. In the course of that first dinner, the conversation came around to what had been the most exciting topic of the previous week - the escape of a convicted forger, a notorious criminal, from a Maine penitentiary. Everybody at the table had something to say on the subject, and most of the things that were said were very far from sympathetic. The general opinion seemed to be that the sooner the man was caught and taken back to prison, the better it would be for the community. But Mrs. Jarvis thought differently, and when the others had given their opinions, she espoused the cause of the forger with a warmth that spoke volumes for her generosity and kindness of heart. Her cheeks flushed, and her pretty blue eyes grew dim with tears as she spoke, and I admired her more and more with every word that she uttered. I like women to be tender and pitiful, particularly where men are concerned.

Miss Mclntire, on the contrary, did not seem to share her sister's charming sentiments. It was evident that she did not appreciate them in the slightest degree. She said nothing while Mrs. Jarvis was speaking, but she moved restlessly in her chair. She scowled, and her thick eye-brows almost met in a heavy frown. When Mrs. Jarvis stopped speaking, she gave a deep sigh of relief.

"Sentimental nonsense!" I heard her mutter almost in a whisper. From that moment I hated Miss Mclntyre as deepl/ and unswervingly as I worshipped her sister.

Andrew Cameron was sitting next to me, for I had come to this boarding house at his suggestion. His presence here was the result of a visit to a celebrated Boston specialist upon disorders of the stomach. As soon as Mrs. Jarvis's tender tones had ceased, Andrew leaned forward and addressed himself to her.

"To stand by the weak," he said slowly, in his clear, incisive voice, "is a beautiful theory; but in this wicked world the weak very often go to the wall. And those who stand by them - incidentally, of course - are liable to accompany them to the wall."

Everybody looked at Andrew. People generally do look at him when he speaks. Mrs. Jarvis threw back her head with a gesture of indignation. I suppose that, like most other women, she disliked being contradicted. "I always stand by the weak, and I shall continue to do so," she said. "I can't bear to see things hurt, or oppressed, or punished, even when they are wrong, and I always take their part, whether it is a child. Or a horse, a dog or - or" -

I like Andrew; indeed, I've always liked him, and for many years he's been a good friend, yet at that moment I longed to kick him with a longing that could hardly be controlled. Nevertheless, I did control it, and dashed abruptly into the conversation, turning it into an entirely different channel. A moment later Mrs. Jarvis flashed me a quick look of gratitude, and I was happy.

Well, as I said before, I'm very susceptible to first impressions, and upon that trivial incident I based my opinion of Mrs. Jarvis and Miss Mclntyre, respectively. I decided then and there that the former was - everything that a woman ought to be; I can't put her virtues clearly on paper - and that the latter was hard, unsympathetic, and wanting in fine feelings.

Time went on and every day I managed to see a good deal of Mrs. Jarvis. She passed many hours upstairs with her invalid sister in their parlor, but whenever she came down she always seemed ready to talk to me, and, in addition, she appeared glad to accept such attentions as I ventured to show to her. Sometimes we walked around; sometimes we took drives. Every day the spell of her fascination, grew stronger.

"Sam, beware of widows," said Andrew Cameron to me one morning as we smoked our after-breakfast cigars on the wide terrace that ran along the side of the house. My friend's tone expressed absolutely nothing, and I hesitated, not knowing whether to laugh or to "get mad." It is always difficult to tell what Andrew means.

"It's not worth repeating," he answered in a slow tone. "You know me, or you ought to, Colonel. I never mean anything. What I said was merely a quotation from Pickwick."

"I know that," I returned, in a very sharp voice. "I am familiar with Dickens, and my name is Samuel. The exact quotation, however, is 'Samivel, my boy, beware of widdies.' I merely wondered if you meant that quotation as a warning, because, if you did" -

"Then" I remarked with considerable emphasis, "you were wasting your time, because I never listen to warnings, and I'm quite old enough to take care of myself."

"If you aren't now, you never will be," was the reply. "Don't suspect me of trying to act as your guardian, for I haven't the slightest desire to do anything of the kind." Then he stood still. "Here comes Mrs. Jarvis," he added. "I'm sure she wants to talk to you, and I'll go away. It's against my principles to spoil anybody's amusement."

"Have you anything of importance to do just now, Colonel Carruthers?" she inquired as she came near to me. "I hope not, because I want to talk to you for ten minutes, if I may."

"I've nothing of importance to do," I answered, "and if I had it would make no difference. I'm always at your service, as you know, Mrs. Jarvis."

"It's nothing very terrible, after all," she answered. "Nothing to be very much alarmed about, only I'm always worried if I'm obliged to ask a favor of anybody. Didn't you tell

"Yes," I replied, wondering what she could be leading up to. I know Captain Stephens of the Lynx, and Captain Martin of the Tiger, and Randall of the Leopard."

"Well," said the fair lady. "I should like to take a passage on the Lynx for my sister. She is going to stay with some friends in London. I am not able to go with her, and I'm a little anxious about her. But if she was introduced to your friend the captain of the ship, I shouldn't feel nearly so much anxiety on her behalf. I should know that she would be comfortable on the journey. Would you mind - would it trouble you very much - to write a few lines to Captain Stephens, telling him about Sarah and asking him to see to her comfort? The Lynx leaves Boston today week, and that will suit our plans exactly."

"Trouble me?" I repeated. "Not at all. Of course I'll write - no, on second thoughts I'll go and see Stephens, and make all the arrangements for you, if you like. I want to meet him again while I'm in this part of the world (I live in St. Paul), and I shall be ever so glad to help you in any way; I may be able to save you a lot of trouble."

"How kind you are," said Mrs. Jarvis, with a warmth of gratitude that seemed out of all proportion to the small service I had offered to render. It is true, of course, that I was about to take a trip t- Boston and back on her behalf, but the distance was not very great.

"If all men were like you, how different the world would be!" the fair lady remarked. "Yes, if you will go, and will talk with the captain, that will simplify everything, and will quiet my anxiety. I must say I like being saved trouble."

"I haven't any, except that Sarah must have a state-room all to herself. That's an absolute necessity. She isn't well; she's very nervous, and she has a horror of strangers. Unless she can have a state-room to herself, I won't let her go, and I know that there may be some difficulty in securing this, but" - She stopped speaking, and looked at me appealingly.

I traveled to Boston and made all necessary arrangements for Miss Mr- Intyre's trip to England. Captain Stephens was more than kind, and promised that good care should be taken of "my friend," as he called her. I paid for the steamer-ticket with money given to me by Mrs. Jarvis. Having attended to this business, I returned to the White Mountains.

A week later I again went to Boston, this time with Miss Mclntyre,anr1 saw her safely on board the Lynx. We were alone, an arrangement for which I had not bargained, and of which I did not approve, for I still disliked her very much. Mts. Jarvis was to have gone with us, but she had such a bad headache that she was obliged to stay in bed, and I was virtually compelled to take Miss Mcln- tyre to the ship. I did not enjoy the journey. The lady was anything but an agreeable companion, and responded to my well-meant efforts at conversation in a short, abrupt way that disgusted me. After a time, I gave up trying to talk, and amused myself for the rest of the trip by looking out of the window while my morose companion buried herself behind a magazine.

Captain Stephens was looking for us when we reached the Lynx, and he at once took Miss Mclntyre and her baggage under his special care. She was a good deal more agreeable to him than she had been to me, but it was easy to see that he was no't at all prepossessed, and as soon as she went to inspect her state-room, he turned to me with a curious smile.

At that moment a big man with red hair and moustache, who had been talking to the captain when we reached the steamer, came up to him and whispered for a few moments. I could not help hearing the captain's reply.

"Miss Sarah Mclntyre, a friend of this gentleman, Colonel Samuel Carruthers, who's a very old friend of mine. She's all right; you may bet your bottom dollar on that."

The big man with the red moustache nodded his head, and hurried away, mixing unobtrusively with the crowd. I turned to Stephens in surprise.

The captain laughed as he said: "He, hasn't fallen in love with her. You needn't be at all jealous. He's a detective, and he's looking for Newton, the notorious forger, who escaped from the Maine penitentiary a couple of weeks since, you may remember. The police have no clue to his hiding place, but they believe that sooner or later he "will try to leave the country, and on that account they've watched every steamer and every ship that leaves Boston - and piobably every other port - since his escape. Now, old friend, time's up; you hear that bell? You must go ashore. I'll take the best of care of Miss Mclntyre, and I hope she'll improve on acquaintance. Good-by, and the best of luck to you."

"Well, Colonel," said Andrew Cameron, who met me almost as soon as I entered the boarding house on my return, "did you see Miss Mclntyre safely on board the Lynx, and in the affectionate care of Captain Stephens?"

"I didn't see her to speak to after you left, but I suppose she must have recovered from her severe headache because she looked very well when she went away," replied Cameron with a curious smile upon his face.

"About an hour and a half after you and Miss Mclntyre had departed, Mrs. Jarvis received a telegram saying that her mother had been taken sick very suddenly, and asking her to come to her father's home in Baltimore at once. It must have been a very urgent message, because your charming friend went immediately, taking no baggage except a valise. She gave the lady of this house an address in New York City to which her trunks were to be forwarded if she didn't return in a few days. I should think that they might as well be forwarded to her today."

"You mean that you think she won't come back," I gasped, for I was not altogether familiar with Andrew's peculiar way of talking, alt ho I knew him well. "There's something you're keeping from me. I know that .from your manner. Don't keep the truth from me, old man!"

"You want the whole truth. Sam?" he said in a quiet tone. "The truth is that you've danced like a lamb to the 1 1' ver ly -chosen tune of the prettiest,

"The truth is that Miss Sarah Mclntyre is George Newton, the escaped forger; Mrs. Jarvis is his wife, and you, Colonel Samuel Carruthers, have aided a convicted criminal to defeat the ends of justice," said Andrew slowly, and in his most expressionless tone.

I can remember a few occasions in my eventful life when I felt as if I were a fool, and I am willing to admit that this was one of them. But I suppose that any man would have felt the same in the circumstances.

"I knew the pair from the first," continued Andrew, "or, to be strictly accurate, I knew 'Mrs. Jarvis,' for I had seen her in court when her husband was on trial. She had dark hair at that time, and a pale, small face, bitt she was just as pretty as she is now. Having recognized 'Mrs. Jarvis,' or rather Mrs. Newton, it didn't require anything more than ordinary intelligence to guess that her awkward, unattractive, invalid 'sister' was really her husband in disguise - and a most excellent disguise it was. At first I was tempted to take a hand in the game, but 'Mrs. Jarvis' played her cards so well and scored her tricks so cleverly that I decided not to interfere. I admire a woman with unlimited courage, and I don't meet many women who have more than a moderate amount of it. Besides, I'm a private detective, and there was no reason why I should interfere if I didn't want to do so. The case was - and still is - in the hands of the regular police. Why should 1 bother about it, when there was no money in it for me?"

He paused and looked at me as if he expected me to say something, but I didn't speak. The truth is that I couldn't think of anything that was worth saying!

To the resident of Baltimore, the imposing pile of stone that occupies so conspicuous a position, as viewed by the passengers on the Guilford Ave. line, may, by familiarity, be an object of little curiosity, altho in all probability not one in a thousand of her inhabitants has seen more than this fleeting, exterior view; but to the stranger within the gates of this charming city - a charm which grows with every hour spent within its limits - it is the one thing above all others which attracts instant attention and admiration - the lofty towers, the castle-like turrets, the amount of space it covers and the unscalable walls, capped by a pointed roof.which projects far beyond the wall on either side. From no place is it seen so advantageously as from the seven blocks of elevated tracks on Guilford avenue, the only elevated line of which the city boasts.

quickly reveals the character of the place as a glimpse is caught of an alert armed and uniformed guard at one of the massive gates in the inclosing walls, which is open to admit a loaded truck, and upon a further portion of the wall, flat topped, is seen the figure of another guard, pacing ceaselessly back and forth, his shining rifle ready for instant use.

Entrance to the building is almost immediately barred by steel gates thru which your business is stated to the guard who stands on duty behind them. A small entrance hall is provided with a long seat on either side and is directly in front of the gates so that no move of those who wait there can escape attention. Once inside those bars, one finds a large hall from which open various waitingrooms and offices, and everything bears an up-to-date appearance, it is hard to realize that it is not the interior of some large business house.

The Maryland Penitentiary has been presided over for the last twenty years by a man who stands in a class by himself, the head of a new school of wardens, which, it is hoped, may some day revolutionize the penai system of our country. Warden Weyler bears a name that was a familiar one thruout the civilized world at the time of the Spanish-American war; a name that was synonymous with all that was inhumanly cruel, borne by an acknowledged leader of men, but one hated, feared and detested.

Vastly different is the character of John F. Weyler of Maryland, whose great grandfather was also the great grandfather of the Spanish General Weyler, for Warden Weyler stands for all that is humane; an acknowledged figure of that justice, which is ever tempered with mercy, albeit he is a strict disciplinarian, with no whit less of the attributes of a leader than his Spanish relative. By the way, it has always been a query to many people how a Spanish general should be possessed of a name so un-Spaniardlike. The explanation lies in the fact that this common ancestor was of German extraction.

For twenty years Warden Weyler has directed all of his marvellous powers to governing this institution which has become his life work. For eighteen years he has made it self-supporting. Year by year has its record improved and it has paid to its state, over and above its support and expenses, the immense sum of $405,807.98 surplus earnings, and has also paid to the convicts themselves, the still greater sum of $411,708.

During the past year these inmates have earned nearly $35,000 for their own use. Some individuals have made as high as $60 per month, an amount many a man in the free world is unable to earn. Here is laid the foundation of what may later prove to be a small fortune an 1 many a man has gone from his term of service with hope in his heart and a substantial sum in the bank as well as the hearty good will and sound advice of the warden still ringing in his ears with the tones of a true friend. > bleb he has proved himself to be; and every one, white or black, red or yellow, male or female, sooner or later recognizes the fact.