Piatt County, Illinois - The whole text, 1917 (part 25 of 26)

SCHNEIBEBy Qeorge, journalist and banker, was bom at Pirmasens, Bavaria, Dec. 18, 1823. Being sentenced to death for his participation in the attempted rebellion of 1848, he escaped to America in 1849, going from New York to Cleveland, and afterwiurds to St. Louis. There, in connection with his brother, he established a German daily - "The New Era" - which was intensely anti-slavery and exerted a decided political influence, especially among persons of (German birth. In 1851 he removed to Chicago, where he became editor of '*The Staats Zeitung,'* in which he vigorously opposed the Kansas-Nebraska bill on its introduction by Senator Douglas. His attitude and articles gave such offense to the partisan friends of this measure, that "The Zeitimg'* was threatened with destruction by a mob in 1855. He early took advanced ground in opposition to slavery, and was a member of the convention of Anti-Nebraska editors, held at Decatur in 1856, and of the first Hepublican State Convention, held at Bloomington the same year, as well as of the National Republican Conventions of 1856 and 1860, participating in the nomination of both John C. Fremont and Abraham Lincoln for the Presidency. In 1861 he was a member of the Chicago Union Defense Conmiittee, and was appointed, by Mr. Lincoln, Consul-Gteneral at Elsinore, Denmark. Returning to America in 1863, he disposed of his interest in "The Staats Zeitung" and was appointed the first Collector of Internal Revenue for the Chicago District. On retiring from this office he engaged in banking, subsequently becoming President of the National Bank of Illinois, with which he was associated for a quarter of a century. In 1877 President Hayes tendered him the ministry to Switzerland, which he declined. In 1880 he was chosen Presidential Elector for the State-at-large, also serving for a number of years as a member of the Republican State Central Conmiittee. Died Sept. 16, 1905.

8CH0FIELD, John McAllister^ Major-Oeneral, was bom in Chautauqua County, N. Y., Sept 29, 1831 ; brought to Bristol, Kendall County, III., in 1848, and, two years later, removed to Freeport; graduated from the United States Military Academy, in 1853, as classmate of Oenerals McPherson and Sheridan ; was assigned to the artillery service and served two years in Florida, after which he spent five years (1855-60) as an instructor at West Point. At the beginning of the Civil War he was on leave of absence, acting as Professor of Physics in Washington University at St. Louis, but, waiving his leave, he at once returned to duty and was appointed mustering officer; then, by permission of the War Department, entered the First Missouri Volunteers as Major, serving as Chief of Staff to General Lyon in the early battles in Missouri, including Wilson^s Creek. His subsequent career included the organization of the Missouri State Militia (1862), command of the Army of the Frontier in Southwest Missouri, command of the Department of the Missouri and Ohio, participation in the Atlanta campaign and co-operation with Sherman in the capture of the rebel Gen. Joseph E. Johnston in North Carolina - his army having been transferred for this purpose, from Tennessee by way of Washington. After the close of the war he went on a special mission to Mexico to investigate the French occupation of that country ; was commander of the Department of the Potomac, and served as Secretary of War, by appointment of President Johnson, from June, 1868, to March, 1869. On retiring from the Cabinet he was commissioned a full Major-General and held various Division and Department commands until 1886, when, on the death of General Sherman, he succeeded to the command of the Army, with headquarters at Washington. He was retired imder the age limit, Sept. 29, 1895. His present home is in Washington.

SCHOLFIELD, John^ jurist, was bom in Clark County, IlL, in 1834; acquired the rudiments of an education in the conmion schools during boyhood, meanwhile gaining some knowledge of the higher branches through toilsome application to text-books without a preceptor. At the age of 20 he entered the law school at Louisville, Ky., gp:tuiuating two years later, and beginning practice at Marshall, III. He defrayed his expenses at the law school ^om the proceeds of the sale of a small piece of land to which he had fallen heir. In 1856 he was elected State*s Attorney, and, in 1860, was chosen to represent his county in the Legislature. After serving one term he returned to his professional career and succeeded in building up a profitable practice. In 1869-70 he represented Clark and Cumberland Counties in the Constitutional Convention, and, in 1870, became Solicitor for the Vandalla Railroad. In 1873 he was elected to fill the vacancy on the bench of the Supreme Court of the State for the Iliddle Grand Division, caused by the resignation of Judge Anthony Thornton, and re-elected without opposition in 1879 and 1888. Died, in office, Feb. 18, 1893. It has been claimed that President Cleveland would have tendered him the Chief Justiceship of the United States Supreme Court, had he not insistently declined to accept the honor.

Histobical Encyclopedia Op Illinois

SCHOOL-HOUSES, £ABLT. The primitiTe Bohool-houseB of Illinois were built of logs, and were extremely rude, as regards both structure and furnishing. Indeed, the earliest pioneers rarely erected a special building to be used as a school-house. An old smoke-house, an abandoned dwelling, an old block-house, or the loft or one end of a settler's cabin not unf requently answered the purpose, and the church and the court-house were often made to accommodate the school When a school-house, as such, was to be built, the men of the district gathered at the site selected, bringing their axes and a few other tools, with their ox-teams, and devoted four or five days to constructing a house into which, perhaps, not a nail was driven. Trees were cut from tbe public lands, and, without hewing, fashioned into a cabin. Sixteen feet square was usually considered the proper dimensions. In the walls were cut two holes, one for a door to admit light and air, and the other for the open fireplace, from which rose a chimney, usually built of sticks and mud, on the outside. Danger of fire was averted by thickly lining the inside of the chimney with clay mortar. Sometimes, but only with great labor, stone was substituted for mortar made from the clay soil. The chimneys were always wide, seldom less than six feet, and sometimes extending across one entire end of the building. The fuel used was wood cut directly from the forest, frequently in its green state, dragged to the spot in the form of logs or entire trees to be cut by the older pupils in lengths suited to the width of the chimney. Occasionally there was no chimney, the fire, in some of the most primitive structures, being built on the earth and tbe smoke escaping through a hole in the roof. In such houses a long board was set up on the windward side, and shifted fiom side to side as the wind varied. Stones or logs answered for andirons, clapboards served as shovels, and no one complained of the lack of tongs. Roofs were made of roughly split clapboards, held in place by "weight poles" laid on the boards, and by supports starting from "eaves poles." The space between the logs, which constituted the walls of the building, was filled in with blocks of wood or "chinking," and the crevices, both exterior and interior, daubed over with clay mortar, in which straw was sometimes mixed to increase its adhesiveness. On one side of the structure one or two logs were sometimes cut out to allow the admission of light ; and, as glass could not always be procured, rain and snow were excluded and light admitted by the use of greased paper. Over this space a board, attached to the outer wall by leather hinges, was sometimes suspended to keep out the storms. The placing of a glass window in a coimtry school-house at Edwardsville. in 1824, was considered an important event. Ordinarily the floor was of the natural earth, although this was sometimes covered with a layer of clay, firmly packed down. Only the more pretentious school-houses had "puncheon floors"; L e., floors made of split logs roughly hewn. Few had "ceilings" (so-called), the latter being usually made of clapboards, sometimes of bark, on which was spread earth, to keep out the cold. The seats were also of pimcheons (without backs) supported on four legs made of pieces of poles inserted through augur 'holes. No one had a desk, except the advanced pupils who were learning to write. For their convenience a broader and smoother pimcheon was fastened into the wall by wooden pins, in such a way that it would slope downward toward the pupil, the front being supported by a brace extending from the walL When a pupil was writing he faced the wall When he had finished this task, he "reversed himself" and faced the teacher and his schoolmates. These adjuncts completed the furnishings, with the exception of a split-bottomed chair for the teacher (who seldom had a desk) and a pail, or "piggin," of water, with a gourd for a drinking cup. Rough and uncouth as these structures were, they were evidences of public spirit and of appreciation of the advantages of education. They were built and maintained by mutual aid and sacrifice, and, in them, some of the great men of the State and Nation obtained that primary training which formed the foundation of their subsequent careers. (See Education.)

SCHUYLER COUNTY, located in the western portion of the State, has an area of 414 square miles, and was named for Oen. Philip Schuyler. The first American settlers arrived in 1833, and, among the earliest pioneers, were Calvin Hobart, William H. Taylor and Orris McCartney. The county was organized from a portion of Pike County, in 1825, the first Commissioners being Thomas Blair, Thomas McKee and Samuel Horney. The Commissioners appointed to locate the county-scat, selected a site in the eastern part of the county about one mile west of the present village of Pleasant View, to which the name of Beardstown was given, and where the earliest court was held. Judge John York Sawyer presiding, with Hart Fellows as Clerk, and Orris Mc- Cartney, Sheriff. This location, however, proving unsatisfactory, new Commissioners were ap- pointed, who, in the early part of 1826, selected the present site of the city of Rushville, some five miles west of the point originally chosen. The new seat of justice was first called Rushton, in honor of Dr. Benjamin Rush, but the name was afterwards changed to RushTille. Ephraim Eggleston was the pioneer of Rushville. The surface of the county is rolling, and the region contains excellent farming land, which is well watered by the Illinois River and numerous creeks. Pop. (1900), 16,129; (1910), 14,852.

SCHWATKAy Frederfeky Arctic explorer, was bom at Galena, m., Sept. 29, 1849; graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1871, and was commissioned Second Lieutenant in the Third Cavalry, serving on the frontier until 1877, meantime studying law and medicine, being admitted to the bar in 1875, and graduating in medicine in 1876. Having his interest excited by reports of traces of Sir John Franklin*s expedition, found by the Esquimaux, he obtained leave of absence in 1878, and, with Wm. H. Gilder as second in command, sailed from New York in the "Eothen," June 19. for King William's Land. The party returned, Sept. 22. 1880, having found and buried the skeletons of many of Franklin's party, besides discovering relics which tended to clear up the mystery of their fate. During this period he made a sledge journey of 8,251 miles. Again, in 1883, he headed an exploring expedition up the Yukon River. After a brief return to army duty he tendered his resignation in 1885, and the next year led a special expedition to Alaska, under the auspices of ''The New York Times." later making a voyage of discovery among the Aleutian Islands. In 1889 he, conducted an expedition to Northern Mexico, where he found many interesting relics of Aztec civilization and of the cliff and cave-dwellers. He received the Roquette Arctic Medal from the Geographical Society of Paris, and a medal from the Imperial Geographical Society of Russia; also published several volumes relating to his researches, under the titles, ''Along Alaska's Great River"; "The Franklin Search 'Under Lieutenant Schwatka" ; "Nimrod of the North" ; and "Children of the Ck)ld." Died, at Portland, Ore., Nov. 2, 1892.

SCOTT, James W., journalist, was bom in Walworth County, Wis., June 26, 1849, the son of a printer, editor and publisher. While a boy he accompanied his father to Galena, where the latter established a newspaper, and where he learned the printer's trade. After graduating from the Galena high school, he entered Beloit

College, but left at the end of his sophomore year. Going to NewYork, he became interested in floriculture, at the same time contributing short articles to horticultural periodicals. Later he was a compositor in Washington. His first newspaper venture was the publication of a weekly newspaper in Maryland in 1872. Returning to Illinois, conjointly with his father he started "The Industrial Press" at Galena, but, in 1875, removed to Chicago. There he purchased "The Daily National Hotel Reporter." from which he withdrew a few years later. In May, 1881, in conjunction with others, he organized The Chicago Herald Company, in which he ultimately secured a controlling interest. His journalistic and executive capability soon brought additional responsibilities. He was chosen President of the American Newspaper Publishers* Association, of the Chicago Press Club, and of the United Press - the latter being an organization for the collection and dissemination of telegraphic news to journals throughout the United States and Canada. He was also conspicuously connected with the preliminary organization of the World's Columbian Exposition, and Chairman of the Press Committee. In 1898 he started an evening paper at Chicago, which he named "The Post." Early in 1895 he purchased "The Chicago Times." intending to consolidate it with "The Herald." but before the final consummation of his plans, he died suddenly, while on a business visit in New York, AprU 14, 1895.

SCOTT, John M., lawyer and jurist, was bom in St. Clair Coimty, 111., August 1, 1824; his father being of Scotch-Irish descent and his mother a Virginian. His attendance upon district schools was supplemented by private tuition, and his early education was the best that the comparatively new coimtry afforded. He read law at Belleville, was admitted to the bar in 1848, removed to McLean County, which continued to be his home for nearly fifty years. He served as County School Commissioner from 1849 to 1852, and, in the latter year, was elected County Judge. In 1856 he was an unsuccessful Republican candidate for the State Senate, frequently speaking from the same platform with Abraham Lincoln. In 1862 he was elected Judge of the Circuit Court of the Eighth Judicial Circuit, to succeed David Davis on the elevation of the latter to the bench of the United States Supreme Court, and was reelected in 1867. In 1870, a ' new judicial election being rendered necessary by the adoption of the new Constitution, Judge Scott was chosen Justice of the Supreme Court for a term of nine years; was re-elected in 1879, but declined a renomination in 1888. The latter years of his life were devoted to his private affairs. Died, at Bloomington, Jan. 21, 1898. Shortly before his death Judge Scott published a volume containing a History of the Illinois Supreme Court, including brief sketches of the early occupants of the Supreme Ck>urt bench and early lawyers of the State.

SCOTT, Matthew Thompson, agriculturist and real-estate operator, was bom at Lexington, Ky., Feb. 24, 1828; graduated at Centre College in 1846, then spent several years looking after his father's landed interests in Ohio, when he came to Illinois and invested largely in lands for himself and others. He laid out the to^rn of Chenoa in 1856; lived in Springfield in 1870-72, when he removed to Bloomington, where he organized the McLean County Coal Company, remaining as its head imtil his death; was also the founder of "The Bloomington Bulletin,*' in 1878. Died, at Bloomington, May 21. 1891.

SCOTT, Owen, journalist and ez-Ck>ngressman, was bom in Jackson Township, Effingham Ck>unty, 111., July 6, 1848, reared on a farm, and, after receiving a thorough common-school education, became a teacher, and was, for eight years. Superintendent of Schools for his native county. In January, 1874, he was admitted to the bar, but abandoned practice, ten years later, to engage in newspaper work. His first publication was **The Effingham Democrat," which he left to become proprietor afid manager of **The Bloomington Bulletin." He was also publisher of "The Illinois Freemason," a monthly periodical Before removing to Bloomington he filled the offices of City Attorney and Mayor of Effingham, and a]so served as Deputy Ck>llector of. Internal Revenue. In 1890 he was elected as a Democrat from the Fourteenth Illinois District to the Fifty-second Congress. In 1892 he was a candidate for re-election, but was defeated, by his Republican opponent, Benjamin F. Funk. During the past few years, Mr. Scott has been editor of "The Bloomington Leader."

SCOTT COUNTY, lies in the western part of the State adjoining the Illinois River, and has an area of 252 square miles. The region was originally owned by the Kickapoo Indians, who ceded it to the Grovemment by the treaty of Edwardsville, July 80, 1819. Six months later (in January, 1820) a party of Kentuckians settled near Lynnville (now in Morgan County), their names being Thomas Stevens, James Scott, Alfred Miller, Thomas Allen, John Scott and

Adam Miller. Allen erected the first house in the county, John Scott the second and Adam Miller the third. About the same time came Stephen M. Umpstead, whose wife was the first white woman in the county. Other pioneers were Jedediah Webster, Stephen Pierce, Joseph Densmore, Jesse Roberts, and Samuel Bogard. The country was rough and the conveniences of civilization few and remote. Settlers took their com to Edwardsville to be ground, and went to Alton for their mail Turbulence early showed itself, and, in 1822, a band of ''Regulators'' was organized from the best citizens, who meted out a rough and ready sort of justice, until 1830, occasionally shooting a desperado at his cabin door. Scott County was cut off from Morgan and organized in 1839. It contains good farming land, much of it being originally timbered, and it is well watered by the Illinois River and numerous small streams. Winchester is the county-seat. Population of the county (1880), 10,741; (1890), 10,804; (1900), 10,455; (1910), 10,067.

SCBIPPSy John L«9 journalist, was bom near Cape Girardeau, Mo., Feb. 18, 1818; was taken to Rushville, 111., in childhood, and educated at McKendree College; studied law and came to Chicago in 1847, with the intention of practicing, but, a year or so later, bought a third interest in ''The Chicago Tribune,'* which had been established during the previous year. In 1852 he withdrew from **The Tribune," and, in conjunction with William Bross (afterwards Lieutenant-Governor), established **The Daily Democratic Press,'* which was consolidated with "The Tribune** in July, 1858. under the name of **The Press and Tribune,** Mr. Scripps remaining one of the editors of the new concern. In 1861 he was appointed, by Mr. Lincoln, Postmaster of the city of Chicago, serving until 1865, when, having sold his interest in **The Tribune,** he engaged in the banking business as a member of the firm of Scripps, Preston & Kean. His health, however, soon showed signs of failure, and he died, Sept. '21, 1866, at Minneapolis, Minn., whither he had gone in hopes of restoration. Mr. Scripps was a finished and able writer who did much to elevate the standard of Chicago journalism.

SCROGGS, George, journalist, was bom at Wilmington, Clinton, County, Ohio, Oct. 7, 1842 - ^the son of Dr. John W. Scroggs, who came to Champaign County, 111., in 1851, and, in 1858, took charge of **The Central Illinois Gazette. ** In 1863-67 Dr. Scroggs was active in securing the location of the State University at Champaign, afterwards serving as a member of the first Board of Trustees of that institution. The son, at the age of 15, beoame an apprentice in hisfather*s printing office, continuing until 1862, when he enlisted as a private In the One Hundred and Twenty-fifth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, being promoted through the positions of Sergeant-Major and Second Lieutenant, and finally serving on the staffs of Oen. Jeff. C. Davis and Gen. James D. Morgan, but declining a commission as Adjutant of the Sixtieth Illinois. He participated in the battles of Perry ville, Chickamauga, Mission Ridge and the march with Sherman to the sea, in the latter being severely wounded at Bentonville, N. C. He remained in the service until July, 1865, when he resigned; then entered the University at Champaign, later studied law, meanwhile writing for "The Champaign Gazette and Union,'' of which he finally became sole proprietor. In 1877 he was appointed an Aid-de-Camp on the staff of Governor Cullom, and, the following year, was elected to the Thirty-first General Assembly, but, before the close of the session (1879). received the appointment of United States Consul to Hamburg, Germany. He was compelled to surrender this position, a year later, on account of ill-health, and, returning home, died, Oct. 15, 1880.

SECRETARIES OF STATE. The following is a list of the Secretaries of State of lUinois from its admission into the Union down to the present time (1899), with the date and duration of the term of each inctunbent: Elias Kent Kane, 1818-32; Samuel D. Lockwood, 1822-23; David Black well. 1823-24; Morris Birkbeck, October, 1824 to January. 1825 (failed of confirmation by the Senate)^ George Forquer, 1825-28; Alexander Pope Field, 1828-40; Stephen A. Douglas, 1840-41 (served three months - resigned to take a seat on the Supreme bench); Lyman Trumbull. 184143; Thompson Campbell, 1843-46; Horace S. Cooley, 1846-50; David L. Gregg, 1850-53; Alexander Starne, 1853-57; Ozias M. Hatch. 1857-65; Sharon Tyndale. 1865-69; Edward Rummel, 1869-78; George H. Harlow. 1873-81; Henry D. Dement, 1881-89; Isaac N. Pearson, 1889-93; William H.

Nathaniel Pope and Joseph Phillips were the only Secretaries of Illinois during the Territorial period, the former serving from 1809 to 1816, and the latter from 1816 to 1818. Under the first Constitution (1818) the office of the Secretary of State was filled by appointment by the Governor, by and with tlie advice and consent of the

Senate, but without limitation as to term of office. By the Constitution of 1848, and again by that of 1870, that officer was made elective by the people at the same time as the Governor, for a term of four years.

SECRET TREASONABLE SOCIETIES. Early in the War of the Rebellion there sprang up, at various points in the Northwest, organizations of persons disaffected toward the National Government. They were most numerous in Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Kentucky and Missouri. At first they were known by such titles as * 'Circles of Honor," '^Mutual Protective Associations,** etc. But they had kindred aims and their members were soon united in one organization, styled * 'Knights of the Golden Circle.** Its secrets having been partially disclosed, this body ceased to exist - or, it would be more correct to say, changed its name - being soon succeeded (1863) by an organization of similar character, called the "American Knights.** These societies, as first formed, were rather political than military. The ''American Knights** had more forcible aims, but this, in turn, was also exposed, and the order was reorganized under the name of "Sons of Liberty.** The last named order started in Indiana, and. owing to its more perfect organization, rapidly spread over the Northwest, acquiring much more strength and infiuence than its predecessors had done. The ultimate authority of the organization was vested in a Supreme Council, whose officers were a "supreme commander,** "secretary of state,** and "treasurer.** Each State represented formed a division, under a "deputy grand commander. ' * States were divided into military districts, imder "major-generals.** County lodges were termed "temples.** The order was virtually an officered army, and its aims were aggressive. It had its commander-inchief, its brigades and its regiments. Three degrees were recognized, and the oaths of secrecy taken at each initiation surpassed, in binding force, either the oath of allegiance or an oath taken in a court of justice. The maintenance of slavery, and forcible opposition to a coercive policy by the Government in dealing with secession, were the pivotal doctrines of the order. Its methods and purposes were to discourage enlistments and resist a draft; to aid and protect deserters: to disseminate treasonable literature; to aid the Confederates in destroying Government property. Clement L. Vallandigham, the expatriated traitor, was at its head, and, in 1864, claimed that it had a niunerical strength of 400,- 000, of whom 65,000 were in Illinois. Many overt acts were committed, but the organization, having been exposed and defeated in its objects, disbanded in 1865. (See Camp Douglas Conspiracy. ) SELHTy Paul, editor, was bom in Pickaway County, Ohio. July 20, 1825; removed with his parents, in 1887, to Van Buren Ck>unty, Iowa, but, at the age of 19, went to Southern Illinois, where he spent four years teaching, chiefly in Madison Ck>imty. In 1848 he entered the preparatory department of Illinois College at Jacksonville, but left the institution during his junior year to assume the editorship of *The Morgan Journal," at Jacksonville, with which he remained imtil the fall of 1858, covering the period of the organization of the Republican party, in which "The JoumaP* took an active part. He was a member of the Anti-Nebraska (afterwards known as Republican) State Convention, which met at Springfield, in October, 1854 (the first ever held in the State), and, on Feb. 22, 1856, attended and presided over a conference of Anti-Nebraska editors of the State at Decatur, called to devise a line of policy for the newly organizing Republican party. (See Anti-Nebraska ^Editorial Convention.) This body appointed the first Republican State Central Committee and designated the date of the Bloomington Convention of May 29, following, which put in nomination the first Republican State ticket ever named in Illinois, which ticket was elected in the following November. (See Bloomington Convention.) In 1859 he prepared a pamphlet giving a history of the celebrated Canal scrip fraud, which was widely circulated. (See Canal Scrip Fraiid.) Ooing South in the fall of 1859, he was engaged in teaching in the State of Louisiana until the last of Jime, 1861. Just two weeks before the fall of Fort Sumter he was denoimoed to his Southern neighbors as an **abolitionist** and falsely charged with having been connected with the ''underground railroad,'* in letters from secession sympathizers in the North, whose personal and political enmity he had incurred while conducting a Republican paper in Illinois, some of whom referred to Jefferson Davis, Senator Slidell, of Louisiana, and other Southern leaders as vouchers for their characters. He at once invited an investigation by the Board of Trustees of the institution, of which he was the Principal, when that body - although composed, for the most part, of Southern men - on the basis of testimonials from prominent citizens of Jacksonville, and other evidence, adopted resolutions declaring the charges prompted by personal hostility, and delivered the letters of his accusers into his hands. Returning North with his family in July, 1861, he spent some nine months in the commissary and transportation branches of the service at Cairo and at Paducah, Ky. In July, 1862, he became associate editor of ''The Illinois State Journal'* at Springfield, remaining until November, 1865. The next six months were spent as Assistant Deputy Collector in the Custom House at New Orleans, but, returning North in June, 1866, he soon after became identified with the Chicago press, serving, first upon the staff of "The Evening Journal" and, later, on "The Republican.'* In May, 1868, he assumed the editorship of "The Quincy Whig," ultimately becoming part proprietor of that paper, but, in January, 1874, resumed his old place on "The State Journal," four years later becoming one of its proprietors. In 1880 he was appointed by President Hayes Postmaster of Springfield, was reappointed by Arthur in 1884, but resigned in 1886. Meanwhile he had sold his interest in "The Journal," biit the following year organized a new company for its purchase, when he resumed his former position as editor. In 1889 he disposed of his holding in "The Journal," finally removing to Chicago, where he has been employed in literary work. In all he has been engaged in editorial work over thirty-five years, of which eighteen were spent upon "The State Journal." In 1860 Mr. Selby was complimented by his Alma Mater with the honorary degree of A. M. He has been twice married, first to Miss Erra Post, of Springfield, who died in November, 1865, leaving two daughters, and, in 1870, to Mrs. Mary J. Hitchcock, of Quincy, by whom he had two children, both of whom died in infancy.

SEMFLE, James, United States Senator, was bom in Green County, Ky., Jan. 5, 1798, of Scotch descent ; after learning the tanner's trade, studied law and emigrated to Illinois in 1818, removing to Missouri four years later, where he was admitted to the bar. Returning to Ulinois in 1828, he began practice at Edwardsville. but later became a citizen of Alton. During the Black Hawk War he served as Brigadier-General. He was thrice elected to the lower house of the Legislature (1882, '84 and '36), and was Speaker during the last two terms. In 1888 he was elected Attorney -General by the Legislature, but served only until the following year, and, in 1837, wsa appointed Minister to Granada, South America. In 1843 he was appointed, and afterwards elected. United States Senator to fill the unexpired term of Samuel McRoberts, at the expiration of his term (1847) retiring to private life. He laid out the town of Elsah, in Jersey County, just south of which he owned a large estate on the Mississippi bluffs, where he died, Dec. 20, 1860.

SENEGA (formerly Crotty), a village of La Salle Ck>unty, situated on the Illinois River, the Illinois & Michigan Canal and the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific and the "Big Four" Railways, 13 miles east of Ottawa; has a bank, some manufactures, coal mines, and one newspaper. Pop. (1900), 1,036; (1910), 1,005.

8ENN, (Dr.) Nicholas^ physican and surgeon, was bom in the Canton of St. Graul, Switzerland, Oct. 31, 1844; was brought to America at 8 years of age, his parents settling at Washington, Wis. He received a grammar school education at Fond du Lac, and, in 1864, began the study of medicine, graduating at the Chicago Medical College in 1868. After some eighteen months spent as resident physician in the Cook County Hospital, he began practice at Ashford, Wis., but removed to Milwaukee in 1874, where he became attending physician of the Milwaukee Hospital. In 1877 he visited Europe, graduated the following year from the University of Munich, and, on his return, became Professor of the Principles of Surgery and Surgical Pathology in Rush Medical College in Chicago - also has held the chair of the Practice of Surgery in the same institution. Dr. Senn has achieved great success and won an international reputation in the treatment of difficult cases of abdominal surgery. He is the author of a number of volimies on different branches of surgery which are recognized as standard authorities. A few years ago he purchased the extensive library of the late Dr. William Baum, Professor of Surgery in the University of Gottingen, which he presented to the Newberry Library of Chicago. In 1893, Dr. Senn was appointed Surgeon-General of the Illinois National Guard, and has also been President of the Association of Military Surgeons of the National Guard of the United States, besides being identified with various other medical bodies. Soon after the beginning of the Spanish- American War, he was appointed, by President McKinley, a Surgeon of Volunteers with the rank of Colonel, and rendered most efficient service in the military branch at Camp Cliickamauga and in the Santiago campaign. Died Jan. 2, 1908.

1861, being then only a little over 17, enlisted as a private soldier under the first call for troops issued by President Lincoln ; at the close of his term was api)ointed a Sergeant, with authority to recruit a company which afterwards was attached to the Fifty-first Volunteer Infantry. Later, he was transferred to the Sixty-seventh with the rank of Lieutenant, and, a few months after, to the Seventy -second with a commission as Captain of Company D, which he had recruited. As commander of his regiment, then constituting a part of the Seventeenth Army Corps, he participated in the battles of Columbia, Duck Creek, Spring Hill, Franklin and Nashville, and in the Nashville campaign. Both at Nashville and Franklin he was woimded. and again, at Spanish Fort, by a piece of shell which broke his leg. His regiment took part in seven battles and eleven skirmishes, and, while it went out 967 strong in officers and men, it returned with only 332, all told, although it had been recruited by 234 men. He was known as "The boy Captain/' being only 18 years old when he received his first commission, and 21 when, after participating in the Mobile campaign, he was mustered out with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. After the close of the war he engaged in planting in the South, purchasing a plantation in Lowndes County, Ala., but, in 1867, returned to Chicago, where he became a member of the firm of Cribben, Sen ton & Co., stove manufacturers, from which he retired in 1898. In 1884 he served as Presidential Elector on the Republican ticket for the Fourth District, and, in 1889, was api)ointed, by President Harrison, Postmaster of the city of Chicago, serving over five years. In 1888 he was chosen Department Commander of the Grand Army of the Republic for the State of Illinois, and, ten years later, to the position of Commander-in-Chief of the order, which he held at the time of his death. He had also been, for a number of years, one of the Trustees of the Soldiers' and Sailors' Home at Quincy, and, during most of the time. President of the Board. Towards the close of the year 1898, he was appointed by President McKinley a member of the Commission to investigate the conduct of the Spanish- American War, but, before the Commission had concluded its labors, was taken with *'the grip." which developed into pneumonia, from which he died in Washington, Feb. 5, 1899. SEYMOUR, Oeorge Frank lin, Protestant Episcopal Bishop, was bom in New York City, Jan. 5, 1829; graduated from Coliunbia College in 1850, and from the (General Theological Seminary (New York) in 1864. He received both minor and major orders at the hands of Bishop Potter, being made deacon in 1854 and ordained priest in 1855. For several years he was engaged in missionary work. During this period he was prominently identified with the founding of St. 8tephen*s College. After serving as rector in various parishes, in 1865 he was made Professor of Ecclesiastical History in the New York Seminary, and, ten years later, was chosen Dean of the institution, still retaining his professorship. Racine College conferred upon him the degree of S.T.D., in 1867, and Ck)lumbia that of LL.D. in 1878. In 1874 he was elected Bishop of Illinois, but failed of confirmation in the House of Deputies. Upon the erection of the new diocese of Springfield (1877) he accepted and was consecrated Bishop at Trinity Church, N. Y., Jime 11, 1878. He was a prominent member of the Third Pan- Anglican Council (London, 1885), and has done much to foster the growth and extend the influence of his church in his diocese.

SH ABBONA, a village of De Kalb County, on the Iowa Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 25 miles west of Aurora. Pop. (1900), 587; (1910), 594*.

SHABONA (or Shabbona), an Ottawa Chief, was bom near the Maumee River, in Ohio, about 1775. and served under Tecumseh from 1807 to the battle of the Thames in 1813. In 1810 he accompanied Tecumseh and Capt. Billy Caldwell (see Sanganash) to the homes of the Pottawatomies and other tribes within the present limits of Illinois and Wisconsin, to secure their co-operation in driving the white settlers out of the country. At the battle of the Thames, he was by the side of Tecumseh when he fell, and both he and Caldwell, losing faith in their British allies, soon after submitted to the United States through (General Cass at Detroit. Shabona was opposed to Black Hawk in 1832, and did much to thwart the plans of the latter and aid the whites. Having married a daughter of a Pottawatomie chief, who had a village on the Illinois River east of the present city of Ottawa, he lived there for some time, but finally removed 25 miles north to Shabona's Grove in De Kalb County. Here he remained till 1887, when he removed to Western Missouri. Black Hawk's followers having a reservation near by, hostilities began between them, in which a son and nephew of Shabona were killed. He finally returned to his old home in Illinois, but found it occupied by whites, who drove him from the grove that bore his name. Some friends then bought for him twenty acres of land on Mazon Creek, near Morris, where he

SHANNON, a village of Carroll County, on the Chicago, Milwaukee Sc St. Paul Railway, 18 miles southwest of Freeport. It is an important trade center, has a bank and one newspaper. Population (1900), 678; (1910), 633.

SHAW, Aaron, former Congressman, bom in Orange Coimty, N. Y., in 1811; was educated at the Montgomery Academy, studied law and was admitted to the bar at Qoshen in that State. In 1838 he removed to Lawrence County, 111. He has held various important public offices. He was a member of the first Internal Improvement Convention of the State; was chosen State's Attorney by the Legislature, in which body he served two terms; served four years as Judge of the Twenty-fifth Judicial Circuit ; was elected to the Thirty-fifth Congress in 1856, and to the Forty-eighth in 1882, as a Democrat.

SHAW, James, lawyer, jurist, was born in Ireland, May 3, 1832, brought to this country in infancy and grew up on a farm in Cass County, lU. ; graduated from Illinois College in 1857, and> after admission to the bar, began practice at Mount Carroll. In 1870 he was elected to the lower house of the Oeneral Assembly, being re-elected in 1872, '76 and '78. He was Speaker of the House during the session of 1877, and one of the Republican leaders on the floor during the succeeding session. In 1872 he was chosen a Presidential Elector, and, in 1891, to a seat on the Circuit bench from the Thirteenth Circuit, and. in 1897 was re-elected for the Fifteenth Circuit.

SHAWNEETOWN, a city and the county-seat of Gallatin County, on the Ohio> River 120 miles from its mouth* and at the terminus of the Shawneetown Divisions of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern and the Louisville & Nashville Railroads; is one of the oldest towns in the State, having been laid out in 1808, and noted for the nnmber of prominent men who resided there at an early day. Coal is extensively mined in that section, and Shawneetown is one of the largest shipping points for lumber, coal and farm products between Cairo and Louisville, navigation being open the year round. Some manufacturing is done here; the city has several mills, a foundry and machine shop, two or three banks, several churches, good schools and two weekly papers. Since the disastrous floods of 1884 and 1898, Shawneetown has reconstructed its levee system on a substantial scale, which is now believed to furnish

SUEAH AX^ James W.^ journalist, was bom in Baltimore. Md., spent his early life, after reaching manhood, in Washington City as a Congressional Reporter, and, in 1847, reported the proceedings of the Illinois State Constitutional Convention at Springfield. Through the influence of Senator Douglas he was induced, in 1854, to accept the editorship of '*The Young America** newspaper at Chicago, which was soon after changed to **The Chicago Times." Here he remained until the fall of 1860, when, 'The Times** having been sold and consolidated with ''The Herald,*' a Buchanan-Breckenridge organ, he established a new paper called "The Morning Post." This he made representative of the views of the "War Democrats'* as against "The Times," which was opposed to the war. In May, 1865, he sold the plant of "The Post" and it became "The Chicago Republican" - now "Inter Ocean." A few months later. Mr. Sheahan accepted a position as chief writer on the editorial staff of "The Chicago Tribime," which he retained until his death, June 17, 1883.

SHEFFIELD, a prosperous village of Bureau County, on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, 44 miles east of Rock Island; has valuable coal mines, a bank and one newspaper. Pop. (1900), 1,265; (1910), 1,009.

SHELBY COUNTY, lies south of the center of the State, and contains an area of 760 square miles. The tide of immigration to this county was at first from Kentucky, Tennessee and North Carolina, although later it began to set in from the Northern States. The first cabin in the county was built by Simeon Wakefield on what is now the site of Williamsburg, first called Cold Spring. Joseph Daniel was the earliest settler in what is now Shelbyville, pre-empting ten acres, which he soon afterward sold to Joseph Oliver, the pioneer merchant of the county, and father of the first white child bom within its limits. Other pioneers were Shimei Wakefield, Levi Casey and Samuel Hall. In lieu of hats the early settlers wore caps made of squirrel or coon skin, with the tails dangling at the backs, and he was regarded as well dressed who boasted a fringed buckskin shirt and trousers, with moccasins. The county was formed in 1827, and Shelbyville made the county-seat. Both county and town are named in honor of Governor Shelby, of Kentucky. County Judge Joseph Oliver held the first court in the cabin of Bamett Bone, and Judge Theophilus W. Smith presided over the first Circuit Court in 1828. Coal is abundant, and limestone and sandstone are also foimd. The surface is somewhat rolling and well wooded. The Little Wabash and Kaskaskia Rivers flow through the central and southeastern portions. The coimty lies in the very heart of the great com belt of the State, and has excellent transportation facilities, being penetrated by four lines of railway. Population (1880), 30.270; (1890), 81,- 191; (1900), 32.126; (1910), 31,693.

SHiSLBYTILLE, the county-seat and an ineorporated city of Shelby County, on the Kaskaskia River and two lines of railway. 82 miles southeast of Decatur. Agriculture is carried on extensively, and there is considerable coal mining in the immediate vicinity. The city has two flouring mills, a handle factory, a creamery, one National and one State bank, one daily and three weekly papers and one monthly periodical, an Orphans' Home, ten churches, two graded schools, and a public library. Population (1890), 3,162; (1900), 3,546; (1910), 3,590.

SHELDON, a \illage of Iroquois Coimty, at the intersection of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis and the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railways, 9 miles east of Watseka; has two banks and a newspaper. The region is agricultural. Pop. (1890), 910; (1900), 1,103; (1910), 1,143.

SHELDON, Bei^amin R., jurist, was bom in Massachusetts in 1813, graduated from Williams College in 1831, studied law at the Yale Law School, and was admitted to practice in 1836. Emigrating to Illinois, he located temporarily at Hennepin, Putnam County, but soon removed to Galena, and finally to Rockford. In 1848 he was elected Circuit Judge of the Sixth Circuit, which afterwards being divided, he was assigned to the Fourteenth Circuit, remaining until 1870, when he was elected a Justice of the Supreme Ck>urt, presiding as Chief Justice in 1877. He was reelected in 1879, but retired in 1888, being succeeded by the late Justice Bailey. Died, April 13, 1897.

SHEPPARD, Nathan, author and lecturer, was bom in Baltimore, Md., Nov. 9, 1834; graduated at Rochester Theological Seminary in 1859; during the Civil War was special correspondent of "The New York World" and **The Chicago Journal'* and **Tribune," and, during- the Franco- G^erman War, of **The Cincinnati Gazette;*' also served as special American correspondent of "The London Times,** and was a contributor to **Frazer*s Magazine** and "Temple Bar. *' In 1878 he became a lecturer on Modern English Literature and Rhetoric in Chicago University and* four years later, accepted a similar position in Allegheny Ck>llege; also spent four years in Europe, lecturing in the principal towns of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1884 he founded the ''Athenaeum** at Saratoga Springs, N. Y., of which he was President until his death, early in 1888. "The Dickens Reader," "Character Readings from George Eliot** and "Essays of George Eliot** were among the volumes issued by him between 1881 and 1887. Died in New York City, Jan. 24. 1888.

SHERMAN, Alson Smith, early Chicago Mayor, . was born at Barre, Vt., April 21, 1811. remaining there until 1836, when he came to Chicago and began business as a contractor and builder. Several years later he opened the first stone quarries at Lemont, 111. Mr. Sherman spent many years in the service of Chicago as a public official. From 1840 to 1842 he was Captain of a company of militia; for two years served as Chief of the Fire Department, and was elected Alderman in 1842, serving again in 1846. In 1844, he. was chosen Mayor, his administration being marked by the first extensive public improvements made in Chicago. After his term as Mayor he did much to secure a better water supply for the city. He was especially interested in promoting common school education, being for several years a member of the City School Board. He was Vice-President of the first Board of Trustees of Northwestern University. Retired from active pursuits, Mr. Sherman spent his last years at Waukegan, 111., dymg Aug. 22, 1903. - Oren (Sherman) brother of the preceding and early Chicago merchant, was bom at Barre, Vt., March 5, 1816. After spending several years in a mercantile house in Montpelier, Vt., at the age of twenty he came west, first to New Buffalo, Mich., and, in 1886, to Chicago, opening a dry-goods store there the next spring. With various partners Mr. Sherman continued in a general mercantile business until 1853, at the same time being extensively engaged in the provision trade, one-half the entire transactions in pork in the city passing through Lis hands. Next he engaged In developing stone quarries at Lemont, 111. ; also became extensively interested in the marble business, continuing in this until a few years after the panic of 1873, when he retired in consequence of a shock of paralysis. Died, in Chicago, Dec. 15, 1898.

SHERMAN^ Elijah B., lawyer, was bom at Fairfield. Vt., June 18, 1832 - his family being distantly related to Roger Sherman, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, and the late Gan. W. T. Sherman; gained his education in the common schools and at Middlebury College, where he graduated in 1860; began teaching, but soon after enlisted as a private in the war for the Union ; received a Lieutenant^s commission, and served until captured on the eve of the battle at Antietam, when he was paroled and sent to Camp Douglas, Chicago, awaiting exchange. During this period he commenced reading law and, having resigned his commission, graduated from the law department of Chicago University in 1864 In 1876 he was electM Representative in the General Assembly from Cook County, and reelected in 1878, and the following year appointed Master in Chancery of the United States District Court, a position which he last occupied. He had repeatedly been called upon to deliver addresses on political, literary and patriotic occasions, one of these being before the alumni of his alma mater, in 1884, when he was complimented with the degree of LL.D. Died May 1, 1910.

SHIELDS, James, soldier and United States Senator, was born in Ireland in 1810, emigrated to the United States at the age of sixteen, and began the practice of law at Kaskaskia in 1838. He was elected to the Legislature in 1836, and State Auditor in 1839. In 1843 he became a Judge of the Supreme Court of the State, and, in 1845, was made Commissioner of the (General Land Oflice. In July, 1846, he was commissioned Brigadier-General, in the Mexican War gaining the brevet of Major-General at Cerro-Gordo, where he was severely woimded. He was again wounded at Chapultepec, and mustered out in 1848. The same year he was appointed Governor of Oregon Territory. In 1849 the Democrats in the Illinois Legislature elected him Senator, and he resigned his ofSce in Oregon. In 1856 he removed to Minnesota, and, in 1858, was chosen United States Senator from that State, his term expiring in 1859, when he established a residence in California. At the outbreak of the Civil War (1861) he was superintending a mine in Mexico, but at once hastened to Washington to tender his services to the Governmnet. He was commissioned Brigadier-General, and served with distinction until March, 1863, when the effect of numerous wounds caused him to resign. He subsequently removed to Missouri, practicing law at CarroUton and serving in the Legislature of that State in 1874 and 1879. In the latter year he was elected United States Senator to fill out the unexpired term of Senator Bogy, who had died in office - serving only six weeks, but being the only man in the history ot the country who filled the office of United States Senator from three differ*

SmPMAN^ George E., M.B., physician and philanthropist, bom in New York City, March 4, 1820; graduated at the University of New York in 1889, and took a course in the College of Physicians and Surgeons; practiced for a time at Peoria, IlL, but, in 1846, located in Chicago, where he assisted in organizing the first Homeopathic Hospital in that city, and, in 1855, was one of the first Trustees of Hahnemann College. In 1871 he established, in Chicago, the Foundlings' Home at his own expense, giving to it the latter years of his life. Died, Jan. 20, 1898.

SHORET, Daniel Lewis, lawyer and philanthropist, was bom at Jonesborough, Washington County, Maine, Jan. 81, 1824; educated at Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass., and at Dartmouth College, graduating from the latter in 1851; taught two years in Washington City, meanwhile reading law, afterwards taking a course at Dane Law School, Cambridge ; was admitted to the bar in Boston in 1854. the next year locating at Davenport, Iowa, where he remained ten years. In 1865 he removed to Chicago, where he prosecuted his profession until 1890, when he retired. Mr. Shorey-was prominent in the establishment of the Chicago Public Library, and a member of the first Library Board; was also a prominent member of the Chicago Literary Club, and was a Director in the new University of Chicago and deeply interested in its prosperity. Died, in Chicago, March 4, 1899.

SHORT, (Rev.) William F., clergyman and educator, was bom in Ohio in 1829, brought to Morgan County, 111., in childhood, and lived upon a farm until 20 years of age, when he entered McKendree College, spending his senior year, however, at Wesleyan University, Bloomington, where he graduated in 1854. He had meanwhile accepted a call to the Missouri Conference Seminary at Jackson, Mo. ; where he remained three years, when he returned to Illinois, serving churches at Jacksonville and elsewhere, for a part of the time being Presiding Elder of the Jacksonville District. In 1875 he was elected President of Illinois Female College at Jacksonville, continuing in that position until 1893, when he was appointed Superintendent of the Illinois State Institution for the Blind at the same place, but resigned early in 1897. Dr. Short received

SHOUP^ George L., United States Senator, was bom at Kittanning, Pa., June 15, 1836; came to Illinois in 1852. his father locating on a stockfarm near (^alesburg; in 1859 removed to Colorado, where he engaged in mining and mercantile business until 1861, when he enlisted in a company of scouts, being advanced from the rank of First Lieutenant to the Colonelcy of the Third Colorado Cavalry, meanwhile serving as Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention of 1864 Retiring to private life, he again engaged in mercantile and mining business, first in Nevada and then in Idaho; served two terms in the Territorial Legislature of the latter, was appointed Territorial Governor in 1889 and, in 1890, was chosen the first Governor of the State, in October of the same year being elected to the United States Senate, and re-elected in 1895 for a second term, whic^ ends in 1901. Senator Shoup is one of the few Western Senators who remained faithful to the regular Republican organization, during the political campaign of 1896.

SHOW ALTER, John W., jurist, was born in Mason County, Ky., Feb. 8, 1844; resided some years in Scott County in that State, and was educated in the local schools, at Maysville and Ohio University, finally graduating at Yale College in 1867; came to Chicago in 1869, studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1870. He returned to Kentucky after the fire of 1871, but, in 1872, again came to Chicago and entered the employment of the firm of Moore Sc Caulfield, with whom he had been before the fire. In 1879 he became a member of the firm of Abbott, Oliver Sc Showalter (later, Oliver Sc Showalter), where he remained until his appointment as United States Circuit Judge, in March, 1895. Died, in Chicago. Dec. 12, 1898.

SHUMAN, Andrew^ journalist and Lieutenant- Governor, was bom at Manor, Lancaster County, Pa., Nov. 8, 1830. His father dying in 1887, he was reared by an uncle. At the age of 15 he became an apprentice in the office of '*The Lancaster Union and Sentinel.'' A year later he accompanied his employer to Auburn, N. Y. , working for two years on "The Daily Advertiser" of that city, then known as Governor Seward's **home organ." At the age of 18 he edited, published and distributed - during his leisure hours - a small weekly paper called * *The Aubumian. " At the conclusion of his apprenticeship he was employed, for a year or two, in editing and publishing **The Cayuga Chief," a temperance journal.

In 1851 he entered Hamilton College, but, before the cx>mpletion of his junior year, consented, at the solicitation of friends of William H. Seward, to assume editorial control of **The Syracuse Daily Journal." In July, 1856, he came to Chicago, to accept an editorial position on "The Evening Joumar* of that city, later becoming editor-in-chief and President of the Journal Company. From 1865 to 1870 (first by executive appointment and afterward by popular election) he was a Commissioner of the Illinois State Penitentiary at Joliet, resigning the ofilce four years before the expiration of his term. In 1876 he was elected Lieutenant-Oovemor on the Republican ticket. Owing to declining health, he abandoned active journalistic work in 1888, dying in Chicago, May 5, 1890. His home during the latter years of his life was at Evanston. Governor Shuman was author of a romance entitled * 'Loves of a Lawyer,*' besides nimierous addresses before literary, commercial and scientific associations.

8HUMWAY, Doiice Dwight^ merchant, was bom at Williamsburg, Worcester County, Mass., Sept. 28, 1813, descended from French Huguenot ancestry; came to Zanosville, Ohio, in 1887, and to Montgomery Coimty, UL, in 1841; married a daughter of Hiram Rountree, an early resident of Hillsboro, and, in 1843, located in Christian County ; was engaged for a time in merchandising at Taylorville, but retired in 1858, thereafter giving his attention to a large landed estate. In 1846 he was chosen Representative in the General Assembly, served in the Constitutional Convention of 1847, and four years as Coimty Judge of Christian County. Died, May 9, 1870. - Hiram P. (Shumway), eldest son of the preceding, was bom in Montgomery County, 111.. June, 1842; spent his boyhood on a farm in Christian County and in his father's store at Taylorville; took an academy course and, in 1864, engaged in mercantile business; was Representative in the Twentyeighth General Assembly and Senator in the Thirty-sixth and Thirty-seventh, afterwards removing to Springfield, where -he engaged in the stone business. Died April 30, 1903.

SHURTLEFF COLLEGE, an institution located at Upper Alton, and the third established in Illinois. It was originally incorporated as the '* Alton College'* in 1831, under a special charter which was not accepted, but re-incorporated in 1835, in an "omnibus bill" with Illinois and McKendree Colleges. (See Early Colleges,) Its primal origin ,was a school at Rock Spring in St. Clair County, founded about 1824, by Rev. John M. Peck. This became the "Rock Spring Seminary*' in 1827, and, about 1831, was united with an academy at' Upper Alton. This was the nucleus of "Alton" (afterward "Shurtleff") College. As far as its denominational control is concerned, it has always been dominated by Baptist influence. -Dr. Peck's original idea was to found a school for teaching theology and Biblical literature, but this project was at first inhibited by the State. * Hubbard Loomis and John Russell were among the first instructors. Later, Dr. Benjamin Shurtleff donated the college $10,000, and the institution was named in his honor. College classes were not organized until 1840, and several years elapsed before a class graduated. Its endowment in 1898 was over $126,000, in addition to $125,000 worth of real and personal property. About 255 students were in attendance. Besides preparatory and collegiate departments, the college also maintains a theological school. It has a faculty of twenty instructors and is co-educationaL

SlBLETy Joseph^ lawyer and jurist, was bom at Westfield, Mass., in 1818; learned the trade of a whip-maker and afterwards engaged in merchandising. In 1843 he began the study of law at Syracuse, N. Y., and, ui)on admission to the bar, came west, finally settling at Nauvoo. Hancock County. He maintained a neutral attitude during the Mormon troubles, thus giving offense to a section of the community. In 1347 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the Legislature, but was elected in 1850, and re-elected in 1852. In 1853 he removed to Warsaw, and, in 1855, was elected Jud^je of the Circuit Court, and re-elected in 1861, '67 and *73, being assigned to the bench of the Appellate Court of the Second District, in 1877. His residence, after 1865, was at Quincy, where he died, Jime 18, 1897.

SIDELL, a village of Vermillion County, on the Chicago & Eastern Illinois and Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Railroads; has a bank, electric light plant and a newspaper. Pop. (1910), 741.

SIDNEY, a village of Champaign County, on the main line of the Wabash Railway, at the junction of a branch to Champaign, 48 miles east-northeast of Decatur. It is in a farming district; has a bank and a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 564; (1910), 481.

8II«TISy a village of Rock Island County, three miles east of the city of Rock Island and north of Rock River; incorporated 1906; adjacent to a rich coal producing district, and a manufacturing point. Pop. (1910), 1,163.

America in early manhood, and was the first physician to settle at Oolconda, in Pope County, which he represented in the Fourth and Fifth (General Assemblies (1824 and '28). He married a Miss Elizabeth Jack of Philadelphia, making the journey from Golconda to Philadelphia for that purpose on horseback. He had a family of five children, one son, Dr. Francis L. Sim, rising to distinction as a physician, and, for a time, being President of a Medical College at Memphis, Tenn. The elder Dr. Sim died at Gtolconda, in 1868.

SIMS^ James, early legislator and Methodist preacher, was a native of South Carolina, but removed to Kentucky in early manhood, thence to St. Clair Ck>imty, 111., and, in 1820, to Sangamon County, where he was elected, in 1822, as the first Representative from that coimty in the Third Oeneral Assei^bly. At the succeeding session of the Legislature, he was one of those who voted against the Ck>nvention resolution designed to prepare the way for making Illinois a slave State. Mr. Sims resided for a time in Menard Ck)unty, but finally removed to Morgan.

8INOER9 Horace M., capitalist, was bom in Schnectady, N. Y.. Oct. 1, 1823; came to Chicago in 1886 and found employment on the Illinois & Michigan Canal, serving as superintendent of repairs upon the Canal until 1858. While thus employed he became one of the proprietors of the stone-quarries at Lemont, managed by the firm of Singer & Taloott until about 1890, when they became the property of the Western Stone Company. Originally a Democrat, he became a Republican during the Civil War, and served as a member of the Twenty -fifth (General Assembly (1867) for Cook County, was elected Coimty Commissioner in 1870, and was Chairman of the Republican County Central Conmiittee in 1880. He was also associated with several financial institutions, being a director of the First National Bank and of the Auditorium Company of Chicago, and a member of the Union League and Calumet Clubs. Died, at Pasadena, CaL, Dec. 28, 1896.

SINGLETON, James W., Congressman, bom at Paxton, Va., Nov. 23, 1811; was educated at the Winchester (Va.) Academy, and removed to Illinois in 1833, settling first at Mount Sterling, Brown County, and, some twenty years later, near Quinoy. By profession he was a lawyer, and was prominent in i)oIitical and commercial affairs. In his later years he devoted considerable attention to stock-raising. He was elected Brigadier-General of the Illinois militia in 1844, being identified to some extent with the ''Mormon War*'; was a member of the Constitutional Conventions of 1847 and 1862, served six terms in the Legislature, and was elected, on the Democratic ticket, to Congress in 1878, and again in . 1880. In 1882 he ran as an independent Democrat, but was defeated by the regular nomineie of his party, James M. Riggs. During the War of the Rebellion he was one of the most conspicuous leaders of the ''peace party.** He constructed the Quincy & Toledo (now part of the Wabash) and the Quincy, Alton Sc St. Louis (now part of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy) Railways, being President of both companies. His death occurred at Baltimore, Md., April 4, 1892.

SINNET9 John 8*9 pioneer, was born at Lexington, Ky., March 10, 1796; at three years of age, taken by his parents to Missouri ; enlisted in the War of 1812, but, soon after the war, came to Illinois, and, about 1818, settled in what is now Christian County, locating on land constituting a part of the present city of Taylorville. In 1840 he removed to Tazewell Coimty, dying there, Jan. 18, 1872.

SKINIfEBy Mark^ jurist, was bom at Manchester, Vt., Sept. 13, 1813; graduated from Middlebury College in 1888, studied law, and, in 1836, came to Chicago; was admitted to the bar in 1839, became City Attorney in 1840, later Master in Chancery for Cook County, and finally United States District Attorney under President Tyler. As member of the House Finance Committee in the Fifteenth General Assembly (1846-48), he aided influentially in securing the adoption of measures for refunding and paying the State debt. In 1851 he was elected Judge of the Court of Conmion Pleas (now Superior Court) of Cook County, but declined a re-election in 1853. Originally a Democrat, Judge Skinner was an ardent opponent of the Kapsas-Nebraska Bill and a liberal sypporter of the Oovemment policy during the rebellion. He liberally aided the United States Sanitary Commission and was identified with all the leading charities of the city. Among the great business enterprises with which he was officially associated were the Galena Sc Chicago Union and the Chicago. Burlington Sc Quincy Railways (in each of which he was a Director), the Chicago Marine & Fire Insurance Company, the Gas-Light and Coke Company and others. Died, Sept. 16, 1887. Judge Skinner*s only surviving son was killed in the trenches before Petersburg, the last year of the Civil War.

taught for some time, became a Umversalist minister, serving churches in Baltimore, Boston and New York between 1881 and 1857; then came to Elgin, III, was elected President of Lombard University at Gkilesburg, but the following year took charge of a church at Joliet. Died, at Naperville, Sept. 18, 1861. He wrote several voltunes on religious topics, and, at different times, edited religious periodicals at Baltimore, Haverhill, Mass., and Boston.

SKINNER, Ozlas lawyer and jurist, was bom at Floyd, Oneida County, N. Y., in 1817; in 1886, removed to Illinois, settling in Peoria County, where he engaged in farming. In 1888 he began the study of law at Greenville, Ohio, and was admitted to the bar of that State in 1840. Eighteen months later he returned to Illinois, and began practice at Carthage, Hancock County, removing to Quincy in 1844. During the **Mormon War" he served as Aid-de-camp to Governor Ford. In 1848 he was elected to the lower house of the Sixteenth General Assembly, and, for a short time, served as Proseouting Attorney for the district including Adams and Brown Coun- -ties. In 1851 he was elected Judge of the (then) Fifteenth Judicial Circ^t, and, in 1855, succeeded Judge S. H. Treat on the Supreme bench, resigning this position in April, 1858, two months before the expiration of his term. He was a large land owner and had extensive agricultural interests. He built, and was the first President of the Carthage & Quincy Railroad, now a part of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy system. He was a prominent member of the Ck>nstitutional Convention of 1869, serving as Chairman of the Committee on Judiciary. Died in 1877.

SLADEy Charles^ early Congressman ; his early history, including date and place of birth, are unknown. In 1820 he was elected Representative from Washington County in the Second General Assembly, and, in 1826, was re-elected to the same body for Clinton and Washington. In 1832 he was elected one of the three Congressmen from Illinois, representing the First District. After attending the first session of the Twentythird Congress, while on his way home, he was attacked with cholera, dying near Vincennes, Ind., July 11, 1834.

SLADE, James P., ex-State Superintendent of Public Instruction, was bom at Westerlo, Albany County, N. Y., Feb. 9, 1837, and spent his boyhood with his parents on a farm, except while absent at school ; in 1856 removed to Belleville, 111., where he soon became connected with the public schools, serving for a number of years as

Principal of the Belleville High School While connected with the Belleville schools, he was elected County Superintendent, remaining in office some ten years ; later had charge of Almira College at Green^dlle, Bond Coimty, served six years as Superintendent of Schools at East St. Louis and, in 1878, was elected State Superintendent of Public Instruction as the nominee of the Republican party. On retirement from the office of State Superintendent, he resumed his place at the head of Almira Collie, but, in his last few years, served as Superintendent of Schools at East St. Louis. Died Apr. 18, 1908.

SLAYERT AND SLATE LAWS. African slaves were first brought into the Illinois country by a Frenchman named Pierre F. Renault, about 1722. At that time the present State formed a part of Louisiana, and the traffic in slaves was regulated by French royal edicts. When Great Britain acquired the territory, at the close of the French and Indian War, the former subjects of France were g^uaranteed security for their persons "and effects," and no interference with slavery was attempted. Upon the conquest of Illinois by Virginia (see Clark, George Eogers), the French very generally professed allegiance to that commonwealth, and, in her deed of cession to the United States, Virginia expressly stipulated for the protection of the * 'rights and liberties** of the French citizens. This was construed as recognizing the right of property in negro slaves. Even the Ordinance of 1787, while prohibiting slavery in the Northwest Territory, preserved to the settlers (reference being especially made to the French and Canadians) *'of the Kaskaskias, St. Vincents and neighboring villages, their laws and customs, now (then) in force, relative to the descent and conveyance of property. * * A conservative construction of this clause was, that while it prohibited the extension of slavery and the imi)ortation of slaves, the status of those who were at that time in involuntary servitude, and of their descendants, was left unchanged. There were those, however, who denied the constitutionality of the Ordinance in toto, on the ground that Congress had exceeded its powers in its passage. There was also a party which claimed that all children of slaves, bom after 1787, were free from birth. In 1794 a convention was held at Vincennes, pursuant to a call from Governor Harrison, and a memorial to Congress was adopted, praying for the repeal - or, at least a modification - of the sixth clause of the

Ordinance of 1787. The first Congressional Ck>mmittee» to which this petition was referred, reported adversely upon it ; but a second committee recommended the suspension of the operation of the clause in question for ten years. But no action was taken by the National Legislature, and, in 1807, a counter petition, extensively signed, was forwarded to that body, and Ck>ngress left the matter in statu quo. It is worthy of note that some of the most earnest opi)onents of the measure were Representatives from Southern Slave States, John Randolph, of Virginia, being one of them. The pro-slavery party in the State then prepared what is popularly known as the '^Indenture Law," which was one of the first acts adopted by Governor Edwards and his Coimcil, and was re-enacted by the first Territorial Legislature in 1812. It was entitled, ''An Act relating to the Introduction of Negroes and Mulattoes into this Territory," and gave permission to bring slaves above 15 years of age into the State, when they might be registered and kept in servitude within certain limitations. Slaves under that age might also be brought in, registered, and held in bondage until they reached the age of 85, if males, and 30, if females. The issue of registered slaves were to serve their mother's master until the age of 30 or 28, according to sex. The effect of this legislation was rapidly to increase the nimiber of slaves. The Constitution of 1818 prohibited the introduction of slavery thereafter - that is to say, after its adoption. In 1822 the slave-holding party, with their supporters, began to agitate the question of so amending the organic law as to make Illinois a slave State. To effect such a change the calling of a convention was necessary, and, for eighteen months, the struggle between "conventionists" and their opponents was bitter and fierce. The question was submitted to a popular vote on August 2, 1824, the result of the count showing 4,972 votes for such convention and 6,640 against. This decisive result settled the question of slave-holding in Illinois for all future time, though the existence of slavery in the State continued to be recognized by the National Census until 1840. The number, according to the census of 1810, was 168; in 1820 they had increased to 917. Then the number began to diminish, being reduced in 1830 to 747, and, in 1840 (the last census which shows any portion of the population held in bondage), it was 331.

Hooper Warren - who has been mentioned elsewhere as editor of "The Edwardsville Spectator, " and a leading factor in securing the defeat of the scheme to make Illinois a slave State in 1822 - ^in an article in the first number of 'The Genius of Liberty*' (January, 1841), speaking of that contest, says there were, at its beginning, only three papers in the State - "The Intelligencer' ' at Vandalia, "The Gazette" at Shawneetown, and "The Spectator" at Edwardsville. The first two of these, at the outset, favored the Convention scheme, while "The Spectator" opposed it. .The management of the campaign on the part of the pro-slavery party was assigned to Emanuel J. West, Theophilus W. Smith and Oliver L. KeUy, and a paper was established by the name of "The Illinois Republican," with Smith as editor. Among the active opponents of the measure were George Churchill, Thomas Lippincott, Samuel D. Lockwood, Henry Starr (afterwards of Cincinnati), Rev. Jolm M. Peck and Rev. James Lemen, of St. Clair County. Others who contributed to the cause were Daniel P. Cook, Morris

Jackson Coimty, Dr. Henry Perrine of Bond; William Leggett of Edwardsville (afterwards editor of "The New York Evening Post"), Benjamin Lundy (then of Missouri), David Blackwell and Rev. John Dew, of St. Clair County. Still others were Nathaniel Pope (Judge of the United States District Court), Waiiam B. Archer, William H. Brown and Benjamin Mills (of Vandalia), John Tillson, Dr. Horatio Newhall, George Forquer. Col. Thomas Mather, Thomas Ford, Judge David J. Baker, Charles W. Hunter and Henry H. Snow (of Alton). This testimony is of interest as coming from one who probably had more to do with defeating the scheme, with the exception of Gov. Edward Coles. Outside of the more elaborate Histories of Illinois, the most accurate and detailed accounts of this particular period are to be found in "Sketch of Edward Coles" by the late E. B. Washburne, and "Early Movement in Illinois for the Legalization of Slavery," an address before the Chicago Historical Society (1864), by Hon. WilUam H. Brown, of Chicaga (See also. Coles, Edward; Warren, Hooper; Brown, William H.; Churchill, Oeorge; Lippincott, Thomas; a>nd Newspapers, Early, elsewhere in this volume. )

SLOAN9 Wesley, legislator and jurist, was bom in Dorchester County, Md., Feb. 20,, 1806. At the age of 17, having received a fair academic education, he accompanied his parents to Philadelphia, where, for a year, he was employed in a wholesale grocery. His father dying, he returned to Maryland and engaged in teaching, at the same time studying law, and being admitted to the bar in 1881. He came to Illinois in 1888, going first to Chicago, and afterward to Kaskaskia, finally settling at Oolconda in 1839, which continued to be his home the remainder of his life. In 1848 he was elected to the Legislature, and re-elected in 1850, '52, and '56, serving three times as Chairman of the Judiciary Committee. He was one of the members of the first State Board of Education, created by Act of Feb. 18, 1857, and took a prominent part in the founding and organization of the State educational institutions. In 1857 he was elected to the bench of the Nineteenth Judicial Circuit, and re-elected in 1861, but declined a re-election for a third term. Died, Jan. 15, 1887.

SMITHy Abner, jurist, was bom at Orange, Franklin County. Mass., August 4, 1843, of an old New England family, whose ancestors came to Massachusetts Colony about 1680; was educated in the public schools and at Middlebury College, Vt., graduating from the latter in 1866. After graduation he spent a year as a teacher in Newton Academy, at Shoreham, Vt., coming to Chicago in 1867, and entering upon the study of law, being admitted to the bar in 1868. The next twenty-five years were spent in the practice of his profession in Chicago, within that time serving as the attorney of several important corporations. In 1893 he was elected a Judge of the Circuit Court of Cook County, and re-elected in 1897, his term of service continuing until 1903.

SMITH^ (Dr.) Charles Gilmaiiy physician, was bom at Exeter, N. H., Jan. 4, 1828, received his early education at Phillips Academy, in his native place, finally graduating from Harvard University in 1847. He soon after commenced the study of medicine in the Harvard Medical School, but completed his course at the University of Pennsylvania in 1851. After two years spent as attending physician of the Alms House in South Boston, Mass., in 1853 he came to Chicago, where he soon acquired an extensive practice. During the Civil War he was one of six physicians employed by the Covemment for the treatment of prisoners of war in hospital at Camp Douglas. In 1868 he visited Europe for the purpose of observing the management 6f hospitals in Germany, France and England,' on his return being invited to lecture in the Woman's Medical College in Chicago, and also becoming consulting physician in the Women's and Children's Hospital, as well as in the Presbyterian Hospital - a position which he continued to occupy for the remainder of his life, gaining a wide reputation in the treatment of women's and children's diseases. Died, Jan. 10, 1894.

SMITHy David Allen, lawyer, was born near Richmond, Va., June 18, 1809; removed with his father, at an early day, to Pulaski, Tenn. ; at 17 went to Courtland, Lawrence County, Ala., where he studied law with Judge Bramlette and began practice. His father, dying about 1881, left him the owner of a number of slaves whom, in 1837, he brought to Carlinville, 111., and emancipated, giving bond that they should not become a chairge to the State. In 1889 he removed to Jacksonville, where he practiced law until his death. Col. John J. Hardin was his partner at the time of his death on the battle-field of Buena Vista. Mr. Smith was a Trustee and generous patron of Illinois College, for a quarter of a century, but never held any political office. As a lawyer he was conscientious and faithful to the interests of his clients; as a citizen, liberal, public-spirited and patriotic. He contributed liberally to the support of the Covemment during the war for the Union. Died, at Anoka, Minn., July 13, 1865, where he had gone to accompany an invalid son. - Thomas William (Smith), eldest son of the preceding, bom at Courtland, Ala., Sept. 27, 1832; died at Clearwater, Minn., Oct. 29, 1865. He graduated at Illinois College in 1852, studied law and served as Captain in the Tenth Illinois Volunteers, until, broken in health, he returned home to die.

SMITH) Dietrich C, ex-Congressman, was bom at Ostfriesland, Hanover, April 4, 1840, in boyhood came to the United States, and, since 1849, has been a resident of Pekin, Tazewell County. In 1861 he enlisted in the Eighth Illinois Volunteers, was promoted to a Lieutenancy, and, while so serving, was severely wounded at Shiloh. Later, he was attached to the One Hundred and Thirty-ninth Illinois Infantry, and was mustered out*of service as Captain of Company C of that regiment. His business is that of banker and manufacturer, besides which he has had considerable experience in the construction and management of railroads. He was a member of the Thirtieth (General Assembly, and, in 1880, was elected Representative in Congress from what was then the Thirteenth District, on the Republican ticket, defeating Adlai E. Stevenson, afterwards Vice-President. In 1882, his county (Tazewell) having been attached to the district for many years represented by Wm. M. Springer, he was defeated by the latter as a candidate for reelection.

SMITH^ Georg^y one of Chicago's pioneers and early bankers, was bom in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, March 8, 1808. It was his early intention to study medicine, and he entered Aberdeen College with this end in view, but was forced to quit the institution at the end of two years, because of impaired vision. In 1888 he came to America, and, in 1884, settled in Chicago, where he resided until 1861, meanwhile spending one year in Scotland. He invested largely in real estate in Chicago and Wisconsin, At one time owning a considerable portion of the present site of Milwaukee. In 1887 he secured the charter for the Wisconsin Marine and Fire Insurance Company, whose headquarters were at Milwaukee. He was really the owner of the company, although Alexander Mitchell, of Milwaukee, was its Secretary. Under this charter Mr. Smith was able to issue $1,500,000 in certificates, which circulated freely as currency. In 1889 he founded Chicago's first private banking house. About 1848 he was interested in a storage and commission business in Chicago, with a Mr. Webster as partner. He was a Director in the old Qalena & Chicago Union Railroad (now a part of the Chicago & Northwestern), and aided it, while in course of construction, by loans of money; was also a charter member of the Chicago Board of Trade, organized in 1848. In 1854, the State of Wisconsin having prohibited the circulation of the Wisconsin Marine and Fire Insurance certificates above mentioned, Mr. Smith sold out the company to his partner, Mitchell, and bought two Georgia bank charters, which, together, empowered him to issue $8,000,000 in currency. The notes were duly issued in (Georgia, and put into circulation in Illinois, over the counter of George Smith & Co.*s Chicago bank. About 1856 Mr. Smith began winding up his affairs in Chicago, meanwhile spending most of his time in Scotland, but, returning in 1860, made extensive investments in railroad and other American securities, which netted him large profits. The amoimt of capital which he is reputed to have taken with him to his native land has been estimated at $10,000,000, though he retained considerable tracts of valuable lands in Wisconsin and about Chicago. Among those who were associated with him in business, either as employes or otherwise, and who have since been prominently identified with Chicago business affairs, were Hon. Charles B. Farwell, E. I. Tinkham (afterwards a prominent banker of Chicago), E. W. Willard, now of Newport, R. I., and others. Mr. Smith made several visits, during the last forty years, to the United States, but divided his time chiefly between Scotland (where he was the owner of a castle) and London. Died Oct. 7, 18M.

8MITH5 George W.^ soldier, lawyer and State Treasurer, was born in Brooklyn, N. Y., Jan. 8, 1887. It was his intention to acquire a collegiate education, but his father*s business embarrassments having compelled the abandonment of his studies, at 17 of years age he went to Arkansas and taught school for two years. In 1856 he returned to Albany and began the study of law, graduating from the law school in 1858. In October of that year he removed to Chicago, where be remained continuously in practice, with the exception of the years 1862-65, when he was serving in the Union army, and 1867-68, when he filled the office of State Treasurer. He was mustered into service, August 27, 1862, as a Captain in the Eighty-eighth Illinois Infantry - ^the second Board of Trade regiment. At Stone River, he was seriously wounded and captured. After four days* confinement, he was aided by a negro to escape. He made his way to the Union lines, but was granted leave of absence, being incapacitated for service. On his return to duty he joined his regiment in the Chattanooga campaign, and was ofilcially complimented for his bravery at (Gordon's Mills. At Mission Ridge he was again severely wounded, and was once more personally complimented in the oflScial report. At Kenesaw Moimtain (June 27, 1864), Capt. Smith commanded the regiment after the killing of Lieutenant-Colonel Chandler, and was promoted to a Lieutenant-Colonelcy for bravery on the field. He led the charge at Franklin, and was brevetted Colonel, and thanked by the commander for his gallant service. In the spring of 1865 he was brevetted Brigadier-General, and, in Jime following, was mustered out. Returning to Chicago, he resumed the practice of his profession, and gained a prominent position at the bar. In 1866 he was elected State Treasurer, and, after the expiration of his term, in January, 1869, held no public ofiice. General Smith was, for many years, a Trustee of the Chicago Historical Society, and Vice-President of the Board. Died, in Chicago, Sept. 16, 1898.

SMITH, George W., lawyer and Congressman, was bom in Putnam County, Ohio, August 18, 1846. When he was four years old, his father removed to Wayne County, 111., settling on a farm. He attended the common schools and graduated from the literary department of Mc- Kendree College, at Lebanon, in 1868. In his youth he learned the trade of a blacksmith, but later determined to study law. After reading for a time at Fairfield, HI., he entered the Law Department of the Bloomington (Lad.) University, graduating there in 1870. The same year he was admitted to the bar m Illinois, and continued practice at Murphysboro. In 1880 he was a Republican Presidential Elector, and, in 1888, was elected a Republican Representative to Congress from the Twentieth Illinois District, and was continuously re-elected up to 1906. Died Nov. 30, 1907, during his tenth term,vbeing then Representative from the Twenty-second District.

SMITH, Giles Alexander, soldier, and Assistant Postmaster-Oeneral, was bom in Jefferson County, N. Y., Sept. 29, 1829; engaged in drygoods business in Cincinnati and Bloomington, IlL, in 1861 being proprietor of a hotel in the latter place; became a Captain in the Eighth Missouri Volunteers, was engaged at Forts Henry and Donelson, Shiloh and Corinth, and promoted Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel in 1862; led his regiment on the first attack on Vicksburg, and was severely wounded at Arkansas Post ; was promoted Brigadier-Qeneral in August, 1863, for gallant and meritorious conduct; led a brigade of the Fifteenth Army Corps at Chattanooga and Missionary Ridge, as also in the Atlanta campaign, and a division of the Seventeenth Corps in the **Maroh to the Sea." After the surrender of Lee he was transferred to the Twenty -fifth Army Corps, became Major-C^eneral in 1865, and resigned in 1866, having declined a commission as Colonel in the regular army ; about 1869 was appointed, by President Grant, Second Assistant Postmaster-General, but resigned on account of failing health in 1872. Died, at Bloomington, Nov. 8, 1876. General Smith was one of the founders of the Society of the Army of the Tennessee.

SMITH, Gnstayas Adolphns, soldier, was bom in Philadelphia, Dec. 26, 1820; at 16 joined two brothers who had located at Springfield, Ohio, where he learned the trade of a carriage-maker. In December, 1887, he arrived at Decatur, 111., but soon after located at Springfield, where he resided some six years. Then, returning to Decatur, he devoted his attention to carriage manufacture, doing a large business with the Souths but losing heavily as the result of the war. An original Whig, he became a Democrat on the dissolution of the Whig party, but early took groimd in favor of the Union after the firing on Fort Siunter; was offered and accepted the colonelcy of the Thirty-fifth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, at the same time assisting Governor

Yates in the selection of Camp Butler as a camp of recruiting and instruction. Having been assigned to duty in Missouri, in the summer of 1861, he proceeded to Jefferson City, joined Fremont at Carthage in that State, and made a forced march to Springfield, afterwards taking part in the campaign in Arkansas and in the battle of Pea Ridge, where be had a horse shot under him and was severely (and, it was supposed, fatally) wounded, not recovering until 1868. Being compelled to return home, he received authority to raise an independent brigade, but was unable to accompany it to the field. In September, 1862, he was commissioned a Brigadier- General by President Lincoln, '*for meritorious ponduct," but was unable to enter into active service on account of his wound. Later, he was assigned to the command of a convalescent camp at Murfreesboro. Tenn., under Gen. G^rge H. Thomas. In 1864 he took part in securing the second election of President Lincoln, and, in the early part of 1865J was commissioned by Governor Oglesby Colonel of a new regiment (the One Hundred and Fifty-fifth Illinois), but, on accoimt of his woimds, was assigned to courtmartial duty, remaining in the service until January, 1866, when he was mustered out with the brevet rank of Brigadier-General. During the second year of his service he was presented with a magnificent sword by the rank and file of his regiment (the Thirty-fifth), for brave and gallant conduct at Pea Ridge. After retiring from the army, he engaged in cotton planting in Alabama, but was not successful; in 1868, canvassed Alabama for General Grant for President, but declined a nomination in his own favor for Congress. In 1870 he was appointed, by General Grant, United States Collection and Disbursing Agent for the District of New Mexico, where he continued to reside.

SMITH, John Corson, soldier, ex-Lieutenant- Governor and ex-State Treasurer, was born in Philadelphia, Feb. 13. 1832. At the age of 16 he was apprenticed to a carpenter and builder. In 1854 he came to Chicago, and worked at his trade, for a time, but soon removed to Galena, where he finally engaged in business as a contractor. In 1862 he enlisted as a private in the Seventy-fourth Illinois Volunteers, but, having received authority from Governor Yates, raised a company, of which he was chosen Captain, and which was incorporated in the Ninety-sixth Illinois Infantry. Of this regiment he was soon elected Major. After a short service about Cincinnati, Ohio, and Ck>vington and Newport, Ky., the Ninety- sixth was sent to the front, and took part (among other battles) in the seoond engagement at Fort Donelson and in the bloody fight at Franklin, Tenn. Later, Major Smith was assigned to staff duty under Generals Baird and Steedman, senring through the Tullahoma campaign, and participating in the battles of Chickamauga, Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge. ' Being promoted to a Lieutenant-Colonelcy, he rejoined his regiment, and was given command of a brigade. In the Atlanta campaign he served gallantly, taking a conspicuous part in its long series of bloody engagements, and being severely wounded at Kenesaw Mountain. In February, 1865, he was brevetted Colonel, and, in June, 1865, Brigadier- GtoneraL Soon after his return to Galena he was appointed Assistant Assessor of Internal Revenue, but was legislated out of office in 1872. In 1873 he removed to Chicago and embarked in business. In 1874-76 he was a member (and Secretary) of the Illinois Board of Commissioners to the Centennial Exposition at Philadelphia. In 1875 he was appointed Chief Grain-Inspector at Chicago, and held the office for several years. In 1872 and '76 he was a delegate to the National Republican Conventions of those years, and, in 1878, was elected State Treasurer, as he was again in 1882. In 1884 he was elected Lieutenant-Governor, serving until 1889. He was a prominent Mason, Kni^t Templar and Odd Fellow, as well as a distinguished member of the Order of Nobles of the Mystic Shrine, and was prominently connected with the erection of the '* Masonic Temple Building" in Chicago. Died Dec. 31, 1910.

SMITHy John Eogene, soldier, was bom in Switzerland, August 3, 1816, the son of an officer who had served under Napoleon, and after the downfall of the latter, emigrated to Philadelphia. The subject of this sketch received an academic education and became a jeweler; in 1861 entered the volunteer service as Colonel of the Forty-fifth Illinois Infantry; took part in the capture of Forts Henry and Donelson, in the battle of Shiloh and siege of Corinth ; was promoted a Brigadier- General in November, 1862, and placed in command of a division in the Sixteenth Army Corps; led the Third Division of the Seventeenth Army Corps in the Vicksburg campaign, later being transferred to the Fifteenth, and taking part in the battle of Missionary Ridge and the Atlanta and Carolina campaigns of 1864-65. He received the brevet rank of Major-Gteneral of Volunteers in January, 1865, and, on his muster-out from the volunteer service, became Colonel of the Twentyseventh United States Infantry, being transferred, in 1870, to the Fourteenth. In 1867 his services at Vicksburg and Savannah were further recognized by conferring upon him the brevets of Brigadier and Major-G^eneral in the regular army. In May, 1881, he was retired, afterwards residing in Chicago, where he died, Jan. 29, 1897.

SMITHy Joseph^ the founder of the Mormon sect, was born at Sharon, Vt., Dec. 23, 1805. In 1815 his parents removed to Palmyra, N. Y., and still later to Manchester. He early showed a dreamy mental cast, and claimed to be able to locate stolen articles by means of a magic stone. In 1820 he claimed to have seen a vision, but his pretensions were ridiculed by his acquaintances. His story of the revelation of the golden plates by the angel Moroni, and of the latter's instructions to him, is well known. With the aid of Martin Harris and Oliver Cowdery he prepared the "Book of Mormon,'' alleging that he had deciphered it from heaven-sent characters, through the aid of miraculous spectacles. This was published in 1830. In later years Smith claimed to have received supplementary revelations, which so taxed the credulity of his followers that some of them apostatized. He also claimed supernatural power, such as exorcism, etc. He soon gained followers in considerable numbers, whom, in 1832, he led west, a part settling at Kirtland, Ohio, and the remainder in Jackson Coimty, Mo. Driven out of Ohio five years later, the bulk of the sect found the way to their friends in Missouri, whence they were finally expelled after many conflicts with the authorities. Smith, with the other refugees, fled tQ Hancock County, IlL, founding the city of Nauvoo, which was incorporated in 1840. Here was begun, in the following year, the erection of a great temple, but again he aroused the hostility of the authorities, although soon wielding considerable political power. After various unsuccessful attempts to arrest him in 1844, Smith and a number of his followers were induced to surrender themselves under the promise of protection from violence and a fair trial. Having been taken to Carthage, the county -seat, all were discharged under recognizance to appear at court except Smith and his brother Hyrum, who were held under the new charge of "treason, *' and were placed in jail. So intense had been the feeling against the Mormons, that Gk>vernor Ford called out the militia to preserve the peace; but it is evident that the feeling among the latter was in sympathy with that of the i)opulace. Most of the militia were disbanded after Smith's arrest, one company beins: left on duty at Carthage.

from whom onlj eight men were detailed to guard the jaiL In this condition of affairs a moh of 150 disguised men, alleged to be from Warsaw, appeared before the jail on the evening of June 27, and, foroing the guards - who made only a feeble resistance, - Joseph Smith and his brother Hjrum were both shot down, while a friend, who had remained with them, was wounded. The fate of Smith undoubtedly went far to win for him the reputation of martyr, and give a new impulse to the Mormon faith. (See Mormons; Nauvoo,)