Piatt County, Illinois - The whole text, 1917 (part 10 of 26)

FUNK, Isaae, pioneer, was bom in Clark County. Ky., Nov. 17, 1797; grew up with meager educational advantages and, in 1823, came to Illinois, finally settling at what afterwards became known as Fimk's Grove in McLean County. Here, with no other capital than industry, perseverance, and integrity, Mr. Funk began laying the foundation of one of the most ample fortunes ever acquired in Illinois outside the domain of trade or speculation. By agriculture and dealing in live-stock, he became the possessor of a large area of the finest farming lands in the State, which he brought to a high state of cultivation, leaving an estate valued at his death at not less than $2,000,000. Mr. Funk served three sessions in the General Assembly, first as Representative in the Twelfth (1840-42), and as Senator in the Twenty-third and Twenty-fourth (1862-66), dying before the close of his last term, Jan. 29, 1865. Originally a Whig in politics, he became a Republican on the organization of that party, and gave a liberal and patriotic support to the (Government diiring the war for the preservation of the Union. During the session of the Twenty-third General Assembly, in February, 1863, he delivered a speech in the Senate in indignant condemnation of the policy of the anti-war factionists, which, although couched in homely lang^uage, aroused the enthusiasm of the friends of the Government throughout the State and won for its author a prominent place in State history. - Benjamiii F. (Fimk). son of the preceding, was bom in Funk's Grove Township, McLean County. HI., Oct. 17, 1838. After leaving the district schools, he entered the Wesleyan University at Bloomington, but suspended his studies to enter the army in 1862, enlisting as a private in the Sixty-ninth Illinois Volunteers. After five months' service he was honorably discharged, and re-entered the University, completing a three-years' course; later, for three years, follow^ fanning, and, in 1869, located in Bloomington where from 1871 he served seven consecutive terms as Mayor; was a delegate to the National Republican Convention of 1888, and in 1892, was elected Representative in Congress for the 14th District; for fifteen years was also a Trustee of the State Institution for the Blind at Jacksonville. Died Feb. 15, 1899. - Lafayette (Funk), another son of Isaac Funk, was a Representative from McLean County in the Thirty-third General Assembly and Senator in the Thirty -fourth and Thirty-fifth. Other sons who have occupied seats in the same body include G^eorge W. , Representative in the Twentyseventh, and Duncan M., Representative in the Fortieth and Forty-first Assemblies The Funk family have been conspicuous in the affairs of McL^ui County for a generation, and its members have occupied many other positions of importance and influence, b^des those named, under the State, County and municipal governments.

OAGE, Lyman J., Secretary of the Treasury, was bom in De Ruyter, Madison County, N. Y., Jime 28, 1836 ; received a common school education in his native coimty. and, on the removal of his parents, in 1848, to Rome, N. Y., enjoyed the advantages of instruction in an academy. At the age of 17 he entered the employment of the Oneida Central Bank as office-boy and general utility clerk, but, two years afterwards, came to Chicago, first securing employment in a planing mill, and, in 1858, obtaining a position as bookkeeper of the Merchants' Loan and Trust Company, at a salary of $500 a year. By 1861 he had been advanced to the position of cashier of the oonoem, but, in 1868, he accepted the cashiership of the First National Bank of Chicago, of which he became the Vice-President in 1881 and, in 1891, the President. Mr. Gage was also one of the prominent factors in securing the location of the World's Fair at Chicago, becoming one of the guarantors of the $10,000,000 promised to be raised by the city of Chicago, and being finally chosen the first President of the Exposition Company. He also presided over the bankers* section of the World's Congress Auxiliary in 1893, and, for a number of years, was President of the Civic Federation of Chicago. On the assumption of the Presidency by President McKinley, in March, 1897, Mr. Oage was selected for the position of Secretary of the Treasury, which he has continued to occupy up to the present time (1899).

GiXATIAy a Tillage of Saline County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 40 miles southeast of Duquoin; has a bank; leading industry is coalmining. Pop. (1890), 519; (1900), 642; (1910), 745.

GALE^ George Washington, DJ>., LL.D., clergyman and educator, was bom in Dutchess County, N. Y., Dec. 8, 1789. Left an orphan at eight years of age, he fell to the care of older sisters who inherited the vigorous character of their father, which they instilled into the son. He graduated at Union College in 1814, and, having taken a course in the Theological Seminary at Princeton, in 1816 was licensed by the Hudson Presbytery and assumed the charge of building up new churches in Jefferson County, N. Y., serving also for six years as pastor of the Presbyterian church at Adams. Here his labors were attended by a revival in which Charles G. Finney, the eloquent evangelist, and other eminent men were converts. Having resigned his charge at Adams on account of illness, he spent the winter of 1823-24 in Virginia, where his views were enlarged by contact with a new class of people. Liater, removing to Oneida County, N. Y., by his marriage with Harriet Selden he acquired a considerable property, insuring an income which enabled him to extend the field of his labors. The result was the establishment of the Oneida Institute, a manual labor school, at Whitesboro, with which he remained from 1827 to 1884, and out of which grew Lone Seminary and Oberlin and Ejqox Colleges. In 1835 he conceived the idea of establishing a colony and an institution of learning in the West, and a committee representing a party of proposed colonists was appointed to make a selection of a site, which resulted, in the following year, in the choice of a location in Knox Coimty, 111., including the site of the present city of Gktlesburg, which was named in honor of Mr. Gale, as the head of the enterprise. Here, in 1837, were taken the first practical steps in carrying out plans which had been previously matured in New York, for the establishment of an institution which first received the name of Ejqox Manual LAbor College. The manual labor feature having been finally discarded, the institution took the name of Ejqox College in 1857. Mr. Gale was the leading promoter of the enterprise, by a liberal donation of lands contributing to its first endowmoit, and, for nearly a quarter of a century, being intimately identified with its history. From 1840 to '42 he served in the capacity of acting Professor of Ancient Languages, and, for fifteen years thereafter, as Professor of Moral Philosophy and Rhetoric. Died, at Galesburg, Sept. 81, 1861. - William Selden (Gale), oldest son of the preceding, was bom in Jefferson County, N. Y., Feb. 15, 1822, came with his father to Galesburg, 111., in 1836, and was educated there. Having read law with the Hon. James Knox, he was admitted to the bar in 1845, but practiced only a few years, as he began to turn his attention to measures for the development of the coimtry. One of these was the Central Military Tract Railroad (now the Chicago, Burlington So Quincy), of which he was the most active promoter and a Director. He was also a member of the Board of Supervisors of Knox Coimty, from the adoption of township organization in 1853 to 1895, with the exception of four years, and, during the long controversy which resulted in the location of the county-seat at Galesburg, was the leader of the Galesburg party, and subsequently took a prominent part in the erection of public buildings there. Other positions held by him include the ofiice of Postmaster of the city of Galesburg, 1849*58; member of the State Constitutional Convention of 1862, and Representative in the Twenty-sixth General Assembly (1870-72); Presidential Elector in 1872; Delegate to the National Republican Convention of 1880; City Alderman, 1872-82 and 1891-95; member of the Commission appointed by Governor Oglesby in 1885 to revise the State Revenue Laws; by appointment of President Harrison, Superintendent of the Galesburg (Government Building, and a long term Trustee of the Illinois Hospital for the Insane at Rock Island, by appointment of Governor Altgeld. He has also been a frequent representative of his party (the Republican) in State and District Conventions, and, since 1861, has been an active and leading member of the Board of Trustees of

Knox College. Mr. QsXe was married, Oct. 6, 1845, to Miss Caroline Ferris, granddaughter of the financial representative of the Oalesburg Colony of 1836, and has had eight children, of whom four are living. Died Sep. 1, 1900.

OALENA/the county-seat of Jo Daviess County, a city and port of entry, 150 miles in a direct line west by northwest of Chicago; is located on (Galena River, about 43^ miles above its junction with the Mississippi, and is an intersecting point for the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, the Northwestern, and the Illinois Central Railroads, with connections by stub with the Chicago Great Western. It is built partially in a valley and partially on the bluffs which overlook the river, the Galena River being made navigable for vessels of deep draught by a system of lockage. The vicinity abounds in rich mines of sulphide of lead (galena), from which the city takes its name. Galena is adorned by handsome public and private buildings and a beautiful park, in which stands a fine bronze statue of General Grant, and a symmetrical monument dedicated to the soldiers and sailors of Jo Daviess County who lost their lives during the Civil War. Its industries include a furniture factory, a table factory, two foundries, a tub factory and a carriage factory. Zinc ore is now being produced in and near the city in large quantities, and its mining interests will become vast at no distant day. It owns an electric light plant, and water is furnished from an artesian well 1,700 feet deep. Galena was one of the earhest towns in Northern Illinois to be settled, its mines having been worked in the latter part of the seventeenth century. Many men of distinction in State and National affairs came from Galena, among whom were Gen. U. S. Grant, Gen. John A. Rawlins, Gen. John E. Smith, Gen. John C. Smith, Gen. A. L. Chetlain, Gen. John O. Duer, Gen. W. R. Rowley, Gen. E. D. Baker, Hon. E. B. Washbume, Secretary of State under Grant, Hon. Thompson Campbell, Secretary of State of Illinois, and Judge Drummond Pop. (1900), 5,005; (1910), 4,835.

Galena & Chicago Union Railroad

OALESBURG, the county-seat of Knox County and an important educational center. The first settlers were emigrants from the East, a large proportion of tbem being members of a colony organized by Rev. George W. Gale, of Whitesboro, N. Y., in whose honor the original village was named. It is situated in the heart of a rich agricultural district 53 miles northwest of Peoria, 99 miles northeast of Quincy and 163 miles south* west of Chicago; is an important railway center, being at the junction of the main line with two branch lines of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, and the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad& It was incorporated as a village in 1841, and as a city by special charter in 1857. There areJbeautiful parks and the residence streets are well shaded, while 25 miles of street are paved with vitrified brick. The city owns a system of waterworks receiving its supply from artesian wells and artificial lakes, has an efficient and wellequipped paid fire-department, an electric street oar system with three suburban lines, gas and electric lighting systems, steam-heating plant, etc. It also has a number of flourishing mechanical industries, including two iron foundries, agricultural implement works, flouring mills, carriage and wagon works and a broom factory, besides other industrial enterprises of minor importance. The manufacture of vitrified paving Mck is quite extensively carried on at plants near the city limits, the city itself being the shipping-point as well as the point of administrative control. The Chicago, Biurlington & Quincy Railroad Company has shops and Btockyards here, while considerable coal is mined in the vicinity. The public buildings include a courthouse. Government postoffice building, an opera house, nineteen churches, ten public schools with a high school and free kindergarten, and a handsome public library building erected at a cost of $100,- 000, of which one-half was contributed by Mr. Camegia Galesburg enjoys its chief distinction as the seat of a large number of high class literary institutions, including Ejqox College (nonsectarian), Lombard University (Universalist), and Corpus Christi Lyceum and University, and St. Joseph's Academy (both Roman Catholic). Three interurban electric railroad lines connect Gralesburg with neighboring towns; city has 2 daily and 4 weekly papers. Pop. (1910), 22,089.

GALLATIN COUNTY, one of three counties organized in Illinois Territory in 1812 - the others being Madison and Johnson. Previous to that date the Territory had consisted of only two counties, St. Clair and Randolph. The new county was named in honor of Albert Gallatin, then Secretary of the Treasury. It is situated on the Ohio and Wabash Rivers, in the extreme southeastern part of the State, and has an area of 340 square miles; population (1910), 14,628. The first cabin erected by an American settler was the home of Michael Sprinkle, who settled at Shaw* neetown in 1800. The place early became an important trading post and distributing point

A ferry acroes the Wabash was established in 1808, by Alexander Wilson, whose descendants oondnoted it for more than seventy-five years. Although Stephen Rector made a (Government survey as early as 1807, the public lands were not plaoed on the market until 1818. Shawneetown, tb0 county-seat, is the most important town, having a population of some 2,200. Bituminous coal is found in large quantities, and mining is an important industry. The prosperity of the county has been much retarded by floods, particularly at Shawneetown and Equality. At the former point the difference between high and low water mark in the Ohio River has been as much as fifty-two feet.

OALLOWAT^ Andrew Jackson, civil engineer, was bom of Scotch ancestry in Butler County, Pa., Dec. 21, 1814; came with his father to Corydon, Ind., in 1820, took a course in Hanover College, graduating as a civil engineer in 1887 ; then came to Mount Carmel, White County, ^, with a view to employment on projected Illinois railroads, but engaged in teaching for a year, having among his pupils a number who have since been prominent in State affairs. Later, he obtained employment as an assistant engineer, serving for a time under William Qooding, Chief Engineer of the Illinois & Michigan Canal; was also Assistant Enrolling and Engrossing Clerk of the State Senate in 1840-41, and held the same position in the House in 1846-47, and again in 1848-49, in the meantime having located a farm in La Salle County, where the present city of Streator stands. In 18^ he was appointed Secretary of the Canal Trustees, and, in 1851, became assistant engineer on the Illinois Central Railroad, later superintending its construction, and finally being transferred to the land department, but retiring in 1855 to engage in real-estate business in Chicago, dealing largely in railroad lands. Mr. Galloway was elected a County Commissioner for Cook County, and has since been connected with many measures of local importance.

GALYA^ a town in Henry Coimty. 45 miles southeast of Rock Island and 48 miles northnorthwest of Peoria; the point of intersection of the Rock Island & Peoria and the Chicago, Burlington Sc Quincy Railways. It stands at the summit of the dividing ridge between the Mississippi and the Illinois Rivers, and is a manufacturing and coal-mining town. It has eight churches, three banks, good schools, and two weekly newspapers. The surrounding country is agricultural and wealthy, and is rich in coal. Pop. (1900), 2,682; (1910), 2,498.

GARDNER^ a village in Garfield Township, Grundy County, on the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 65 miles south-southwest of Chicago and 26 miles north-northeast of Pontiac; on the Kankakee and Seneca branch of the **Big Four,'* and the Elgin, JoHet & Eastern R. R. Coal-mining is the principal industry. Gardner has two banks, four churches, a high school, and a weekly paper. Pop. (1900), 1,036; (1910), 946.

GART^ Joseph Easton, lawyer and jurist, wal bom of Puritan ancestry, at Potsdam, St. Law rence County, N. Y., July 9, 1821. His early educational advantages were such as were furnished by district schools and a village academy, and, until he was 22 years old, he worked at the carpenter's bench. In 1848 he removed to St. Louis, Mo., where he studied law. After admission to the bar, he practiced for five years in Southwest Missouri, thence going to Las Vegas, N. M., in 1849, and to San Francisco, Cal, in 1858. In 1856 he settled in Chicago, where he has since resided. After seven years of active practice he was elected to the bench of the Superior Court of Cook County, where he sat for thirty years, being four times nominated by both political parties, and his last re-election - for a term of six years, occurring in 1898. He presided at the trial of the Chicago anarchists in 1886 - one of the causes celebres of Illinois. Some of his rulings therein were sharply criticised, but he was upheld by the courts of appellate jurisdiction, and his connection with the case has given him world-wide fame. In November, 1888, the Supreme Court of Illinois transferred him to the bench of the Appellate Court, of which he served three times as Chief Justice. Died Oct. 31, 1906.

GASSETTE^ Norman Theodore, real-estate operator, wasbomatTownsend.Vt., April 21, 1839, came to Chicago at ten years of age, and, after spending a year at Shurtleff College, took a preparatory collegiate course at the Atwater Institute, Rochester, N. T. In June, 1861, he enlisted as a private in the Nineteenth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, rising in the second year to the rank of First Lieutenant, and, at the battle of Chickamauga, by gallantry displayed while serving as an Aid-de-Camp, winning a recommendation for a brevet Lieutenant-Colonelcy. The war over, he served one term as Clerk of the Circiiit Court and Recorder, but later engaged in the realestate and loan business as the head of the extensive firm of Norman T. (Cassette & Co. He was ^

Republican in politics, active in Grand Army circles and prominent as a Mason, holding the position of Eminent Grand Commander of Knights Templar of Illinois on occasion of the Triennial Conclave in Washington in 1889. He also had charge, as President of the Masonic Fraternity Temple Association of Chicago, for some time prior to his decease, of the erection of the Masonic Temple of Chicago. Died, in Chicago, March 26, 1891. '

GATEWOOD^ WilUam Jefferson, early lawyer, was bom in Warren County, Ky., came to Franklin Coimty, IlL, in boyhood, removed to Shawneetown in 1823, where he taught school two or three years while studying law; was admitted to the bar in 1828, and served in five General Assemblies - «i8 Representative in 1880-32, and as Senator, 1834-42. He is described as a man of fine education and brilliant talents. Died, Jan. 8, 1842.

GAULT, John C*, railway manager, was bom at Hooksett, N. H., May 1, 1829; in 1850 entered the local freight office of the Manchester & Lawrence Railroad, later becoming General Freight Agent of the Vermont Central Coming to Chicago in 1859, he successively filled the positions of Superintendent of Transportation on the Galena & Chicago Union, and (after the consolidation of the latter with the Chicago & Northwestern), that of Division Superintendent, General Freight Agent and Assistant General Manager; Assistant General Manager of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul; Greneral Manager of the Wabash (1879-83) ; Arbitrator for the trunk lines (1883-85), and General Manager of the Cincinnati, New Orleans & Texas Pacific (1885-90), when he retired. Died, in Chicago, August 29, 1891.

GENERAL ASSEMBLIES. The following is a list of the General Assemblies which have met since the admission of Illinois as a State up to 1898~from the First to the Fortieth inclusive - with the more important acts passed by each and the duration of their respective sessions :

First General Assembly held two sessions, the first convening at Kaskaskia, the State Capital, Oct. 5, and adjourning Oct. 13, 1818. The second met, Jan. 4, 1819, continuing to March 31. Lieut-Gov. Pierre Menard presided over the Senate, consisting of thirteen members, while John Messinger was chosen Speaker of the House, containing twenty-seven members. The most important business transacted at the first session was the election of two United States Senators - Ninian Edwards and Jesse B. Thomas, Sr. - and the filling of minor State and judicial offices. At the second session a code of laws was enacted, copied chiefiy from the Virginia and Elentucky statutes, including the law concerning ''negroes and mulattoes," which long remained on the statute book. An act was also passed appointing Commissioners to select a site for a new State Capital, which resulted in its location at Vandalia. The sessions were held in a stone building with gambrel-roof pierced by dormer-windows, the Senate occupying the lower floor and the House the upper. The length of the first session was nine days, and of the second eighty-seven - total, ninety-six days.

Second General Assembly convened at Vandalia, Dec. 4, 1820. It consisted of fourteen Senators and twenty-nine Representatives. John McLean, of Gallatin County, was chosen Speaker of the House. A leading topic of discussion was the incorporation of a State Bank. Money was scarce and there was a strong popular demand for an increase of circulating medium. To appease this clamor, no less than to relieve traders and agriculturists, this General Assembly established a State Bank (see State Bank), despite the earnest protest of McLean and the executive veto. A stay-law was also enacted at this session for the benefit of the debtor class. The number of members of the next Legislature was fixed at eighteen Senators and thirty-six Representatives - ^this provision remaining in force until 1831. The session ended Feb. 15, having lasted seventyfour days.

1822. Lieutenant-Governor Hubbard presided in the Senate, while in the organization of the lower house, William M. Alexander was chosen Speaker. Governor Ck)les, in his inaugural, called attention to the existence of slavery in Illinois despite the Ordinance of 1787, and urged the adoption of repressive measures. Both branches of the Legislature being pro-slavery in sympathy, the (Governor's address provoked bitter and determined opposition. On Jan. 9,

1823, Jesse B. Thomas was re-elected United States Senator, defeating John Reynolds, Leonard White and Samuel D. Lockwood. After electing Mr. Thomas and choosing State officers, the General Assembly proceeded to discuss the majority and minority reports of the committee to which had been referred the Governor's address. The minority report recommended the abolition of slavery, while that of the majority favored the adoption of a resolution calling a convention to amend the Constitution, the avowed object being to make niinois a slave State. The latter report was adopted, but the pro-slavery party in the House lacked one vote of the number neoessary to carry the resolution by the constitutional two-thirds majority. What followed has always been regarded as a blot upon the record of the Third General Assembly. Nicholas Elansen, who had been awarded the seat from Pike County at the beg^inning of the session after a contest brought by his opponent, John Shaw, was unseated after the adoption of a resolution to reconsider the vote by which he had been several weeks before declared elected. Shaw having thus been seated, the resolution was carried by the necessary twenty-four votes. Mr. Hansen, although previously regarded as a pro-slavery man, had voted with the minority when the resolution was first put upon its passage. Hence followed his deprivation of his seat The triumph of the friends of the convention was celebrated by what Gov. John Beynolds (himself a conventionist) characterized as ''a wild and indecorous procession by torchlight and liquor." (See Slavery and Slave Laws.) The session adjourned Feb. 18, having continued seventy-nine days.

Fourth General Assembly. This body held two sessions, the first being convened, Nov. 15, 181^ by proclamation of the Executive, some three weeks before the date for the regular session, in order to correct a defect in the law relative to counting the returns for Presidential Electors. Thomas Mather was elected Speaker of the House, while Lieutenant-Governor Hubbard presided in the Senate. Having amended the law concerning the election returns for Presidential Electors, the Assembly proceeded to the election of two United States Senators - one to fill the unexpired term of ex-Senator Edwards (resigned) and the other for the full term beginning March 4, 1825. John McLean was chosen for the first and Elias Kent Kane for the second. TWe circuit judgeships were created, and it was provided that the bench of the Supreme Court should consist of four Judges, and that semiannual sessions of that tribunal should be held at the State capitaL (See Judicial Department) The regular session came to an end, Jan. 18, 1825, but at its own request, the Lieutenant-Governor and acting Governor Hubbard re-convened the body in special session on Jan. 2, 1826, to enact a new apportionment law under the census of 1825. A sine die adjournment was taken, Jan. 28, 1826. One of the important acts of the regular session of 1825 was the adoption of the first free-school law in Illinois, the measure having been introduced by Joseph Dimcan, afterwards (Governor of the State. This Legislature was in session a total of ninety-two days, of which sixty-five were during the first session and twenty-seven during the second.

Fifth General Assembly convened, Dec. 4, 1826, Kinney presiding in the Senate and John McLean in the House. At the request of the Grovemor an investigation into the management of the bank at Edwardsville was had, resulting, however, in the exoneration of its officers. The circuit judgeships created by the preceding Legislature were abrogated and their incumbents legislated out of office. The State was divided into four circuits, one Justice of the Supreme Court being assigned to each. (See Judicial Department.) This General Assembly also elected a State Treasurer to succeed Abner Field, James Hall being chosen on the ninth ballot. The Supreme Court Judges, as directed by the preceding Legislature, presented a well digested report on the revision of the laws, which was adopted without material alteration. One of the important measures enacted at this session was an act establishing a State penitentiary, the funds for its erection being obtained by the sale of saline lands in Gallatin County. (See Alton Penitentiary; also Salt Manufacture.) The session ended Feb. 10 - having continued seventy-eight days.

Sixth General Assembly convened, Dec. 1, 1828. The Jackson Democrats had a large majority in both houses. John McLean was, for the third time, elected Speaker of the House, and, later in the session, was elected United States Senator by a imanimous vote. A Secretary of State, Treasurer and Attorney-General were also appointed or elected. The most important legislation of the session was as follows : Authorizing the sale of school lands and the borrowing of the proceeds from the school fund for the ordinary governmental expenses; providing for a return to the viva voce method of voting; creating a fifth judicial circuit and appointing a Judge therefor; providing for the appointment of Commissioners to determine upon the route of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, to sell lands and commence its construction. The Assembly adjourned, Jan. 23, 1829, having been in session fifty-four days.

Seventh General Assembly met, Dec. 6, 1830. The newly-elected Lieutenant-Governor, Zadoc Casey, and William L. D. Ewing presided over the two houses, respectively. John Reynolds was Governor, and; the majority of the Senate being made up of his political adversaries.

exx)erieiiced no little difficulty in securing the confirmation of his nominees. Two United States Senators were elected: Elias K. Kane being chosen > to succeed himself and John M. Robinson to serve the unexpired term of John McLean, deceased. The United States census of 1880 gave Illinois three Bepresentativee in Congress instead of one, and this Greneral Assembly passed a re-apportionment law accordingly. The number of State Senators was increased to twenty-six, and of members of the lower house to fifty-five. The criminal code was amended by the substitution of imprisonment in the penitentiary aa a penalty in lieu of the stocks and public flogging. This Legislature also authorized the borrowing of $100,000 to redeem the notes of the State Bank which were to mature the following year. The Assembly adjourned, Feb. 16, 1881, the session having lasted seventy-three days.

Eighth Qbnbbal Assembly. The session began Deo. 8, 1882, and ended March 3, 1888. William L. D. Ewing was chosen President pro tempore of the Senate, and succeeded 2^oo Casey as Lieutenant-Oovemor, the latter having been elected a Representative in Congress. Alexander M. Jenkins presided over the House as Speaker. This Legislature enacted the first general incorporation laws of Illinois, their provisions being applicable to towns and public libraries. It also incorporated several railroad companies, - one line from Lake Michigan to the Illinois River (projected as a substitute for the canal), one from Peru to Cairo, and another to cross the State, running through Springfield. Other charters were granted for shorter lines, but the incorporators generally failed to organize under them. A notable inci dent in connection with this session was the attempt to impeach Theophilus W. Smith, a Justice of the Supreme Ck)urt. This was the first and last trial of this character in the State's history, between 1818 and 1899. Failing to secure a conviction in the Senate (where the vote stood twelve for conviction and ten for acquittal, with four Senators excused from voting), the House attempted to remove him by address, but in this the Senate refused to concur. The first mechanics' lien law was enacted by this Legislature, as also a law relating to the * 'right of way" for "public roads, canals, or other public works." The length of the session .was ninety days.

Ninth General Assembly. This Legislature held two sessions. The first began Dec. 1. 1834, and lasted to Feb. 18, 1885. Lieutenant-Governor Jenkins presided in the Senate and James Semple was elected Speaker of the House without opposition. On Dec. 20, John M. Robinson was reelected United States Senator Abraham Lincoln was among the new members, but took no conspicuous part in the discussions of the body. The principal public laws passed at this session were. Providing for the borrowing of $500,000 to be used in the construction of the Illinois & Michigan Canal and the appointment of a Board of Commissioners to supervise its expenditure; incorporating the Bank of the State of Illinois; and authorizing a loan of $12,000 by Cook County, at 10 per cent interest per annum from the county school fund, for the erection of a court house in that county. The second session of this Assembly convened, Dec. 7, 1835, adjourning, Jan. 18, 1886. A new canal act was passed, enlarging the Commissioners' powers and pledging the faith of the State for the repayment of money bor' rowed to aid in its construction. A new apportionment law was also passed providing for the election of forty-one Senators and ninety-one Representatives, and W. L. D. Ewing was elected United States Senator, to succeed Elias K. Kane^ deceased. The length of the first session was seventy-five days, and of the second forty-three days - total, 118.

Tenth General Assembly, like its predecessor, held two sessions. The first convened Dec. 5, 1886, and adjourned March 6, 1887. The Whigs controlled the Senate by a large majority, and elected William H. Davidson, of White County, President, to succeed Alexander M. Jenkins, who had resign^ed the Lieutenant-Governorship. (See Jenkins, Alexander M.) James Semple was re-elected Speaker of the House, which was fully two-thirds Democratic. This Legislature was remarkable for the number of its members who afterwards attained National prominence. Lincoln and Douglas sat in the lower house, both voting for the same candidate for Speaker - Newton Cloud, an independent Democrat. Besides these, the rolls of this Assembly included the names of a future Gk>vemor, six future United States Senators, eight Congressmen, three Illinois Supreme Court Judges, seven State officers, and a Cabinet officer. The two absorbing topics for legislative discussion and action were the system of internal improvements and the removal of the State capital. (See Internal Improvement Policy and State Capitals. ) The friends of Springfield finally effected such a combination that that city was selected as the seat of the State government, while the Internal Improvement Act was passed over the veto of Governor Dimcan. A second session of this Legislature met on the call of the

Governor, July 10, 1887, and adjourned July 22. An act legalizing the suspension of State banks was adopted, but the recommendation of the Govemor for the repeal of the internal improvement legislation was ignored. The length of the first session was ninety-two days and of the second thirteen - total 105.

Eleventh General Assembly. This body held both a regular and a special session. The former met Dec. 8, 1888, and adjourned March 4, 1889. The Whigs were in a majority in both houses, and controlled the organization of the Senate. In the House, however, their candidate for Speaker - Abraham Lincoln - failing to secure his full party vote, was defeated by W. L. D. Ewing. At this session 1800,000 more was appropriated for the '^improvement of water-ways and the construction of railroads, ' ' all efforts to put an end to, or even curtail, further expenditures on acoount of internal improvements meeting with defeat. An appropriation (the first) was made for a library for the Supreme Court; the Illinois Institution for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb was established, and the further issuance of bank notes of a smaller denomination than |5 was prohibited. By this time the State debt had increased to over $18,000,000, and both the people and the (Governor were becoming apprehensive as to ultimate results of this prodigal outlay. A crisis appeared imminent, and the Governor, on Dec. 9, 1889, convened the Legislature in special session to consider the situation. (This was the first session ever held at Springfield; and, the new State House not being completed, the Senate, the House and the Supreme Court found accommodation in three of the principal church edifices.) The struggle for a change of State policy at this session was long and hard fought, no heed being given to party lines. The outcome was the virtual abrogation of the entire internal improvement system. Provision was made for the calling in and destruction of all unsold bonds and the speedy adjustment of all unsettled accounts of the old Board of Public Works, which was legislated out of office. The special session adjourned Feb. 3, 1840. Length of regular session ninetytwo days, of the special, fifty -seven - total, 149.

Twelfth General Assembly. This Legislature was strongly Democratic in both branches. It first convened, by executive proclamation, Nov. 23, 1840, the object being to provide for payment of interest on the public debt. In reference to this matter the following enactments were made: Authorizing the hypothecation of $300,000 internal improvement bonds, to meet the interest due Jan. 1, 1841 ; directing the issue of bonds to be sold in the open market and the proceeds applied toward discharging all amoimts due on interest account for which no other provision was made; levying a special tax of ten cents on the $100 to meet the interest on the last mentioned class of bonds, as it matured. For the completion of the Northern Cross Railroad (from Springfield to Jacksonville) another appropriation of $100,000 was made. The called session adjourned, sine die, on Dec. 5, and the regular session began two days later. The Senate was presided over by the Lieutenant-Governor (Stinson H. Anderson), and William L. D. Ewing was chosen Speaker of the House. The most vital issue was the propriety of demanding the surrender of the charter of the State Bank, with its branches, and here party lines were drawn. The Whigs finally succeeded in averting the closing of the institutions which had suspended specie payments, and in securing for those institutions the privilege of issuing small bills. A law reorganizing the judiciary was passed by the majority over the executive veto, and in face of the defection of some of its members. On a partisan issue all the Circuit Judges were legislated out of office and five Justices added to the bench of the Supreme Court. The session was stormy, and the Assembly adjourned March 1, 1841. This Legislature was in session ninety-eight days - thirteen during the special session and eighty-five during the regular. Thirteenth General Assembly consisted of forty-one Senators and 121 Representatives; convened, Dec. 5, 1842. The Senate and House were Democratic by two-thirds majority in each. Lieut. -Gk)v. John Moore was presiding officer of the Senate and Samuel Hackelton Speaker of the House, with W. L. D. Ewing, who had been acting Governor and United States Senator, as Clerk of the latter. Richard Yates, Isaac N. Arnold, Stephen T. Logan and Gustavus Koemer, were among the new members. The existing situation seemed fraught with peril. The State debt was nearly $14,000,000; immigration had been checked ; the State and Shawneetown banks had gone down and their ciurency was not worth fifty cents on the dollar; Auditor*s warrants were worth no more, and Illinois State bonds were quoted at fourteen cents. On Dec. 18, Judge Sidney Breese was elected United States Senator, having defeated Stephen A. Douglas for the Democratic caucus nomination, on the nineteenth ballot, by a majority of one vote. The State Bank (in which the State had been a large shareholder) was permitted to go into liquidation upon the surrender of State bonds in exchange for a like amount of bank stock owned by the State. The same conditional release was granted to the bank at Shawneetown. The net result was a reduction of the State debt by about $8,000,000. The Governor was authorized to negotiate a loan of $1,600,000 on the credit of the State, for the purpose of prosecuting the work on the canal and meeting the indebtedness already incurred. The Executive was also made sole **Fund Commissioner*' and, in that capacity, was empowered (in connection with the Auditor) to sell the railroads, etc., belonging to the State at public auction. Provision was also made for the redemption of the bonds hypothecated with Macalister and Stebbins. (See Macalister and Stebbina Bonds,) The Congressional distribution of the moneys arising from the sale of public lands was acquiesced in, and the revenues and resources of the State were pledged to the redemption '*of every debt contracted by an authorized agent for a good and valuable consideration.'' To establish a sinking fund to meet such obligation, a tax of twenty cents on every $100, payable in coin, was levied. This Legislature also made a re-apportionment of the State into Seven Congressional Districts. The Legislature adjourned, March 6, 1848, after a session of ninety-two days.

Fourteenth General Assembly convened Dec. 2, 1844, and adjourned March 8, 1845, the session lasting ninety-two days. The Senate was composed of twenty-six Democrats and fifteen Whigs; the House of eighty Democrats and thirty-nine Whigs. David Davis was among the new members. William A. Richardson defeated Stephen T. Logan for the Speakership, and James Semple was eiected United States Senator to succeed Samuel McRoberts, deceased. The canal law was amended by the passage of a supplemental act, transferring the property to Trustees and empowering the Grovemor to complete the negotiations for the borrowing of $1,600,000 for its construction. The State revenue being insufficient to meet the ordinary expenses of the government, to say nothing of the arrears of interest on the State debt, a tax of three mills on each dollar's worth of property was imposed for 1845 and of three and one-half mills thereafter. Of the revenue thus raised in 1845, one mill was set apart to pay the interest on the State debt and one and one-half mills for the same purpose from the taxes collected in 1846 **and forever thereafter."

and the inaugural of Governor French were leading incidents. The Democrats had a two-thirds majority in each house. Lieut. -Gov. Joseph B. Wells presided in the Senate, and Newton Cloud was elected Speaker of the House, the complimentary vote of the Whigs being given to Stephen T. Logan. Stephen A. Douglas was elected United States Senator, the whigs voting for Cynis Edwards. State officers were elected as foUows: Auditor, Thomas H. Campbell; State Treasurer, Milton Carpenter - both by acclamation; and Horace S Cooley was nominated and confirmed Secretary of State. A new school law was enacted ; the sale of the Gallatin County salines was authorized ; the University of Chicago was incorporated, and the Hospital for the Insane at Jacksonville established; the sale of the Northem Cross Railroad was authorized; District Courts were established ; and provision was made for refimding the State debt. The Assembly adjourned, March 1, 1847, after a session of eighty-five days.

Sixteenth General Assembly. This was the first Legislature to convene under the Constitution of 1847. There were twenty-five members in the Senate and seventy-five in the House. The body , assembled on Jan. 1, 1849, continuing in session until Feb. 12 - the session being limited by the Constitution to six weeks. Zadoc Casey was chosen Speaker, defeating Richard Yates by a vote of forty-six to nineteen. After endorsing the policy of the administration in reference to the Mexican War and thanking the soldiers, the Assembly proceeded to the election of United States Senator to succeed Sidney Breese. The choice fell upon Gen. James Shields, the other caucus candidates being Breese and McClemand, while Gen. William F. Thornton led the forlorn hope for the Whigs. The principle of the Wilmot proviso was endorsed. The Governor convened the Legislature in special session on Oct. 22. A question as to the eligibility of Qen. Shields having arisen (growing out of his nativity and naturalization), and the legal obstacles having been removed by the lapse of time, he was re-elected Senator at the special session. Outside of the passage of a general law authorizing the incorporation of railroads, little general legislation was enacted. The special session adjourned Nov. 7. Length of regular session forty-three days; special, seventeen - total sixty.

Seventeenth General Assembly convened Jan. 6, 1851, adjourned Feb. 17 - length of session forty-three days. Sidney Breese (ex- Senator) was chosen Speaker. The session was characterized bj a vast amount of legislation, not all of which was well considered. By joint resolution of both houses the endorsement of the Wilmot proviso at the previous session was rescinded. The first homestead exemption act was passed, and a stringent liquor law adopted, the sale of liquor in quantities less than one quart being prohibited. Township organization was authorized and what was virtually free-banking was sanctioned. The latter law was ratified by popular vote in November, 1851. An act incorporating the Illinois Central Railroad was also passed at this session, the measure being drafted by James L. D. Morrison. A special session of this Assembly was held in 1852 under a call by the Governor, lasting from June 7 to the 28d - seventeen days. The most important general legislation of the special session was the reapportionment of the State into nine Congressional Districts. This Legislature was in session a total of sixty days.

Eighteenth General Assembly. The first (or regular) session convened Jan. 3, 1853, and adjourned Feb. 14. The Senate was composed of twenty Democrats and five AVhigs; the House, of fifty-nine Democrats, sixteen Whigs and one * *Free-Soiler. * * Lieutenan t-Govemor Koemer presided in the upper, and ex-Gov. John Reynolds in the lower house. Gt>vemor Matteson was inaugurated on the 16th ; Stephen A. Douglas was re-elected United States Senator, Jan. 5, the Whigs casting a complimentary vote for Joseph Gillespie. More than 450 laws were enacted, the majority being "private acts.*' The prohibitory temperance l^islation of the preceding General Assembly was repealed and the license system re-enacted. This body also passed the famous "black laws'' designed to prevent the immigration of free negroes into the State. The sum of $18,000 was appropriated for the erection and furnishing of an executive mansion; the State Agricultural Society was incorporated; the remainder of the State lands was ordered sold, and any surplus funds in the treasury appropriated toward reducing the State debt. A special session was convened on Feb. 9, 1854, and adjourned March 4. The most important measures adopted were: a leg^lative re-apportionment, an act providing for the election of a Superintendent of Public Instruction, and a charter for the Mississippi & Atlantic Railroad. The regular session lasted forty-three days, the special twenty-four - total, sixty-seven.

forty-six days. Thomas J. Turner was elected Speaker of the House. The political complexion of the Legislature was much mixed, among the members being old-line Whigs, Abolitionists, Free-Soilers, Know-Nothings, Pro-slavery Democrats and Anti-Nebraska Democrats. The Nebraska question was the leading issue, and in reference thereto the Senate stood fourteen Nebraska members and eleven anti-Nebraska ; the House, thirty-four straight-out Democrats, while the entire strength of the opposition was fortyone. A United States Senator was to be chosen to succeed Gen. James Shields, and the friends of free-soil had a clear majority of four on joint ballot. Abraham Lincoln was the caucus nominee of the Whigs, and General Shields of the Democrats. The two houses met in joint session Feb. 8. The result of the first ballot was, Lincoln, fortyfive; Shields, forty-one; scattering, thirteen; present, but not voting, one. Mr. Lincoln's strength steadily waned, then rallied slightly on the sixth and seventh ballots, but again declined. Shields' forty-one votes rising on the fifth ballot to forty-two, but having dropped on the next ballot to forty-one, his name was withdrawn and that of Gov. Joel A. Matteson substituted. Matteson gained until he received forty -seven votes, which was the limit of his strength. On the ninth ballot, Loncoln's vote having dropped to fifteen, hfis name was withdrawn at his own request, his support going, on the next ballot, to Lyman Trumbull, an anti-Nebraska Democrat, who received fifty-one votes to forty-seven for Matteson and one for Archibald Williams - one member not voting. Trumbull, having received a majority, was elected. Five members had voted for him from the start. These were Senators John M. Palmer, Norman B. Judd and Burton C. Cook, and Representatives Henry S. Baker and (George T. Allen. It had been hoped that they would, in time, come to the support of Mr. Lincoln, but they explained that they had been instructed by their constituents to vote only for an anti-Nebraska Democrat. They were all subsequently prominent leaders in the Republican party. Having inaugurated its work by accomplishing a political revolution, this Legislature proceeded to adopt several measures more or less radical in their tendency. One of these was the Maine liquor law, with the condition that it be submitted to popular vote. It failed of ratification by vote of the people at an election held in the following June. A new common school law was enacted, and railroads were required to fence their tracks. The Assembly also adopted a reso-

Twentieth General Assembly convened Jan. 5, 1857, and adjourned, sine die, Feb. 19. A Republican State administration, with Governor Bissell at its head, had just been elected, but the Legislature was Democratic in both branches. Lieut -Gtov. John Wood presided over the Senate, and Samuel Holmes, of Adams County, defeated Isaac N. Arnold, of Cook, for the Speakership of the House. Among the prominent members were Norman B. Judd, of Cook; A. J. Kuykendall, of Johnson; Shelby M. Cullom, of Sangamon; John A. Logan, of Jackson; Williapi R. Morrison, of Monroe; Isaac N. Arnold, of Cook; Joseph Gillespie, of Madison, and S. W. Moulton, of Shelby. Among the important measures enacted by this General Assembly were the following: Acts establishing and maintaining free schools; establishing a Normal University at Normal ; amending the banking law ; providing for the general incorporation of railroads; providing for the building of a new penitentiary ; and funding the accrued arrears of interest on the public debt. Length of session, forty-six days.

Twenty-first General Assembly convened Jan. 8, 1859, and was in session for fifty-three days, adjourning Feb. 24. The Senate consisted of twenty-five, and the House of seventy-five members. The presiding officers were: - of the Senate, Lieut. -Gov. Wood; of the House, W. R. Morrison, of Monroe County, who defeated his Republican opponent, Vital Jarrot, of St. Clair, on a viva voce vote. The Governor's message showed a reduction of $1,166,877 in the State debt during two years preceding, leaving a balance of principal and arrears of interest amounting to $11,188,464. On Jan. 6, 1859, the Assembly, in joint session, elected Stephen A. Douglas to succeed himself as United States Senator, by a vote of fifty-four to forty-six for Abraham Lincoln. The Legislature was thrown into great disorder in consequence of an attempt to prevent the receipt from the Gk)vemor of a veto of a legislative apportionment bill which had been passed by the Democratic majority in the face of bitter opposition on the part of the Republicans, who denounced it as partisan and unjust.

Twenty-second General Assembly convened in regular session on Jan. 7, 1861, consisting of twenty-five Senators and seventy-five Representatives. For the first time in the State's history, the Democrats failed to control the organization of either house. Lieut. -Gov. Francis A. Hoffman presided over the Senate, and S. M. Cullom, of

Sangamon, was chosen Speaker of the House, the Democratic candidate being James W. Singleton. Thomas A. Marshall, of Coles County, was elected President pro tem. of the Senate over A. J. Kuykendall, of Johnson. The message of the retiring Governor (John Wood) reported a reduction of the State debt, during four years of Republican administration, of $2,860,402, and showed the number of banks to be 110, whose aggregate circulation was $12,820,964. Lyman Trumbull was re-elected United States Senator on January 10, receiving fifty-four votes, to forty-six cast for Samuel S. Marshall. Governor Yates was inaugurated, Jan. 14. The most important legislation of this session related to the following subjects: the separate property rights of married women ; the encouragement of mining and the support of public schools; the payment of certain evidences of State indebtedness; protection of the purity of the ballot-box, and a resolution submitting to the people the question of the calling of a Convention to amend the Constitution. Joint resolutions were passed relative to the death of Governor Bissell; to the appointment of Commissioners to attend a Peace Conference in Washington, and referring to federal relations. The latter deprecated amendments to the United States Constitution, but expressed a willingness to unite with any States which might consider themselves aggrieved, in petitioning Congress to call a convention for the consideration of such amendments, at the same time pledging the entire resources of Illinois to the National Government for the preservation of the Union and the enforcement of the laws. The regular session ended Feb. 22, having lasted forty-seven days. - Inunediately following President Lincoln's first call for volunteers to suppress the rebellion. Governor Ta'tes reconvened the General Assembly in special session to consider and adopt methods to aid anXi support the Federal authority in preserving the Union and protecting the rights and property of the people. The two houses assembled on April 23. On April 25 Senator Douglas addressed the members on the issues of the day, in response to an invitation conveyed in a joint resolution. The special session closed May 8, 1861, and not a few of the legislatoie promptly volunteered in the Union army. Length of the regular session, forty-seven days; of the special, eleven - total fifty-eight.

Twenty-third General Assembly was composed of twenty-five Senators and eighty-eight Representatives. It convened Jan. 5, 1863, and was Democratic in both branches. The presiding officer of the Senate was Lieutenant-Governor

Hoffman; Samuel A. Buckmaster was elected Speaker of the House by a vote of fifty-three to twenty-five. On Jan. 12, William A. Richardson was elected United States Senator to succeed S. A. Douglas, deceased, the Republican nominee being Grovernor Yates, who received thirty-eight votes out of a total of 103 cast. Much of the time of the session was devoted to angry discussion of the policy of the National Government in the prosecution of the war. The views of the opposing parties were expressed in majority and minority reports from the Committee on Federal Relations^- the former condemning and the latter upholding the Federal administration. The majority report was adopted in the House on Feb. 12, by a vote of fifty-two to twenty-eight, and the resolutions which it embodied were at once sent to the Senate for concurrence. Before they could be acted upon in that body a Democratic Senator - J. M. Rodgers, of Clinton County - died. This left the Senate politically tied, a Republican presiding officer having the deciding vote. Consequently no action was taken at the time, and, on Feb. 14, the Legislature adjourned till June 2. Immediately upon re-assembling, joint resolutions relating to a sine die adjournment were introduced in both houses. A disagreement regarding the date of such adjournment ensued, when Governor Yates, exercising the power conferred upon him by the Constitution in soch cases, sent in a message (June 10, 1868) proroguing the Oeneral Assembly until ''the Saturday next preceding the first Monday in January, 1865. " The members of the Republican minority at once left the hall. The members of the majority convened and adjourned from day to day until June 24, when, having adopted an address to the people setting forth their grievance and denouncing the State executive, they took a recess until the Tuesday after the first Monday of January, 1864. The action of the Grovemor, having been submitted to the Supreme Court, was sustained, and no further session of this (General Assembly was held. Owing to the prominence of political issues, no important legislation was effected at this session, even the ordinary appropriations for the State institutions failing. This caused much embarrassment to the State Oovemment in meeting current expenses, but banks and capitalists came to its aid, and no important interest was permitted to suffer. The total length of the session was fifty days - forty -one days before the recess and nine days after.

days. It consisted of twenty-five Senators and eighty -five Representatives. The Republicans had a majority in both houses. Lieutenant-Governor Bross presided over the Senate, and Allen C. Fuller, of Boone County, was chosen Speaker of the House, over Ambrose M. Miller, Democrat, the vote standing i8 to 23. Governor Yates, in his valedictory message, reported that, notwithstanding the heavy expenditure attendant upon the enlistment and maintenance of troops, etc., the State debt had been reduced $087,786 in four years. On Jan. 4, 1865, Governor Yates was elected to the United States Senate, receiving sixty-four votes to forty three cast for James C. Robinson. Grovemor Oglesby was inaugurated Jan. 16. The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified by this Legislature, and sundry special appropriations made. Among the latter was one of |3,000 toward the State's proportion for the establishment of a National Cemetery at Gettysburg; $25,000 for the purchase of the land on which is the tomb of the deceased Senator Douglas; besides sums for establishing a home for Soldiers* Orphans and an experimental school for the training of idiots and feeble-minded children. The first act for the registry of legal voters was passed at this session.

Twenty-fifth General Assembly. This body held one regular and two special sessions. It first convened and organized on Jan. 7, 1867. Lieutenant-Governor Bross presided over the upper, and Franklin Corwin, of La Salle County, over the lower house. The Governor (Oglesby), in his message, reported a reduction of $2,607,958 in the State debt during the two years preceding, and recommended various appropriations for public purpo&es. He also urged the calling of a Coiivention to amend the Constitution. On Jan. 15, Lyman Trumbull was chosen United States Senator, the complimentary Democratic vote being given to T. Lyle Dickey, who received thirtythree votes out of 109. The regular session lasted fifty -three days, adjourning Feb. 28. The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified and important legislation enacted relative to State taxation and the regulation of public warehouses; a State Board of Equalization of Assessments was established, and the office of Attorney-General created. (Under this law Robert G. Ingersoll was the first appointee.) Provision was made for the erection of a new State House, to establish a Reform School for Juvenile Offenders, and for the support of other State institutions. The first special session oon^ vened on June 11, 1867, having been summoned to consider questions relating to internal revenue. The lessee of the penitentiary having surrendered his lease without notice, the Gk>vemor found it necessary to make immediate provision for the management of that institution. Not having included this matter in his original call» no necessity then existing, he at once summoned a second special session, before the adjournment of the first. This convened on June 14, remained in session until June 28, and adopted what is substantially the present penitentiary law of the State. This General Assembly was in session seventy-one days - ^fifty-three at the regular, three at the first special session and fifteen at the second.

Twenty-sixth General Assembly convened Jan. 4, 1869. The Republicans had a majority in each house. The uQwly elected Lieutenant-Governor, John Dougherty, presided in the Senate, and Franklin Corwin. of Peru, was again chosen Speaker of the House. Gtovemor Oglesby submitted his final message at the opening of the session, showing a total reduction in the State debt during his term of $4,743,821. Goverhor John M. Palmer was inaugurated Jan. 11. The most important acts passed by this Legislature were the following: Calling the Constitutional Convention of 1869; ratifying the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution ; granting well behaved convicts a reduction in their terms of imprisonment ; for the prevention of cruelty to animals; providing for the regulation of freights and fares on railroads; establishing the Southern Normal University; providing for the erection of the Northern Insane Hospital; and establishing a Board of Commissioners of Public Charities. The celebrated **LakB Front Bill," especially affecting the interests of the city of Chicago, occupied a great deal of time during this session, and though finally passed over the Governor's veto, was repealed in 1878. This session was interrupted by a recess which extended from March 12 to April 18. The Legislature re-assembled April 14, and adjourned, sine die, April 20, having been in actual session seventy-four days.

Twenty-seventh General Assembly had four sessions, one regular, two special and one adjourned. The first convened Jan. 4, 1871, and adjourned on April 17, having lasted 104 days, when a recess was taken to Nov. 15 following. The body was made up of fifty Senators and 177 Representatives. The Republicans again controlled both houses, electing William M. Smith,

Speaker (over William R. Morrison, Democrat), while Lieutenant-Governor Dougherty presided in the Senate. The latter occupied the Hall of Representatives in the old State Capitol, while the House held its sessions in a new church edifice erected by the Second Presbyterian Church. John A. Logan was elected United States Senator, defeating Thomas J. Turner (Democrat) by a vote, on joint ballot, of 181 to 89. This was the first Illinois Legislature to meet after the adoption of the Constitution of 1870, and its time was mainly devoted to framing, discussing and passing laws required by the changes in the organic law of the State. The first special session opened on May 24 and closed on June 22, 1871, continuing thirty days. It was convened by Governor Palmer to make additional appropriations for the necessary expenses of the State Grovemment and for the continuance of work on the new State House. The purpose of the Governor in summoning the seoond special session was to provide financial relief for the city of Chicago after the great fire of Oct. 9-11, 1871. Members were summoned by special telegrams and were in their seats Oct. 13, continuing in session to Oct. 24 - twelve days. (Jovemor Palmer had already suggested a plan by which the State might aid the stricken city without doing violence to either the spirit or letter of the new Constitution, which expressly prohibited special legislation. Chicago had advanced $2,500,000 toward the completion of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, under the pledge of the State that this outlay should be made good. The Legislature voted an appropriation sufiScient to pay both principal and interest of this loan, amounting, in round numbers, to about 13,000,000. The adjourned session opened on Nov. 15, 1871, and came to an end on April 9, 1872 - having continued 147 days. It was entirely devoted to considering and adopting legislation germane to the new Constitution. The total length of all sessions of this General Assembly was 293 days.

Twenty-eighth General Assembly convened Jan. 8, 1878. It was composed of fifty-one Senators and 153 Representatives; the upper house standing thirty-three Republicans to eighteen Democrats, and the lower, eighty -six Republicans to sixty-seven Democrats. The Senate chose John Early, of Winnebago, President pro tempore, and Shelby M. CuUom was elected Speaker of the House. Governor Oglesby was inaugurated Jan. 13, but, eight days later, was elected to the United States Senate, being succeeded in the Governorship by Lieut. -Gov. John L. Beveridge. An

-ppfopriation of $1,000,000 was made for carrying on the work on the new capitol and various other acts of a public character passed, the most important being an amendment of the raihx)ad law of the previous session. On May 6, the Legislature adjourned until Jan. 8, 1874 The purpose of the recess was to enable a Conmiission on the Revision of the Laws to complete a report. The work was duly completed and nearly all the titles reported by the Commissioners were adopted at the adjourned session. An adjournment, sine die, was taken March 81, 1874^-the two sessions having lasted, respectively, 119 and 88- daystotal 202.

Twenty-ninth General Assembly convened Jan 6, 1875. While the Republicans had a plurality in both houses, they were defeated in an effort to secure their organization through a fusion of Democrats and Independents. A. A. Glenn (Democrat) was elected President pro tempore of the Senate (becoming acting Lieutenant- Governor), and Elijah M. Haines was chosen presiding officer of the lower house. The leaders on both sides of the Chamber were aggressive, and the session, as a whole, was one of the most turbulent and disorderly in the history of the State. Little legislation of vital importance (outside of regular appropriation bills) was enacted. This Legislature adjourned, April 15, having been in session 100 days.

Thirtieth General Assembly convened Jan. 3; 1877, and adjourned, sine die« on May 24. The Democrats and Independents in the Senate united in securing control of that body, although the House was Republican. Fawcett Plumb, of La Salle Ck>unty, was chosen President pro tempore of the upper, and James Shaw Speaker of the lower, house. The inauguration of State officers took place Jan. 8, Shelby M. Cullom becoming Governor and Andrew Shuman, Lieutenant-Governor. This was one of the most exciting years in American political history Both of the dominant parties claimed to have elected the President, and the respective votes in the Electoral College were so close as to excite grave apprehension in many minda It was also the year for the choice of a Senator by the Illinois Legislature, and the attention of the entire country was directed toward this State. Gen. John M. Palmer was the nominee of the Democratic caucus and John A. Logan of the Republicans. On the twentyfourth ballot the name of General Logan was withdrawn, most of the Republican vote going to Charles B. Lawrence, and the Democrats going over to David Davis, who^ although an original

Republican and friend of Lincoln, and Justice of the Supreme (Dourt by appointment of Mr. Lincoln, had become an Independent Democrat. On the fortieth ballot (taken Jan. 25), Judga Davis received 101 votes, to 94 for Judge Lawrenx (Republican) and five scattering, thus securing Davis* election. Not many acts of vital importance were passed by this Legislature. Appellate Courts were established and new judicial districts created; the original jurisdiction of county courts was enlarged; better safeg^uards were thrown about miners; measures looking at once to the supervision and protection of railroads were passed, as well as various laws relating chiefly to the police administration of the State and of municipalities. The length of the session was 142 days.

Thikty-pirst General Assembly convened Jan. 8, 1879, with a Republican majority in each house. Andrew Shuman, the newly elected Lieutenant-Gk>vernor, presided in the Senate, and William A. James of Lake County was chosen Speaker of the House. John M. Hamilton of McLean County (afterwards Governor), was chosen President pro tempore of the Senate. John A. Logan was elected United States Senator on Jan. 21, the complimentary Democratic vote being given to Gen. John C. Black. Various laws of public importance were enacted by this Legislature, among them being one creating the Bureau of Labor Statistics; the first oleomargarine law; a drainage and levee act; a law for the reorganization of the militia; an act for the regulation of pawnbrokers; a law limiting the pardoning power, and various laws looking toward the supervision and control of railways. The session lasted 144 days, and the Assembly adjourned, sine die. May 31, 1879.

Thirty SECOND General Assembly convened Jan. 5, 1881, the Republicans having a majority in both branches. Lieutenant-Governor Hamilton presided in the Senate, William J. Campbell of Cook County being elected President pro tempore. Horace H. Thomas, also of Cook, was chosen Speaker of the House. Besides the routine legislation, the most important measures enacted by this Assembly were laws to prevent the spread of pleuro-pneumonia among cattle; regulating the sale of firearms; providing more stringent penalties for the adulteration of food, drink or medicine; regulating the practice of pharmacy and dentistry : amending the revenue and school laws ; and requiring annual statements from official custodians of public moneys. The Legislature adjourned May SO, after having been in session 146 days, but was called together again in special session by the Qovemor on March 28, 1882, to pass new Legislative and Congressional Apportionment Laws, and for the consideration of other subjects. The special session lasted forty-four days, adjourning May 5 - both sessions occupying a total of 190 days.

Thibty-third General Assembly convened Jan. 2, 1888, with the Republicans again in the majority in both houses. William J. Campbell was re-elected President pro tempore of the Senate, but not until the sixty-first ballot, six Republicans refusing to be bound by the nomination of a caucus held prior to their arrival at Springfield. Loren C. Collins, also of Cook, was elected Speaker of the House. The complimentary Democratic vote was given to Thomas M. Shaw in the Senate, and to Austin O. Sexton in the House. Gk>vemor Cullom, the Republican caucus nominee, was elected United States Senator, Jan. 16, receiving a majority in each branch of the (General Assembly. The celebrated ' 'Harper High-License Bill," and the first * 'Compulsory School Law" were passed at this session, the other acts being of ordinary character. The Legislature adjourned June 18, having been in session 168 days.

Thirty-pourth General Assembly convened Jan. 7, 1885. The Senate was Republican by a majority of one, there being twenty-six members of that party, twenty-four Democrats and one greenback Democrat. William J. Campbell, of Cook County, was for the third time chosen President pro tempore. The House stood seventysix Republicans and seventy-six Democrats, with one member - Elijah M. Haines of Lake County - calling himself an * 'Independent." The contest for the Speakership continued until Jan. 29, when, neither party being able to elect its nominee, the Democrats took up Haines as a candidate and placed him in the chair, with Haines' assistance, filling the minor offices with their own men. After the inauguration of Grovemor Oglesby, Jan. 80, the first business was the election of a United States Senator. The balloting proceeded until May 18, when John A. Logan received 108 votes to ninety-six for Lambert Tree and five scattering. Three members - one Republican and two Democrats - had died since the opening of the session : and it was through the election of a Republican in place of one of the deceased Democrats, that the Republicans succeeded in electing their candidate. The session was a stormy one throughout, the Speaker being, much of the time, at odds with the Hoiise, and an unsuccessful effort was made to depose him. Charges of bribery against certain members were preferred and investigated, but no definite result was reached. Among the important measures passed by this Legislature were the following : A joint resolution providing for submission of an amendment to the Constitution prohibiting contract labor in penal institutions; providing by resolution for the appointment of a non-partisan Commission of twelve to draft a new revenue code; the Crawford primary election law; an act amending the code of criminal procedure; establishing a Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, subsequently located at Quincy ; creating a Live-Stock Commission and appropriating 1531,712 for the completion of the State House. The Assembly adjourned, sine die, June 26, 1885, after a session of 171 days.

Thirty-fipth General Assembly convened Jan. 5, 1887. The Republicans hiEui a majority of twelve in the Senate and three in the House. For President pro tempore of the Senate, August W. Berggren was chosen; for Speaker of the House, Dr. William F. Calhoun, of De Witt County. The death of General Logan, which had occurred Dec. 26, 1886, was officially announced by Governor Oglesby^ and, on Jan. 18, Charles B. Farwell was elected to succeed him as United States Senator. William R. Morrison and Benjamin W. GkK>dhue were the candidates of the Democratic and Labor parties, respectively. Some of the most important laws passed by this General Assembly were the following: Amending the law relating to the spread of contagious diseases among cattle, etc.; the Chase bill to prohibit book-making and pool-selling; regulating trust companies; making the Trustees of the University of Illinois elective; inhibiting aliens from holding real estate, and forbidding the marriage of first cousins. An act virtually creating a new State banking system was also passed, subject to ratification by popular vote. Other acts, having more partictilar reference to Chicago and Cook County, were: a law making cities and counties responsible for three-fourths of the damage resulting from mobs and riots ; the Merritt conspiracy law; the Gibbs Jury Commission law, and an act for the suppression of bucket-shop gambling. The session ended June 15, 1887, having continued 162 days.

Thirty-sixth General Assembly convened Jan. 7, 1889, in its first (or regular) session, the Republicans being largely in the majority. The Senate elected Theodore S. Chapman of Jersey County, President pro tempore, and the House

Asa C Matthews of Pike County, Speaker. Mr. Matthews was appointed First Comptroller of the Treasury by President Harrison, on May 9 (see Matthews, Asa C. ), and resigned the Speakership on the following day. He was succeeded by James H. Miller of Stark County. Shelby M. CuUom was re-elected to the United States Senate on January 22, the Democrats again voting for John M. Palmer. The "Sanitary Drainage District Law," designed for the benefit of the city of Chicago, was enacted at this session ; an asylum for insane .criminals was established at Chester; the annexation of cities, towns, villages, etc.. under certain conditions, was authorized; more stringent legislation was enacted relative to the circulation of obscene literature ; a new compulsory education law was passed, and the employment on public works of aliens who had not declared their intention of becoming citizens was prohibited. This session ended. May 28. A special session was convened by Oovemor Fifer on July 24, 1890, to frame and adopt legislation rendered necessary by the Act of Congress locating the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago. Mr. Miller having died in the interim, William G. Cochran, of Moultrie County, was chosen Speaker of the House. The special session concluded Aug. 1, 1890, having enacted the following measures; An Act granting the use of all State lands, (submerged or other) in or adjacent to Chicago, to the World's Columbian Exposition for a period to extend one year after the closing of the Elxposition; authorizing the Chicago Boards of Park Commissioners to grant the use of the public parks, or any part thereof, to promote the objects of such Exposition ; a joint resolution providing for the submission to the people of a Constitutional Amendment granting to the city of Chicago the power (provided a majority of the qualified voters desired it) to issue bonds to an amount not exceeding $5,000,000, the same to bear interest and the proceeds of their sale to be turned over to the Exposition Managers to be devoted to the use and for the benefit of the Exposition. (See also W<yrlds Columbian Exposition.) The total length of the two sessions was 150 days.

Thirty-seventh General. Assembly convened Jan. 7. 1891, and adjourned June 12 following. Lieut. Ray presided in the Senate, Milton W. Matthews (Republican), of Urbana, being elected President pro tem. The Democrats had control in the House and elected Clayton E. Crafts, of CJook County, Speaker. The most exciting feature of the session was the election of a United States Senator to succeed diaries B.

FarwelL Neither of the two leading parties had a majority on joint ballot, the balance of power being held by three ** Independent" members of the House, who had been elected as representatives of the Farmers* Mutual Benevolent Alliance. Richard J. Oglesby was the caucus nominee of the Republicans and John M. Palmer of the Democrats. For a time the Independents stood as a unit for A. J. Streeter, but later twaof the three voted for ex-Governor Palmer, finally, on March 11, securing his election on the 154th ballot in joint session. Meanwhile, the Republicans had cast tentative ballots for Alson J. Streeter and Cicero J. Lindley, in hope of drawing the Independents to their support, but without effective result. The final ballot stood - Palmer, 103; Lindley, 101, Streeter 1. Of 1,296 bills introduced in both Houses at this session, only 151 became laws, the most important being: The Australian ballot law, and acts regulating building and loan associations ; prohibiting the employment of children under thirteen at manual labor; fixing the legal rate of interest at seven per cent; prohibiting the "truck system'* of paying employ^, and granting the right of suffrage to women in the election of school officers. An amendment of the State Constitution permitting the submission of two Constitutional Amendments to the people at the same time, w^ submitted by this Legislature and ratified at the election of 1892. The session covered a period of 157 days.

Thirty-eighth General Assembly. This body convened Jan. 4, 1893. The Democrats were in the ascendency in both houses, having a majority of seven in the Senate and of three in the lower house. Joseph R Gill, the Lieutenant- Governor, was ex-officio President of the Senate, and John W. Coppinger, of Alton, was chosen President pro tem. Clayton E. Crafts of Cook County was again chosen Speaker of the House. The inauguration of the new State officers took place on the afternoon of Tuesday, Jan. 10. This Legislature was in session 164 days, adjourning June 16, 1893. Not very much legislation of a general character was enacted. New Congressional and Legislative apportionments were passed, the former dividing the State into twentytwo districts; an Insurance Department was created; a naval militia was established; the scope of the juvenile reformatory was enlarged and the compulsory education law was amended.

closed June 14» following. The political complexion of the Senate was - Republicans, thirtythree; Democrats, eighteen; of the House, ninety-two Republicans and sixty-one Democrats. John Meyer, of Cook County, was elected Speaker of the House, and Charles Bogardus of Piatt County, President pro tern, of the Senate. Acts were passed making appropriations for improvement of the State Fair Grounds at Springfield; authorizing the establishment of a Western Hospital for the Insane ($100,000); appropriating $100,000 for a Western Hospital for the Insane; $65,000 for an Asylum for Incurable Insane ; $50,- 000, each, for two additional Normal Schools - one in Northern and the other in Eastern Illinois; $25,000 for a Soldiers* Widows' Home - all being new institutions - ^besides $15,000 for a State exhibition at the Atlanta Exposition; $65,000 to mark, by monuments, the position of Illinois troops on the battlefields of Chickamauga, Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge. Other acts passed fixed the salaries of members of the General Assembly at $1,000 each for each regular session; accepted the custody of the Lincoln monument at Springfield, authorized provision for the retirement and pensioning of teachers in public schools, and authorized the adoption of civil service rules for cities. The special session convened, pursuant to a call by the Governor, on June 25, 1895, took a recess, June 28 to July 9, re-assembled on the latter date, and adjourned, sine die, August 2. Outside of routine legislation, no laws were passed except one providing additional necessary revenue for State purposes and one creating a State Board of Arbitration. The regular session continued 157 days and the special twenty-nine - ^total 186.

Fortieth General Assembly met in regular session at Springfield, Jan. 6, 1897, and adjourned, sine die, June 4. The Republicans had a majority in both branches, the House standing eightyeight Republicans to sixty -three Democrats and two Populists, and the Senate, thirty-nine Republicans to eleven Democrats and one Populist, giving the Republicans a majority on joint ballot of fifty votes. Both houses were promptly organized by the election of Republican officers, Edward C. Curtis of Kankakee County being chosen Speaker of the House, and Hendrick V. Fisher, of Henry County, President pro tem. of the Senate. Governor Tanner and the other Republican State officers were formally inaugurated on Jan. 11, and, on Jan. 20, William E. Mason (Republican) was chosen United States Senator to succeed John M. Palmer, receiving in joint session 125 votes to seventy-seven for John P. Altgeld (Democrat). Among the principal laws enacted at this session were the following: An act concerning aliens and to regulate the right to hold real estate, and prescribing the terms and conditions for the conveyance of the same; empowering the Commissioners who were appointed at the previous session to ascertain and mark the positions occupied by Illinois Volunteers in the battles of Chickamauga, Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge, to expend the remaining appropriations in their hands for the erection of monuments on the battle-grounds; authorizing the appointment of a similar Commission to ascertain and mark the positions held by Illinois troops in the battle of Shiloh; to reimburse the University of Illinois for the loss of funds resulting from the Spaulding defalcation and affirming the liability of the State for "the endowment fund of the University, amounting to 9456,712.91. and for so much in addition as may be received in future from the sale of lands*'; authorizing the adoption of the "Torrens land-title sjrstem" in the conveyance and registration of land titles by vote of the people in any county; the consolidation of the three Supreme Court Districts of the State into one and locating the Court at Springfield; creating a State Board of Pardons, and prescribing the manner of applying for pardons and commutations. An act of this session, which produced much agitation and led to a great deal of discussion in the press and elsewhere, was the street railroad law empowering the City Council, or other corporate authority of any city, to grant franchises to street railway companies extending to fifty years. This act was repealed by the General Assembly of 1899 before any street railway corporation had secured a franchise under it A special session was called by Governor Tanner to meet Dec. 7, 1897, the proclamation naming five topics for legislative action. The session continued to Feb. 24, 1898, only two of the measures named by the Governor in his call being affirmatively acted upon. These included: (1) an elaborate act prescribing the manner of conducting primary elections of delegates to nominating conventions, and (2) a new revenue law regulating the manner of assessing and collecting taxes. One provision of the latter law limits the valuation of property for assessment purposes to one-fifth its cash value. The length of the regular session was 150 days, and that of the special session eighty days - total, 230 days.

oago, Rock Island & Paoifio Railway, 28 miles east of Rock Island and 76 miles west of Ottawa. It is in the heart of a grain-growing region, and has two large grain elevators. Manufacturing is also carried on to a considerable extent here, furniture, wagons and farming implements constituting the chief output. Geneseo has eleven churches, a graded and a high school, a collegiate institute, two banks, and two weekly newspapers. Population (1890), 3,182; (1900), 3,356; (1910), 3,199.

GENETAy a city and railway junction on Fox River, aud the county-seat of Kane Ck>unty; 85 miles west of Chicago. It has a fine courthouse, completed in 1892 at a cost of $250,000, and numerous handsome churches and school buildings. A State Reformatory for juvenile female offenders has been located here. There is an excellent water-power, operating six manufactories, including extensive glucose works. The town has a bank, creamery, water-works, gas and electric light plant, and two semi-weekly newspapers. The surroimdiDg country is devoted to agriculture and dairy farming. Population (1890), 1,692; (1900), 2,446; (1910), 2,451.

GENOA, a \nllage of De Kalb Coimty, on Omaha Division of the Chi., Mil. & St. Paul, the 111. Cent, and, Chi. & N. W. Raih-oads, 59 miles west of Chicago. Dairying is a leading industry; has two banks, shoe and telephone factories, and one weekly paper. Pop. (1900), 1,140; (1910), 1,257.

GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS. The geological structure of Illinois embraces a representation, more or less complete, of the whole paleonic aeries of formations, from the calciferous group of the Lower Silurian to the top of the coal measiire& In addition to these older rocks there is a limited area in the extreme southern end of the State covered with Tertiary deposits. Overspreading these formations are beds of more recent age, comprising sands, clays and gravel, varying in thickness from ten to more than two hundred feet. These superficial deposits may be divided into Alluvium, Loess and Drift, and constitute the Quaternary system of modem geologists.

Lower Silurian System. - Under this heading may be noted three distinct groups: the Calciferous, the Trenton and the Cincinnati. The first mentioned group comprises the St. Peter's Sandstone and the Lower Magnesian Limestone. The former outcrops only at a single locality, in La Salle County, extending about two miles along the valley of the Illinois River in the vicinity of Utioa. The thickness of the strata appearing above the surface is about 80 feet, thin bands of Magnesian limestone alternating with layers of Calciferous sandstone. Many of the layers contain good hydraulic rock, which is utilized in the manufacture of cement. The entire thickness of the rock below the surf^ioe has not been ascertained, but is estimated at about 400 feet. The St. Peter's Sandstone outcrops in the valley of the Illinois, constituting the main portion of the bluffs from Utica to a point beyond Ottawa, and forms the "bed rock" in most of the northern townships of La Salle County. It also outcrops on the R6ck River in the vicinity of Oregon City, and forms a conspicuous bluff on the Mississippi in Calhoun County. Its maximum thickness in the State may be estimated at about 200 feet. It is too incoherent in its texture to be valuable as a building stone, though some of the upper strata in Lee County have been utilized for caps and sills. It affords, however, a fine quality of sand for the manufacture of glass. The Trenton group, which immediately overlies the St. Peter's Sandstone, consists of three divisions. Th^ lowest is a brown Magnesian Limestone, or Dolomite, usually found in regular beds, or strata, varying from four inches to two feet in thickness. The aggregate thickness varies from twenty feet, in the northern portion of the State, to sixty or seventy feet at the bluff in Calhoun County. At the quarries in La Salle County, it abounds in fossils, including a large Lituites and several specimens of Orthoceras, Maolurea, eta The middle division of the Trenton group consists of light gray, compact limestones in the southern and western parts of the State, and of light blue, thin-bedded, shaly limestone in the northern portions. The upper division is the well-known Galena limestone, the lead-bearing rock of the Northwest. It is a buff colored, porous Dolomite^ sometimes arenaceous and unevenly textured, giving origin to a ferruginous, sandy clay when decomposed. The lead ores occur in crevices, caverns and horizontal seams. These crevices were probably formed by shrinkage of the strata from crystallization or by some disturbing force from beneath, and have been enlarged by decomposi« tion of the exposed surface. Fossils belonging to a lower order of marine animal than the coral are found in this rock, as are also marine shellS; corals and crustaceans. Although this limestone crops out over a considerable portion of the terri* tory between the Mississippi and the Rock River, the productive lead mines are chiefly confined to Jo Daviess and Stephenson Counties. All the divisions of the Trenton group afford good build- ing material, some of the rock being susceptible of a high polish and making a handsome, durable marble. About seventy feet are exposed near Thebes, in Alexander Ck)unt7. All through the Southwest this stone is known as Cape Girardeau marble, from its being extensively quarried at Cape Girardeau, Mo. The Cincinnati group inmiediately succeeds the Trenton in the ascending scale, and forms the uppermost member of the Lower Siliuian system. It usually consists of argillaceous and sandy shales, although, in the northwest portion of the State, Magnesian limestone is found with the shales. The prevailing colors of the beds are light blue and drab, weathering to a light ashen gray. This group is found well exposed in the vicinity of Thebes, Alexander County, furnishing a durable building stone extensively used for foundation walls. Fossils are found in profusion in all the beds, many fine specimens, in a perfect state of preservation, having been exhumed.

Upper Silurian System. - The Niagara group in Northern Illinois consists of brown, gray and buff magnesian limestones, sometimes evenly bedded, as at Joliet and Athens, and sometimes concretionary and brecciated, as at Bridgeport and Port Byron. Near Chicago the cells and pockets of this rock are filled with petroleum, but it has been ascertained that only the thirty upper feet of the rock contain bituminous matter. The quarries in Will and Jersey Counties furnish fine building and flagging stone. The rock is of a light gray color, changing to buff on exposure. In Pike and Calhoun Counties, also, there are outcroppings of this rock and quarries are numerous. It is usually evenly bedded, the strata varying in thickness from two inches to two feet, and breaking evenly. Its aggregate thickness in Western and Northern Illinois ranges from fifty to 150 feet. In Union and Alexander Counties, in the southern part of the State, the Upper Silurian series consists chiefly of thin bedded gray or buff-colored limestone, silicious and cherty, flinty material largely preponderating over the limestone. Fossils are not abundant in this formation, although the quarries at Bridgeport, in Cook County, have afforded casts of nearly 100 species of marine organisms, the calcareous portion having been washed away.

Devonian System. - This system is represented in Illinois by three well marked divisions, corresponding to the Oriskany sandstone, the Onondaga limestone and the Hamilton and Comiferous beds of New York. To these the late Professor Worthen, for many years State Geologist, added.

although with some hesitancy, the black shale formation of Illinois. Although these comprise an aggregate thickness of over 500 feet, their exposure is limited to a few isolated outcroppings along the bluffs of the Illinois, Mississippi and Rock Rivers. The lower division, called "Clear Creek Limestone," is about 250 feet thick, and is only found in the extreme southern end of the State. It consists of chert, or impure flint, and thin-bedded silioo-magnesian limestones, rather compact in texture, and of buff or light gray to nearly white colors. When decomposed by atmospheric influences, it forms a fine white clay, resembling common chalk in appearance. Some of the checty beds resemble burr stones in porosity, and good mill-stones are made therefrom in Union County. Some of the stone is bluish-gray, or mottled and crystalline, capable of receiving a high polish, and making an elegant and durable building stone. The Onondaga group comprises some sixty feet of quartzose sandstone and striped silicious shales. The structure of the rock is almost identical with that of St. Peter*s Sandstone. In the vicinity of its outcrop in Union Coimty are found fine beds of potter's clay, also variegated in color. The rock strata are about twenty feet thick, evenly bedded and of a coarse, granular structure, which renders the stone valuable for heavy masonry. The group has not been found north of Jackson County. Large quantities of characteristic fossils aboimd. The rocks composing the Hamilton group are the most valuable of all the divisions of the Devonian system, and the outcrops can be identified only by their fossils. In Union and Jackson Counties it is found from eighty to 100 feet in thickness, two beds of bluish gray, fetid limestone being separated by about twenty feet of calcareous shales. The limestones are highly bituminous. In Jersey and Calhoun Counties the group is only six to ten feet thick, and consists of a hard, silicious limestone, passing at some points into a quartzose sandstone, and at others becoming argillaceous, as at Grafton. The most northern outcrop is in Rock Island County, where the rock is concretionary in structure and is utilized for building purposes and in the manufacture of quicklime. Fossils are numerous, among them being a few fragments of fishes, which are the oldest remains of vertebrate animals yet foimd in the State. The black shale probably attains its maximum development in Union County, where it ranges from fifty to seventy-five feet in thickness. Its lower portion is a fine, black, laminated slate, sometimes closely resembling the bituminous shales associated with the coal seams, which circmnstance has led to the fruitless expenditure of mnch time and money. The bituminous portion of the mass, on distillation, yields an oil closely resembling petroleum. Crystals of iron pyrites are abundant in the argillaceous portion of the group, which does not extend north of the counties of Calhoun, Jersey and Pike.

Lower Carboniferous System. - This is divisible into five groups, as follows: The Kinderhook group, the Burlington limestone, and the Keokuk, St. Louis and Chester groups. Its greatest dcTelopment is in the southern portion of the State, where it has a thickness of 1,400 or 1 , GOO feet. It thins out to the northward so rapidly that, in the vicinity of the Lower Rapids on the Mississippi, it is only 300 feet thick, while it 'wholly disappears below Rock Island. The Kinderhook group is variable in its lithological character, consisting of argillaceous and sandy shales, with thin beds of compact and oolitic limestone, passing locally into calcareous shales or impure limestone. The entire formation is mainly a mechanical sediment, with but a very small portion of organic matter. The Burlington limestone, on the other hand, is composed almost entirely of the fossilized remains of organic beings, with barely enough sedimentary material to act as a cement. Its maximum thickness scarcely exceeds 200 feet, and its principal outcrops are in the counties of Jersey, Oreene, Scott, Calhoun, Pike, Adams, Warren and Henderson. The rock is usually a light gray, buff or brown limestone, either coarsely granular or crystalline in structure. The Keokuk group immediately succeeds the Burlington in the ascending order, with no well defined line of demarcation, the chief points of difference between the two being in color and in the character of fossils found. At the upper part of this group is found a bed of calcareo-argillaceous shale, containing a great variety of geodes, which furnish beautiful cabinet specimens of crystallized quartz, chalcedony, dolomite and iron pyrites. In Jersey and Monroe Counties a bed of hydraulic limestone, adapted to the manufacture of cement,, is found at the top of this formation. The St. Louis group is partly a fine-grained or semi-crystallized bluish-gray limestone, and partly concretionary, as around Alton. In the extreme southern part of the State the rock is highly bituminous and susceptible of receiving a high polish, being used as a black marble. Beds of magnesian limestone are found here and there, which furnish a good stone for foundation waUs. In Hardin Coimty, the rock is traversed by veins of fiuor spar, carrying galena and zinc blonde. The Chester group is only found in the southern part of the State, thinning out from a thickness of eight hundred feet in Jackson and Randolph Counties, to about twenty feet at Alton. It consists of hard, gray, crystalline, argillaceous limestones, alternating with sandy and argillaceous shales and sandstones, which locally replace each other. A few species of true carboniferous fiora are found in the arenaceous shales and sandstones of this group, the earliest traces of pre-historic land plants found in the State. Outcrops extend in a narrow belt from the southern part of Hardin Coimty to the southern line of St. Clair County, passing arotmd the southwest border of the coal field.