Piatt County, Illinois - The whole text, 1917 (part 22 of 26)

ORDINANCE OF 1797. This is the name given to the first organic act, passed by Congress, for the government of the territory northwest of the Ohio River, comprising the present States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin. The first step in this direction was taken in the appointment, by Congress, on March 1, 1784, of a committee, of which Thomas Jefferson was Chairman, to prepare a plan for the temporary government of the region which had been acquired, by the capture of Kaskaskia, by Col. Oeorge Rogers Clark, nearly six years previous. The necessity for some step of this sort had grown all the more urgent, in consequence of the recognition of the right of the United States to this region by the Treaty of Paris of 1788, and the surrender, by Virginia, of the title she had maintained thereto on account of Clark's conquest under her auspices^ - a right which she had exercised by furnishing whatever semblance of government so far existed northwest of the Ohio. The report submitted from Jefferson's committee proposed the division of the Territory into seven States, to which was added the proviso that, after the year 1800, ''there shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in any of said States, otherwise than in punishment of crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted." This report fskiled of adoption, however. Congress contenting itself with the passage of a resolution providing for future organization of this territory into States by the people - ^the measures necessary for temporary government being left to future Ck>ngressional action. While the postponement, in the resolution as introduced by Jefferson, of the inhibition of slavery to the year 1800, has been criticised, its introduction was significant, as coming from a representative from a slave State, and being the first proposition in Congress looking to restriction, of any character, on the subject of slavery. Congress having taken no further step under the resolution adopted in 1784, the condition- of the country (thus left practically without a responsible government, while increasing in population) became constantly more deplorable. An appeal from the people about Kaskaskia for some better form of government, in 1786, aided by the influence of the newly organized '*Ohio Company,'* who desired to encourage emigration to the lands which they were planning to secure from the General Gk>vemment, at last brought about the desired result, in the passage of the famous "Ordinance,'' on the 18th day of July, 1787. While making provision for a mode of temporary self-government by the people, its most striking features are to be found in the six "articles" - a sort of "Bill of Rights" - with which the document closes. These assert: (1) the right of freedom of worship and religious opinion/ (2) the right to the benefit of habeas corpus and trial by jury; to proportionate representation, and to protection in liberty and property; (3) that "religion, morality and knowledge, being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged" ; (4) that the States, formed within the territory referred to, "shall forever remain a part of this confederacy of the United States of America, subject to the Articles of Confederation and to such alterations therein as shall be constitutionally made" ; (5) prescribe the boundaries of the States to be formed therein and the conditions of their admission into the Union ; and (6 - and most significant of all) repeat the prohibition regarding> the introduction of slavery into the Northwest Territory, as proposed by Jefferson, but without any qualification as to time. There has been considerable controversy regarding the authorship of this portion of the Ordinance, into which it is not necessary to enter here. While it has been characterized as a second and advanced Declaration of Independence - and probably no single act of Congress was ever fraught with more important and far-reaching results - it seems remarkable that a majority of the States supporting it and securing its adoption, were then, and long continued to be, slave States.

OREGON, the county-seat of Ogle County, situated on Rock River and the Minneapolis Branch of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad. 100 miles west from Chicago. The surrounding region is agricultural; the town has water power and manufactures flour, pianos, steel tanks, street sprinklers, and iron castings. It has two banks, water-works supplied by flowing artesian wells, cereal mill, and two weekly newspapers ; has also obtained some reputo as a summer resort. Pop. (1900), 1,577; (1910), 2,180.

ORION, a village of Henry County, at the intersection of the Rock Island Division of the Chicago Burlington & Quincy and the Chicago^ Rock Island & Pacific Railways, 19 miles southeast of Rock Island. Pop. (1900), 584; (1910), 655.

OSBORN, William Henry, Pvailway President, was born at Salem, Mass., Dec. 21, 1820. After receiving a high school education in his native town, he entered the counting room of the East India house of Peele, Hubbell & Co. ; was subsequently sent to represent the firm at Manila, finally engaging in business on liis own account, during which he traveled extensively in Europe. Returning to the United States in 1853, he took up his residence in New York, and, having married the daughter of Jonathan Sturges, one of the original incorporators and promoters of the Illinois Central Railroad, he soon after became associated with that enterprise. In August, 1854, he was chosen a Director of the Company, and, on Dec. 1, 1855, became its third President, serving in the latter position nearly ten years (until July 11, 1865), and, as a Director, until 1877--in all, twenty-two years. After retiring from hi» connection with the Illinois Central Railroad, Mr. Osborn gave his attention largely to enterprises of an educational and benevolent character in aid of the unfortunate classes in the State of New York.

OSBORN, Thomas O., soldier and diplomatist, was bom in Licking County, Ohio, August 11, 1832; graduated from the Ohio University at Athens, in 1854; studied law at Crawfordsville. Ind., with Gten. Lew Wallace, was admitted to the bar and began practice in Chicago. Early in the war for the Union he joined the * 'Yates Phalanx," which, after some delay on account of the quota being full, was mustered into the service, in August, 1861, as the Thirty -ninth Illinois Volunteers, the subject of this sketch being commissioned its Lieutenant-Colonel. His promotion to the colonelcy soon followed, the regiment being sent east to guard the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, where it met the celebrated Stonewall Jackson, and took part in many important engagements, including the battles of Winchester, Bermuda Hundreds, and Drury's Bluff, besides the ^sieges of Charleston and Petersburg. At Bermuda Hundreds Colonel Osborn was severely wounded, losing the use of his right arm. He bore a conspicuous part in the operations about Richmond which resulted in the capture of the rebel capital, his services being recognized by promotion to the brevet rank of Major-GeneraL At the doee of the war he returned to the practice of law in Chicago, but, in 1874, was appointed Consul-General and Minister-Resident to the Argentine Republic, remaining in that position until June, 1885, when he resigned, resuming his residence in Chicago. Died March 27, 1904.

O8WEOO9 a village in Kendall Coimty, on the Aurora and Streator branch of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway, 6 miles south of Aurora. Pop. (1890), 641; (1900), 618; (1910), 600.

OTTAWA, the county-seat and principal city ' of La Salle County, being incorporated as a village in 1888, and, as a city, in 1858. It is located at the confluence of the Illinois and Fox Rivers and on the Illinois & Michigan Canal. It is the intersecting point of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway and the Streator branch of the Cliicago, Burlington & Quincy, 98 miles east of Rock Island and 83 miles west-southwest of Chicago. The surrounding region abounds in coal. Sand of a superior quality for the manufacture of glass is found in the vicinity and the place has extensive glass works. Other manufactured products are brick, drain-tile, sewer-pipe, tileroofing, ix>ttery, pianos, organs, cigars, wagons and carriages, agricultural implements, hay carriers, hay presses, sash, doors, blinds, cabinet work, saddlery and harness and pumps. The city has some handsome public buildings including the Appellate (formerly Supreme) Court House for the Northern £)ivision. It also has several public parks, one of which (South Park) contains a medicinal spring. There are a doeen churches and numerous public school buildings, including a high school. The city is lighted by gas and electricity, has electric street railways, good sewerage, and water-works supplied from over 150 artesian wells and numerous natural springs. It has one private and two national banks, five libraries, and eight weekly newspapers (three German), of which four issue daily editions. Pop. (1890), 9,985; (1900), 10,588; (1910), 9,535.

Ottawa, Chicago & Fox Riyer Talley

1801; came to Illinois at an early day, and, in 1830, was elected to the Seventh General Assembly from Randolph County; the following year was appointed Indian Agent at Chicago, as successor to Dr. Alexander Wolcott, who had died in the latter part of 1830. Mr. Owen served as Indian Agent until 1833; was a member of the first Board of Town Trustees of the village of Chicago, Commissioner of School Lands, and one of the Government Commissioners who conducted the treaty with the Pottawatomie and other tribes of Indians at Chicago, in September, 1838. Died, in Chicago. Oct. 15, 1835.

PADDOCK, Gains, pioneer, a native of Massachusetts, was bom in 1758; at the age of 17 he entered the Colonial Army, serving imtil the close of the Revolutionary War, and being in Washington's command at the crossing of the Delaware. After the war he removed to Vermont; but, in 1815, went to Cincinnati, and, a year later, to St. Charles, Mo. Then, after having spent about a year at St. Louis, in 1818 he located in Madison County, IlL, at a point afterwards known as **Paddock*s Grove," and which became one of the most prosperous agricultiural sections of Southern Illinois. Died, in 1831.

PAINE, (Gen.) Eleazer A«, soldier, was bom in Parkman, Geauga County, Ohio, Sept. 10, 1815; graduated at West Point Military Academy, in 1839, and was assigned to the First Infantry, serving in the Florida War (1839-40), but resigned, Oct. 11, 1840. He then studied law and practiced at Painesville, Ohio, (1848-48), and at Monmouth, 111., (1848-61), meanwhile serving in the lower branch of the Eighteenth General Assembly (1852-53). Before leaving Ohio, he had been Deputy United States Marshal and Lieutenant- Colonel of the State Militia, and, in Illinois, became Brigadier-General of Militia (1845-48). He was appointed Colonel of the Ninth Illinois in April, 1861, and served through the war, being promoted Brigadier-General in September, 1861. The first duty performed by his regiment, after this date, was the occupation of Paducah, Ky., where he was in command. Later, it took part in the capture of Forts Henry and Donelson, the battles of Shiloh, New Madrid and Corinth, and also in the various engagements in Northern Georgia and in the "march to the sea.*' From November, 1862, to May, 1864, General Paine was guarding railroad lines in Central Tennessee, and, during a part of 1864, in command of the Western District of Kentucky. He resigned, April 5, 1865, and died in Jersey City, Dec. 16,

PALATINE, a village of Cook County, on the Wisconsin Division of the Chicago & Northwestem Railroad, 26 miles northwest from Chicago. There are flour and planing mills here ; dairying and farming are leading industries of the surrounding country. The village has good schools, churches and one newspaper. Pop. (1910), 1,144.

PALESTINE, a town in Crawford County, about 2 miles from the Wabash River, 7 miles east of Robinson, and 35 miles southwest of Terre Haute, on the Indianapolis Southern Railway; has churches, a graded school, a bank, weekly newspaper, flour mill, cold storage plant, canning factory, garment factory, and municipal light and power plknt.' Pop. (1890), 732; (1900), 979; (1910), 1,399.

PALMER^ Frank W*, journalist, ex-Congressman and Public Printer, was bom at Manchester, Dearborn County, Ind., Oct. 11, 1827; learned the printer's trade at Jamestown, N. Y., afterwards edited **The Jamestown Journal," and served two terms in the New York Legislature ; in 1858 removed to Dubuque, Iowa, and edited **The Dubuque Times,'* was elected to Congress in 1860, and again in 1868 and 1872, meanwhile having purchased ''The Des Moines Register,'* which he edited for several years. In 1873 he removed to Chicago and became editor of ''The Inter Ocean," remaining two years; in 1877 was appointed Postmaster of the city of Chicago, serving eight years. Shortly after the accession of President Harrison, in 1889, he was appointed Public Printer, continuing in office until the accession of President Cleveland in 1893, when he returned to newspaper work, but resumed his old place at the head of the Government Printing Bureau after the inauguration of President McKinley, 1897. Died Dec. 3, 1907.

PALMEBy John MeAnley, lawyer, soldier and United States Senator, was bom in Scott County, Ky., Sept. 18, 1817; removed with his father to Madison County, 111., in 1831, and, four years later, entered Shurtleff College, at Upper Alton, as a student; later taught and studied* law, being admitted to the bar in 1839. In 1843 he was elected Probate Judge of Macoupin County, also served in the State Constitutional Convention of 1847; after discharging the duties of Probate and County Judge, was elected to the State Senate, to All a vacancy^ in 1852, and re-elected in 1854, as an Anti-Nebraska Democrat, casting his vote for Lyman Trumbull for United States Senator in 1855, but resigned his seat in 1856 ; was President of the flrst Republican State Convention, held at Bloomington in the latter year, and appointed a delegate to the National Convention at Philadelphia ; was an unsuccessful candidate for Congress in 1859, and (ihosen a Presidential Elector on the Republican ticket in 1860 ; served as a member of the National Peace Conference of 1861 : entered the army as Colonel of the Fourteenth Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry; was promoted Brigadier Greneral, in November, 1861, taking part in the campaign in Tennessee up to Chickamauga, assuming the command of the Fourteenth Army Corps with the rank of Major-Oeneral, but was relieved at his own request before Atlanta. In 1865 he was assigned, by President Lincoln, to command of the Military Department of Kentucky, but, in September, 1866, retired from the service, and, in 1867, became a citizen of Springfield. The following year he was elected Governor, as a Republican, but, in 1872, supported Horace Greeley for President, and has since cooperated with the Democratic party. He was three times the unsuccessful candidate of his party for United States Senator, and was their nominee for Governor in 1888, but defeated. In 1890 he was nominated for United States Senator by the Democratic State Convention and elected in joint session of the Legislature, March 11, 1891, receiving on the 154th ballot 101 Democratic and two Farmers' Mutual Alliance votes< He became an important factor in the campaign of 1896 as candidate of the "Sound Money'* Democracy for President, although receiving no electoral votes, proving his devotion to principle. His last years were occupied in preparation of a volume of personal recollections, which was completed, under the title of "The Story of an Earnest Life,*' a few weeks before his death, which occurred a|i his home in Springfield, September 35, 1900.

PALMER, Potter, merchant and capitalist, was born in Albany County, N. Y., in 1825; received an English education and became a junior clerk in a country store at Durham, Greene County, in that State, three years later being placed in charge of the business, and finally engaging in business on his own account. Coming to Chicago in 1852, he embarked in the drygoods business on Lake Street, establishing the house which afterwards became Field, Leiter & Co. (now Marshall Field & Co. ) , from which he retired, in 1865, with the basis of an ample fortune, which later was greatly increased by fortunate investments. He died May 9, 1902. Mr. Palmer was Second Vice-President of the first Board of Local Directors of the World's Columbian Exposition in 1891. - Mrs. Bertha M. Honore (Palmer), wife of the preceding, is the daughter of H. H.

Honoi^e, formerly a prominent real-estate owner and operator of Chicaga She is a native of Louisville, Ky., where her girlhood was chiefly spent, though she was educated at a convent near Baltimore, Md. Later she came with her famUj to Chicago, and, in 1870, was married to Potter Palmer. Mrs. Palmer has been a recognized leader in many social and benevolent movements, but won the highest praise by her ability and administrative skill, exhibited as President of the Board of Lady Managers of the World's Columbian Exposition of 1898.

PALXIBA9 a village of Macoupin County, on the Springaeld Division of the St. Louis, Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Railway, 33 miles southwest from Springfield; has somo local manufactories, a bank and a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 813; (1910), 873

PAN Ay an important railway center and the largest city of Christian County, situated in the southeastern part of the County, and at the intersecting point of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern, I. C, C. & £. I. and the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railroads, 35 miles soutli by west from Decatur, and 42 miles southeast of Springfield. It is an important shipping-point for grain and has two elevators. Its mechanical establishments include two flouring mills, a foundry, two machine shops and two planing mills. The siurounding region is rich in coal, which is extensively mined. Pana has banks, several churches, graded schools, high school, and one paper issuing daily and weekly editions. Pop. (1900), 5.530; (1910), 6,055.

Pana, Spbinofield & Northwestern

PARIS) a handsome ond flourishing city, the county-seat of Edgar County. It is an important railway center, situated on the "Big Four'* and the Yandaba Line, 160 miles south of Chicago, and 170 miles east-northeast of St. Louis; is in the heart of a wealthy and populous agricultural region, and has a prosperous trade. Its industries include foundries, three elevators, flour, saw and planing mills, glass, broom, and com product factories. The city has three banks, three daily and three weekly newspapers, one monthly publication, several churches, and graded schools. Pop. (1900), 6,105; (1910), 7,664.

went to New York City in 1888, where he completed his legal studies and was admitted to the bar, removing to Lockport, 111., in 1842. Here he successively edited a paper, served as Master in Chancery and in an engineering corps on the Illinois & Michigan Canal; was elected County Judge in 1849, removed to Joliet, and, for a time, acted as an attorney of the Chicago & Rook Island, the Michigan Central and the Chicago & Alton Railroads; was also a Trustee of the ' Institution for the Deaf and Dumb at Jacksonville; was elected Representative in 1852, became a Republican and served on the first Republican State Central Committee (1856); the same year was elected to the State Senate, and was a Commissioner of the State Penitentiary in 1864. In 1872 Mr. Parks joined in the Liberal-Republican movement, was defeated for Congress, and afterwards acted with the Democratio party. Died, Dec. 28, 1895.

PARKS, Lawson A., journalist, was bom at Mecklenburg, N. C, April 16, 1818; leamed the printing trade at Charlotte, in that State; came to St. Louis in 1838, and, in 1886, assisted in establishing ''The Alton Telegraph,'* but sold his interest a few years later. Then, having officiated as pastor of Presbyterian churches for some years, in 1854 he again became associated with 'The Telegraph,'* acting as its editor. Died at Alton, March 31, 1875.

PARK RIDGE, a suburban village on the Wisconsin Division of the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 13 miles northwest of Chicago. Population (1890), 987; (1900), 1,340; (1910), 2,009.

PARTRIDGE, Charles Addison, journalist and Assistant Adjutant-Oeneral of the Grand Army of the Republic, was bom in Westford, Chittenden County, Yt., Dec. 8, 1843; came with his parents to Lake County, UL, in 1844, and spent his boyhood on a farm, receiving his education in the district school, with four terms in a high school at Burlington, Wis. At 16 he taught a winter district school near his boyhood home, and at 18 enlisted in what became Company C of the Ninety-sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, being mustered into the service as Eighth Corporal at Rockford. His regiment becoming attached to the Army of the Cumberland, he participated with it in the battles of Chickamauga and the Atlanta campaign, as well as those of Franklin and Nashville, and has taken a just pride in the fact that he never feU out on the march, took medicine from a doctor or was absent from his regiment during its term of service, except for four months while recovering from a gun-shot wound received ai Chiokamauga. He was promoted successively to Sergeant, Sergeant-Major, and commissioned Second Lieutenant ot his old company, of which his father was First Lieutenant for six months and imtil forced to resign on account of impaired health. Receiving his final discharge, June 28, 1865, he returned to the farm, where he remained tmtil 1869, in the meantime being married to Miss Jennie E. Earle, in 1866, and teaching school one winter. In 1869 he was elected County Treasurer of Lake County on the Republican ticket, and re-elected in 1871; in January of the latter year, purchased an interest in "The Waukegan Guzette," with which he remained associated some fifteen years, at first as the partner of Rev. A. K. Fox, and later of his younger brother, H. E. Partridge. In 1877 he was appointed, by President Hayes, Postmaster at Waukegan, serving four years; in 1886 was elected to tlie Legislature, serving (by successive elections) as Representative in the Thirty-fifth, Thirty-sixth and Thirty-seventh Qeneral Assemblies, being frequently called upon to occupy the Speaker's chair, and, especially during the long Senatorial contest of 1891, being recognized as a leader of the Republican minority. In 1888 he was called to the service of the Republican State Central Conmiittee (of which he had previously been a member), as assistant to the veteran Secretary, the late Daniel Shepard, remaining tmtil the death of his chief, when he succeeded to the secretaryship. During the Presidential campaign of 1892 he was associated with the late William J. Campbell, then the Illinois member of the 'Republican National Committee, and was entrusted by him with many important and confidential missions. Without solicitation on his part, in 1894 he was again called to assimie the secretaryship of the Republican State Central Committee, and bore a conspicuous and influential pcui; in winning the brilliant success achieved by the party in the campaign of that year. From 1893 to 1895 he served as Mayor of Waukegan; in 1896 became Assistant Adjutant- General of the Grand Army of the Republic for the Department of Illinois - a position which he held in 1889 under Commander James S. Martin, and to which he was reappointed by successive Department Commanders up to the year 1910. Mr. Partridge's service in the various public positions held by him gave him an acquaintance extending to every county in the State. Died widely mourned, Dec. 13, 1910.

PATTERSON, Robert Wilson, DJD., LL^D., clergyman, was bom in Blount County, Tenn., Jan. 21, 1814; came to Bond County, 111., with his parents in 1822, his father dying two years later; at 18 had had only nine months' schooling, but graduated at Illinois College in 1897; spent a year at Lane Theological Seminary, another as tutor in Illinois College, and then, after two years more at Lane Seminary and preaching in Chicago and at Monroe, Mich., in 1842 established the Second Presbyterian Church of Chicago, of which he remained the pastor over thirty years. In 1850 he received a call to the chair of Didactic Theology at Lane Seminary, as successor to Dr. Lyman Beecher, but it was declined, as was a similar call ten years later. Resigning his pastorship in 1873, he was, for several years, Professor of Christian Evidences and Ethics in the Theological Seminary of the Northwest; in 1876-78 served as President of Lake Forest University (of which he was one of the founders), and, in 1880-88, as lecturer in Lane Theological Seminary. He received the degree of D.D. from Hamilton College, N. Y., in 1854, that of LL.D. from Lake Forest University, and was Moderator of the Presbjrterian General Assembly (N. S.) at Wilmington, Del., in 1859. Died, at Evanston, IH, Feb. 24, 1894.

PAYET, Charles W., soldier and ex-State Auditor, was bom in Highland County, Ohio, Nov. 8, 1835; removed to Illinois in 1859, settling in the vicinity of Mount Vernon, and, for a time, followed the occupation of a farmer and stockraiser. In August, 1862, he enlisted in the Eightieth Illinois Volunteers for the Civil War, and became First Lieutenant of Company E. He was severely wounded at the battle of Sand Moimtain and, having been captured, was confined in Libby Prison, at Salisbury, N. C, and at Danville, Va., for a period of nearly two years, enduring great hardship and suffering. Having been exchanged, he served to the close of the war as Assistant Inspector-General on the Staff of General Rousseau, in Tennessee. He was a delegate to the Republican National Convention of 1880, which nominated General Garfield for the Presidency, and was one of the famous "306"" who stood by General Grant in that struggle. In 1882 he was appointed by President Arthur Collector of Internal Revenue for the Southern District, and, in 1888, was nominated and elected State Auditor on the Republican ticket, but was de- feated for re-election in the '"land-slide" of 1892. General Pavey has been prominent in "G. A. R.** councils, and held the position of Junior Vice- Commander for the Department of Illinois in'

1879. He also served as Brigadier-General of the National Guard, for Southern Illinois, during the railroad strike of 1877. In 1897 he received from President McKinley the appointment of Special Agent of the Treasury Department. His home was in Moimt Vernon, 111. Died May 11, 1910.

PAWJfEE, a village of Sangamon County, on the Chicago & Illinois Midland Railroad, 19 miles south of Springfield. The town has two elevators, a coal mine, a bank and a weekly paper. Population (1900), 695; (1910), 1,399.

PAWNEE RAILBOAB, a short line in Sangamon Ck>unty, extending from Pawnee to Auburn (9 miles), where it forms a junction with the Chicago. & Alton Railroad. The company was organized and procured a charter in December, 1888, and the road completed the following year. The cost was $101,774 Capital stock authorized, $100,000; funded debt (1895), $50,000.

PAW PAW, a village of Lee County, at the junction of two branches of the Chicago, Burlington & Quinoy Railway, 8 miles northwest of Earlville. The town is in a farming |*egion, but has a brick and tile factory, a bank and one weekly paper. Pop. (1900), 765; (1910), 709.

PAXTON, the oounty-seat of Ford County, is situated at the intersection of the Chicago Division of the Illinois Central and the Lake Erie & Western Railroads, 108 miles south by west from Chicago, and 49 miles east of Bloomington. It contains a court house, two schools, water- works, electric light and water-heating S3r8tem, two banks, nine churches, one daily and two weekly papers. It is an important shipping-point for the farm products of the surrounding territory, which is a rich agricultural region. Besides brick and tile works and flour mills, factories for the manufacture of carriages, buggies, hardware, cigars, brooms, and plows are located here. Pop. (1890), 2,187; (1900), 3,036; (1910), 2,912.

PAYSON, a village in Adams County, 15 miles southeast of Quincy; the nearest railroad station being Fall Creek, on the Quincy and Louisiana Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway; has a bank and one newspaper. Pop. (1900), 465; (1910), 467.

PATSON, Lewis E«, lawyer and ex-Congressman, was bom at Providence, R. I., Sept. 17, 1840; came to Illinois at the age of 12, and, after passing through the common schools, attended

Lombard University, at Galesburg, for two years. Qe was admitted to the bar at Ottawa in 1862, and, in 1865, took up his residence at Pontiac. From 1869 to 1873 he was Judge of the Livingston County Court, and, from 1881 to 1891, represented his District in Congress, being elected as "a Republican, but, in 1890, was defeated by his Democratic opponent, Herman W. Snow. After retiring from Congress he practiced his profession in Washington, D. C. Died Oct. 4, 1909.

PEABODT, Selim Hobart, educator, was bom in Rockingham County, Vt., August 20, 1829; after reaching 13 years of age, spent a year in a Boston Latin School, then engaged in various occupations, including teaching, until 1848, when he entered the University of Vermont, graduating third in his class in 1852; was appointed Professor of Mathematics and Engineering in the Polytechnic College at Philadelphia, in 1854, remaining three years, when he spent five years in Wisconsin, the last three as Superintendent of Schools at Racine. From 1865 to 1871 he was teacher of physical science in Chicago High School, also conducting night schools for working men ; in 1871 became Professor of Physics and Engineering in Massachusetts Agricultural College, but returned to the Chicago High School in 1874; in 1876 took charge of the Chicago Academy of Sciences, and, in 1878, e;ntered the Illinois Industrial University (now University of Illinois), at Champaign, first as Professor of Mechanical Engineering, in 1880 becoming President, but resigning in 1891. During the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago, Professor Peabody was Chief of the Department of Liberal Arts, and, on the expiration of his service there, assumed the position of Curator of the newly organized Chicago Academy of Sciences, from which he retired two years later. Died May 26, 1903.

PEARSON, Isaae N«, ex-Secrctary of State, was bom at Centreville, Pa., July 27, 1842; removed to Macomb, McDonough County, lU., in 1858, and continued his residence there. In 1872 he was elected Clerk of the Circuit Court, and re-elected in 1876. Later he engaged in real-estate and banking business. He was a member of the lower house in the Thirty-third, and of the Senate in the Thirty -fifth, General Assembly, but before the expiration of his term in the latter, was elected Secretary of State, on the Republican ticket, in 1888. In 1892 he was a candidate for re-election, but was defeated, although, next to Governor Fifer, he received the largest vote cast for any candidate for a political office on the Republican State ticket. Died Feb. 27, 1908.

PEARSON, Jolin M., ex-Railway and Warehouse Commissioner, bom at Newburyport, Mass., in 1882 - the son of a ship-carpenter; was educated in his native State and came to Illinois in 1849, locating at the city of Alton, where he was afterwards engaged in the manufacture of agricultural implements. In 1873 he was appointed a member of the first Railway and Warehouse CJommission, serving four years; in 1878 was elected Representative in the Thirty-first General Assembly from Madison County, and was re-elected, successively, in 1880 and '82. He was appointed a member of the first Board of Live-Stock Conmiissioners in 1885, serving until 1893, for a considerable portion of the time as President of the Board. Mr. Pearson was a lifelong Republican and prominent member of the Masonic fraternity. His home was at Godfrey, 111. Died June 4, 1910.

PEARSONS; Daniel K., M.D.^ real-estate operator and capitalist, was bom at Bradfordton, Vt., April 14, 1820 ; began teaching at 16 years of age, and, at 21, entered Dartmouth College, taking a two years' course. He then studied medicine, and, after practicing a short time in his native State, removed to Chicopee, Mass., where he remained from 1848 to 1857. The latter year he came to Ogle County. 111., and began operating in real estate, finally adding to this a loan business for Eastern parties, but discontinued this line in 1877. He owns extensive tracts of timber lands in Michigan, is a Director in the Chicago City Railway Company and American Exchange Bank, besides being interested in other financial institutions. He has been one of the most liberal supporters of the Chicago Historical Society, and a princely contributor to various benevolent and educational institutions, his gifts to colleges, in different parts of the country, aggregating over a million dollars.

PECATONICA, a town in Pecatonica Township, Winnebago County, on the Pecatonica River. It is on the Chicago & Northwestern Railway, midway between Freeport and Rockford, being 14 miles from each. It contains a creamery and condensed milk factory. There are two banks, six churches, a graded school, and a weekly newspaper. Pop. (1910), 1,022.

of the Illinois State line, whence the river runs southeast to Freeport, then east and northeast, until it enters Rock River at Rockton. From the headwaters of either branch to the mouth of the river is about 50 miles.

PECK^ Ebenexer^ early lawyer, was bom in Portland, Maine, May 22, 1805; received an academical education, studied law and was admitted to the bar in Canada in 1827. He was twice elected to the Provincial Parliament and made King's Counsel in 1838; came to Illinois in 1835, settling in Chicago; served in the State Senate (1838-40), and in the House (1840-42 and 1858-60); was also Clerk of the Supreme Court (1841-45), Reporter of Supreme Court decisions (1849-68), and member of the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70. Mr. Peck was an intimate personal friend of Abraham Lincoln, by whom he was appointed a member of the Court of Claims, at Washington, serving imtil 1875. Died, May 25, 1881.

PECK, Ferdinand Wythe, lawyer and financier, was bom in Chicago, July 15, 1848 - the son of Philip F. W. Peck, a pioneer and early merchant of the metropolis of Illinois; was educated in the public schools, the Chicago University and Union College of Law, graduating from both of the last named institutions, and being admitted to the bar in 1869. For a time he engaged in practice, but his father having died in 1871, the responsibility of caring for a large estate devolved upon him and has since occupied his time, though he has given much attention to the amelioration of the condition of the poor of his native city, and works of practical benevolence and public interest. He is one of the f oimders of the Illinois Humane Society, has been President and a member of the Board of Control of the Chicago Athensaum, member of the Board of Education, President of the Chicago Union League, and was an influential factor in securing the- success of the World s Columbian Exposition at Chicago, in 1893, serving as First Vice-President of the Chicago Board of Directors, Chairman of the Finance Committee, and member of the Board of Reference and Control Of late years, Mr. Peck has been connected with several important building enterprises of a semi-public cliaracter, which have added to the reputation of Chicago, including the Auditorium, Stock Exchange Building and others in which he is a leading stockholder, and in the erection of which he has been a chief promoter. In 1898 he was appointed, by President McKJnley, the United States Commissioner to the International Expo- sition at Paris of 1900, as successor to the late Maj. M. P. Handy, and the success which has followed his discharge of the duties of that position, has demonstrated the fitness of his selection.

PECK, George R., railway attorney, bom in Steuben Ck)unty, N. Y., in 1843; was early taken to Wisconsin, where he assisted in clearing his father's farm; at 16 became a country schoolteacher to aid in freeing the same farm from debt ; enlisted at 19 in the First Wisconsin Heavy Artillery, later becoming a Captain in the Thirtyfirst Wisconsin Infantry, with which he joined in * 'Sherman's March to the Sea. ' ' Returning home at the close of the war, he began the study of law at JanesviUe, spending six years there as a student, Clerk of the Circuit Court and in practice. From there he went to E^ansas and, between 1871 and '74, practiced his profession at Independence, when he was appointed by President Grant United States District Attorney for the Kansas District, but resigned this position, in 1879, to return to general practice. In 1881 he became (General Solicitor of the. Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad, removing to Chicago in 1893. In 1895 he resigned his position with the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad to accept a similar position with the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Company, which (1898) he still holds. Mr. Peck is recognized as one of the most gifted orators in the West, and, in 1897, was chosen to deliver the principal address at the unveiling of the Logan equestrian statue in Lake Front Park, Chicago; has also officiated as orator on a number of other important public- occasions, always acquitting himself with distinction.

PECK) John Mason, D.D., clergyman and educator, was bom in Litchfield, Conn., Oct. 81, 1789; removed to Greene County, N. Y., in 1811, where he united with the Baptist Church, the same year entering on pastoral work, while prosecuting his studies and supporting himself by teaching. In 1814 he became pastor of a church at Amenia, N. Y., and, in 1817, was sent west as a missionary, arriving in St. Louis in the latter part of the same year. During the next nine years he traveled extensively through Missouri and Illinois, as an itinerant preacher and teacher, finally locating at Rock Spring. St. Clair County, where, in 1826, he established the Rock Spring Seminary for the education of teachers and ministers. Out of this grew Shurtleff College, founded at Upper Alton in 1885, in securing the endowment of which Dr. Peck traveled many thousands of miles and collected $20,000, and of which he served as Trustee for many years. Up to 1843 he devoted much time to aiding in the establishment of a theological institution at Covington, ICy., and, for two years following, was Corresponding Secretary and Financial Agent of the American Baptist Publication Society, with headquarters in Philadelphia. Returning to the West, he served as pastor of several important churches in Missouri, Illinois and* Kentucky. A man of indomitable will, unflagging industry and thoroughly upright in conduct, for a period of a quarter of a century, in the early history of the State, probably no man exerted a ^ larger influence for good and the advancement of the cause of education, among the pioneer citizens of all classes, than Dr. Peck. Though giving his attention so constantly to preaching and teaching, he found time to write much, not only for the various publications with which he was, from time to time, connected, but also for other periodicals, besides publishing '*A Guide for Emigrants" (1831), of which a new edition appeared in 1836, and a '^Gazetteer of Illinois" (Jacksonville, 1834, and Boston, 1837), which continue to be valued for the information they contain of the condition of the country at that time. He was an industrious collector of historical records in the form of newspapers and pamphlets, which were imfortunately destroyed by fire a few years before his death. In 1852 he received the degree of D.D. from Harvard University. Died, at Rock Spring. St. Clair County, March 15, 1858.

PECK, Philip F. W.^ pioneer merchant, was bom in Providence, R I., in 1809, the son of a wholesale merchant who had lost his fortune by indorsing for a friend. After some years spent in a mercantile house in New York, he came to Chicago on a prospecting tour, in 1830; the following year brought a stock of goods to the embryo emporiiun of the Northwest - then a small backwoods hamlet - ^and, by trade and fortimate investments in real estate, laid the foundation of what afterwards became a large fortune. Ha died, Oct. 23, 1871, as the result of an accident occurring about the time of the great fire of two weeks previous, from which he was a heavy sufferer pecimiarily . Three of his sons, Walter L. , Clarence I. and Ferdinand W. Peck, are among Chicago*s most substantial citizens.

PEKIN, a fiourishing city, the county -seat of Tazewell County, and an important railway center, located on the Illinois River, 10 miles south of Peoria and 56 miles north of Springfield. Agriculture and coa]< mining are the chief occupations in the surrounding coimtry, but the city itself is an important grain market with large general shipping interests. It has several distilleries, besides grain elevators, malt-houses, brick and tile works, lumber yards, planing mills, marble works, plow and wagon works, and a factory for com products. Its banking facilities are adequate, and its religious and educational advantages are excellent The city has a public library, park, steam-heating plant, two daily and three weekly papers. Pop. (1890), 6,347; (1900), 8,420; (1910), 9,897.

FELL, Gilbert T., Representative in the Third Illinois Greneral Assembly (1822) from Edwards County, and an opponent of the resolution for a State Convention adopted by the Legislature at that session, designed to open the door for the admission of slavery. Mr. Pell was a son-in-law of Morris Birkbeck, who was one of the leaders in opposition to the Convention scheme, and very naturally sympathized with his father-in-law. He was elected to the Legislature, for a second term, in 1828, but subsequently left the State, dying elsewhere, when his widow removed to Australia.

PEJfNSYLTANIA RAILROAD. As to operations of this corporation in Illinois, see Calumet River; Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago; South Chicago & Southern, and Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago Sc St. Louis Railways. The whole number of miles owned, leased and operated by the Pennsylvania System, in 1898, was 1,987.21. of which only 61.84 miles were in Illinois. It owns, however, a controlling interest in the stock of the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railway (which see).

PEORIA, the second largest city of the State and the county -seat of Peoria County, is 160 miles southwest of Chicago, and at the foot of an expansion of the Illinois River known as Peoria Lake. The site of the town occupies an elevated plateau, having a water frontage of four miles and extending back to a bluff, which rises 200 feet above the river level and about 120 feet above the highest point of the main site. It was settled in 1778 or '79, although, as generally believed, the French missionaries had a station there in 1711. There was certainly a settlement there as early as 1725, when Renault received a grant of lands at Pimiteoui, facing the lake then bearing the same name as the village. From that date until 1812, the place was continuously occupied as a French village, and is said to have been the most important point for trading in the Mississippi Valley. The original village was situated about a mile and a half above the foot of the lake ; but later, the present site was occupied, at first receiving the name of **La Ville de Maillet,'* from a French Canadian who resided in Peoria, from 1765 to 1801 (the time of his death), and who commanded a company of volunteers in the Revolutionary War. The population of the old town removed to the new site, and the present name was given to the place by American settlers, from the Peoria Indians, who were the occupants of the country when it was first discovered, but who had followed their connate tribes of the Illinob family to Cahokia and Kaskaskia, about a century before American occupation of this region. In 1812 the town is estimated to have contained about seventy dwellings, with a population of between 200 and 800, made up largely of French traders, hunters and voyageurs, with a considerable admixture of half-breeds and Indians, and a few Americana Among the latter were Thomas Forsyth, Indian Agent and confidential adviser of Governor Edwards; Michael La Croix, son-inlaw of Julian Dubuque, founder of the city of Dubuque; Antoine Le Claire, founder of Davenport, and for whom Le Claire, Iowa, is named; William Arundel, afterwards Recorder of St. Clair County, and Isaac Damielle, the second lawyer in Illinois. - In November, 1812. about half the town was burned, by order of Capt. Thomas E. Craig, who had been directed, by Governor Edwards, to proceed up the river in boats with materials to build a fort at Peoria. At the same time, the Grovernor himself was at the head of a force marching against Black Partridge's village, which he destroyed. Edwards had no communication with Craig, who appears to have acted solely on his own responiSibility. That the latter's action was utterly unjustifiable, there can now be little doubt. He alleged, by way of excuse, that his boats had been fired upon from the shore, at night, by Indians or others, who were harbored by the citizens. The testimony of the French, however, is to the effect that it was an unprovoked and cowardly assault, instigated by wine which the soldiers had stolen from the cellars of the inhabitants. The bulk of those who remained after the fire were taken by Craig to a point below Alton and put ashore. This occurred in the beginning of winter, and the people, being left in a destitute condition, were subjected to great suflfering. A Congressional investigation followed, and the French, having satisfactorily established the fact that they were not hostile, were restored to their possessions. - ^In 1813 a fort, designed for permanent occupanqy, was erected and named Fort Clark, in honor of Col. George Rogers Clark. It had one (if not two) block-houses, with magazines and quarters for officers and men. It was finally evacuated in 1818, f^d was soon afterwards burned hj the Indians. Although a trading-post had been maintained here, at intervals, after the affair of 1812, there was no attempt made to rebuild the town until 1819, when Americs^ns began to arrive. - In 1824 a post of the American Fur Company was established here by John Hamlin, the company having already had, for Ave years, a station at Wesley City, three miles farther down the river. Hamlin also traded in pork and other products, and was the first to introduce keelboats on the Illinois River. By transferring his cargo to lighter draft boats, w^^i^ necessary, he made the trip from Peoria to Chicago entirely by water, going from the Des Plaines to Mud Lake, and thence to the South Branch of the Chicago River, without unloading. In 1884 the town had but seven frame houses and twenty-one log cabins. It was incorporated as a town in 1885 (Rudolphus Rouse being the first President), and, as the City of Peoria, ten years later (Wm. Hale being the first Mayor). - ^Peoria is an important railway and business center, eleven railroad lines concentrating here. It presents many attractive features, such as handsome residences, fine views of river, bluff and valley scenery, with an elaborate system of parks and drives. An excellent school system is liberally supported, and its public buildings (national, county and city) are fine and costly. Its churches are elegant and well attended, the leading denominations being Methodist Episcopal, Congregational, Presbyterian, Baptist, Protestant and Reformed Episcopal, Lutheran, Evangelical and Roman Catholic. It is the seat of Bradley Polytechnic Institute, a young and flourishing scientific school affiliated with the University of Chicago, and richly endowed through the munificence of Mrs. Lydia Bradley, who devotes her whole estate, of at least a million dollars, to this object. Right Rev. John L. Spaulding, Bishop of the Roman Catholic diocese of Peoria, is erecting a handsome and costly building for the Spaulding Institute, a school for the higher education of young men. - At Bartonville, a suburb of Peoria, on an elevation commanding a magnificent view of the Illinois River valley for many miles, the State has located an asylum for the incurable insane. It is now in process of erection, and is intended to be one of the most complete of its kind in the world. Peoria lies in a com and coal region, is noted for the number and extent of its distilleries, and, in 1890, ranked eighth among the grain markets of the country. It also has an extensive commerce with Chicago, St. Louis and other important cities; was credited, by the census of 1890, with 554 manufacturing establishments, representing 90 different branches of industry, with a capital of $15,072,567 and an estimated annual product of $55,504,528. Its leading industries are the manufacture of distilled and malt liquors, agricultural implements, glucose and machine-shop products. Its contributions to the internal revenue of the country are second only to those of the New York district. Population (1870), 22,849; (1880), 29,259; (1890), 41. 024; (1900), 56,100; (1910), 66,950.

PEORIA COUNTY, originaUy a part of Fulton County, but cut off in 1825. It took its name from the Peoria Indians, who occupied that region when it was first discovered. As first organized, it included the present counties of Jo Daviess and Cook, with many others in the northern part of the State. At that time there were less than 1,500 inhabitants in the entire region; and John Hamlin, a Justice of the Peace, on his return from Qreen Bay (whither he had accompanied William S. Hamilton, a son of Alexander Hamilton, with a drove of cattle for the fort there), solemnized, at Chicago, the marriage of Alexander Wolcott, then Indian Agent, with a daughter of John Kinzie. The original Peoria Coimty has been subdivided into thirty counties, among them being some of the largest and richest in the State. The first county officer was Norman Hyde, who was elected Judge of the Probate Court by the Legislature in January, 1825. His commission from Governor Ck)les was dated on the eighteenth of that month, but he did not qualify until Jime 4, following, when he took the oath of office before John Dixon, Circuit Clerk, i^ho founded the city that bears his name. Meanwhile, Mr. Hyde had been appointed the first Clerk of the Ck>imty Conmiissioners* Court, and served in that capacity until entering upon his duties as Probate Judge. The first election of county officers was held, March 7, 1825, at the house of William Eads. Nathan Dillon, Joseph Smith, and William Holland were chosen Commissioners; Samuel Fulton Sheriff, and William Phillips Coroner. The first County Treasurer was Aaron Hawley, and the first general election of officers took place in 1826. The first court house was a log cabin, and the first term of the Circuit Ck)urt began Nov. 14, 1B25, John York Sawyer sitting on the bench, with John Dixon, Clerk; Samuel Fulton, Sheriff; and John

Twiney, the Attorney-General, present. Peoria County is, at present, one of the wealthiest and most populous counties in the State. Its soil is fertile and its manufactures numerous, especially at Peoria, the county-seat and principal city (which see). The area of the coxmty is 630 square miles, and its population (1880), 55,353; (18901, 70,378; (1900), 88,608; (1910), 100,255.

PEORIA LAKE^ an expansion of the Illinois River, forming the eastern boundary of Peoria County, which it separates from the counties of Woodford and Tazewell. It is about 20 miles long and 2}i miles broad at the widest part.

PEORU, DECATUR S^ ETANSTILLE RAILWAT. The total length of this line, extending from Peoria, 111., to Evansville, Ind., is 830.87 miles, all owned by the company, of which 278 miles are in Illinois. It extends from Pekin, southeast to Grayville, on the Wabash River - is single track, imballasted, and of standard gauge. Between Pekin and Peoria the company uses the tracks of the Peoria & Pekin Union Railway, of which it is one-fourth owner. Between Hervey City and Midland Jimction it has trackage privileges over the line owned jointly by the Peoria, Decatur & Evansville and the Terre Haute & Peoria Compcmies (7.6 miles). Between Midland Junction and Decatur (2.4 miles) the tracks of the Illinois Central are used, the two lines having terminal facilities at Decatur in common. The rails are of fifty-two and sixty-pound steeL - (History.) The main line of the Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Railway is the result of the consolidation of several lines built under separate charters. (1) The Pekin, Lincoln & Decatur Railroad, chartered in 1867, built in 1869-71, and operated the latter year, was leased to the Toledo, Wabash & Western Railway, but sold to representatives of the bond-holders, on account of default on interest, in 1876, and reorganized as the Pekin, Lincoln & Decatur Railway. (2) The Decatur, Sullivan & Mattoon Railroad, (projected from Decatur to Mattoon), was incorporated in 1871, completed from Mattoon to Hervey City, in 1872, and, the same year, consolidated with the Chicago & Great Southern; in January, 1874, the Decatur line passed into the hands of a receiver, and, in 1877, having been sold under foreclosure, was reorganized as the Decatur, Mattoon Sc Southem Railroad. In 1879 it was placed in the hands of trustees, but the Pekin, Lincoln & Decatur Railway having acquired a controlling interest during the same year, the two lines were consolidated under the name of the Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Railway Company. (3) The Grayville & Mattoon Railroad, chartered in 1857, was consolidated in 1872 with the Mount Vernon & Grayville Railroad (projected), the new corporation taking the name of the Chicago & Illinois Southern (already mentioned). In 1872 the latter corporation was consolidated with the Decatur, Sullivan Sc Mattoon Railroad, imder the name of the Chicago & Illinois Southern Railway. Both consolidations, however, were set aside by decree of the United States District Court, in 1876, and the partially graded road and franchises of the Grayville & Mattoon lines sold, imder foreclosure, to the contractors for the construction; 20 miles of the line from Olney to Newton, were completed during the month of September of that year, and the entire line, from Grayville ^ Mattoon, in 1878. In 1880 this line was sold, under decree of foreclosure, to the Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Railway Company, which had already acquired the Decatur & Mattoon Division - thus placing the entire line, from Peoria to Grayville, in the hands of one corporation. A line under the name of the Evansville & Peoria Railroad, chartered in Indiana in 1880, was consolidated, the same year, with the lUinois corporation under the name of the latter, and completed from Grayville to Evansville in 1882. (4) The Chicago & Ohio River Railroad - chartered, in 1869. as the Danville, Olney & Ohio River Railroad - was constructed, as a narrow-gauge line, from Kansas to West Liberty, in 1878-81 ; in the latter year was changed to standard gauge and completed, in 1888, from Sidell to Olney (86 miles). The same year it went into the hands of a receiver, was sold imder foreclosure, in February, 1886, and reorganized, in May following, as the Chicago & Ohio River Railroad ; was consolidated with the Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Railway, in 1893, and used as the Chicago Division of that line. The property and franchises of the entire line passed into the/ hands of receivers in 1894, and are still (1898) under their management.

PEORIA A BUREAU TALLET RAILROAD, a short line, 46.7 miles in length, operated by the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway Company, extending from Peoria to Bureau Junction, 111. It was incorporated, Feb. 12, 1853, completed the following year, and leased to the Rock Island in perpetuity. April 14, 1854, the annual rental being $125,000. The par value of the capital stock is $1,500,000. Annual dividends of 8 per cent are guaranteed, payable semi-annually. (See Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway. )

PEORIA & EASTERN RAILROAD. Of this line the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railroad Company is the lessee. Its total length is 350^ miles, 182 of which lie in Illinois - 123 being owned by the Company. That portion within this State extends east from Pekin to the Indiana State line, in addition to which the Company has trackage facilities over the line of the Peoria & Pekin Union Railway (9 miles) to Peoria. The gauge is standard. The track is single, laid with sixty and sixty-seven-pound steel rails and ballasted almost wholly with tn^vel. The capital stock is $10,000,000: In 1895 it had a bonded debt of $18,608,000 and a floating debt of $1,261,130, making a total capitalization of $24,864,130. - (History.) The original of this corporation was the Danville, Urbana, Bloomington & Pekin Railroad, which was consolidated, in July, 1869, with the Indianapolis, Crawfordsville & Danville Railroad - the new corporation taking the name of the Indianapolis, Bloomington & Western - and was opened to Pekin the same year. In 1874 it passed into the hands of a receiver, was sold under foreclosure in 1879, and reorganized as the Indiana, Bloomington & Western Railway Company. The next change occurred in 1881 r when it was consolidated with an Ohio corporation (the Ohio, Indiana & Pacific Railroad), again undergoing a slight change of name in its reorganization as the Indiana, Bloomington & Western Railroad Company. In 1886 it again got into financial straits, was placed in charge of a receiver and sold to a reorganization committee, and, in January, 1887, took the name of the Ohio, Indiana & Western Railway Company. The final reorganization, under its present name, took place in February, 1890, when it was leased to the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, by which it is operated. (See Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis RaUtaay. )

PEORIA & PEKIN UNION RAILWAY. A line connecting the cities of Peoria and Pekin, which are only 8 miles apart. It was chartered in 1880, and acquired, by purchase, the tracks of the Peoria, Pekin & Jacksonville and the Peoria & Springfield Railroads, between the two cities named in its title, giving it control of two lines, which are used by nearly all the railroads entering both cities from the east side of the Illinois River. The mileage, including both divisions, is 18. 14 miles, second tracks and sidings increasing the total to nearly 60 miles. The track is of standard gauge, about two-thirds being laid with steel rails. The total cost of construction was $4,350,987. Its total capitalization (1898) was $4,177,763, including $1,000,000 in stock, and a funded debt of $2,904,000. The capital stock is held in equal amounts (each 2.500 shares) by the Wabash, the Peoria, Decatur & Evansville, the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis and the Peoria <fe Eastern companies, with 1,000 shares by the Lake Erie & Western. Terminal charges and annual rentals are also paid by the Terre Haute & Peoria and the Iowa CentraJ Railways.

PEOTONE, a village of WiU County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 41 miles south -south west from Chicago; has some manufactures, a bank and a newspaper. The surrounding country is agricultural. Pop. (1900), 1,003; (1910), 1,207.

PERCY, a village of Randolph County, at the intersection of the Wabash, Chester & Western and the Mobile & Ohio Railways. Population (1890), 360; (1900), 660; (1910), 1,033.

PERROT, Nicholas, a French expbrer, wno visited the valley of the Fox River (of Wisconsin) and the country around the great lakes, at various times between 1670 and 1690. He was present, as a guide and interpreter, at the celebrated conference held at Sault Ste. Marie, in 1671, which was attended by fifteen Frenchmen and representatives from seventeen Indian tribes, and at which the Sieur de Lusson took formal possession of Lakes Huron and Superior, with the surrounding region and **all the country southward to the sea,** in the name of Louis XIV. of France. Perrot was the first to discover lead in the West, and, for several years, was Commandant in the Oreen Bay district. As a chronicler he was intelligent, interesting and accurate. His writ* ings were not published until 1864, but have always been highly prized as authority.

PERRT COIJNTY, ies in the southwest quarter of the State, with an area of 432 square miles and a population (1900) of 19,830. It was organized as a coimty in 1827, and named for CJom. Oliver H. Perry. The general surface is rolling,.

although flat prairies occupy a considerable portion, interspersed with ''post-oak flats.*' Limestone ia found in the southern, and sandstone in the northern, sections, but the chief mineral wealth of the county is coal, which is abundant, and, at several points, easily mined, some of it being of a superior quality. Salt is manufactured, to some extent, and the chief agricultural output is wheat. Pinckneyville, the county-seat, has a central position and a population of about 2,70C. Duquoip is the largest city. Beaucoup Creek is the principal stream, iuid the county is crossed by several lines of raih-oad. Pop. (1910), 22,088.

PERU, a city in La Salle County, at the head of navigation on the Illinois River, which is here spanned by a handsome bridge. It is distant 100 miles southwest from Chicago, and the same distance north-northeast from Springfield. It is connected by street cars with La Salle, one mile distant, which is the terminus of the Illinob & Michigan Canal. It is situated in a rich coalmining region, is an important trade center, and ' has several manufactiuing establishments, including zinc smelting works, rolling mills, nickeloid factory, metal novelty works, gas engine factory, tile works, plow, scale and patent-pump factories, foundries and machine shops, flour and saw mills, clock factory, etc. Two national banks, with a combined capital of $200,000, are located at Peru, and one daily 'and one weekly paper. Population (1890), 5,550; (1900), 6,863; (1910), 7,984.

PETERSBURG, a city of Menard County, and the county-seat, on the Sangamon River, at the intersection Chicago & Alton with the Chicago, Peoria & St. Loiiis Railway; 28 miles northwest of Springfleld and 28 miles northeast of Jacksonville. The town was surveyed and platted by Abraham Lincoln in 1887, and is the seat of the ' 'Old Salem*' Chautauqua. It has machine shops, two banks, two weekly papers and nine churches. The nianufactures include woolen goods, brick and drain-tile, bed-springs, mattresses, and canned goods. Pop. (1900), 2,807; (1910), 2,587.

PETERS, Onslow, lawyer and jurist, was bom in Massachusetts, graduated at Brown University, and was admitted to the bar and practiced law in his native State until 1837, when he settled at Peoria, 111. He served in the Constitutional Convention of 1847. was elected to the bench of the Sixteenth Judicial Circuit in 1858, and re-elected in 1855. Died, Feb. 28, 1856.

PHILO9 a village of Champaign, on the Wabash Railroad, six miles northeast of Tolono; is a grain and produce shipping point; has a bank and one weekly paper. Pop. (1900), 502; (1910), 562.

PHILLIPS, DaTid L , journalist and politician, was bom where the town of Marion, Williamson County, ni., now stands, Oct. 28, 1823; came to St. Clair County in childhood, his father settling near Belleville; began teaching at an early age, and, when about 18, joined the Baptist Church, and, after a brief course with the distinguished Dr. Peck, at his Rock Spring Seminary, two years later entered the ministry, serving churches in Washington and other Southern Illinois counties, flnally taking charge of a church at Jonesboro. Though originally a Democrat, his advanced views on slavery led to a disagreement with his church, and he withdrew ; then accepted a position as paymaster in the construction department of the Illinois Central Railroad, flnally being transferred to that of Land Agent for the Southem section, in this capacity visiting different parts of the State from one end of the main line to the other. About 1854 he became associated with the management of *'The Jonesboro Oazette,^^ a Democratic paper, which, during his connection with it (some two years), he made an earnest opponent of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill At the Anti-Nebraska Editorial Convention (which see), held at Decatur, Feb. 22, 1856, he was appointed a member of their State Central Committee, and, as such, joined in the call for the flrst Republican State Ck>nvention, held at Bloomington in May following, where he served as Vice-President for his District, and was nominated for Presidential Elector on the Fremont ticket. Two years later (1858) he was the unsuccessful Republican candidate for Congress in the Southern District, being defeated by John A. Logan ; was again in the State Ck>nvention of 1860, and a delegate to the National Convention which nominated Abraham Lincoln for President the flrst time; was appointed by Mr. Lincoln United States Marshal for the Southern District in 1861, and re-appointed in 1865, but resigned after Andrew Johnson's defection in 1866. During 1862 Mr. Phillips became part proprietor of 'The State Joumal*' at Springfleld, retaining this relation imtil 1878, at intervals performing editorial service ; also took a prominent part in organizing and equipping the One Hundred and Ninth Regiment Illinois Volunteers (sometimes called the ''Phillips Regiment**), and, in 1865, was one of the committee of citizens sent to escort the remains of President Lincoln to Springfleld. He joined in the Liberal Republican movement at Cincinnati in 1872, but, in 1876, was in line with his former party associates, and served in that year as an unsuccessful candidate for Congress* in the Springfield District, in opposition to William M. Springer, early the following year receiying the appointment of Postmaster for the city of Springfield from President Hayes. Died, at Springfield, June 19, 1880.

PHILLIPS^ George S.^ author, was bom at Peterborough, England, in January, 1816; graduated at Cambridge, and came to the United States, engaging in journalism. In 1845 he returned to England, and, for a time, was editor of "The Leeds Times," still later being Principal of the People's College at Huddersfield. Returning to the United States, he came to Cook County, and, about 1866-68, was a writer of sketches over the nom de plume of "January Searle'* for "The Chicago Republican" - later was literary editor of "The New York Sun" for several years. His mind becoming impaired, he was placed in an asylum at Trenton, N. J., finally dying at Morristown, N. J., Jan. 14, 1889. Mr. Phillips was the author of several volumes, chiefly sketches of travel and biography.

PHILLIPS, Jesse J., lawyer, soldier and jurist, was bom in Montgomery County, IlL, May 22, 1887. Shortly after graduating from the Hillsboro Academy, he read law, and was admitted to the bar in 1860. In 1861 he organized a company of volunteers, of which he was chosen Captain, and which was attached to the Ninth Illinois Infantry. Captain Phillips was successively advanced to the rank of Major, lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel; resigned on account of disability, in August, 1864, but was brevetted Brigadier-General at the close of the war. His military record was exceptionally brilliant- He was wounded three times at Shiloh, and was personally thanked and complimented by (Generals Grant and Oglesby for gallantry and efficient service. At the termination of the struggle he returned to Hillsboro and engaged in practice. In 1866, and again in 1868, he was the Democratic candidate for State Treasurer, but was both times defeated. In 1879 he was elected to the bench of the Fifth Judicial Circuit, and re-elected in 1885. In 1890 he was assigned to the bench of the Appellate Court of the Fourth District, and, in 1893, was elected a Justice of the Supreme Court, to fill the vacancy created by the death of Justice John M. Scholfield, his term expiring in 1897, when he was re-elected to succeed himself, but died before the expiration of his term, Feb. 16, 1901.

1812; in 1810 was appointed Secretary of Illinois Territory, serving until the admission of Illinois as a State, when he became the first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, serving until July, 1822, when he resigned, being succeeded on the bench by John Reynolds, afterwards Governor. In 1822 he was a candidate for Governor in the interest of the advocates of a pro-slavery amendment of the State Constitution, but was defeated by Edward Coles, the leader of the anti-slavery party. (See Coles, Edtvard, and Slavery and Slave Laws.) He appears from the "Eld wards Papers" to have been in Illinois as late as 1832, but is said eventually to have returned to Tennessee. The date of his death is unknown.

PIANKKSHAWS, THE, a branch of the Miami tribe of Indians. Their name, like those of their brethren, underwent many mutations of orthography, the tribe being referred to, variously, as the "Pou-an-ke-kiahs," the "Pi-an-gie-shaws," the "Pi-an-qui-shaws," and the "Py-an-keshaws." They were less numerous than the Weas, their numerical strength ranking lowest among the bands of the Miamis. At the time La Salle planted his colony around Starved Rock, their warriors numbered 150. Subsequent to the dispersion of this colony they (alone of the Miamis) occupied portions of the present territory of Illinois, having villages on the Vermilion and Wabash Rivers. Their earliest inclinations toward the whites were friendly, the French traders having intermarried with women of the tribe soon after the advent of the first explorers. CoL George Rogers Clark experienced little difficulty in securing their allegiance to the new government which he proclaimed. In the sanguinary raids (usually followed by reprisals), which marked Western history during the years immediately succeeding the Revolution, the Piankeshaws took no part ; yet the outrages, perpetrated upon peaceable colonists, had so stirred the settlers^ blood, that all Indians were included in the general thirst for vengeance, and each was unceremoniously dispatched as soon as seen. The Piankeshaws appealed to Washington for protection, and the President issued a special proclamation in their behalf. After the cession of the last remnant of the Miami territory to the United States, the tribe was removed to a Kansas reservation, and its last remnant finally found a home in Indian Territory. (See also Miamis; Wea^.)

<<PIA8A BIRD/' LEGEND OF THE. When the French explorers first descended the Upper Mississippi River, they found some remarkable figures depicted upon the face of the bluft, just above the site of the present city of Alton, which excited their wonder and continued to attract interest long after the country was occupied by the whites. The account given of the discovery by Marquette, who descended the river from the mouth of the Wisconsin, in June, 1673, is as follows: '*As we coasted along*' (after passing the mouth of the Illinois) "rocks frightful for their height and length, we saw two monsters painted on one of the rocks, which startled u6 at first, and upon which the boldest Indian dare not gaze long. They are as large as a calf, with horns on the head like a deer, a frightful look, red eyes, bearded like a tiger, the face somewhat like a man's, the body covered with scales, and the tail so long that it twice makes the turn of the body, passing over the head and down between the legs, ending at last in a fish*s tail Green, red and black are the colors employed. On the whole, these two monsters are so well painted that we could not believe any Indian to have been the designer, as good painters in France would find it hard to do as welL Besides this, they are painted so high upon the rock that it is hard to get conveniently at them to paint them." As the Indians could give no account of the origin of these figures, but had their terror even more excited at the sight of them than Marquette himself, they are supposed to have been the work of some prehistoric race occupying the country long before the arrival of the aborigines whom Marquette and his companions found in Illinois. There was a tradition that the figures were intended to represent a creature, part beast and part bird, which destroyed immense numbers of the inhabitants by swooping down upon them from its abode upon the rocks. At last a chief is said to have offered himself a victim for his people, and when the monster made its appearance, twenty of his warriors, concealed near by, discharged their arrows at it, killing it just before it reached its prey. In this manner the life of the chief was saved and his people were preserved from further depredations; and it was to commemorate this event that the figure of the bird was painted on the face of the cliff on whose summit the chief stood. This story, told in a paper by Mr. John Russell, a pioneer author of Illinois, obtained wide circulation in this country and in Europe, about the close of the first quarter of the present century, as the genuine ** Legend of the Piasa Bird." It is said, however, that Mr. Russell, who was a popular writer of fiction, acknowledged that it was drawn largely from his imagination. Many prehistoric relics and human remains are said, by the late William McAdams, the antiquarian of Alton, to have been found in caves in the vicinity, and it seems a well authenticated fact that the Indians, when passing the spot, were accustomed to discharge their arrows - and, later, their firearms - at the figure on the face of the cliff. Traces of this celebrated pictograph were visible as late as 1840 to 1845, but have since been entirely quarried away.

PIATT COUNTY, organized in 1841, eomSsih ing: of parts of Macon and Dewitt Counties. Its area is 440 square miles; population (1910), 16,376. The first Commissioners were John Hughes, W. Bailey and E. Peck. John Piatt, after whose family the county was named, was the first sheriff. The North Fork of the Sangamon River flows centrally through the county from northeast to southwest, and several lines of railroad afford transportation for its products. Its resources and the occupation of the people are almost wholly agricultural, the surface being level prairie and the soil fertile. Monticello, the county-seat, has a population (1910) of 1,981; other leading towns are Cerro Gordo (876), Bement (1,530) and Mansfield (681).

PICKETT, Thomas Johnson, journalist, was bom in Louisville, Ky., March 17, 1821; spent six years (1830-86) in St Louis, when his family removed to Peoria; learned the printer's trade in the latter city, and, in 1840, began the publication of **The Peoria News," then sold out and established **The Republican" (afterwards "The Transcript") ; was a member of the Anti-Nebraska Editorial Convention held at Decatur, Feb. 22, 1856, serving on the Committee on Resolutions, and being appointed on the State Central Committee, which called the first Republican State Convention, held at Bloomington, in May following, and was there appointed a delegate to the National Convention at Philadelphia, which nominated General Fremont for President. Later, he published papers at Pekin and Rock Island, at the latter place being one of the first to name Abraham Lincoln for the Presidency ; was elected State Senator in 1860, and, in 1862, commissioned Lieutenant-Colonel of the Sixty-ninth Illinois Volunteers, being transferred, as Colonel, to the One Hundred and Thirty-second Illinois (100-days' men), and serving at Camp Douglas during the '^Conspiracy" excitement. After the war, Colonel Pickett removed to Paduoah, Ky., published a paper there called **The Federal Union." was appointed Postmaster, and, later. Clerk of the United States District Court, and was the Republican nominee for Congress, in that District, in 1874 Removing to Nebraska in 1879, he at different times conducted several papers in that State, residing for the most part at Lincoln. Died, at Ashland, Neb., Deo. 24, 1891.

PIEBSON^ David, pioneer banker, was bom at Cazenovia, N. Y., July 9, 1806; at the age of 18 removed west with his parents, arriving at St. Louis, June 8, 1820. The family soon after settled near Collinsville, Madison Ck>imty, 111., where the father having died, they removed to the vicinity of Carrollton, Qreene County, in 1821. Here they opened a farm, but, in 1827. Mr. Pierson went to the lead mines at (Galena, where he remained a year, then returning to Carrollton. In 1884, having sold his farm, he began merchandising, still later being engaged in the pork and grain trade at Alton. In 1854 he added the banking business to his dry-goods trade at Carrollton, also engaged in milling, and, in 1862-68, erected a woolen factory, which was destroyed by an incendiary fire in 1872. Originally an anti-slavery Clay Whig. Mr. Pierson became a Republican on the organization of that party in 1856, served for a time as Collector of Intenial Revenue, was a delegate to the National Republican Convention . at Philadelphia in 1872, and a prominent candidate for the Republican nomination for Lieutenant-Governor in 1876. Of high integrity and unswerving patriotism, Mr. Pierson was generous in his benefactions, being one of the most liberal contributors to the establishment of the Langston School for the Education of Freedmen at Holly Springs, Miss., soon after the war. He died at Carrollton, May 8, 1891. - Oman (Pierson), a son of the subject of this sketch, was a member of the Thirty -second General Assembly (1881) from Greene County, and is present cashier of the Greene County National Bank at Carrollton.

PIGOOTT, Isaac N., early politician, was bom about 1792; served as an itinerant Methodist preacher in Missouri and Illinois, between 1819 and 1824. but finally located southwest of Jerseyville and /obtained a license to run a ferry between Grafton and Alton; in 1828 ran as a candidate for the State Senate against Thomas Carlin (afterwards (Governor); removed to St. Louis, in 1858, and died there in 1874.

PIKE COUNTY, situated in the western portion of the State, lying between the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers, having an area of 756 square miles - named in honor of the explorer, Capt. Zebulon Pike. The first American settlers came about 1820, and, in 1821, the county was organized, at first embracing all the country north and west of the Illinois River, including the present county of Cook. Out of this territory were finally organized about one fourth of the counties of the State. Coles' Grove (now Gilead, in Calhoun County) was the first county-seat, but the seat of justice was removed, in 1824, to Atlas, and to Pittsfield in 1833. The surface is imdulating, in some portions is hilly, and diversified with prairies and hardwood timber. Live-stock, cereals and hay are the staple products, while coal and Niagara limestone are found in abundance. Population (1900), 31,595; (1910), 28,622.

PILL8BURT, Nathaniel Joj^ lawyer and judge, was bom in York County, Maine, Oct. 21, 1884; in 1855 removed to Illinois, and, in 1858, began fam;ung in Livingston Coimty. He began the study of law in 1863, and, after admission to the bar, commenced practice at Pontiac. He represented La Salle and Livingston Coimties in the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, and, in 1878, was elected to the bench of the Thirteenth Judicial Circuit. He was re-elected in 1879 and again in 1885. He was assigned to the bench of the Appellate Court in 1877, and again in 1879 and '85. He was severely wounded by a shot received from strikers on the line of the Chicago & Alton Railroad, near Chicago, in 1886, resulting in his being permanently disabled physically, in consequence of which he declined a re-election to the bench in 1891.

PINCKNETYILLE, a city and the county-seat of Perry Coimty, situated at the intersection of the Paducah Division Illinois Central and the Wabash, Chester & Western Railways, 10 miles west-northwest of Duquoin. Coal-mining is .carried on in the immediate vicinity, and fiour, carriages, plows and dressed lumber are among the manufactured products. Pinckneyville has two banks - one of which is national - two weekly ne^yspapers, seven churches, a graded and a high school. Population (1880), 964; (1890), 1,298; (1900), 2,357; (1910), 2,722.

Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago A.

PITTSBURG, CINCINNATI, CHICAGO A ST. LOUIS RAILROAD, one of the Pennsylvania Company's lines, operating 1,408 miles of road, of which 1,090 miles are owned and the remainder leased - length of line in Illinois, 28 miles. The Company is the outgrowth of a consolidation, in 1890, of the Pittsburg, Cincinnati & St. Louis Railway with the Chicago, St. Louis & Pittsburg, the Cincinnati & Richmond and the Jeffersonville. Madison & Indianapolis Railroads. The Pennsylvania Railroad Company controls the entire line through ownership of stock. Capital stock outstanding, in 1898, $47,791,601: funded debt, $48,488,000; floating debt, $2,214,708 - total capital $98,500,584. - (History.) The Chicago, St. Louis & Pittsburg Raibroad, embracing the Illinois division of this line, was made up of various corporations organized under the laws of Illinois and Indiana. One of its component parts was the Chicago & Qreat Eastern Railway, organized, in 1865, by consolidation of the Galena & Illinois River Railroad (chartered in 1857), the Chicago & Great Eastern Railway of Indiana, the Cincinnati &, Chicago Air-Line (organized 1860), and the Cincinnati, Logansport & Chicago Railway. In 1869, the consolidated line was leased to the Pittsburg, Cincinnati & St. Louis Railway Company, and operated under the name of the Columbus, Chicago & Indiana Central between Bradford, Ohio, and Chicago, from 1869 until its consolidation, under the present name, in 1890. (See Pennsylvania Railroad.)

Pittsburg, Fort. Wayne & Chicaoo

PITTSBURG, TORT WAYNE k CHICAGO RAILWAY. The total length of this line is nearly 470 miles, but only a little over 16 miles are within Illinois. It was operated by the Pennsylvania Railroad Company as lessee. The entire capitalization in 1898 was $52,549,990; and the earnings in. Illinois, $472,228. - (History.) The Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railway is the result of the consolidation, August 1, 1856, of the Ohio & Pennsylvania, the Ohio & Indiana and the Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad Compcmies, under the name of the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad. The road was opeined through its entire length, Jan. 1, 1859; was sold under foreclosure in 1861 ; reorganized under its present title, in 1862, and leased to the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, for 999 years, from July 1, 1869. (See Pennsylvania Railroad.)

PITT8FIELD, the county-seat of Pike County, situated on the Hannibal & Naples branch of the Wabash Railway, about 40 miles southeast of Quincy, and about the same distance south of west from Jacksonville. Its public buildings include a handsome court house and graded and high school buildings. The city has an electric light plant, city water- works, a flour mill, a National and a State bank, nine churches, and three weekly newspapers; in an agricultural district. Pop. (1900), 2,293; (1910), 2,095.

PLAINFIELD, a village of Will County, on the Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Railroad and an interurban electric line, 8 miles northwest of Joliet; is

PLANOy a city in Kendall County, situated near the Fox River, and on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 14 miles west-southwest of Aurora. The city is in an agricultural and dairying district, has malleable iron works, agricultural implement factories, banks, several churches, graded and high schools, and a weekly newspaper. Pop. (1900), 1,634; (1910), 1,627.

PLEASANT PLAINS, a village of Sangamon County, on Springfield Division Baltimore & Ohio S. W. Railroad, 16 miles northwest of Springfield; in rich farming r^on; has coal-shaft, bank, five churches, college and one newspaper. Pop. (1890), 518; (1900), 675; (1910), 625.

PLEASANTS, George Washington, jurist, was born in Harrodsburg, Ky., Nov. 24, 1828; received a classical education at Williams College, Mass... graduating in 1842; studied law in New York City, and was admitted to the bar at Rochester, N. Y., in 1845, establishing himself in practice at Williamstown, Mass., where he remained until 1849. In 1851 he removed to Washington, D. C, and, after residing there two years, came to Illinois, locating at Rock Island, which has since been his home. In 1861 he was elected, as a Republican, to the State Constitutional Convention which met at Springfield in January following, and, in 1867, was chosen Judge for the Sixth (now Tenth) Judicial Circuit, having served by successive re-elections imtil June, 1897, retiring at the dose of his fifth term - a record for length of service seldom paralleled in the judicial history of the State. The last twenty years of this period were spent on the Appellate bench. For several years past Judge Pleasants has been a sufferer from failing eyesight, but has been faithful in attendance on his judicial duties. As a judicial officer and a man, his reputation stands among the highest.

PLUMB, Ralph, soldier and ex-Congressman, was bom in Chautauqua County, N. Y., March 29, 1816. After leaving school he became a merchant's clerk, and was himself a merchant for eighteen years. From New York he removed to Ohio, where he was elected a member of the Legislature in 1855, lat«r coming to Illinois. During the Civil War he served four years in the Union army as Captain and Quartermaster, being brevetted Lieutenant-Colonel at its close. He made his home at Streator, where he was elected Mayor (1881-1883). There he engaged in coalmining and has been connected with several important enterprises. From 1885 to 1889 he

PLYMOUTH, a village of Hancock County, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway, 41 miles northeast of Quincy ; is trade center of rich farming district; has two banks, electric lights, water-works, and one paper. Pop. (1910), 829.

POINTE BE SAIfiLE^ Jean Baptiste, a negro and Indian-trader, reputed to have been the first settler on the present site of the city of Chicagpo. He is said to have been a native of San Domingo, but is described by his contemporaries as ''well educated and handsome, ' ' though dissipated. He appears to have been at the present site of Chicago as early as 1794, his house being located on the north side near the junction of the North and South branches of the Chicago River, where he carried on a considerable trade with the Indians. About 1796 he is said to have sold out to a French trader named Le Mai, and joined a countryman of his, named Glamorgan, at Peoria, where he died soon after. Glamorgan, who was the reputed owner of a large Spanish land-grant in the vicinity of St. Louis, is said to have been associated with Point de Saible in trade among the Peorias, before the latter came to Chicago.

POLOya city in Ogle County, at intersection of the Illinois Central and the Chicago, Burlington & Northern Railways, 28 miles south of Freeport and 12 miles north of Dixon. The surrounding region is devoted to agriculture and stock-raising, and Polo is a shipping point for large quantities of cattle and hogs. Agricultural implements (including harvesters) and buggies are manufactured here. The city has banks, one weekly and one semi weekly paper, seven churches, a graded public and high school, and a pubUc Ubrary. Pop. (1900), 1,869; (1910), 1,829.

PONTIAC, an Ottawa chief, bom on the Ottawa Rivei*, in Canada, about 1720. While yet a young man he became the principal Chief of the allied Ottawas, O jibways and Pottawatomies. He was always a firm ally of the French, to whose interests he was devotedly attached, defending them at Detroit against an attack of the Northern tribes, and (it is generally believed) leading the Ottawas in the defeat of Braddock. He reluctantly acquiesced in the issue of the French and Indian War, although at first strongly disposed to dispute the progress of Major Rogers, the British officer sent to take possession of the western forts. In 1762 he dispatched emissaries to a large number of tribes, whom he desired to unite in a league for the extermination of the English. His proposals were favorably received, and thus was organized what is conmionly spoken of as the "Conspiracy of Pontiac.** He himself undertook to lead an assault upon Detroit The garrison, however, was apprised of his intention, and made preparations accordingly. Pontiac thereupon laid siege to the fort, but was unable to prevent the ingress of provisions, the Canadian settlers furnishing supplies to both besieged and besiegers with absolute impartiality. Finally a boat-load of ammunition and supplies was landed at Detroit from Lake Erie, and the English made an imsuccessful sortie on July 81, 1763. After a desultory warfare, lasting for nearly three months, the Indians withdrew into Indiana, where Pontiac tried in vain to organize another movement. Although Detroit had not been taken, the Indians captured Forts Sandusky, St. Joseph, Miami, Ouiatanon, LeBoeuf and Venango, besides the posts of Mackinaw and Presque Isle. The garrisons at all these points were massacred and innumerable outrages perpetrated elsewhere. Additional British troops were sent west, and the Indians finally brought under control. Pontiac was present at Oswego when a treaty was signed with Sir William Johnson, but remained implacable. His end was tragic. Broken in heart, but still proud in spirit and relentless in purpose, he applied to the former (and last) French Governor of Illinois, the younger St. Ange, who was then at St. Louis, for co-operation and support in another raid against the British. Being refused aid or countenance, according to a story long popularly received, he returned to the vicinity of Cahokia, where, in 1769, he was murdered by a Kaskaskia Indian in consideration of a barrel of liquor. N. Matson, author of several volumes bearing on early history in Illinois, citing Col. Joseph N. Bourassa, an educated halfbreed of Kansas, as authority for his statement, asserts that the Indian killed at Cahokia was an impostor, and that the true Pontiac was assassinated by Kineboo, the Head Chief of the Illinois, in a coimcil held on the Des Plaines River, near the present site of Joliet. So well convinced, it is said, was Pierre Chouteau, the St. Louis Indian trader, of the truth of this last story, that he caused a monument, which he had erected over the grave of the false Pontiac, to be removed. Out of the murder of Pontiac, whether occurring at Cahokia or Joliet, it is generally agreed, r^ulted the extermination of the Illinois and the tragedy of **Starved Rock. " (See Starved Rock. ) PONTIAC, an incorporated city, the countyseat of Livingston County. It stands on the bank of the Vemillion River, and is also a point of interseotion of the Chioago & Alton, the Wabash and the Illinois Central Railroada It is 88 miles north-northeast from Bloomington and 98 miles south-southwest of Chioago. The surroimding region is devoted to agriculture, stockraising and coal-mining. Pontiac has four banks and four weekly newspapers (two issuing daily editions), numerous churches and good schools. Various kinds of manufacturing are conducted, among the principal establishments being flouring mills, three shoe factories, straw paper and candy factories and a foimdry. The State Reformatory for Juvenile Offenders is located here. Pop. (1890), 2,784; (1900), 4,266; (1910), 6,090.

POOL) Orraly merchant and banker, was bom in Union County, Ky., near Shawneetcwn, III., Feb. 17, 1809, but lived in Shawneetown from seven years of age; in boyhood learned the saddler's trade, but, in 1848, engaged in the dry-goods business, J. McKee Peeples and Thomas S. Ridgway becoming his partners in 1846. In 1850 he retired from the dry-goods trade and became an extensive dealer in produce, pork and tobacco. In 1871 he established the Gelatin County National Bank, of which he was the first President. Died, June 80, 1871.

POOLE; William Frederick, bibliographer, librarian and historical writer, was bom at Salem, Mass., Dec. 24, 1821, graduated from Yale College in 1849, and, at the close of his sophomore year, was appointed assistant librarian of his college society, which owned a library of 10,000 volumes. Here he prepared and published the first edition of his now famous ''Index to Periodical Literature.'' A second and enlarged addition was published in 1858, and secured for its author wide fame, in both America and Europe. In 1852 he was made Librarian of the Boston Mercantile Library, and, from 1856 to 1869, had charge of the Boston Athenaeum, then one of the largest libraries in the United States, which he relinquished to engage in expert library work. He organized libraries in several New England cities and towns, at the United States Naval Academy, and the Cincinnati Public Library, finally becoming Librarian of the latter institution. In October, 1878, he assimied charge of the Chicago Public Library, then being organized, and, in 1887, became Librarian of the Newberry Library, organizing this institution and remaining at its head until his death, which occurred, March 1, 1894. The degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by the Northwestern University in 1882. Dr. Poole took a prominent part in the organization of library associations, and was one of the Vice-

Presidents of the International Conference of Librarians, held in London in 1871. His advice was much sought in relation to library architecture and management. He wrote much on topics connected with his profession and on historical subjects, frequently contributing to "The North American Review." In 1874-75 he edited a literary paper at Chicago, called "The Owl," and was later a constant contributor to "The Dial." He was President of the American Historical Society and member of State Historical Societies and of other kindred associations.

POPE^ Nathaniel^ first Territorial Secretary of Illinois, Delegate in Congress and jurist, was bom at Louisville, Ky., in 1784; graduated with high honor from Transylvania University, at Lexington, Ky., read law with his brother. Senator John Pope, and, in 1804, emigrated to New Orleans, later living, for a time, at Ste. Grenevieve, Mo. In 1808 he became a resident of Kaskaskia and, the next year, was appointed the first Territorial Secretary of Illinois. His native judgment was strong and profound and his intellect quick and far-reaching, while both were thoroughly trained and disciplined by study. In 1816 he was elected a Territorial Delegate to Congress, and proved himself, not only devoted to the interests of his constituents, but also a shrewd tactician. He was largely instrumental in securing the passage of the act authorizing the formation of a State government, and it was mainly through his efforts that the northern boundary of Illinois was fixed at lat. 42° 80' north, instead of the southern bend of Lake Michigan. Upon the admission of Illinois into the Union, he was made United States Judge of the District, which then embraced the entire State. This office he filled with dignity, impartiality and acceptability until his death, at the home of his daughter, Mrs. Lucretia Yeatman, in St. Louis, Mo., Jan. 28, 1850. Pope County was named in his honor. - -Gen. John (Pope), son of the preceding, was bom in Louisville, Ky., March 16, 1822; graduated at the United States Military Academy, 1842, and appointed brevet Second Lieutenant of Topographical Engineers; served in Florida (1842-44), on the northeast boimdary survey, and in the Mexican War (1846-47), being promoted First Lieutenant for bravery at Monterey and Captain at Buena Vista. In 1849 he conducted an exploring expedition in Minnesota, was in charge of topographical engineering service in New Mexico (1851-58), and of the survey of a route for the Union Pacific Railway (1858-59), meanwhile experimenting on the feasibility of artesian wells on the "Staked