Farmer Township (part 9 of 25)

Concrete Walls

What would be the cheapest and most substantial wall for a bank barn, 34x46 ft. by 8 ft. high? How much would a concrete wall cost, and how should it be built? W. H. W., Carey, O.

Basement walls for bank barns are now more successfully made of concrete than of any other material, it being rat-proof and less expensive to make damp-proof. Walls 12 inches or less in thickness require a concrete consisting of one part Portland cement, three parts sharp sand, five parts gravel or crushed stone (pea to rangers and are braced from the ground to prevent bulging of the wall before the cement has set. As a precaution, it is well to tie the studding together from the opposite sides of the wall with No. 6 common wire. These wires remain in the concrete, they being cut to release the studding after the concrete has become firm.

The footings shown in the illustration must be below frost and are made of same material as the walls except that after the concrete has been placed in the trench it can be filled with larger stone, previously moistened, to reduce cost. This may also be done with walls more than 1.2 inches thick, and stone, if not too large, may he tamped into as thin as twelve-inch walls. After the concrete is in the forms it must be kept damp for six or eight days when, the forms may be removed. When smooth surfaces are desired, the result can be obtained by spading the soft. concrete with a common spade, crowding the gravel away from the boards (form) and allowing the sand and cement to make a smooth surface. This is also accomplished by rapping the outside the forms vigorously with a hammer before the cement has set.

All outside walls against w* ich earth will be placed should be waterproofed. Coal tar or common black roofing paint does very well for barn walls. Openings for doors and windows are built into the forms before the concrete is placed, and for bank barns I find it best to have the top of the openings extend to the top of the wall. Should any one require concrete over these doors or windows, place two rods (half inch in diameter and one foot longer than the width of the opening) in the concrete, about two inches above the top of the opening.

The cost of concrete depends on local cost of raw materials. The following may be used as a basis: 4% bbl. Portland cement make one cubic yard of neat cement, which, at $1.80 per bbl., costs $7.65; 3 cubic yards sand costs $3; 3 cubic yards gravel, $3; 5 1 cubic yards large gravel, $3.75; labor for mixing and plating, $5.75. This will make 9 cubic yards at $23.15. Thus i one cubic yard will cost about $2.60 [ plus two cents a cubic foot for labor j in making the forms. As the form lumber can afterwards be used in the barn, little cost for waste need be added. - Haman Glock.

Is Easy

stops press Instantly. FOOT BUTTON BLOCK DROPPER, drops right time and right place. Returns automatically. **N*ew Idea" feeder - no play or !o*t motion and no rolls to run through. Vt'hen. you start up with an Ohio Power Press fie work goes right along. No chance for breakage and no repair bills. Ko question but that it is the press ol durability, speed and economy. Bend for catalog and Investigate.

Spray nozzles in front - No straining of eyes and neck as with a rear spray. Write Asplnwall Mlg. Co.. 308 Sabin St.. Jackson. Mich. The World's Oldest and Largest Makers of Potato Machinery.

walnut size) . This should be well mixed with sufficient water to enable pnuring. In this stale it is placed into forms to a depth of two feet or more at a time.

The forms are made of 2x4 or 2x6 studding, spaced two feet centers, on each side of the location of the intended wall, and sheated up with two-inch plank. On the back of the studding tmitsido of wall) place three plank, one on the ground, one near the top and one midway between. These tlrres plank being horizontal are known as

Spraying Materials. - All sorts of questions come to me in regaTd to I these, and in regard to spraying in general. Most of them can be answered by the little circular sent out free t>n application by the Ohio Farmer. Also by the latest spraying calendar, sent free on application by the State Experiment Station at Wooster. As to the profits ' of spraying apples for scab and codling-moth worms, all apple growers i should be sure to send to the Station for bulletin No. 191. "Sprayiing Apples." It is the most thoro and convincing document I have seen, on the sub- ' ject, and is profusely and most convincingly illustrated by photo-engravings.

Some of the Questions. - These are some that come to me: "Do you mix Disparene with the Bordeaux mixture?" I do, as a rule. "Is Disparene alone sufficient for a good crop of apples?" Disparene is an inserts lie, and on apples is used to kill the codling- 1 moth worm. The Bordeaux is a funai- '. ci'/c. and is used to prevent leaf blight and apple scab. Neither can take the I place of the other. ' Would you advise I mixing the two or applying each sep- ' aratcly?" Certainly the former if I needed both, as that saves half of the ' work of spraying. That is. you can i spray with both mixed just as fast (just as many trees in an hour or a day) as with either one alone. Several | other questions can be answered without stating bv giving my usual method: wash brush and thick lime whitewash and mark on two sides every tree that blossoms. This saves time and cost of spraying the trees that will not bear that year. Later I slack, thin and strain 20 lb. of lump lime and dissolve 16 lb. of copper sulfate (or any multiple of each) for stock solutions. Onefourth of each total well stirred will give 5 lb. of lime and 4 lb. of copper sulfate. These I mix with 50 gallons total water, and add 3 lb. of disparene, and thoroly spray every tree thus marked, on the windward side, and when the wind changes, later, on the opposite side. The Disparene gives a thin paint-like coating which is very hard tq wash off. About four and eight and Golden Queens. Next are three rows of grapes, Worden, Concord, Delaware and Niagara. I planted 100 vines and I regret that I did not plant all Wordens. I can grow the Worden grape very successfully in Delaware Co., N. Y. Every year they ripen large crops, and they are su^ioiently hardy for my locality. The quality is better than that of the Concord. The Niagara is by far the best white grape, but they are so tender here, they must be laid down and covered in the winter. The Delaware is too weak a grower to be profitable.

W. H. Jenkins'S Fruit And Vegetable Garden

weeks later, each, I spray again, thoroly, not because the spray has washed off but because the little apples have grown so as to make the coating very thin and not strong enough to kill with certainty.

If you do not wish to "fuss" making the Bordeaux mixture, then use "Pyrox," which is a combination of Disparene and Bordeaux in a concentrated form. For potatoes use "Boxal," a similar combination specially adapted to the potato. For prices of materials see market page (page 563) and for suggestions and prices send to the Ohio Farmer.

The Pruning. - My orchard of some 400 bearing trees has not all been pruned in any one season for several years. The trees are of three original plantings, from 30 to 40 years ago, with vacancies filled in at various periods. In trees as old as these, there are more or less dead or dying limbs. These are all cut close to the larger limb or trunk, and the exposed circle will be painted over with very thick lead paint, about the color of the bark so as not to bet unsightly. It keeps the exposed wood sound until it can heal over, if the circle is not too large. Also, in pruning, all water-spouts and all limbs that cross each other or interfere or hinder the progress of the pickers, are removed. We use the patent saws with every other space filed deep so as not to dog with sawdust in rapid sawing, for such saws, kept sharp, eat into apple-tree limbs very fast.

It takes an active man a full hour to each tree, on the average, where they have remained unpruned the longest. I have two such men, quick of motion, quick of eye and "everlastingly at it," whether I am there or not. It is a comfort to have men whom you can trust implicitly. The larger limbs are cut with axes into sugar wood and the small brush is drawn off and burned. - W. I. Chamberlain, May 9.

Notes On Garden Work, Varieties, Etc

In an article some months ago, I told how the farmer's garden could be so planned that more work could be done with the horse and cultivator, and an abundant supply of fruits and vegetables be had all the year, at small cost. The photo-engraving on this page shows how I have tried to work out the plan on my own place. In this garden there is over one-half an acre, the rows running north and south, ten rods long, and all are wide enough apart for horse cultivation.

plot of blackberries because a nursery did not send me the variety I ordered, but a substituted variety. I have had so much trouble of this kind that I believe the better plan is to have a little nursery on my own place, where I can propagate, and test my own plants. The two blackberries that are the most desirable here, that I have seen, are the Snyder and the Erie. The directions I gave in a former article for raspberry culture will apply to blackberries, except that blackberries should be given more room. Eight feet apart is about right for the rows, and then prune the canes to an average of one foot apart in the rows, and pinch off the tops when four or five feet high.

Next in the garden are the early potatoes, late sweet corn, beans, beets and celery. I plant beans and sweet corn in alternate hills in the row i. e., I plant a hill of corn, then two feet from it in the row a hill of beans, next a hill of corn. The rows are three feet apart. On rich ground, a large quantity of food can be grown in this way, on a small plot. In this way I grow string or wax beans, bush beans, dwarf Limas and pole Limas. Pole Limas must be cut back, and not allowed to climb too high on the corn, if grown in this way. The varieties of sweet corn I grow are Quincy Market, Squantum and Stowell's Evergreen. Quincy Market is the best early corn I have found, being as early as the Cory, and better quality. The Squantum is medium early, and is used for the main crop. It is the sweetest, largest and best variety of all the sugar corn. Next in the garden is a long row of tomatoes, extending the whole length of the garden. From this row we shall get many bushels. We find it profitable in many ways to have a large supply of tomatoes. The Stone and Ponderosa furnish all that can be desired in size and quality, when the seed is well selected. I do not use any support for them except to place brush or boards under the vines. Trellises are too much work and I get no better results with them. Next to the tomatoes is the old strawberry bed that gave us a large crop this year. The surplus we could not use in the family, were sold in our village market, for 15 cents per quart. The growing of fancy strawberries now seems to promise me the largest returns for my work. - W. H. Jenkins, Delaware Co., N. Y.

The man who sprays with Bowker's "Disparene," "Pyrox" or "Boxal" can hear the rain on the roof without anxiety, for these are the insecticides that "never wash off." Paris green and Bordeaux Mixture - good while they last - easily wash off and re-spraying is necessary - perhaps the very next day. Address this paper or Bowker Insecticide Co., Boston.

Tash

You can't afford to overlook the LOUDEN Hay Carrier: - that is if you want a carrier that will never break down; that you do not aend away for repairs every now and then. Years of hard usase by thousands of fanners havo proven this to such an extent that they will not buy any hay tools, forks, sliners, -Jsii tracks without tho fir''', name LOUDEN on ingon tho track; the simplest lock that works perfectly every time; patented swivel takes kinks out of rope. Why not buy a LOUDEN carrier that will be pood for life. We are hay tool specialists - Free catalogue of LOUDEN Lft-

No Money In Advance Pay After It Has Paid For Itself

Spray first, then if yon bny - pay ns out of the extra profit. Sprays Everything, Po- ~ea and Truck 4 and 6 rows at a time. - Also first-class Orchard Sprayers. Man-power horse-power. High pressure and perfect agitation. Vapor spray stops Blight, Scab, and Bags. Doubles your crop. Built strong and durable - Brass Ball Valves, plunger, cylinder, strainer, etc. Guaranteed for5 Years. Wholesale price (where no agent) We pay freight. Cut out the picture of the sprayer you prefer and send it to ns at once with your address and get our Valuable Spraying Guide, catalogue of all kinds of sprayers, and our special FREE SPRAYER offer to first in each locality. - Bo First to Write Us.

It will lessen jonr work and increase yonr income. It will pomp waur, grind fed, churn, run a separator, saw wood, bale hay. shell com and it adaptablo for many other partxiae. In stationary from .1 to 50 H. P. Portable* ail fixes.

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"Little Giant** Thresher runs with light power and will clean ail kinds of grainwheat, rye, oats, rice, flax, barter, kaffir corn and grass seeds. Attachments for hin? cow pi- as and for "pulling" peanuts. Made in three; sites - for 3, 6 and G Gasoline Kngine. Anr power can be used. We also make Level-Tread Powers, and Ensilage Cutters, Saw Machines, etc Send for KRKE catalogue.

Getting Rid Of Ticks

It has been over 22 years since we quit dairying and went to keeping sheep, and I am wondering what it has cost us to feed ticks during that time. I know it has cost us more to feed them than it would to have got rid 'of them, and to get rid of them is no small job. I know it can be accomplished where only a few are kept, but with as many as we keep, it seems almost impossible. Last fall we were certain there was not a single tick on the entire bunch of 400 ewes and lambs, but there was, and it found a partner some place, and the result is we found a very few ticks on the ewes kept at the Kintner place when we came to shear them. There was ncne on the flock kept at the other barn nor on the yearlings kept at this tarn.

The ewes all run together until after they were bred, when they were sorted out and the best ones taken to the lower place, the thinner ones to the barn, and the lambs to this barn, and why one bunch should have even a very few ticks and the other two none, I do not understand. A year ago, when we sheared, there were no ticks on the ewes but a few on the yearlings, which we kept by themselves until after they were dipped. We also dipped the

Since we have been in the hog business so extensively, we find it the more profitable to breed "our ewes to yean after the 10th of April and shear them just before yeaning time if the weather will permit, and the weather will always permit if they are in good shape and you have a good place to shelter them, but if they are thin in flesh, and must be exposed to the cold they will not stand early clipping. When we were paying more attention to sheep than hogs we fed our ewes quite differently from what we do now, and it cost us much more to feed them. Then we sheared the first days of March with as good results as we do now in April. The ewes and the lambs both do much better if the shearing is done before the arrival of the lambs, besides it is so much easier to get rid of the ticks. This is not guesswork; it is more than ten years of actual experience, and when I first began my neighbors talked about having me prosecuted for cruelty to animals. In those days it was considered the thing to do, to wash the sheep after corn-planting and let them run three weeks before shearing, and sell for washed wool, but we all do things differently now. - Walter S. Tomlinson, Defiance Co., O.

Care Of The Wool Crop

The wool industry of Ohio is a very important branch of animal husbandry, in a financial way, to the farhiers of Ohio. It could be made more profita- lambs and thought we were entirely free from ticks and I believe we were at the time, but it does seem almost impossible to keep a large bunch of coarse mutton sheep together and keep them entirely free from ticks.

We have not been bothered so much since we began shearing early, before the lambing season begins, as we were prior to that time. Two years ago we finished shearing April 10. The next day we dipped all of the ewes and when we came to shear a year later there were no ticks on the ewes, but a few on the lambs. We bought a couple of lambs that I thought had no ticks on and I presume they started from these. I should have dipped them before turning with mine, and -I believe I would have been entirely free from ticks. Shearing, as early as we do, I do not like to have them clipped too close, so it gives the ticks a better chance to hide than if they were clipped close, as we like to have them sheared in warm weather.

For more than 10 years we have been shearing our ewes before yeaning time with the very best results. If they are properly handled there is m> danger of still-born lambs. For several years I hue had a Montana man shear forme, who can sheaT SO a day. and he handles them so nicely and does his work so well that it is cheaper than shearing them ourselves. We formerly sheared our ewes the first 10 days in March. but we find it more profitable to shear in April and not have our lambs come quite so early, especially when we winter our ewes on corn fodder and corn, tood lacking in protein. We prefer to have the ewes shorn and turned out on grass a few days before they begin lambing, and then it makes little difference what kind of feed they have had during the winter. I know corn fodder and corn Is considered poor feed for ewes, and it is, if you are planning ble if the farmer could be induced to give his flock better care and to improve the quality of his wool by only using the best sire on good young ewes, culling out any that are old and those that have short, open locks of a poor staple. To produce a good, staple wool the flock should be kept thrifty thru the entire1 year. Sheep that are not properly fed thru the winter season so as to keep the wool growing all the time, can not produce a fleece of wool of good staple.

That Ohio is fast losing her place in the market quotations of the United States can not be questioned. It has been stated on good authority that Ohio has already lost that place and is being replaced by our sister state, West Virginia, and some of the Western states. One great improvement in our wool which in a few years could be made, if only the farmer cared to do so, would be the destruction of the cockle bur, for no other foreign substance meets with so much protest from the careful buyer as does the presence of the cockle bur, especially if they are present in a very noticeable amount. Surery these protests are not unfounded, for it must add quite a little expense to the manufacturer to separate the burs from the wool, besides the loss in weight caused by the presence of burs, and such wool is also tinpleasant to handle.

For several years I have made an effort to eradicate the burs from my farm and could control them if my neighbors above me were concerned enough in the destruction of them to even attempt to eradicate them, but they are left to grow as they please and" they keep washing down the stream that comes thru my farm from farms that lie above mine. Can I ever hope to free myself from this pest of the wool growers? Another fault that man v wool growers are guilty of is the dirt that is

Stockmen and farmers who use the Cooper Dips have healthier animals - get more wool and better prices. More than half the cloth and flannel of the world is made of Cooper dipped wool. Tanks Kiipplied at cost to all users of the Cooper Dips,*

Cooper'S Powder Dip

The leading sheep dip for 66 yours. Used on over 250 million sheep every year. Kills ticks, lice, nits and eggs in one dipping. Does not stain the wool, but increases the yield and improves the quality.

Cooper'S Fluid Dip

for all animals. A highly concentrated, nonpoinonous fluid dip of marvelous strength. Mixes readily with cold water, whether bard, brackish, or salty. The only pure liquid dip - no sediment. Goes farther than Coal Tar dips and therefore cheaper. Positive remedy for scab, mange, ticks, lice, ringworm, eczema, sores, bites, stings, etc. One gallon makes 'JlflJ gallons for general dipping, or 300 gallons for disinfecting. Price - Qt. can 60c; H gal. can SI. 00; 1 gal. < an HI .75; 5 gal. can $8.60.

Cooper'S Worm Tablets

" A sure remedy for intestinal worms in Hones, Sheep, Cattle and Hogs. These tablets offer the great advantage of correct doses and certain results. Dose - one tablet for lamb or fho&t; two for sheep or hogs; three lor horses and cattle. Price - 10 tablets 20c postpaid; box of 100 tablets $1.50 postpaid.

The most effective skin dressing for Horses, Cattle and Dogs. Cures worst case of Mange and Ringworm at one dressing. Searches the skin end attacks the disease at its root. Improves the coat and renders hair soft and glossy. Is used by many of the best breeders in pre paring animals for show.

Cooper'S Tree Spray

caused a revolution in tree spraying. These new and scientifically prepared Spray fluids stand alone for the absolute destruction of all living insects, eeps. fungi, etc. One sal- Ion makes WO gallons of wash price - Gallon can, $3.00.

Where There Is No Dealer

If you live where there is no"dealer who can supply you with the Cooper preparations, order from Win. Cooper & Nephews. 177 Illinois St.. Chicago, and deduct Y0% twm any of above prices (Worm Tablets excepted) forfreightaccounU

The KaurTman-Lattimer Co . Columbus. 0.. Benton, Hall & Co., Cleveland. O . Tho John D. Park k Sons Co., Cincinnati. 0.. or Win. Cooper & Nephews, 177 Illinois St., Chicago.

Look to your interests nnd use the safest, speediest and most positive cute for ailments of your horses, for which an external remedy can be used, viz:

Supersedes All Cautery Or Firing

Impossible to -produce an*/ scar or blemish. The safest hot Blister ever used. Takes the place of all liniments for mild or severe action. Removes all Bunches or Blemishes from Horses or Cattle.

Warranted to privc satisfaction. Price B 1 ..SO per bottle. Sold by druggists, or sent by express, charges paid, with full directions for its use. Send for descriptive circulars, testimonials, etc. Address -

He Can Work Every Day

I f yon use Bickmore'sOall Cure yonrteama can work right along and be cured of Saddle and ll'irncsa Halls. Chafe?*, K'>pe Hums, Cuts, Scratches, Grease Heel, etc. while In harness. Tho more work tue quicker the cure.

Bickmore'S Gall Cure

Is the standard Beniedy for all these and similar troubles. Is excellent for Manure and Sore Teatsln cows. Above trade mark ison every hex of Genuine Biekmore's Gall Cure. For sale by dealers everywhere, Monev refunded If It falls. Sample and Horse Book every farmer should read loo. BickmoreG.il I Cur* Co., Box SIT, Old Town. Maine.

Shoe Boils

Lice suck blood of live stock and poultry, keep down weight, deplete vitality and make them subject to disease. This oldest and best coaL tar creosotic preparation not only kilts lice, but prevents disease.

Recommended as a dip for all live stock and general disinfectant by the agricultural experiment stations of the various States, and permitted by the U, S. Government for the oificial dipping of sheep scab.

Antiseptic and healing for all wounds, cuts, sores. Better than any home-made preparation, because compounded by expert chemists in a scientific laboratory, and every gallon guaranteed standard.

Prices: 1 gal. | makes 1 00 gallons dip and disinfectant, $1.50; 5 gal. 76.75: 10 gal. $12.50. Ouotations on quantity furnished gladly. Write for agency in your vicinity.

"Making Stock Healthy and Keeping Them So'' is a thoroughly scientific and practical common-sense work on the methods of prevention and cure of all germ diseases in every kind of farm stock, poultry, etc. Sent free on request.

- even bad old eases that skilled doctor* | have abandoned. Eiiby and simple: no cutting: jost a little attention every fifth dn> - and your money refunded If It ever fulls. Cures most cusps within thirty dava, leaving the horse sound and smooth. All particulars given in

Fleming's Test-Pocket Veterinary Adviser. Beat veterinary book for formers. Con. tuina 192 pages and C9 illustrations. Durably bound in leatherette. Write ua for a free copy.

has any of these symptom** : 1 11 health - poor condition - rough en at - scurvy - dry skin - dandruff - itching hide bound - p«»t belly - colicky pain* - bloating mornings - scouring - pawing - WWn1^ switching - rubbing tail - - turning tip lip - - bad breath - fltn - nervom-ncsa - diarrhea - sometimes constipation - mucous around rectum - and the passage of large or small worms or their eggs.

Tockmen'S Supplie

Milk Oil Dip for H ogs. Cattle and Sheep: Dipping Tanks, Hooks, etc : Branding Liquid. Shears and Shearing M achines : E ar Tags and Buttons :Tat too M arkcrs. Branding I rons.etc. : Summers Worm Powders, Toxaline Worm Cure. Poultry Remedies, etc. Tanks at cost to buyers of Dip. Send for Free Cataloc F.S.BURCH & CO.. 1 77 Illinou St.. CHICAGO allowed to go into the fleece of wool in the way of manures and floor sweepings. One should keep in mind the golden rule when he is putting up his wool, and not allow anything to go in that he would not want to buy himself. They think it is out of sight and the buyer will not know of its presence, but the manufacturer finds it at last and he gauges his buying 'price to allow for the foreign substance which he knows he will find.

The farmer who puts \ p his wool in a good, clean condition is compelled to bear a part of the loss 'of price, along with the careless and indifferent farmer. If each lot of wool could be shipped to the manufacturer separately and opened and graded according to the condition in which it was found, and payment for the different lots made accordingly, I think I would be safe in saying that there would be a revolutionizing of the present methods in a very short time. Another practice that is a great injury to the wool industry is that of using sisal binder twine in tying wool. I hardly know why one would want to use such twine unless it is because they think it is heavier and it will take a greater number of pounds to tie the crop of wool or whether it is because it is at hand and they will not have to go to the trouble of buying any regular wool-twine.

The wool grower has time and again been warned by buyers thru the press, at farmers' institutes, in wool growquit, especially when we have a season like the last, and it is Only the fellows that stick to it who will come out on top. A few days ago I bought three nice Duron sows for $15 apiece, of a ff rirer who was going out of the business. I bought them just because he was a personal friend of mine and could riot find any one else who would buy them. They now have 30 nice pigs and I will need a little more feed, so have bought 5,000 pounds of middlings at $1.30 per hundred, a ton of Swift's tankage for $38 - a total outlay of $150, which I have faith to believe will be a good investment this fall when I want to turn my corn crop into cash and fertility. I never have known two poor corn crops to come together in succession, and if this year should be a failure - well I do not know what will happen. But one thing is certain, I am not letting the matter worry me any at present. We now (April 20) have our 65 acres of oats and barley sowed and are getting our 125 acres of corn ground ready as fast as we can, and do not have the time to get the blues even if we were built that way. - Walter S. Tomlinson, Defiance O O.

Breeding Crate

L. R., Adelphi, O., asks for description of a breeding crate for swine. We reprint the description and illustration of a crate described by Farmers' Bulletin No. 205. The best size is 6 ft. long, ers' conventions, and still it has not been heeded. Within the past year manufacturers have entered into an iron-clad agreement not to buy any wool that has been tied with sisal binder twine. This seemed to be the only solution to the problem, and the person who reads is not the one that will be caught napping, but the one who does not, no doubt will be caught up, for it is hardly likely that all will suddenly quit using binder twine until they have to. The lesson of experience, tho Often costly, is the best training that one often gets. - Victor Herron, Muskingum Co., O.

2 ft. 4 in. wide, and 2% ft. high. It is made of 2x4-inch scantling, closed in front and open behind. On each side nail a 2x4 strip reaching from the bottom at the rear end to a point about 14 or 16 inches from the top at front eTid, for the boar to rest his feet on. The holes in the side cleats are for an iron rod to run thru, just behind the sow's hock joints. The cut shows bottom boards put in lengthwise. If put in crosswise, the boar will not. slip so much. Light slats nailed crosswise will prevent slipping.

Experience has cost me several thousand dollars, for when I began farming I had everything to learn. I went onto a new farm, and to save my life, could not take the ax and strike twice in the same place, and had never plowed a day until I was past 22 years old, and I have almost been discouraged at times on account of my failures, but I never get discouraged and always think there is a brighter time coming. If I have bad luck, as we term it, I try it again, thinking I will succeed better next time, and make a mistake in the opposite direction. My greatest loss has come from not knowing how to bed a sow at farrowing time in cold weather. This has cost me more time, trouble and money than all the rest put together. Many a night I have spent watching the brood sows, that I could have obviated had I known how to provide a nest for the old sow.

It requires lots of fussing and fixing to care for 30 brood sows and their litters, properly. There are so many little things to look after that many people get discouraged with the business and

To Kill Ticks On Sheep

TO KILL TICKS ON SHEEP. I have read the article of A. S. M., in your issue of March 14, on killing ticks. Years ago I had some experience in feeding sulfur and salt, following it for some time and found it a slow process. I also found that the stronger sheep would get more than their share (tho they had an abundance of trough room) and the sheep eating so much would scour and lose flesh.

A preventive is always better than a cure, and my experience has been that an immersion in a solution strong enough to kill ticks is the best preventive, applied to lambs after ewes are shorn. Every tick goes to the sucking lamb if escaping from the wool left on the ewe. If ewes are ^roperly shorn a tick can not live on them. The lambs should be dipped before the ewe can take the ticks, say in less than ten days. I have used sheep dip and found that the lambs would keep clear, and it would answer for the year, when the same process should be repeated. Some years ticks will get on the sheep in spite of the efforts of the most successful flock-masters. It seems a mystery where they come from. - R. Baker, Lorain Co., O.

The Usual Cost

A Protection against Files. An Eradlcator of Lice and other Parasites. A Healer to Cuts nd Sores on the Skin. A Disinfec tant and Germicide.

Fof $1.00 eajh we will send sufficient Target Brand for live of fly spray and GUARANTEE it to do ah tha*. is claimed above. If It does not do what we money will be promptly refunded upon reruost. Send Si . 00 so as to t.ave many times that each cow this summer.

Wear Out

absolutely Inst forever. Being soli ft rock, they are spark t tC fire-proof. Reduce your insurance rate. Afford pnre * it tern water. Don't require frequent painting and costing like metal and composition roof) n p. Not affected by *-*-** or cold. Suitable for all buildings, new oi <* First boat - OTtly a trifle more titan jOiort-lived roofings. Let us settle your roofing question./or all //n^.Don't spend more good mon^y for poor roofing. «iTVIUTK TO US AT ONCE for onr/re* book, "ROOFS." It trill save you money. Give us the name of yonr local dealer.

tjppn the urgent request of hnyers at my Inst sale. March 18. I cabled at once to Europe for 6ft mnreBelRiaii anil Peroh.ron Stallions and Mares, which will be sold Wed. , May 6, liHix, SHARON VALLEY STOCK FARM at 9 o'clock a. m. Von will find there imported and home-bred stallions and mares - Belgians, Pereherons and (ierman Coachers - home-bred draft geldings suitable for brewery teams - some high-stepping coach horses in pairs. Also some single driving horses and mares. Farmers and breeders will find it to their interest to be at this sale. Watch for a change in this adv. from week to week. Do not miss anv of the goo<l things. Catalogs will he out one week before) sale. Send for one. Citizens' Phone 26G; Bell I'bone 651 W.

madeia the good, old-fashioned v. :i\ , I takes longer, bat last, longer. A-grade, oak tanned leather used in every strap. L S >Jd direct to the consumer at manu-/ rfactarers prices. Whypaymore? Thirty-^ three yeara selling direct to the user. We pay the freight. Catalog free SCKAFER SADDLERY CO, Box 1©4 Decatur, Ind,

Wenona, Ill. Elyria, Ohio

SHIRE, PERCHERON", BELGIAN and HACKNEY STALLIONS. Write rjr come to our barns and get our prices on young, fresh imported stallions. We have no old, left-over ones from last year, and have 250 stallions from one to four years old! Come and see our horses, for we can please you and save you from $500 to $1,000 on every individual and give the best and strongest of guarantees.

Percheron Horses Learn Veterinary Dentistry F.

Dy illustrated lectures anil grant diploma with degree. | CHKTI.AND PONIES - Send for complete listof beautiful Particulars Free. Detroit Veterinary Dental ° Shetland Ponies. We are equipped to sell complete pony College. Detroit. Mich. out6ts. Prices reasonable. Taj lo.- Pony Farm, Wcoster, Ohio.

but these materials are combined lo bitter ad.antairr in our I «>e "cheap dope POlata ..freely ad.ertl.ed Prepared Palota I and prices The BfcST L always the cheapest

Whole milk is an expensive food for calves, and in vealing them one is producing the finished product at an actual loss. The butter fat that is in the skim-milk, the skim-milk left, and the calf are worth more and will bring in more profit than the veal. Of course there is no objection to letting the calf be with the cow from three to five days, but for a longer period than this it is an unwise business policy. During this period the milk can be used for no nther purpose anyway and the calf might as well be with its mother. If the calf is not to he raised for stock it is more profitable to sell it at the start for whatever it will bring, or kill it outright and sell the hide. Better do this than to veal it and allow it to eat nrore profit than it will bring on the market.

According to an experiment by Mr. C. P. Goodrich, reported at the Wisconsin Dairymens' Association, requires seven pounds of milk for cie pound of gain during the first week. oij, '. pounds the second week, and niua pon ds the third week. An average is abo '.t eight pounds of milk to one pound of gain. If veal is selling at five cents a pound, it shows that the farmer when he veals the calves is realizing 63 cents per cwt. for the whole milk, and without getting any of the skim-milk back. The milk made into butter, providing the test was 4.5 percent would net $1.30 per cwt. far the butter alone, when it was .worth 25 cents per pound. Besides this, there would be the skim-milV which could be utilized almost as p.'i.Qtably for feed as the whole-milk. The ca:: ... fed on skim-milk weald be worth vr**'ain a few dollars of what the veal wouk' bring, which added to the amount received for butter would be more than twice that possible with the veal. We usuaUy get from $8 to $12 for the cal\e raised on skim-milk, when they are £i\ m 10 to 14 weeks old. During this p^-iod each one will require about 1,- i»C? rounds of skim-milk for 12 weeks -feed. i_ the calf at this time sells for $8, it means that the skim-milk has netted 53 cents a hundred pounds, only 10 cents less per cwt. than that received when fed to veal; if $12 is secured, the skim-milk has netted 80 cents per cwt., a greater actual value than the whole milk with all the fat when fed to veal.

A cow is usually at her best shortly after coming fresh, and if she is any kind of a dairy cow she ought, during this period, to yield at least a pound and a half of butter a day. At this writing we know of a farmer who is vealing all the calves and probably giving each one a pound and a half of butter every day. At the price butter is now, the fat in that milk, for four weeks would be worth $12.60. It would be more profitable to kill the calves and realize the money from what butter could be sold, and make a fair profit on the skim-milk in feeding it to hogs or calves. No veal would sell for this amount of money, nor even the amount received if butter was only 25 cents a pound.

In our opinion a cow is damaged by producing the veal. To what extent, it is impossible to say, but it is no small amount. If the calf is taken away from her at once she will nardly notice it. but when the calf has been with her four weeks it is an altogether different matter. If she is on pasture she will hang around the barn for a week or more and bawl for the calf. It is more cruel to deprive her of it then, than it is to allow her to become accustomed to it. She will not go with the other cows to get what food and water she needs, but will worry around the barn, trying to get with her calf. The excitement and short feed lessens the production and test by nearly 40 percent. After being a month with the calf she can not do her best, not even after she has reconciled herself to the taking away of the calf. For the maximum fat production one should begin at the first of the lactation period. keep the cow from all excitement, and milk her regularly and thoroly dry each time. "As the twig is bent, the tree will incline." and as one begins with the cow, she will incline.

During the past ten years there has been phenomenal improvement in cream separators. It was at the last International Exposition and World's Fair that the NEW IOWA was awaidud the only Gold Medal.

The Only Test

Gentlemen: As per your official request, I have made a test of the No. 3 Iowa Dairy Separator at the Exposition Grounds. The Separator was run according to instructions and test of the cream, whole milk and skim milk were made with the following results:

Whole Milk, 4. 4 per ct. " Skim Milk, .01 per ct. Rated capacity, 450 lb.; actual capacity, 490 lb. per hour. Yours truly, H. V. Tarter, Assistant Commissioner.

The Proof

Name of separator. Iowa Dairy; temperature of milk, 60; turns of crunk per minute, 60; rated capacity, 450: actual capacity, 470; test of cream, 23 percent; test of skint milk, .02 percent. Name of separator, Iowa Dairy; temperature of milk,90;turus of crauk per minute, 58; rated capacity, 450; actual capacity, 490; test of cream, 55 percent; test of skim milk. .0125 percent. In the tests made on this date the separator did very satisfactory work. Notice date which refers to winter skimming.

We call attention to this fact that no other separator in the world ever skimmed a 55-percent cream in an Agricultural College tc-st, to a trace.

Dust-Proof Gear

Temperature of milk. 60; rated capacity, 350; actual capacity. 400; test of cream, 35; test of milk. .01 percent. Yours truly. C. H. Tourgee. Prof, of Dairying. G. K. Means, Asst. Prof of Dairying. The Records are only Supplementary We want to show you the Machine. It will talk for Itself.

To The Pigs

The mine owner gets his gold mixed with rock and combined with other metals. He gets out all the gold and then makes in addition what he can from the lead and silver, the "by-products."

Save Money

We own our own "tnillt," at Merrill, Mitt., in the finnt Pine and CrpM belt in thi « country. Catalogue and a copy of " 1ms mm Advocate FRLK. -j- WRITE FOR CATALOGUE.

In February a certain man Wished to try an experiment with a Tubular separator He wanted to know by actual test ex actly what the Tubular would do.

He had no cows so he arranged with a dairyman neighbor to make the experiment with the milk from the dairy of the latter. The arrangement was for the experimenter to skim the milk at the neighbor's dairy, and the cream to co to the creamery instead of the whole milk.

The dairy owner feared a loss of cream in this way, and so bargained that the experimenter was to pay the difference between what would have been obtained for the whole milk and the money actually received for the cream.

At the end of the month Mr. Dairyman was surprised to find that the cream had returned him $30 more money than the factory would have allowed him for the whole milk.

Sequel - Next day the dairyman and two neighbor dairymen each bought a Tubular separator, and then hired a man out of employment to kick them because for years they had been throwing away J30 per month in ignorance of what a Tubular would do for them, though the opportunity to try a Tubular in their own dairies was always open to them.

gain profitable knowledge by a test similar to above: and money profits twice a day after you put the Tubular in your dairy. Write for Catalog No. 151.

The Sharples Separator Company

Material used Is the best. Wo don't take the lumberman's word, hat bur the Umber and cut II ourselve*. We have been In the Knsllape Business M years aud kuow wltat is wanted.

Milk Tubes

milkine oln silver plat*. s«lf retaining. 2Vl inch. SS rent* : S inch SOe:Stjineb SSc. Tube ehonld be about Hi inch lon«*r than teat. Directions included. Any length tube with Qbio Farmer S years only tl.B. THE OHIO FARMER, Cleveland. Ohio.

oung calf but its value is only slight- / decreased as a food when the fat is imoved. The fat does not build up the bodily structure nor enter into the rowth of young stock. For this, pro- is necessary, and in taking out the 'it none of this is removed. The most j ourishing portion is in the casein, all lit which remains in the skim-milk. By 1 dding to the skim-milk a little calf ! leal, rich in oil, the necessary fat can \e supplied in a much cheaper form. A alt fed on this for the same length of iime required to veal, other conditions I eing equal, will have almost as great I money value as the veal itself. In al- Swing the veal the whole milk which jontains all the fat, one is almost throwing away the value of the fat - ully one-half the possible profit - Lyn- [ord Haynes, Erie Co., Pa.

Whey Butter In Canada

Not for years has there been such a ommotion among dairy farmers and n Canadian dairy circles generally, as as been created with reference to the whey butter" question. Cheese facories are being equipped with separators and butter-making machinery. In ne or two cases companies are about o be formed, or have been formed, to andle the whey from several factories t a central point and make the fat,Orinarily lost, into butter. What the utcome of this movement will be it is ifficult to say at present. Canadian matrons of cheeseries think it will be n added source of revenue to the farm.

In order to understand the causes ,'hich have led up to this movement /e need to consider that the competiion from creameries, milk condensares, and town and city milk trade, has aused cheese factory owners everywhere to study ecdhomy at every point. Ve know of one or two cases where he cheese manufacturers have reduced he price of making for farmers about

0 extract the fat from the whey before t is returned to the patrons. What efect the extraction or separation of the at from whey will have on the feeding alue of the remaining whey for hogs s yet to be seen. So important has this natter become that both federal and irovincial governments are making arangements for a series of investigaions regarding the questions involved, ^he chief points to be looked into will le the amount of butter which can oe nade from whey, the quality of the mtter which can be made from whey, he quality of the butter when fresh

'.nd after keeping in cold-storage for ome time; the amount of fat lost in he buttermilk by churning whey ream; the amount of moisture conained in the butter made from whey " ream; the effect on butter made from [j vhey where cheese coloring is added ,o milk in the ordinary process of ; naking colored cheese, and the feed- . ng value of extracted whey for hogs. , Experiments already conducted inplicate that the amount of butter which : an be made from whey* has been exagj ;erated. From two to three pounds of gutter per 1,000 pounds of whey is irobably an average yield under good ; onditions. The quality of butter is "air when first made, but seems to lose

1 ts flavor in a short time. The texture ..ends to be somewhat greasy. In a reent test of co-operative market values, he difference was six xents per pound 'less for whey butter, as compared with the best creamery butter. ' The mak- >ng of soft cheese from the whey cream md a certain proportion of whole milk : ulded is another solution of the probjlem. This plan seems to indicate that i two or three times more profit can be /made from soft cheese than from whey 'jutter. - H. H. Dean, Ont. Agr. Col.

_ Butter Worker*. - Ronly ing to vour call or experiences with butter workers. would -«y that I have used a worker for several vears, working the butter from 5 to 9

H^ows, and I find it entirely satisfactory, l-ast year we made 1.900 pounds of butter md we would not think of going back to he old \i,ay of hand working. It is easier, the salt is incorporated better, the buttermilk is pressed out better, and, above all, that desired "grain" is preserved. - D. H. Horst, Wayne Co., O.

"For the Land's Sake use Bowker's ( Fertilizers; they enrich the earth and those who till it. Est. 1873. For prices rOr agencies address Bowker, Cincini nati."

Very Prominent Users Of The De Laval Cream Separators

F. L. Houghton, Esq.,Sec'y Holstein-Friesian Breeders' Assn. Col. F. P. Holland, proprietor of Texas Farm and Iiaiich. Walter M. Lowney, Esq , the candy manufacturer.

Your

Use "Vulcanite" Ready Roofinrf and in- Sure your roof against damage by water, weather and wear. It assures long life to buildings and absolute protection to their contents. For over 60 years its superior qualities have been recognized wherever roofing is used. It is today the recognized . tandard Ready Rooting of two continents, er than shingles or tin - lasts longer, requires ...ual painting; easily put on - not affected by or snow, wet or dry, heat or cold; is fire-resist- , acid-proof and smoke-proof. Put on over old igles it makes the old roof better than new. 'ore you build or repair write for free booklet. The Right Rooting and tbe Reasons Why. " "rite today.

Thousands have testified to its simplicity, completeness and durability, antonff them Ex* Governor Hoard of Wlscoauln, who writes: "I have been very much irnpres*ied with the practical excellence of vour stanchions.' Shipped fu> Vet to thirty days' trial Send'for descriptive pamphlet. Address, oola milk to keep S i to 48 hourN longer than u»ual Cooling Method*. Stops growth of soaring bacteria. Onlj type of cooler that cools, aerates milk la one operation, absolutely removing "cowr" taste, animal heat and odors. Needs do watching. 16 years on market. Every site freeoc trial. Catalog. Wriieto-dsy.

Free -Feeders Hand Bodk

An interlocking, circular Hollow Block Silo Fully tested and proven a perfect .access. Indestructible - Send for catalog and price. Louisville Brick & Tile Company, Louisville, Ohio.

We guarantee to stop sending paper when the time for which it is paid has expired, so that, to avoid missing any numbers, all should renew promptly.

Always send money by draft, postofflce money order, registered letter, or by express. We will not be responsible for money sen tin let ters. Address all communications to, and make all drafts, checks and postoffice orders payable to The Lawrence Publishing Co.

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Avoid future trouble by refusing to subscribe for any farm paper which does not print, in each issue, a definite guarantee to stop on expiration of subscription.

"We think that Memori- Memokial Day. al or Decoration Dayis, beyond all question, our best-observed anniversary. Almost everywhere it is celebrated with a degree of religious ceremony and chastened sadness that tends to keep in fresh and grateful remembrance the sacrifices and the valor of those who, in our wars, laid down their lives for their country. Choicest, sweetest flowers in rich profusion deck the graves of those who thus fell. The veterans still living, with due solemnity march to their dead comrades' graves and strew the flowers upon them. Memorial addresses on the day itself and sermons the preceding Sunday tend to keep those sacrifices fresh in mind, and to inform the new-born generation of the heroic facts of our wars. The day is a National holiday, observed far more appropriately than any other. "Independence Day," July 4, has become a day of noise and disaster, with little apparent thought of the heroes of 1776. Christmas day is a day of feasting and hilarity, sometimes with little apparent remembrance of Him whose birth it celebrates, save in its profuse giving of presents. The birthdays of Washington and Lincoln and McKinley do not stir all the people. Thanksgiving day seems to remind us but little of that devoted, half-starved band of men and women near Plymouth Rock, who established the day so long ago. i!ut Memorial Day touches all our hearts. All of us lost friends or sadly suffer m1 during our wars, or are descended from those who did; and all of us unite in the sad tribute to their worth, the glad remembrance of what they won. - Our Magazine Section in this issue of the Ohio Farmer is almost wholly devoted to the day. We call special attention to the stories, "Lest We Forget" and "Tom Wortendale's Awakening," the sketch, "Barbara Fritchie," the historic sketch, "The Hundred-Day Men" and the several beautiful little poems. They will all help us to celebrate the day in the proper spirit. The present is the last Magazine Section that will reach our'readers before Memorial Day, hence the Memorial matter is given in this number.

The Hon. Martin Omo Good Roads. Dodge, the wellknown "good roads man," in an interview in this office a few days ago, furnished some facts of especial interest in regard to the position- Ohio has attained in good road construction. Most of these facts have been contributed for the May number of the Good Roads Monthly, but this notice will be closely simultaneous with that. Few people, perhaps, even in Ohio, know that this state stands second in mileage of good roads, and few, perhaps, even in Indiana, know that the Hoosier state stands first. Ohio^s» total mileage of improved roads is 23,460: Indiana exceed-, this by about 400 miles, but Mr. Dodge says that Ohio improved roads are better than those in Indiana, and that in really permanent, substantial good roads Ohio is ahead of Indiana. It is a common impression that Ohio is behind other states in good roads, but Mr. Dodge says, "Ohio is entitled to stand at the head of the list for enterprise and accomplishment in this respect." To show the actual position of this state, the following statistics of good road mileage are given by Mr. Dodge, who is good authority, as he was until recently DirectOT of the Office of Good Roads Inquiry at Washington:

State Mileage Of Good Roads

It is remarkable that a great state like Pennsylvania, with a state aid law, should stand sixteenth in the list. But even more remarkable is the fact that Ohio has nearly as great a mileage as all the New England and the old Middle States combined. In Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Penn'a and Delaware the combined mileage is only 27,319, against 23,460 in Ohio, official figures. One fact makes the enterprise and progress of the people of Ohio stand out prominently, viz.; that the above figures were not compiled until each and every state except Ohio had had the benefit of state aid for many years and that most of their mileage has resulted from state aid laws. Ohio did not enter the state aid ranks until quite recently and only a small proportion of her good roads has resulted, as yet, from state aid. In quality of her good roads she suffers in comparison with states that have constructed their roads under efficient state supervision, but she leads in mileage, and the roads were built, largely, by local taxation. Mr. Dodge calls attention to the fact that good roads in Ohio do not center at points of greatest population and wealth, as Cincinnati and Cleveland, but are found most largely in the central part of the state and in the fertile valleys of the, Miami and Scioto. These valleys run north and south, while the greatest traffic is east . nd west. In both the northern and southern sec-* tions where people and wealth have concentrated, good roads are fewest.

Illinois . . . . 94,141 7,924 8.41 It will be seen that Ohio ranks third in percentage of improved highways, Massachusetts leading and Indiana being second. The people of Ohio have expended a larger sum of money on their roads than any other state. The amount expended from property and poll taxes, $3,932,563.97; from labor taxes, $929,766; from bond issues, $843,753.64 - making a total of $5,706,- 083.61, a rate of $82.17 per mile of public road, and about $1.37 per inhabitant. New York stands second in total amount expended on public roads, with $5,692,514.82, of which $1,056,460 came from state aid.

Riders in southern Ohio have aroused the Legislature to action. On April 29 it suspended the rules and promptly passed two bills - the Guthrie bill authorizing the adjutant general to appoint a staff of secret service officers to apprehend all Night Riders in Ohio tobacco districts, and a companion bill making the destruction of tobacco beds a felony punishable by imprisonment in the penitentiary. Ten thousand dollars were appropriated to carry out the provisions of the Guthrie law. The independent tobacco growers of Ohio, thru representatives, held a consultation with Governor Harris and other state officials April 27, and the above legislative measures are the result. The state adjutant general, we learn, will go promptly to work with a secret force, and night invasions from Kentucky will no doubt hereafter be few and far between. Ohio is for law and order and against anarchy. Farmers must be left free to grow such crops as they desire and dispose of them as they see fit, and' the law and the government must protect them in this right. That is one main thing for which they pay taxes. All tobacco growers should certainly combine to fight the tobacco trust, but they must be brought together by argument and persuasion, not by force, threatenings, violence and destruction of property. Such methods, in this country, are simply boomerangs that return and strike the thrower. The Night Riders are the most destructive enemies of the American Society of Equity and all organizations of a similar character, formed to protect farmers' interests. Kentucky should take this fact into consideration and put the law in force in that state. By neglecting to do so she is not only injuring farmers and tobacco growers' organizations, but the reputation of the commonwealth. The Adjutant General has despatched Troop A. of Cleveland, and Troop B, of Columbus, both cavalry bodies, to police the troubled districts in Brown and Adams counties.

the Crisp substitute Senate bill, amending the pure food laws of the state so as to provide specifically against the adulteration and misbranding of food and drugs. The bill makes it plain what adulteration means, provides against imitations, offering drugs under the wrong naino, removing contents from any package and substituting other material, and against the use of methyl or wood alcohol as an ingredient. In the case of food, drink, flavoring extracts, confectionery or rondirnents. it provides rigidly against the use of anything that lowers or depreciates or injuriously affects the quality, strength or purity; the substitution of cheaper substances or the lessening of any necessary constituent; imitations; and diseased, putrid, infected or rotten animal or vegetable substance; milk from diseased animals; concealing inferiority by coloring, coating, powdering, etc.; the introduction of any substance that is injurious to health or p.isonous; must be of standard strength, quality and purity, and must contain no wood alcohol. Every package, bottle, etc.. must be branded or labeled properly, bearing a statement of what it contains. The penalties for violation are severe enough to cause hesitation. The standards adopted coincide, we think, with the national pure food law standards. The Ohio pure food law seems to be in good shape now, and Commissioner Dunlap will enforce it to the letter, so far as possible. If the pure food laws of all states were uniform, and based upon ,he essential features of the national law. the trouble with fake foods, drugs, drinks, etc., would be reduced to the minmum and wherever state laws were properly enforced the people would be protected from fraud and adulteration.

confined, generally, to cattle, and for a good reason, as cattle seem to be the primary host of tubercular bacilli, among farm live stock. The recent annual report of the Bureau of Animal Industry calls attention to the fact that tuberculosis among hogs is being reported with increasing frequency, and that packers are becoming alarmed at the increasing number of hogs that are condemned for tuberculosis in the meat-inspection service. The report for 1905 says that during that fiscal year 0.23 percent of all carcasses inspected were condemned and destroyed because affected with tuberculosis, besides many more slightly affected but not condemned. About 3 percent of hogs coming to some of the large abattoirs are affected. The hog carcasses destroyed in 1905 would have been worth $1,000,000, and at present rate of condemnation there would be nearly twice as many seized. "A loss of $1,000,000 to $2,000,000 a year to producers is serious and farmers can not afford to have this added to the other losses which they suffer from hog diseases." The report for 1906 says that of the 96.000 hogs reported as affected with tuberculosis, about 92 percent were affected in the cervical (neck) glands, and about 30 percent of these were affected nowhere else. In view of these facts, the Bureau instituted investigations to discover the probaMe means of infection. It v as found that wherever tuberculous hogs were marketed from a farm.thecowson that farm were tuberculous, or else the hogs had been fed upon skim or separator milk from some public creamery that received milk from one or more tuberculous cows. In 25 percent of separator sediment, samples analyzed were found to contain tubercle bacilli. It was shown, also, that hogs readily contract tuberculosis from eating the feces of tuberculous cattle, and that this was probably one of the commonest causes of infection. The disease shows itself in the lymph glands located at the angles of the jaws, whenever infection reached their bodies thru ingestion Tubercle germs given in drinking water to cattle were found to pass thru all the digestive organs and come out in the feces without losing the power to produce tuberculosis. The report says that all milk, before being fed to cows, should be heated up to 176 deg Fahrenheit, which will destroy the bs cilli. Brood sows infected will trans mit the germs to their pigs thru their milk. The Iowa station issued a bulle tin on this subject last year, and con firms the conclusions of the Bureau The Iowa legislature passed a law empowering the state dairy and food commissioner to prosecute all creameriethat do not pasteurize their skim-milk and the law is practically obeyed by the creameries of the state. But a law to prevent hoss from following cattle that are being fattened, seems to b1 impracticable, and this source of in- ( Concluded on page 17.)

Cleveland, Ohio. May 16, 1908

(Note. - Since this beautiful and touching story was accepted by us its gifted author, Mrs. Cowles, has passed on info the Great Unknown, mourned by many friends. - The Editors.)

It was the evening before Memorial Day. Quite unexpectedly I had been detained in the village of Oakland over night, and after I had eaten my supper I went out upon the veranda of the picturesque inn which fronted on the main street of the village.

It was an evening worthy of all that the poets have ever had to say of that season when spring is merging into summer. The sunset had been of unusual brilliance, and bars of red and gold and violet still stretched across the West. Above them shone the evening star. As I sat musing and dreaming, while I breathed the fragrance of lilacs and mock-orange, in which the village abounded, the lamps of the village hall, directly across the street, were lighted and a company of young people gathered and began decorating the_ interior with flags and bunting. Their voices and an occasional sound of laughter came to me pleasantly. They were deft about their work and had the manner of being accustomed to it. I could see quite plainly thru the wide-open doorway of the hall, and I was watching with interest, when "Aunt Dorinda," as the landlady of the inn was familiarly called, came out and took a chair near me.

"I don't suppose," Aunt Dorinda went} on, and her tone was reminiscent, "that any town of its size sent more men to the Civil War than Oakland, and a good many 'of them never came back. Some were killed in battle, some died in the hospitals, and some in prison. A few came home to die, and a good many were crippled for life.

"One of Lawyer Tibbs's sons came home with an empty sleeve and before the war there was nobody for miles around that could play a piano or the church organ as he could. The Widow Emery's only son came back with one eye and his right leg gone, and John Turner, who had a wife and six small children, had both legs shot off.

"When the war was "over there was hardly a family in the village that hadn't an empty chair or an invalid one, but, among us all there was not one bereaved like Barbara Trent.

"Perhaps you noticed, when you drove into town, that large brick house at the upper end of the street. It has white pillars in front, and the yard is deep and shady and has lots of flowering shrubs. Dr. Trent lived there before the war and was known as the best surgeon in all the country 'round. Real often doctors from larger towns used to send for him when they had a difficult operation to perform.

"Barbara was his only daughter and her mother died when she was about ten years old. There was one boy, two ot three years older than Barbara. Two handsomer children couldn't have been found if you'd looked the country over. I was about Barbara's age and we were in the same class at school. She was never a bit stuck up because she was the doctor's daughter, and everybody loved her, with her pretty face and her pleasant ways. Jack Leonard was old Jethro Leonard's son, and lived in the cottage at the other end of the village. Old Jethro didn't have a very good name. Some said that he would take what didn't belong to him, and he was never spoken of with any respect, but his wife was a good woman and a lady. The Leonards came to Oakland about

"From the time they were children every one could see that Jack Leonard and Barbara Trent were lovers, or would be when they were old enough to realize what their always being so happy together meant. It didn't dawn on Dr. Trent until their last year in school, and when it did, he was terribly wrought up to think that old Jethro Leonard's son should dare even to dream' of his daughter. He didn't stop to reason that the boy wasn't to blame for his father. When Dr. Trent really understood how things were, he forbade Jack ever to cross his threshold again, or either Barbara or his son Hamlin, ever to speak to Jack.

"Barbara reverenced her father as few children of this generation do, and his word had always been law to her, so she obeyed as few girls now would obey, and didn't speak to Jack, but she knew and he knew that they hadn't given each other up, and that when they were older they would do what they thought was right.

"It was about two years after this that the war broke out and Jack Leonard and Hamlin Trent enlisted the same day. Before Jack went away Barbara met him and said goodby to him, and prormised to marry him when he came back from the war, and then she went home and told her father what she had done. Nobody knew how the doctor took it, but Barbara was too much like him for him to have much hope that she would ever change her mind.

"Not long after that Dr. Trent began to think that it was his duty to take his medicine-case and his surgical instruments and go to the front, and so he left his sister, Miss Henrietta, and old Susan, who had worked for them for years, to look out for Barbara, and he went away to the war. There wasn't a woman in town that was braver or more cheerful than that girl, but one day, when a lot of us were at Dr. Trent's packing a box to send to our boys in the army, she put her arms around my neck, and laid her cheek against mine and said, 'Do you know, Dorinda, that every one I love best in this world, is away down South to be put up as a mark to be shot at?' And after that I realized how she was suffering.

"It must have been the next spring that Dr. Trent, his son, Jack Leonard and several others! came home for a short furlough. They came one Friday night and the next Sunday morning the church was crowded, for every one knew that old Dr. West would preach and pray and sing for those men in blue, and that the sermon would be one that would make the confederates quake if they could hear it. It was a beautiful day, warm and bright, and the lilacs and syringas were in bloom, as they are now.

"The church was pretty well filled when Barbara Trent came in with her father and brother. She was dressed in white, and her cheeks were flushed and her eyes bright. I wondered if shn had seen Jack, and what her father thought about him since he'd had a chance to know him better. A lot was being said about Jack's bravery, and I'd heard that he was wearing lieutenant's straps. After a little Jack and his mother came in and sat down in a pew just across from me. Her face was like Barbara's, with the happy look in her eyes, and I knew she was proud of her son. I wondered to myself, in a way I had of pondering about things, if his being so handsome and good and brave made up to her for the trouble and shame his father often brought. I saw her slip her hand into Jack's, and he held it, without seeding to care who saw him, and smiled jwn at her like a lover. The sermon was what every one expected, for old Dr. West was stirred to the depths in those days, and his voice grew stern and his eyes flashed, when he spoke of those who would divide their native land and put to naught the great purpose for which their fathers had suffered and died, but it trembled when he spoke of the men in blue, those who were away and those who had come home for a few days, and there were sobs all thru the church, wrung from hearts Of mothers and daughters, sisters and wives and sweethearts, thinking of tneir own dear ones.

"The sermon was finished and they had sung a hymn, when Dr. West came down from the pulpit and stood at the altar railing as if waiting for some one. Every one looked surprised but there wasn't a sound in the house. I saw Jack Leonard press his mother's hand and lay it gently on her lap,then he got up and went up the aisle, as straight as a general and as proud as a king, and stepped up and took his place beside Dr. West, facing the congregation. He looked pale, for all the tan on his face, but his eyes were shining, and they were fixed on Barbara Trent.

"What happened next nearly took my breath away. Dr. Trent got up and stepped out into -the aisle, and Barbara followed him, and, with her hand on her father's arm, she went up to the altar to meet Jack Leonard. When Dr. West asked, 'Who gives this woman to this man in marriage?' Dr. Trent answered, 'I do.,' and his voice was as clear and distinct as a bell.

"I shall never forget that couple as they looked wnen they came down the aisle together - young and handsome, beloved by all, and with life reaching out before them so full of hope and happiness.

"But the war wasn't over. No one ever knew why Dr. Trent changed his mind about Jack Leonard, but perhaps it was simply because he got his eyes open when he witnessed his bravery and learned his real worth. Tommy Worton, who was in the same regiment, told me that the doctor wasn't kinder to his own son than he was to Jack, after he and Barbara were married. I used to meet Barbara in those days, after all her loved ones had gone back to the war, and wonder at her cheerful face. My lover was with Grant's army and I felt 4hat life was dark. Once, when I spoke about it and the awfulness of it all, she said, 'We must be brave, we must Dorinda, there is no other way. Our part is to stay at home and wait. Sometimes I think I should suffer far less if I could only fight, if I could only do something to end this awful suspense!'

"It was only- a few days after that when word came that Dr. Trent was very sick. He had been taken to a hospital in Washington, and Barbara went to him. He died an hour after she got there but knew her and blessed her. She brought him home and buried him, with only her aunt Henrietta of her own kith and kin to be near her, for her brother was in a Southern prison. They would not let Jack come, but his mother came to Barbara then, and Barbara would never let her io away again, for old Jethro had died a few months before.

"Sometime after Dr. Trent's death, Hamlin Trent was exchanged and sent home. There were a good many at the depot the day he came, and as long as I live I shall never forget how that boy looked when he was lifted from the train and carried on a stretcher to the easy spring wagon they had waiting for him. There was only pity on the women's faces, for they weren't thinking of anything just then but the boy himself and the way he had suffered, but there was white rage in«morethan one man's face, and I saw a flash in old Dr. West's eyes that made me remember, all at once, a sermon that he had preached about Sinai, when I was a little girl.

"I remember how Barbara's lips quivered when she saw her brother.and she turned white as death, but she was smiling at him in a minute, and rode away in the wagon, sitting beside him, his hand in hers.

"Hamlin Trent had been a strong man, but the hardships he had endured were too much, and tho Barbara had the best of everything for him, and cared for him untiringly, he gradually slipped away, and when the leaves-fell, she laid his poor, tired body away near their father and mother.

"That was a dark winter for Oakland, but it seemed as tho the whole town was united like one family by the common anxiety and suffering.for the papers and the telegraph wires were bringing news of battles and prisons and wounds and death.

"I remember meeting Deacon Marsh in the postoffice one day. He looked white and worn, and his hand trembled when the postmaster handed him a letter from Washington. Every one of his five sons was in the army, and the oldest one had been wounded.

"Jack Leonard came home for a few days in February, and it was pathetic to see Barbara's face. It seemed to be always struggliing between smiles and tears. Jack was looking brown and well and handsome, and no people could have been prouder of a hero in velvet and gold lace than the people of Oakland were of that boy in his soiled uniform. It seemed as tho- everybody went to the depot the day he went away, and I've thought since, it must have been hard for Barbara and his mother, when they must have wanted him every minute to themselves. When I heard the train coming, I went into the depot and hid my face in my hands for I couldn't bear to see Barbara say good-by to Jack. Her father and brother were dead, and Jack might never come back. I could see it all in her face, tho she tried so hard to be brave.

And Jack never came back - not alive. Just when the leaves were coming out in April, and the old town was looking as pretty and bright and peaceful as tho there wern't so many aching hearts in it, the news came one day that Jack Leonard had been shot and killed in battle.

"We were all at the depot again when they brought his body home, and Barbara was there, too, for she would come and Jack's mother came with her. It's strange what a difference the occasion makes in the looks and the sound of a thing. I've heard trains that made my heart leap for joy, as they came steaming and panting and ringing up to the station, but the locomotive that day looked like some great black monster, and every stroke of the bell was a funeral knell.

"There wasn't a sound, only the steam from the engine and some stifled sobs, when they lifted Jack's coffin and carried it, wrapped in the stars anu stripes. They wouldn't put it into a hearse or a wagon, but carried it all the way on their shoulders to the parlor of Barbara's house, where they set it down on a table covered with flowers. Every one expected that Barbara would faint, tho she had always been so strong thru all her troubles - but she' didn't When she went into the parlor she walked up tt> Dr. West, slipped her hand into his, looked up at him and smiled and sighed, and said, 'I shall be so glad when the war is over and father and Jack and Hamlin come home.'

- Then we all knew that the strain had been too much and that her mind was gone. For a long time all her friends kept hoping that she would get better, but she never did, and sometimes I've thought that is was a merciful dispensation of Providence. In moit ways she was sane but for her the war was never over. Jack's mother and Dr. West both tried to explain to her, but she would only shake her head and smile and say, 'No, no, the war isn't over. Jack and father and Hamlin would come back to me if it were.' And she would always add, 'We must be brave.'

"In less than a year after Jack was killed, Barbara's hair was white, but her face was never unhappy, and she was always the greatest comfort to everybody in trouble. I h ard somebody say once, 'You just can't be miserable where Barbara Leonard is; she is always st) sweet and cheerful.'

"In all the long years since the war there's been nobody in the town better loved. She grew old, but not just in the way that the rest of us did. It was only her body - never her spirit. Her Aunt Henrietta died and old Susan, and about eighteen years after the war closed, Jack's mother, but she never seemed to miss them much. The daughter of a cousin came to live with her and care for her.

"Last year, just three days before Memorial Day, they went to Barbara's room in the morning and found her lying with her head on her arm, like a child, a happy smile on her face, but when they tried to rouse her they found that she was dead. The war was over, at last, for her.

"The G. A. R. had planned to have Memorial services at the village hall, but they changed and had them at the church, and they and Barbara's funeral services were all in one. The church was decorated everywhere with flowers that were taken to the soldiers' graves afterward. I never saw anything like it, and there wasn't standing-room for all the people. The bishop was there and delivered the address, and there wasn't a dry eye in the house. He spoke about Barbara's happy girlhood, about her father and brother and lover, and how he war had taken them all away from her. He spoke of the long years since, and how her patience and sweetness and bravery should be a lesson to us all in the battle of life, and then he said that while we were all brothers and sisters and the strife of the sixties was almost forgotten, we must not forget the great sacrifices of the men and women who had saved our country then."

Aunt Dorinda paused, and I noticed for the first time that the lights in the village hall had gone out. All the world was quiet in the sweet May night, that seemed like a personification of Barbara Leonard's beautiful spirit; then from a distance, but quite distinctly, I heard a tenor voice singing, and the words were tnese:

The Blue And The Gray

You might almost count on your fingers the boys and girls of America who have not heard of Whittier's war-time heroine, Barbara Fritchie. Her name and fame have crossed the seas and are known wherever there is a written language. The "Barbara Fritchie" of the good Quaker Poet, whose centenary we celebrated last year, has been declaimed in many a school and will ever be a favorite with young elocutionists. Tho she went to her rest years ago and sleeps in a quaint Little cemetery in her cherished town, "greenwalled by the hills of Maryland," many a tourist seeks the spot of her sepulcher and parts the long grass in order to read the simple inscription on her modest headstone. There are graves better cared for in nearly every cemetery and loftier monuments than the one that marks her resting place; but it is a much sought-for place and few visit "Frederick town" without making a pilgrimage thither.

First, a word about old Frederick.to which city "dame Barbara" has given undying fame. The place lies in western Maryland, in the heart of the beautiful Monocacy Valley with the Catoctin Mountain on the west and Sugar Loaf Mountain on the east. It is circled entirely by mountains whose FB summits stand out against the sky, the whole forming a landscape fitted for the brush of the greatest artist and the inspiration of the finest poet. In 1745 the "Village of Frederick" was laid out by people who were entranced by the beauty of the location and was named for Frederick, Prince of Wales. It was already a noted place when General Braddock set what may be recommended by a majority of the Congress equally delegated by the United Colonies we will, at the hazard of our lives and fortunes, support and maintain, and that every resolution of the convention tending to separate the province from a majority of the Colonies without the consent of the people is destruction to- our internal safety and big with public ruin." All thru the War of the Revolution Frederick stood fast for freedom, sending many of her young men into the famous Maryland Line which, on many a hard-fought field, met and repulsed the king's veterans with the bayonet. As early as 1765 in the old court house at Frederick, the odious "stamp act" was pronounced inoperative.

out on his ill-fated expedition to the Mcnongahela, for he rested there a spell, Or until the teams secured by Benjamin Franklin could join the army. Washington, then a rising young officer of the British army, accompanied Braddock. and he is said to have danced with the belles of Frederick the night before the journey thru the wilderness.

It is now a city of ten thousand souls, with modern streets and buildings and a seat of much learning, having several seminaries and colleges. It is a recorded, fact that prior to the Declaration of Independence the citizens of old Frederick assembled and adopted the following resolution : "That

Fritchie. grew up among scenes and times like these which breathed resistance to oppression, and, coming from good old Pennsylvania German stock, she became a woman of strong convictions. She loved the Valley of the Monocacy: she spent her girlish days among the mountains about her home, little dreaming that she was destined to add undying fame to the place of her adoption.

Advancing years were kind to Barbara Fritchie. She visited the sick and comforted the dying and her gentle heart was full of charity. Whether or no the poet erred in ascribing to her the thrilling heroism that breathes, thru his poem matters little now. Her

The home of Whittier's heroine has given place to modern improvement, but its site is still pointed out to the visitor. Not far away runs a narrow little street which is crossed by a millrace, spanned by a swinging bridge, and over this scant way that September day in 1862 poured "Stonewall" Jackson's men in gray -

Beyond the little bridge lies an old cemetery in which burials are no longer made. It is encircled by a high wall and entered thru a dilapidated gateway. It is an uncanny spot even in the garish light of day and at night it is truly dismal. The ponderous iron key to this uninviting "God's acre" is kept by a sexton who loans it to the visitor. The key is attached to a cumbersome bit of board which one has to carry with him thru the streets. One has to search a long time for the grave of Whittier's heroine. Rank grasses, frequently cut for hay, impede progress at every step. It is almost like hunting for the proverbial needle in the haystack.

At last, half enclosed by a broken iron fence, he finds the burial place of "good dame Barbara" and her husband, John Fritchie. If one expects to find a beautiful shaft marking the spot of Barbara's sepulcher he is doomed to disappointment. The long grass hides everything. By diligent search one is rewarded at last by a very modest stone over which in the soft Maryland light trail myrtle and honeysuckles, the very flowers Barbara Fritchie loved and tended. The simplest of inscriptions relieves the stone of bareness and the tourist reads it at a glance: "BARBARA FRITCHIE. Died, December' 18, 1862. Aged 96 Years." "Only this and nothing more!" Time may come when old Frederick will awake to her duty and replace that poor stone with a fitting memorial to the woman whose name is indissolubly linked to her own. After all. Barbara Fritchie's grave lies amid scenes of beauty; her blue mountain'; surround her, she has her myrtle and her honeysuckles and bird and bee make music over her last home in FredericK Valley.

Not many squares away, in the heart of beautiful Mt. Olivet Cemetery, stands an imposing monument over the grave of the poet who gave us our national anthem. Francis Scott Key. the illustrious author of "The Star Spangled Banner." was a native of Frederick and was brought here for entombment with his fame secured by his immortal lyric. He has been honored by one of the most beautiful monuments ever erected to the memory of a poet and one can stand beside it and almost see the neglected spot where Barbara Fritchie sleeps. In the same inclosure lie the remains of four hundred Confederate soldiers who fell at the battle of Monocacy, fought in the outskirts of Frederick, and they. too. are remembered by a handsome shaft.

Frederick has still another historic plat of ground. On one of the side streets stands a tumble-down house which at one timet formed the headquarters of the immortal Washington. The patriot is thrilled by memories of the past as he gazes upon the old structure which long ago housed the Father of His Country. No steps have ever been taken to keep the old place in repair. It is the refuge of the owl and the dwelling place of the drowsy bat. Its old windows with their diminutive panes carry one back to the "days of yore" tt.id invest the old shack, despite its dilapidation, with sacred memories. I am told that a movement will soon be started to wrest from the hands of ruin the grave of Barbara Fritchie and the headquarters of Washington and restore them as far as is possible to their original condition.

tions, and few cities so romantically situated. The surrounding country is productive and well tilled. Great stone barns that have withstood a century's storms dot the enticing landscape, the picturesque Monocacy ripples away within hearing of the city and around it, in season, in the words of the Quaker poet are:

More than once during the Civil War Frederick was a place of excitement. Her streets echoed to the tread of the Blue and the Gray and from her hills can be seen the crest of South Mountain, where brother met brother in one of the important battles of those sanguinary times. But such scenes have drifted into the past. Frederick reposes in a valley of thrift and peace, the golden-winged bee seeks sweets among the wild flowers that beautify Barbara Fritchie's grave and one can say as said the loving Whittier:

By L. B. Pierce

In a car crowded with G. A. R. men returning from a National Encampment, a little girl asked her father, "Who were the hundred-day men?"The father was a three-years' veteran, and winking at me whom he knew from the number of my regiment to be one of the former, replied, "Well, Nellie, they were a lot of men who went on a picnic in the warm part of '64, lay around barracks in Washington and Nashville, never smelled burned powder, and came back at the close of summer all swelled up with the idea that they were soldiers who helped lick the Rebels!"

Nellie is now a young woman and has probably in a measure corrected this piece of misinformation, but there are a great many of the younger generation who have very hazy ideas as to the part taken in the war by these short-service men. Many old soldiers who served thru the war are given to underrating these men, and it may not be without interest to state some of the facts connected with the calling into service of a good many thousand drilled men, on a few days' notice.

Early in the war many of the states bordering on the Confederacy passed laws for the organization of a "National Guard," as it is now known. This organized militia (in Ohio at least) was enrolled to do special police duty in emergency cases, such as riots and labor troubles; also as a defense against invasion. They were uniformed at their own expense (eleven dollars apiece for privates) and drew no money, but were exempt after five years from poll taxes and jury service. They met one evening per week at a company armory for drill, the arms being Old-fashioned muskets condemned from the U. S. service. I well remember how every Saturday night, commencing in '62, we were put thru company drill for three hours by a spruce young man from Akron. He had had a year at Westpoint, was full of music and action, and after sitting thru the week in an office, rather enjoyed the job, while the company ( nearly all farmers who had put in ten or twelve hours at hard labor each day) could not enjoy it, however patriotic they were. I have been told that the records show that the company drilled more than 80 evenings before going into service, many of the members living two miles or more away. Farm help was extremely scarce (as much so as now) and there was very little improved machinery in existence at that date, so this company of nearly seventy farmers and farmers' sons were making some sacrifices even if they were only Home Guards.