Piatt County, Illinois - The whole text, 1917 (part 26 of 26)

SMITH5 Justin Almeiin, B^D., clergyman and editor, was bom at Ticonderoga, N. Y., Dec. 29, 1819, educated at New Hampton Literary and Theological Institute and Union College, graduating from the latter in 1848; served a year as Principal of the Union Academy at Bennington, Vt., followed by four years of pastoral work, when he assumed the pastorate of the First Baptist church at Rochester, N. T., where he remained five years. Then (1858) he removed to Chicago to assume the editorship of ''The Christian Times" (now "The Standard'*), with which he was associated for the remainder of his life. Meanwhile he assisted in organizing three Baptist churches in Chicago, serving two of them as pastor for a considerable period; made an extended tour of Europe in 1869, attending the Vatican Council at Rome; was a Trustee and one of the founders of the old Chicago University, and Trustee and Lecturer of the Baptist Theological Seminary; was also the author of several religious works. Died, at Morgan Park, near Chicago, Feb. 4, 1896.

SMITH9 Perry H., lawyer and politician, was bom in Augusta, Oneida Coimty, N. Y., March 18, 1828; entered Hamilton College at the age of 14 and graduated, second in his class, at 18; began reading law and was admitted to the bar on coming of age in 1849. Then, removing to Appleton, Wis., when 23 years of age he was elected a Judge, served later in both branches of the Legislature, and, in 1857, became Vice-President of the Chicago, St. Paul Sc Fond du Lao Railway, retaining the same position in the reorganized corporation when it became the Chicago & Northwestern. In 1856 Mr. Smith came to Chicago and resided there till his death, on Palm Sunday of 1885. He was prominent in railway circles and in the councils of the Democratic party, being the reoog^nized representative of Mr. Tilden's interests in the Northwest in the campaign of 1876.

was educated and admitted to the bar in his native town, settled at Alton, IlL, in 1882; and engaged in practice. In 1836 he was elected to the General Assembly from Madison County, and re-elected in 1838. In 1842 he was elected to the Twenty-eighth Congress, and twice re-elected, serving three successive terms. During the Civil War he was commissioned Paymaster, with the rank of Major, and was stationed at St Louis. He was largely interested in the construction of water power at Minneapolis, Minn., and also in railroad enterprises in Illinois. He was a prominent Mason and a public-spirited citizen. Died, at Alton, Dec. 20, 1867.

SMITH, Samuel lisle^ lawyer, was bom in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1817, and, belonging to a wealthy fkmily, enjoyed superior educational advantages, taking a course in the Yale Law School at an age too early to admit of his receiving a degree. In 1886 he came to Illinois, to look after some lauded interests of his father*s in the vicinity of Peru. Returning east within the next two years, he obtained his diploma, and, again coming west, located in Chicago in 1838, and, for a time, occupied an ofSce with the well-known law firm of Butterfield & Collins. In 1839 he was elected City Attorney and, at the great Whig meeting at Springfield, in Jime, 1840, was one of the principal speakers, establishing a reputation as one of the most brilliant campaign orators in the West. As an admirer of Henry Clay, he was active in the Presidential campaign of 1844, and was also a prominent speaker at the River and Harbor Convention at Chicago, in 1847. With a keen sense of humor, brilliant, witty and a master of repartee and invective, he achieved popularity, both at the bar and on the lecture platform, and had the promise of future suooess, which was unfortimately marred by his convivial habits. Died of cholera, in Chicago, July 30, 1854. Mr. Smith married the daughter of Dr. Potts, of Philadelphia, an eminent clergyman of the Episcopal Church.

SMITHy Sidney, jurist, was bom in Washington County, N. Y., May 12, 1829; studied law and was admitted to the bar at Albion, in that State, in 1851; came to Chicago in 1856 and entered into partnership with Grant Gk)odrich and William W. Farwell, both of whom were afterwards elected to places on the bench - the first in the Superior, and the latter in the Circuit Court. In 1879 Judge Smith was elected to the Superior Court of Cook County, serving until 1885, when he became the attorney of the Chicago Board of Trade. He was the Republican candidate for

Major, in opposition to Carter H. Harrison, in 1885, and is believed by many to have been honestly elected, though defeated on the face of the returns. A recount was ordered by the oourt, but so much delay was incurred and so many obstacles placed in the way of carrying the order into effect, that Judge Smith abandoned the contest in disgust, although making material gains as far as it had gone. During his professional career he was connected, as counsel, with some of the most important trials before the Chicago courts; was also one of the Directors of the Chicago Public Library, on its organization in 1871. Died suddenly, in Chicago, Oct. 6, 1898.

SMITH, TheopUlns Wmshington, Judge and politician, was bom in New York City, Sept. 28, 1784, served for a time in the United States navy, was a law student in the oflElce of Aaron Burr, was admitted to the bar in his native State in 1805, and, in 1816, came west, finally locating at EdwardsviUe, where he soon became a prominent figure in early State history. In 1820 he was an unsuccessful candidate before the Legislature for the of&ce of Attorney-General, being defeated by Samuel D. Lockwood, but was elected to the State Senate in 1822, serving four years. In 1828 he was one of the leaders of the ''Conventionist*' party, whose aim was to adopt a new Constitution which would legalize slavery in Illinois, during this period being the editor of the leading organ of the pro-slavery party. In 1825 he was elected one of the Associate Justices of the Supreme Court, but resigned, Dec. 26, 1842. He was impeached in 1882 on charges alleging oppressive conduct, corruption, and other high misdemeanors in of&ce, but secured a negative acquittal, a two-thirds vote being necessary to conviction. The vote in the Senate stood twelve for conviction (on a part of the charges) to ten for acquittal, four being excused from voting. During the Black Hawk War he served as Quartermaster- General on the Governor's staff. As a jurist, he was charged by his political opponents with being imable to divest himself of his partisan bias, and even with privately advising counsel, in political causes, of defects in the record, which they (the counsel) had not discovered. He was also a member of the first Board of Commissioners of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, appointed in 1823. Died, in Chicago, May 6, 1846.

SMITH, William Henry, journalist, Associated Press Manager, was bom in Ck>lumbia County, N. Y., Dec. 1, 1833; at three years of age was taken by his parents to Ohio, where he enjoyed the best educational advantages that

State at the time afforded. After completing his school course he began teaching, and, for a time, served as tutor in a Western college, but soon turned his attention to. journalism, at first as assistant editor of a weekly publication at Cincinnati, still later becoming its editor, and, in 1855, city editor of **The Cincinnati Gazette,'* with which he was connected in a more responsible position at the beginning of the war, incidentally doing work upon **The Literary Review.*' His connection with a leading paper enabled him to exert a strong influence in support of the Government. This he used most faithfully in assisting to raise troops in the first years of the war, and, in 1863, in bringing forward and securing the election of John Brough as a Union candidate for Governor in opposition to Clement L. Yallandigham, the Democratic candidate. In 1864 he was nominated and elected Secretary of State, being re-elected two years later. After retiring from of&ce he returned to journalism at Cincinnati, as editor of "The Evening Chronicle,*' from which he retired in 1870 to become Agent of the Westem Associated Press, with headquarters, at first at Cleveland, but later at Chicago. His success in this line was demonstrated by the final union of the New York and Western Associated Press organizations under his management, continuing until 1893, when he retired. ' Mr. Smith was a strong personal friend of President Hayes, by whom he was appointed Collector of the Port of Chicago in 1877. While engaged in of&cial duties he found time to do considerable literary work, having published, several years ago, ''The St. Clair Papers," in two volimies, and a life of Charles Hammond, besides contributions to periodicals. After retiring from the management of the Associated Press, he was engaged upon a * 'History of American Politics** and a "Life of Rutherford B. Hayes,*' which are said to have been well advanced at the time of his death, which took place at his home, at Lake Forest, IlL, July 27, 1896.

SMITH, William M., merchant, stock- breeder and politician, was born near Frankfort, Ky., May 23, 1827; in 1846 accompanied his father*s family to Lexington, McLean County, III., where they settled. A few years later he bought forty acres of government land, finally increasing his holdings to 800 acres, and becoming a breeder of fine stock. Still later he added to his agricultural pursuits the business of a merchant. Having early identified himself with the Republican party, he remained a firm adherent of its principles during the Civil War, and, while declining a oommission tendered him by GoTemor Yates, devoted his time and means liberally to the recruiting and organization of regiments for service in the field, and procuring supplies for the sick and wounded. In 1866 he was elected to the lower house of the Legislature, and was re-elected in 1868 and '70, serving, during his last term, as Speaker. In 1877 he was appointed by Governor Cullom a member of the Railroad and Warehouse Conmiission, of which body he served as President until 1883. He was a man of remarkably genial temperament, liberal impulses, and wide popularity. Died, March 25, 1886.

SMITH, William Sooy, soldier and civil engineer, was bom at Tarlton, Pickaway County, Ohio, July 22, 1830; graduated at Ohio University in 1849, and, at the United States Military Academy, in 1858, having among his classmates, at the latter. Generals McPherson, Schofield and Sheridan. Coming to Chicago the following year, he first foimd employment as an engineer on the Illinois Central Railroad, but later became assistant of Lieutenant-Colonel Graham in engineer service on the lakes; a year later took charge of a select school in Buffalo; in 1857 made the first surveys for the International Bridge at Niagara Falls, then went into the service of extensive locomotive and bndge- works at Trenton, N. J., in their interest making a visit to Cuba, and also superintending the construction of a bridge across the Savannah River. The war intervening, he returned North and was appointed Lieutenant- Colonel and assigned to duty as Assistant Adjutant-General at Camp Denison, Ohio, but, in June, 1862, was commissioned Colonel of the Thirteenth Ohio Volunteers, participating in the West Virginia campaigns, and later, at Shilohand Perryville. In April, 1862, he was promoted Brigadier-General of volunteers, commanding divisions in the Army of the Ohio until the fall of 1862, when he joined Grant and took part in the Vicksburg campaign, as commander of the First Division of the Sixteenth Army Corps. Subsequently he was made Chief of the Cavalry Department, serving on the staffs of Grant and Sherman, until compelled to resign, in 1864, on account of impaired health. During the war General Smith rendered valuable service to the Union cause in great emergencies, by his knowledge of engineering. On retiring to private life he resumed his profession at Chicago, and since has been employed by the Government on some of its most stupendous works on the lakes, and has also planned several of the most important railroad bridges across the Missouri and other streams. He has been much consulted in reference to municipal engineering, and his name is connected with a number of the gigantic edifices in Chicago.

8OMONAUK9 a village of DeKalb County on the C, B. & Q. R. R.; in farming district; has some factories, a bank and a weekly paper. Pop. (1910), 591.

SN APP, Henry, Congressman, bom in Livingston County, N. Y., June 30, 1822, came to Illinois with his father when 11 years old, and, having read law at Joliet, was admitted to the bar in 1847. He practiced in Will County for twenty years before entering public life. In 1868 he was elected to the State Senate and occupied a seat in that body until his election, in 1871, to the Fortysecond Congress, by the Republicans of the (then) Sixth Ilb'nois District, as successor to B. C. Cook, who had resigned. Died, at Joliet, Nov. 28, 1895.

8NOW9 Herman W.^ ex-Congressman, was bom in La Porte County, Ind., July 8, 1886, but was reared in Kentucky, working upon a fkrm for five years, while yet in his minority becoming a resident of Illinois. For several years he was a school teacher, meanwhile studying law and being admitted to the bar. Early in the war he enlisted as a private in the One Hundred and Thirty-ninth Illinois Volunteers, rising to the rank of Captain. His term of service having expired, he re-enlisted in the One Hundred and Fifty-first Illinois, and was mustered out with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. After the close of the war* he resumed teaching at the Chicago High School, and later served in the Geneial Assembly (1878-74) as Representative from Woodford Coimty. In 1890 he was elected, as a Democrat, to represent the Ninth Illinois District in Congress, but was defeated by his Republican opponent in 1892.

SNOWHOOK, WiUlam B^ first Collector of Customs at Chicago, was bom in Ireland in 1804: at the age of eight years was brought to New York, where he learned the printer's trade, and worked for some time in the same office with Horace Greeley. At 16 he went back to Ireland, remaining two years, but, returning to the United States, began the study of law; was also employed on the Passaic Canal; in 1886, came to Chicago, and was soon after associated with William B. Ogden in a contract on the Illinois & Michigan Canal, which lasted until 1841. As early as 1840 he became prolninent as a leader in the Democratic party, and, in 1846, received from President Polk an appointment as first Collector of Customs for Chicago (having previously served as Special Surveyor of the Port, while attached to the District of Detroit) ; in 1858, was re-appointed to the Collectorship by President Pierce, serving two years. During the **Mormon War'* (1844) he organized and equipped, at his own expense, the Montgomery Guards, and was commissioned Colonel, but the disturbances were brought to an end before the order to march. From 1856 he devoted his attention chiefly to his practice, but, in 1862, was one of the Democrats of Chicago who took part in a movement to s\istain the Government by stimulating enlistments; was also a member of the Convention which nominated Mr. Greeley for President in 1872. Died, in Chicago, May 5, 1882.

SNYDER) Adam Wilson, pioneer lawyer, and early Congressman, was bom at Connellsville, Pa., Oct. 6, 1799. In early life he followed the occupation of wool-curling for a livelihood, attending school in the winter. In 1815, he emigrated to Columbus, Ohio, and afterwards settled in Ridge Prairie, St. Clair County, IlL Being offered a situation in a wool-curling and fuUing miU at Cahokia, he removed thither in 1817. He formed the friendship of Judge Jesse B. Thomas, and, through the latter*s encouragement and aid, studied law and gained a solid professional, political, social and financial position. In 1830 he was elected State Senator from St. Clair County, and re-elected for two successive terms. He served through the Black Hawk War as private, Adjutant and Captain. In 1833 he removed to Belleville, and, in 1834, was defeated for Congress by Governor Reynolds, whom he, in turn, defeated in 1886. Two years later Reynolds again defeated him for the same position, and, in 1840, he was elected State Senator. In 1841 he was the Democratic nominee for Governor. The election was held in August, 1842, but, in May preceding, he died at his home in Belleville. His place on the ticket was filled by Thomas Ford, who was elected. - William H. (Snyder), son of the preceding, was bom in St. Clair County, lU., July 12, 1825; educated at McKendree College, studied law with Lieutenant-Governor Koemer, and was admitted to practice in 1845; also served for a time as Postmaster of the city of Belleville, and, during the Mexican War, as First-Lieutenant and Adjutant of the Fifth Illinois Volunteers. From 1850 to *54 he represented his county in the Legislature; in 1855 was appointed, by Governor Matteson. Staters Attorney, which position he filled for two years. He was an unsuccessful candidate for the oflSce of Secretary of State in 1856, and, in 1857, was elected a Judge of the Twentyfourth Circuit, was re-elected for the Third Circuit in '73, '79 and '85. He was also a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70. Died, at BelleviUe, Deo. 24, 1892.

SOLDIERS' AND SAILORS' HOME, a State charitable institution, founded by act of the Legislature in 1885, and located at Quincy, Adams County. The object of its establishment was to provide a comfortable home for such disabled or dependent veterans of the United States land or naval forces as had honorably served during the Civil War. It was opened for the reception of veterans on March 3, 1887, the first cost of site and buildings having been about 1350,000. The total nimiber of inmates admitted up to June 30, 1894, was 2,813; the nimiber in attendance during the two previous years 988, and the whole niunber present on Nov. 10, 1894, 1,088. The value of property at that time was $893,636.08. Considerable appropriations have been made for additions to the buildings at subsequent sessions of the Legislature. The General Government pays to the State $100 per year for each veteran supported at the Home.

SOLDIERS' ORPHANS' HOME, ILLINOIS, an institution, created by act of 1865, for the maintenance and education of children of deceased soldiers of the Civil War. An eighty-acre tract, one mile north of Normal, was selected as the site, and the first principal building was completed and opened for the admission of benefici- , aries on June 1, 1869. Its first cost was $135,000, the site having been donated. Repairs and the construction of new buildings, from time to time, have considerably increased this sum. In 1875 the benefits of the institution were extended, by legislative enactment, to the children of soldiers who had died after the close of the war. The aggregate niunber of inmates, in 1894, was 572, of whom 323 were males and 249 females.

SOLDIERS' WIDOWS' HOME. Provision was made for the establishment of this institution by the Thirty-ninth General Assembly, in an act. approved, June 13, 1895, appropriating $20,000 for the purchase of a site, the erection of buildings and furnishing the same. It is designed for the reception and care of the mothers, wives, widows and daughters of such honorably discharged soldiers or sailors, in the United States service, as may have died, or may be physically or mentally unable to provide for the families naturally dependent on them, provided that such persons have been residents of the State for at least one year previous to admission, and are without means or ability for self-support.

The affairs of the Home are managed by a boaid of five trustees, of whom two are men and three women, the former to be members of the Grand Armj of the Republic and of different political parties, and the latter members of the Women's Relief Corps of this State. The institution was located at Wilmington, occupying a site of seventeen acres, where it was formally opened in a house of ^ghteen rooms, March 11, 1896. with twenty-six applications for admittance. The plan contemplates an early enlargement by the erection of additional cottages.

SORENTO, a village of Bond County, at the intersection of the Jacksonville & St. Louis and the Toledo, St Louis & Western Railways, 14 miles southeast of Litchfield; has a bank and a newspaper. Its interests are agricultural and mining. Pop. (1900), 1,000; (1910), 1,018.

SOULARD^ James Gaston, pioneer, bom of French ancestry in St. Louis, Mo., July 15, 1798; resided there until 1821, when, having married the daughter of a soldier of the Revolution, he received an appointment at Fort Snelling, near the present city of St. Paul, then under command of Col. Snelling, who was his wife's brother-inlaw. The Fort was reached after a tedious journey by flat-boat and overland, late in the fall of 1821, his wife accompanying him. Three years later they returned to St. Louis, where, being an engineer, he was engaged for several years in surveying. In 1827 he removed with his family to Gkdena, for the next six years had charge of a store of the Gratiot Brothers, early business men of that locality. Towards the close of this period he received the appointment of County Recorder, also holding the position of County Surveyor and Postmaster of Galena at the same time. His later years were devoted to farming and horticulture, his death taking place, Sept. 17, 1878. Mr. Soulard was probably the first man to engage in freighting between Galena and Chicago. "The Galena Advertiser" of Sept. 14, 1829, makes mention of a wagon-load of lead sent by him to Chicago, his team taking back a load of salt, the paper remarking: **This is the first wagon that has ever passed from the Mississippi River to Chicago." Great results were predicted from the exchange of commodities between the lake and the lead mine district. - Mrs* Eliza M. Hunt (Soulard), wife of the preceding, was bom at Detroit, Dec. 18, 1804, her father being Col. Thomas A. Hunt, who had taken part in the Battle of Bimker ELill and remained in the army until his death, at St. Louis, in 1807. His descendants ha>'e maintained their connection with the army ever sinoe, a son being a prominent artillery officer at the Battle of Gettysburg. Mrs. Soulard was married at St. Louis, in 1820, and survived her husband some sixteen years, dying at Galena, August 11, 1894 She had resided in Galena nearly seventy years, and at the date of her death, in the 90th year of her age, she was that city*s oldest resident.

South Chicago A Western Indiana Southern Collegiate Institute

SOUTHERN COLLEGIATE INSTITUTE, located at Albion, Edwards County, incorporated in 1891 ; had a faculty of ten teachers with 219 pupils (1897-98) - about equally male and female. Besides classical, scientific, normal, music and fine arts departments, instruction is given in preparatory studies and business education. Its property is valued at $16,500.

Southern Hospital For The Insane

SOUTHERN HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE, located at Anna, Union County, founded by act of the Legislature in 1869. The original site oomprised 290 acres and cost a little more than $22,000, of which one-fourth was donated by citizens of the county. The construction of buildings was begun in 1869, but it was not imtil March, 1875, that the north wing (the first completed) was ready for occupancy. Other portions were completed a year later. The Trustees purchased 160 additional acres in 1888. The first cost (up to September, 1876) was nearly $635,000. In 1881 one wing of the main building was destroyed by fire, and was subsequently rebuilt ; the patients being, meanwhile, cared for in temporary wooden barracks. The total value of lands and buildings belonging to the State, June 80, 1894, was estimated at $788,580, and, of property of all sorts, at $833,700. The wooden barracks were later converted into a permanent ward, additions made to the main buildings, a detached building for the accommodation of 800 patients erected, numerous outbuildings put up and general improvements made. A second fire on the night of Jan. 8, 1895, destroyed a large part of the main building, inflicting a loss upon the State of $175,000. Provision was made for rebuilding by the Legislature of that year. The institution has capacity for about 750 patients.

SOUTHEBV ILLINOIS NORMAL UNITERSITYy established in 1869, and located, after oompetitiye bidding, at Carbondale, which offered lands and bonds at first estimated to be of the value of $229,000, but which later depreciated, through shrinkage, to $75,000. Construction was commenced in May, 1870, and the first or main building was completed and appropriately dedicated in July, 1874 Its cost was $265,000, but it was destroyed by fire, Nov. 26, 1883. In February, 1887, a new structure was completed at a cost of $150,000. Two normal courses of instruction are g^ven - classical and scientific - each extend, ing over a period of four years. The conditions of admission require that the pupil shall be 16 years of age, and shall possess the qualifications enabling him to pass examination for a secondgrade teacher's certificate. Those imable to do so may enter a preparatory department for six months. Pupils who pledge themselves to teach in the public schools, not less than half the time of their attendance at the University, receive free tuition with a small charge for incidentals, while others pay a tuition fee. The number of students in attendance for the year 1897-98 was 720, coming from forty-seven counties, chiefly in the 'H>uthem half of the State, with representatives from eight other States. The teaching faculty for the same year consisted, besides the President, of sixteen instructors in the various departments, five ladies and eleven gentlemen.

SOUTHERN PENITENTIARY, THE, located near Chester, on the Mississippi River. Its erection was rendered necessary by the overcrowding of the Northern Penitentiary. (See Northern Penitentiary.) The law providing for its establishment required the Commissioners to select a site convenient of access, adjacent to stone and timber, and having a high elevation, with a never filing supply of water. In 1877, 122 acres were purchased at Chester, and the erection of buildings commenced. The first appropriation was of $200,000, and $800,000 was added in 1879. By March, 1878, 200 convicts were received, and their labor was utilized in the completion of the buildings, which are constructed upon approved modem principles. The prison receives convicts sent from the southern portion of the State, and has accommodation for some 1,200 prisoners. In connection with this penitentiary is an asylimi for insane convicts, the erection of which was provided for by the Legislature in 1889.

SPALDING) Jesse, manufacturer. Collector of Customs and Street Railway President, was bom at Athens, Bradford County, Pa., April 15, 1888; early commenced limibering on the Susquehanna, and, at 28, began dealing on his own account. In 1857 he removed to Chicago, and soon after bought the property of the New York Limiber Company at the mouth of the Menominee River in Wisconsin, where, with different partners, and finally practically alone, he carried on the business of lumber manufacture on a large scale some 40 years. In 1881 he was appointed, by President Arthur, Collector of the Port of Chicago, and, in 1889, received from President Harrison an appointment as one of the Qovemment Directors of the Union Pacific Railway. Mr. Spalding was a zealoiis supporter of the Government during the War of the Rebellion and rendered valuable aid in the construction and equipment of Camp Douglas and the barracks at Chicago for the returning soldiers, receiving Auditor's warrants in payment, when no funds in the State treasury were available for the purpose. He was associated with William B. Ogden and others in the project for connecting Green Bay and Sturgeon Bay by a ship canal, which was completed in 1882, and, on the death of Mr. Ogden, succeeded to the Presidency of the Canal Company, serving until 1898, when the canal was turned over to the General Government. He had also been identified with many other public enterprises intimately connected with the development and prosperity of Chicago, and, in July, 1899, became President of the Chicago Union Traction Company, having control of the North and West CThicago Street Railway Systems. Died March 17, 1904.

SPALDING^ John Lancaster, Catholic Bishop, was bom in Lebanon, Ky., June 2, 1840; educated in the United States and in Europe, ordained a priest in the Catholic Church in 1863, and thereupon attached to the cathedral at Louisville, as assistant. In 1869 he organized a congregation of colored people, and built for their use the Church of St. Augustine, having been assigned to that parish as pastor. Soon afterwards he was appointed Secretary to the Bishop and made Chancellor of the Diocese. In 1878 he was transferred from Louisville to New York, where he was attached to the missionary parish of St. Michaers. He had, by this time, achieved no little fame as a pulpit orator and lecturer. When the diocese of Peoria, IlL, was created, in 1877, the choice of the Pope fell upon him for the new see, and he was consecrated Bishop, on May 1 of that year, by Cardinal McCloskey at New York. His administration has been characterized by both energy and success. He has devoted much attention to the subject of emigration, and has brought about the founding of many new settlements in the far West. He was also largely instrumental in bringing about the founding of the Catholic Uniyersity at Washing^n. He is a frequent contributor to the reviews, and the author of a number of religious works.

SPANISH INTASION OF ILLINOIS. In the month of Jime, 1779, soon after the declaration of war between Spain and Great Britain, an expedition was organized in Canada, to attack the Spanish posts along the Mississippi. Simultaneously, a force was to be dispatched from Pensacola against New Orleans, then commanded by a young Spanish Colonel, Don Bernardo de Galvez. Secret instructions had been sent to British Commandants, all through the Western country, to cooperate with both expeditions. De Galvez, having learned of the scheme through intercepted letters, resolved to forestall the attack by becoming the assailant. At the head of a force of 670 men, he set out and captured Baton Rouge, Fort Manchac and Natchez, almost without opposition. The British in Canada, being ignorant of what had been going on in the South, in February following dispatched a force from Mackinac to support the expedition from Pensacola, and, incidentally, to subdue the American rebels while en route. Cahokia and Kaskaskia were contemplated points of attack, as well as the Spanish foi-ts at St. Louis and St. Genevieve. This movement was planned by Capt. Patrick Sinclair, commandant at Mackinac, but Captain Hesse was placed in charge of the expedition, which numbered some 750 men, including a force of Indians led by a chief named Wabasha. The British arrived before St. Louis, early on the morning of May 26, 1780, taking the Spaniards by surprise. Meanwhile CoL George Rogers Clark, having been apprised of the project, arrived at Cahokia from the falls of the Ohio, twenty-four hours in advance of the attack, his presence and readiness to co-operate with the Spanish, no doubt, contributing to the defeat of the expedition. The accounts of what followed are conflicting, the number of killed on the St. Louis shore being variously estimated from seven or eight to sixty -eight - the last being the estimate of Capt. Sinclair in his official repoi-t. All agree, however, that the invading party was forced to retreat in great haste. Colonel Montgomery, who had been in command at Cahokia, with a force of 350 and a party of Spanish allies, pursued the retreating invaders as far as the Rock River, destroying many Indian villages on the way. This movement on the part of the British served as a pretext for an attempted reprisal, undertaken by the Spaniards, with the aid of a number of Cahokians, early in 1781. Starting early in January, this latter expedition crossed Illinois, with the design of attacking Fort St. Joseph, at the head of Lake Michigan, which had been captured from the English by Thomas Brady and afterwards retaken. The Spaniards were commanded by Don Eugenic Pourre, and supported by a force of Cahokians and Indians. The fort was easily taken and the British flag replaced by the ensign of Spain. The affair was regarded as of but little moment, at the time, the post being evacuated in a few days, and the Spaniards returning to St. Louis. Yet it led to serious international complications, and the "conquest" was seriously urged by the Spanish ministry as giving that country a right to the territory traversed. This claim was supported by France before the signing of the Treaty of Paris, but was defeated, through the combined efforts of Messrs. Jay, Franklin and Adams, the American Commissioners in charge of the peace negotiations with England.

SPARKS, (Capt.) David R., manufacturer and legislator, was bom near Lanesville, Ind., in 1828; in 1836, removed with his parents to Macoupin Coimty, IlL; in 1847, enlisted for the Mexican War, crossing the plains to Santa Fe, New Mexico. In 1850 he made the overland trip to California, returning the next year by the Isthmus of Panama. In 1855 he engaged in the milling business at Staunton, Macoupin County, but, in i860, made a third trip across the plains in search of gold, taking a quartz-mill which was erected near where Central City, Colo., now is, and which was the second steam-engine in that region. He returned home in time to vote for Stephen A. Douglas for President, the same year, but became a stalwart Republican, two weeks later, when the advocates of secession began to develop their policy after the election of Lincoln. In 1861 he enlisted, under the call for 500,000 volunteers following the first battle of Bull Run, and was commissioned a Captain in the Third Illinois Cavalry (Col. Eugene A. Carr), serving two and a half years, during which time he took part in several hard-fought battles, and being present at the fall of Vicksburg. At the end of his service he became associated with his former partner in the erection of a large flouring mill at Litchfield, but, in 1869, the firm bought an extensive flour- ing mill at Alton, of which he became the principal owner in 1881, and which has since been greatly enlarged and improved, until it is now one of the most extensive establishments of its kind in the State. Capt. Sparks was elected to the House of Representatives in 1888, and to the State Senate in 1894, serving in the sessions of 1895 and '97; was also strongly supported as a candidate for the Republican nomination for Congress in 1896. Died Nov. 10, 1907.

SPARKS, WillUm k. J., ex-Congressman, was bom near New Albany, Ind., Nov. 19, 1828, at 8 years of age was brought by his parents to Illinois, and shortly afterwards left an orphan. Thrown on his own resources, he found work upon a farm, his attendance at the district schools being limited to the winter months. Later, he passed through McKendree College, supporting himself, meanwhile, by teaching, graduating in 1850. He read law with Judge Sidney Breese, and was admitted to the bar in 1851. His first public office was that of Receiver of the Land Office at Edwardsville, to which he was appointed by President Pierce in 1858, re- . maining imtil 1856, when he was chosen Presidential Elector on the Democratic ticket. The same year he was elected to the lower house of the General Assembly, and, in 1868-64, served in the State Senate for the unexpired term of James M. Rodgers, deceased. He was a delegate to the National Democratic Convention in 1868, and a Democratic Representative in Congress from 1875 to 1883. In 1885 he was appointed, by President Cleveland, Commissioner of the General Land Office in Washington, retiring, by resignation, in 1887. Died May 7, 1904.

Sparta A St. Genevieye Railroad

SPEED, Joshua Fry, merchant, and intimate friend of Abraham Lincoln ; was educated in the local schools and at St. Joseph's College, Bardstown, Ky., after which he spent some time in a wholesale mercantile establishment in Louisville. About 1835 he came to Springfield, 111., where he engaged in the mercantile business, later becoming the intimate friend and associate of Abraham Lincoln, to whom he offered the privilege of sharing a room over his store, when Mr. Lincoln removed from New Salem to Springfield, in 1836. Mr. Speed returned to Kentucky in 1842, but the friendship with Mr. Lincoln, which was of a most devoted character, continued until the death of the latter. Having located in Jefferson County, Ky., Mr. Speed was elected to the Legislature in 1848, but was never again willing to accept office, though often solicited to do so. In 1851 he removed to Louisville, where he acquired a handsome fortime in the real-estate business. On the breaking out of the rebellion in 1861, he heartily embraced the cause of the Union, and, during the war, was entrusted with many delicate and important duties in the interest of the Government, by Mr. Lincoln, whom he frequently visited in Washington. His death occurred at Louisville, May 29, 1882.~James (Speed), an older brother of the preceding, was a prominent Unionist of Kentucky, and, after the war, a leading Republican of that State, serving as delegate to the National Republican Conventions of 1872 and 1876. In 1864 he was appointed Attorney-General by Mr Lincoln and served until 1866, when he resigned on account of disagreement with President Johnson. He died in 1887, at the age of 75 years.

SPOON RIYERy rises in Bureau County, flows southward through Stark County into Peoria, thence southwest through Knox, and to the south and southeast, through Fulton County, entering the Illinois River opposite Havana. It is about 150 miles long.

SPRINGER, (Rev.) Francis, DJ)., educator and Army Chaplain, bom in Franklin Coimty, Pa., March 19, 1810; was left an orphan at an early age, and educated at Pennsylvania College, Gettysburg; entered the Lutheran ministry in 1836, and, in 1839, removed to Springfield, IlL, where he preached and taught school; in 1847 became President of Hillsboro College, which, in 1852, was removed to Springfield and became Illinois State University, now known as Concordia Seminary. Later, he served for a time as Superintendent of Schools for the city of Springfield, but, in September, 1861, resigned to accept the Chaplaincy of the Tenth Illinois Cavalry ; by successive resignations and appointments, held the positions of Chaplain of the First Arkansas Infantry (1863-64) and Post Chaplain at Fort Smith, Ark., serving in the latter position until April. 1867, when he was commissioned Chaplain of the United States Army. This position he resigned while stationed at Fort Ilarker, Kan., August 23, 1867. During a considerable part of his incumbency as Chaplain at Fort Smith, he acted as Agent of the Bureau of Refugees and Freedmen, performing important service in caring for noncombatants rendered homeless by the vici.ssitudes of war. After the war he served, for a time, as Superintendent of Schools for Montgomery County, III.; was instrumental in the founding of Carthage (HI.) College, and was a member of its Board of Control at the time of his death. He was elected Chaplain of the Illinois House of RepresentatiTee at the session of the Thirty-fifth General Assembly (1887), and Chaplain of the Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons of Illinois for two consecutive terms (1890-'92). He was also member of the Stephenson Post, No. 30, G. A. R., at Springfield, and served as its Chaplain from January, 1884, to his death, which occurred at Springfield, Oct. 21, 1892.

SPBINGER, William MeKendree^ ex-Congressman, Justice of United States Court, was bom in Sullivan County, Ind., May 80, 1836. In 1848 he removed with his parents to Jacksonville, IlL, was fitted for college in the public high school at Jacksonville, imder the tuition of the late Dr. Bateman, entered Illinois College, remaining three years, when he removed to the Indiana State ITniversity, graduating there in 1858. The following year he was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Logan Coimty, but soon after removed to Springfield. He entered public life as Secretary of the Constitutional Convention of 1862. In 1871-72 he represented Sangamon County in the Legislature, and, in 1874, was elected to Congress from the Thirteenth Illinois District as a Democrat. From that time until the close of the Fifty-third Congress (1895), he served in Congress continuously, and was recognized as one of the leaders of his party on the floor, being at the head of many important committees when that party was in the ascendancy, and a candidate for the Democratic caucus nomination for Speaker, in 1808. In 1894 he was the candidate of his party for Congress for the eleventh time, but was defeated by his Republican opponent, James A. Connolly. In 1895 he was appointed by President Cleveland U. S. District Judge for Indian Territory. Died Dec. 4, 1903.

SPRINGFIELD^ the State capital, and the county-seat of Semgamon County, situated five miles south of the Sangamon River and 185 miles southwest of Chicago; is an important railway center. The first settlement on the site of the present city was made by John Kelly in 1819. On April 10. 1821, it was selected, by the first Board of County Commissioners, as the temporary county-seat of Sangamon Coimty, the organization of which had been authorized by act of the Legislature in January previous, and the name Springfield was given to it. In 1828 the selection was made permanent. The latter year the first sale of lands took place, the original site being entered by Pascal P. Enos, Elijah lies and Thomas Cox. The town was platted about the same time, and the name ''Calhoun" was given to a section in the northwest quarter of the present city - this being the "hey-day" of the South Carolina statesman's greatest popularity - but the change was not popularly accepted, and the new name was soon dropped. It was incorporated as a town, April 2, 1882, and as a city, April 6, 1840; and re-incorporated, under the general, law in 1882. It was made the State cajpital by act of the Legislature, passed at the session of 1887, which went into effect, July 4, 1889, and the Legislature first convened there in December of the latter year. The general surface is flat, though there is rolling ground to the west. The city has excellent water- works, a paid fire-department, six banks, electric street railways, gas and electric lighting, commodious hotels, fine churches, niunerous handsome residences, beautiful parks, thorough sewerage, and is one of the best paved and handsomest cities in the State. The city proper, in 1890, contained an area of four square miles, but has since been enlarged by the annexation of the following suburbs: North Springfield, April 7, 1891; West Springfield, Jan. 4, 1898; and South Springfield and the village of Laurel, April 5, 1898. These additions give to the present city an area of 5.84 square miles. The population of the original city, according to the census of 1880, was 19,748, and. in 1890, 24,968, while that of the annexed suburbs, at the last census, was 2, 109 - making a total of 29,072. The latest school census (1898) showed a total population of 88,87&~population by census (1900), 34, 159. Besides the State House, the city has a handsome United States Government Building for United States 0>urt and post-office purposes, a county courthouse (the former State capitol), a city hall and (State) Executive Mi^ision. Springfield was the home of Abraham Lincoln. His former residence has been donated to the State, and his tomb and monument are in the beautiful Oak Ridge cemetery, adjoining the city. Springfield is an important coal-mining center, and has many important industries, notably a watch factory, rolling mills, and extensive manufactories of agricultural implements and furniture. It is also the permanent location of the State Fairs, for which extensive buildings have been erected on the Fair Grounds north of the city. There are three daily papers - two morning and one evening - published here, besides various other publications. Pop. (1910), 51,678.

Historical Encycjlopedia Op Illinois

SPRING TALLET^ an incorporated city in Bureau Ck>unty, at intersection of the Chicago Sc Northwestern, the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific, the Chicago, Burling^n & Quincy, and the Toluca, Marquette & Northern Railways, 100 miles southwest of Chicago. It lies in a coalmining region and has important manufacturing interests as well It has two banks, electric street and interurban railways, and one weekly paper. Pop. (1900), 6,214; (1910), 7,035.

ST. FRANCIS FILLEy a city in Lawrence County on the Wabash River and ''Big Four'' Railroad; has a bank and one weekly paper. Pop. (1910), 1,391.

ST. ALDAN'S ACADEMY, a boys' and young men's school at Knoxville, 111., incorporated in 1896 under the auspices of the Episcopal Church; in 1898 had a faculty of seven teachers, with forty-five pupils, and property valued at $61,100, of which 154,000 was real estate. Instruction is given in the classical and scientific branches, besides music and preparatory studies.

ST. ANNE, a village of Kankakee County, at the crossing of the Chicago & Eastern Illinois and the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railways, 60 miles south of Chicago. The town has two banks, tile and brick factory, and a weekly paper. Pop. (1900), 1,000; (1910), 1,065.

ST. CH ARLES^ a city in Kane Cpunty, on both sides of Fox River, at intersection of the Chicago & Northwestern and the Chicago Great Western Railways; 88 miles west of Chicago and 10 miles south of Elgin. The river furnishes excellent water-power, which is being utilized by a number of important manufacturing enterprises. The city is connected with Chicago and many towns in the Fox River valley by interurban electric trolley lines; is also the seat of the State Home for Boys. Pop. (1900), 2,675; (1910), 4,046.

ST. CLAIR^ Arthar^ first Governor of the Northwest Territory, was bom of titled ancestry at Thurso, Scotland, in 1734; came to America in 17-57 as an ensign, having purchased his commission, participated in the capture of Louisburg. Canada, in 1758, and fought under Wolfe at

Quebec. In 1764 he settled in Pennsylvania, where he amassed a moderate fortune, and became prominent in public affairs. He served with distinction during the Revolutionary War, rising to the rank of Major-General, and succeeding General Gates in command at Ticonderoga, but, later, was censured by Washington for his hasty evacuation of the post, though finally vindicated by a military court. His Revolutionary record, however, was generally good, and even distingashed. He represented Pennsylvania in the Continental Congress, and presided over that body in 1787. He served as Governor of the Northwest Territory (including the present State of Illinois) from 1789 to 1802. As an executive he was not successful, being unpopular because of his arbitrariness. In November, 1791, he suffered a serious defeat by the Indians in the valley between the Miami and the Wabash. In this campaign he was badly crippled by the gout, and had to be carried on a litter; he was again vindicated by a Congressional investigation. His first visit to the Ulinois Country was made in 1790, when he organized St. Clair County, which was named in his honor. In 1802 President Jefferson removed him from the governorship of Ohio Territory, of which he had continued to be the Governor after its separation from Indiana and Illinois. The remainder of his life was spent in comparative penury. Shortly before his decease, he was granted an annuity by the Pennsylvania Legislature and by Congress. Died, at Greensburg, Pa., August 81, 1818.

ST. CLAIR COUNTY, the first county organized within the territory comprised in the present State of Illinois - the whole region west of the Ohio River having been first placed under civil jurisdiction, under the name of * 'Illinois County," by an act of the Virginia House of Delegates, passed in October, 1778, a few months after the capture of Kaskaskia by Col. George Rogers Clark. (See Illinois; also Clark, George Rogers.) St. Clair County was finally set oft by an order of Gov. Arthur St Clair, on occasion of his first visit to the "Illinois Country," in April, 1790 - more than two years after his assumption of the duties of Governor of the Northwest Territory, which then comprehended the "Illinois Country" as well as the whole region within the present States of Ohio, Indiana, Michigan and Wisconsin. Governor St. Clair's order, which bears date, April 27, 1790, defines the boimdaries of the new county - which took his own name - as follows: "Beginning at the mouth of the Little Michillimackanack Rivar^ running thence southerly in a direct line to the mouth of the little river above Fort Massac upon the Ohio River; thence with the said river to its junction with the Mississippi; thence up the Mississippi to the mouth of the Illinois, and so up the Illinois River to the place of beginning, with all the adjacent islands of said rivers, Illinois and Mississippi.*' The '* Little Michillimackanack/' the initial point mentioned in this description - also variously spelled **Makina" and "Mackinaw," the latter being the name by which the stream is now known - empties into the Illinois River on the south side a few miles below Pekin, in Tazewell County. The boundaries of St. Clair County, as given by Gov. St. Clair, indicate the imperfect knowledge of the topography of the "Illinois Coimtry" existing in that day, as a line drawn south from the mouth of the Mackinaw River, instead of reaching the Ohio "above Fort Massac," would have followed the longitude of the present city of Springfield, striking the Mississippi about the northwestern comer of Jackson County, twenty-five miles west of the mouth of the Ohio. The object of Oovemor St. Clair's order was, of course, to include the settled portions of the Illinois Country in the new county ; and, if it had had the effect intended, the eastern border of the county would have followed a line some fifty miles farther eastward, along the eastern border of Marion, Jefferson, Franklin, Williamson and Johnson Counties, reaching the Ohio River about the present site of Metropolis City in Massac County, and embracing about one-half of the area of the present State of Illinois. For all practical purposes it embraced all the Illinois Country, as it included that portion in which the white settlements were located. (See St. Clair, Arthur; also Illinois Country.) The early records of St. Clair County are in the French language ; its first settlers and its early civilization were French, and the first church to inculcate the doctrine of Christianity was the Roman Catholic. The first proceedings in court under the common law were had in 1796. The first Justices of the Peace were appointed in 1807, and, as there was no penitentiary, the whippingpost and pillory played an important part in the code of penalties, these punishments being impartially meted out as late as the time of Judge (afterwards Oovemor) Reynolds, to "the lame, the halt and the blind," for such offenses as the larceny of a silk handkerchief. At first three places - Cahokia, Prairie du Rocher and Kaskaskia - were named as county -seats by Governor St. Clair; but Randolph County having been set off in 1795, Cahokia became the county-seat of the older county, so remaining until 1813, when Belleville was selected as the seat of justice. At that time it was a mere cornfield owned by George Blair, although settlements had previously been established in Ridge Prairie and at Badgley. Judge Jesse B. Thomas held his first court in a log-cabin, but a rude court house was erected in 1814, and, the same year, George E. Blair established a hostelry, Joseph Kerr opened a store, and, in 1817, additional improvements were inaugurated by Daniel Murray and others, from Baltimore. John H. Dennis and the Mitchells and Wests (from Virginia) settled soon afterward, becoming farmers and mechanics. Belleville was incorporated in 1819. In 1825 Governor Edwards bought the large landed interests of Etienne Personeau, a large French land-owner, ordered a new survey of the town and infused fresh life into its development. Settlers began to arrive in large numbers, mainly Virginians, who brought with them their slaves, the right to hold which was, for many years, a fruitful and perennial source of strife. Emigrants from Germany began to arrive at an early day, and now a large proportion of the population of Belleville and St. Clair Ck>unty is made up of that nationality. The county, as at present organized, lies on the westem border of the south half of the State, immediately opposite St. Louis, and comprises some 680 square miles. Three-fourths of it are underlaid by a vein of coal, six to eight feet thick, and about one himdred feet below the surface. Considerable wheat is raised. The principal towns are Belleville, East St. Louis, Lebanon and Mascoutah. Population of the county (1880), 61,806; (1890), 66,571; (1900), 86,685; (1910), 119,870.

ST. JOHN, an incorporated village of Perry County, on the Illinois Central Railway, one mifc north of Duquoin. Coal is mined and salt manu* factured here. Population about 500.

ST. JOSEPH, a village of Champaign County, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louin Railway, 10 miles east of Champaign ; has interurban railroad comiection. Pop. (1910), 681.

ST. JOSEPH'S HOSPITAL, (Chicago), founded in 1860, by the Sisters of Charity. Having been de« stroyed in the fire of 1871, it was rebuilt in the following year. In 1892 it was reconstructed, enlarged and made thoroughly modem in its appointments. It can accommodate about 250 patients. The Sisters attend to the nursing, and conduct the domestic and financial affairs. The medical staff ciomprises ten physicans and surgeons, among whom are some of the most eminent in Chioaga

St. Louis, Alton A Chicago Railroad

ST. LOUIS, ALTON k TERRE HAUTE RAILOAD, a oorporation formerly operating an extensive system of railroads in Illinois. The Terre Haute & Alton Railroad Company (the original corporation) was chartered in January, 1851, work begun in 1852, and the main line from Terre Haute to Alton (172.5 miles) completed, March 1, 1856. The Belleville & Illinoistown branch (from Belleville to East St. Louis) was chartered in 1852, and completed between the points named in the title, in the fall of 1854. This corporation secured authority to construct an extension from Illinoistown (now East St. Louis) to Alton, which was completed in October, 1856, giving the first railroad connection between Alton & St. Louis. Simultaneously with this, these two roads (the Terre Haute & Alton and the Belleville & Illinoistown) were consolidated under a single charter by special act of the Legislature in February, 1854, the consolidated line taking the name of the Terre Haute, Alton & St. Louis Railroad. Subsequently the road became financially embarassed, was sold under foreclosure and reorganized, in 1862, under the name of the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad. June 1, 1867, the main line (from Terre Haute to St. Louis) was leased for niety-nine years to the Indianapolis & St. Louis Railway Company (an Indiana corporation) guaranteed by certain other lines, but the lease was subsequently broken by the insolvency of the lessee and some of the guarantors. The Indianapolis & St. Louis went into the hands of a receiver in 1882, and was sold under foreclosure, in July of the same year, its interest being absorbed by the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, by which the main line is now operated. The properties officially reported as remaining in the hands of the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad, June 80, 1895, beside the Belleville Branch (14.40 miles), included the following leased and subsidiary lines: Belleville & Southern Illinois - "Cairo Short Line" (56.40 miles); Belleville & Eldorado, (50.20 miles); Belleville & Carondelet (17.30 miles); St. Louis Southern and branches (47.27 miles), and Chicago, St. Louis & Paducah Railway (53.50 miles). All these have been leased, since the close of the fiscal year 1895, to the Illinois Central. (For sketches of these several roads see headings of each. )

ST. LOUIS, CHICAGO & ST. PAUL BAILi ROAD, (Bluff Line), a line running from Springfield to Granite City, 111., (opposite St. Louis), 102.1 miles, with a branch from Lock Haven to Grafton, 111., 8.4 miles - ^total length of line in Illinois, 110.5 miles. The track is of standard gauge, laid with 56 to 70-pound steel rails. - (History.) The road was originally incorporated under the name of the St. Louis, Jerseyville & Springfield Railroad, built from Bates to Grafton in 1882, and absorbed by the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Company ; was surrendered by the receivers of the latter in 1886, and passed under the control of the bond-holders, by whom it was transferred to a^ corporation known as the St. Louis & Central Illinois Railroad Company. In Jime, 1887, the St. Louis, Alton & Springfield Railroad Company was organized, with power to build extensions from Newbem to Alton, and from Bates to Springfield, which was done. In October, 1890, a receiver was appointed, followed by a reorganization imder the present name (St. Louis, Chicago & St. Paul). Default was made on the interest and, in June following, it was again placed in the hands of receivers, by whom it was operated imtil 1898. The total earnings and income for the fiscal year 1897-98 were 1818,815, operating expenses, 1873,270; total capitalization, $4,853,526, of which, $1,500,000 was in the form of stock and $1,285 000 in income bonds.

ST. LOUIS^ INDIANAPOLIS k EASTERN RAILROAD^ a raiboad line 90 miles in length, extending from Switz City, Ind., to Effingham, ni. - 56 miles being within the State of Illinois. It is of standard gauge and the track laid chiefly with iron rails. - (History.) The orginal corporation was chartered in 1869 as the Springfield, £}ffingham & Quincy Railway Company. It waa built as a narrow-gauge line by the Cincinnati, Elffingham & Quincy Construction Company, which went into the hands of a receiver in 1878. The road was completed by the receiver in 1880, and, in 1885, restored to the Construction Com* pany by the discharge of the receiver. For a short time it was operated in connection with the Bloomfield Railroad of Indiana, but was reorganized in 1886 as the Indiana & Illinois Southern Railroad, and the gauge clianged to standard in 1887. Having made default in the payment of interest, it was sold under foreclosure in 1890 and purchased in the interest of the bondholders, by whom it was conveyed to the St. Louis. Indianapolis & Eastern Railroad Company, in whose name the line is operated. Its business is limited, and chiefly local. The total earnings in 1898 were 165,588 and the expenditures $69412. Its capital stock was $740,900; bonded debt, $978,000, other indebtedness increasing the total capital investment to $1,816,736.

St. Louis, Jacksontille A Chicago St. Louis, Jersettille A Springfield

ST. LOUIS, PEORIA A NORTHERN RAILWAT, known as *Teoria Short Line," a corporation organized, Feb. 29, 1896, to take over and unite the properties of the St. Louis & Eastern, the St. Louis & Peoria and the North and South Railways, and to extend the same d^ue north from Springfield to Peoria (60 miles), and thence to Fulton or East Clinton, IlL, on the Upper Mississippi. The line extends from Springfield to Glen Carbon (84.46 miles), with trackage facilities over the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Railroad and the Merchants* Terminal Bridge (18 miles) to St. Louis. - (History.) This road has been made up of three sections or divisions. (1) The initial section of the line was constructed under the name of the St. Louis & Chicago Railroad of Illinois, incorporated in 1885, and opened from Mount Olive to Alhambra in 1887. It passed into the hands of a receiver, was sold under foreclosure in 1889, and reorganized, in 1890, as the St. Louis & Peoria Railroad. The St. Louis & Eastem, chartered in 1889, built the line from Glen Carbon to Marine, which was opened in 1898; the following year, bought the St. Louis & Peoria line, and, in 1895, oonstructed the link (8 miles) between Alhambra and Marine. (3) The North Sc South Railroad Company of Illinois, organized in 1890, as successor to the St. Louis & Chicago Railway Company, proceeded in the construction of the line (50.46 miles) from Mt. Olive to Springfield, which was subsequently leased to the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis, then under the management of the Jacksonville, Louisville & St. Louis Railway. The latter corporation having defaulted, the property passed into the hands of a receiver. By expiration of the lease in December, 1896, the property reverted to the proprietary Company, which took possession, Jan. 1, 1896. The St. Louis & Southeastern then bought the line outright, and it was incorporated as a part of the new organization imder the name of the St. Louis, Peoria & Northern Railway, the North

& South Railroad going out of existence. In May, 1899, the St. Louis, Peoria & Northern was sold to the reorganized Chicago & Alton Railroad Company, to be operated as a short line between Peoria & St. Louis.

St. Louis, Rock Island A Ghicaoo

ST. LOUIS SOUTHERN RAILROAD, a line nmning from Pinckneyville, IlL, via Murphysboro, to Carbondale. The company is also the lessee of the Carbondale & Shawneetown Railroad, extending from Carbondale to Marion, 17.5 miles - ^total, 50. 5 miles. The track is of standard gauge and laid with 56 and 60-pound steel rails. The company was organized in August, 1886, to succeed to the property of the St. Louis Coal Railroad (organized in 1879) and the St. Louis Central Railway ; and was leased for 980 years {rom Deo. 1, 1886, to the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad Company, at an annual rental equal to thirty per cent of the gross earnings, with a minimum guarantee of 132,000, which is sufficient to pay the interest on the first mortgage bonds. During the year 1896 this line passed under lease from the St Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad Company, into the hands of the Illinois Central Railroad Company.

St. Louis, Springfield A Tincennes

ST. LOUIS, SPRINGFIELD A TINCENNES RAILROAD COMPANY, a corporation organized in July, 1899, to take over the property of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway in the State of Illinois, known as the Ohio & Mississippi and the Springfield & Illinois Southeastern Railways - the former extending from Vincennes, Ind., to East St. Louis, and the latter from Beardstown to Shawneetown. The property was sold under foreclosure, at Cincinnati, July 10, 1899, and transferred, for purposes of reorganization, into the hands of the new corporation, July 28, 1899. (For history of the several lines see Baltimore <Sb Ohio Southtoestem Railway.)

St. Louis, Tandaua A Terre Haute

ST. LOUIS, TANDAUA A TERRE HAUTE RAILROAD. This line extends from East St. Louis eastward across the State, to the Indiana State line, a distance of 158.3 miles. The Terre Haute & Indianapolis Railroad Company is the lessee. The track is single, of standard gauge, and laid with steel rails. The outstanding capital stock, in 1898, was 18,924,058, the bonded debt, $4,496,000, and the floating debt, $318. 480. ^History ) The St. Louis, Vandalia & Terre Haute Railroad was chartered in 1865, opened in 1870 and leased to the Terre Haute & Indianapolis

ST. LOUIS & CAIRO RAILROAD^ extends from East St. Louis to Cairo, IlL, 151.6 miles, with a branch from Millstadt Junction to High Prairie, 0 miles. The track is of standard gauge and laid mainly with steel rails. - {History.) The original charter was granted to the Cairo & St. Louis Railroad Company, Feb. 16, 1865, and the road opened, March 1, 1875. Subsequently it passed into the hands of a receiver, was sold under foreclosure, July 14, 1881, and was taken charge of by a new company under its present name, Feb. 1, 1882. On Feb. 1, 1886, it was leased to the Mobile & Ohio Railroad Company for forty -five years, and now constitutes the Illinois Division of that line, giving it a connection with St. Louis. (See Mobile <Sb Ohio RaUtvay. )

ST. LUKE'S HOSPITAL^ located in Chicago. It was chartered in 1865, its incorporators, in their initial statement, substantially declaring their object to be the establishment of a free hospital imder the control of the Protestant Episcopal CHiurch, which should be open to the afiicted poor, without distinction of race or creed. The hospital was opened on a small scale, but steadily increased until 1879, when re-incorporation was effected under the general law. In 1885 a new building was erected on land donated for that purpose, at a cost exceeding $150,000, exclusive of $20,000 for furnishing. While its primary object has been to afford accommodation, with medical and surgical care, gratuitously, to the needy poor, the institution also provides a considerable number of comfortable, well-furnished private rooms for patients who are able and willing to pay for the same. It contains an amphitheater for surgical operations and clinics, and has a free dispensary for out-patients. During the past few years important additions have been made, the number of beds increased, and provision made for a training school for nurses. The medical staff (1806) consists of thirteen physicians and surgeons and two pathologists.

ST. MARY'S SCHOOL, a young ladies* seminary, under the patronage of the Episcopal Church, at Knoxville, Knox County, 111.; was incorporated in 1858, in 1898 had a facidty of fourteen teachers, giving instruction to 113 pupils. The branches taught include the classics, the sciences, fine arts, music and preparatory studies. The institution has a library of 2.200 volumes, and owns property valued at $130,500, of which $100,000 is real estate.

STAGER, Anson, soldier and Telegraph Supers intendent, was bom in Ontario County, N. Y., April 20, 1825 ; at 16 years of age entered the service of Henry O'Reilly, a printer who afterwards . became a pioneer in building telegraph lines, and with whom he became assockkted in various enterprises of this character. Having introduced several improvements in the construction of batteries and the arrangement of wires, he was, in 1852, made General Superintendent of the principal lines in the West, and, on the organization of the Western Union Company, was retained in this position. Early in the Civil War he was* entrusted with the management of telegraph lines in Southern Ohio and along the Virginia border, and, in October following, was appointed General Superintendent of Government tele* graphs, remaining in this position until September, 1868, his services being recognized in his promotion to a brevet Brigadier-Generalship of Volunteers. In 1869 General Stager returned to Chicago and, in addition to his duties as General Superintendent, engaged in the promotion of a number of enterpriaes connected with the manufacture of electrical appliances and other branches of the business. One of these was the consolidation of the telephone companies, of which he became President, as also of the Westem Edison Electric Light Company, besides being a Director in several other corporations. Died, in Chicago, March 26, 1885.

STANDISH, John Tan Ness, a lineal descendant of Capt. Miles Standish, the Pilgrim leader, was bom at Woodstock, Vt., Feb. 26, 1825. His early years were spent on a farm, but a love of knowledge and books became his ruling passion, and he devoted several years to study, in the ''Liberal Institute'* at Lebanon, N. H., finally graduating, with the degree of A. B., at Norwich University in the class of 1847. Later, he received the degree of A.M., in due course, from his Alma Mater in 1855; that of Ph.D. from Knox College, in 1883, of LL.D from St. Lawrence University in 1898, and from Norwich, in 1898. Dr. Standish chose the profession of a teacher, and has spent over fifty years in its pursuit in conn^tion with private and publio schools and the Ck)llege, of which more than forty years were as Professor and President of liombard University at Gralesburg. He has also lectured and conducted Teachers' Institutes all over the State, and, in 1859, was elected President of the State Teachers* Association. He made three visits to the Old World - in 1879, '82-83, and '91-92 - and, during his second trip, traveled over 40,000 miles, visiting nearly every country of Europe, including the "Land of the Midnight Sun," besides Northern Africa from the Mediterranean to the Desert of Sahara, Egypt, Palestine, Syria and Asia Minor. A lover of art, he has visited nearly all the principal museums and picture galleries of the world. In politics he is a Republican, and, in opposition to many college men, a firm believer in the doctrine of protection. In religion, he is a Universalist.

STAPPy James T. B., State Auditor, was bom in Woodford C:k)unty, Ky., April 13, 1804; at the age of 12 accompanied his widowed mother to Kaskaskia, IlL, where she settled; before he was 20 years old, was employed as a clerk in the office of the State Auditor, and, upon the resignation of that officer, was appointed his successor, being twice thereafter elected by the Legislature, serving nearly five years. He resigned the auditorship to accept the Presidency of the State Bank at Vandalia, which post he filled for thirteen years; acted as Aid-de-camp on Grovemor Reynolds staff in the Black Hawk War, and served as Adjutant of the Third Illinois Volunteers during tiie war with Mexico. President Taylor appointed Mr. Stapp Receiver of the United States Land Office at Vandalia, which office he held during the Fillmore administration, resigning in 1855. Two years later he removed to Decatur, where he continued to reside until his death in 1876. A handsome Methodist chapel, erected by him in that city, bears his name.

STABK COUKTTy an interior county in the northern half of the State, lying west of the Illinois River; has an area of 290 square miles. It has a rich, alluvial soil, well watered by numerous small streams. The principal industries are agriculture and stock-raising, and the chief towns are Toulon and Wyoming. The county was erected from Putnam and Knox in 1839, and named in honor of General Stark, of Revolutionary fame. The earliest settler was Isaac B. Essex, who built a cabin on Spoon River, in 1828, and gave his name to a township. Of other pioneer families, the Buswells, Smiths, Spencers and

Eastmans came from New England ; the Thomases, Moores, Holgates, Fullers and Whittakers from Pennsylvania; the Coxes from Ohio; the Perrys and Parkers from Virginia; the McClanahans from Kentucky ; the Hendersons from Tennessee; the Lees and Hazens from New Jersey; the Halls from England, and the TumbuUs and Olivers from Scotland. The pioneer church was the Congregational at Toulon. Pop. (1880), 11,207; (1890), 9,982; (1900), 10,186; (1910), 10,098.

STARTED BOCK, a celebrated rook or cliff on the south side of Illinois River, in La Salle County, upon which the French explorer. La Salle, and his lieutenant, Tonty, erected a fort in 1682, which they named Fort St. Louis. It was one mile north of the supposed location of the Indian village of La Vantum, the metropolis, so to speak, of the Illinois Indians about the time of the arrival of the first French explorers. The population of this village, in 1680, according to Father Membre, was some seven or eight thousand. Both La Vantum and Fort St. Louis were repeatedly attacked by the Iroquois. The Illinois were temporarily driven from La Vantum, but the French, for the time being, successfully defended their fortification. In 1702 the fort was abandoned as a military post, but continued to be used as a French trading-post until 1718. when it was burned by Indians. The Illinois were not again molested until 1722, when the Foxes made an unsuccessful attack upon them. The larger portion of the tribe, however, resolved to cast in their fortunes with other tribes on the Mississippi River. Those who remained fell an easy prey to the foes by whom they were surrounded. In 1769 they were attacked from the north by tribes who desired to avenge the murder of Pontiac. Finding themselves hard pressed, they betook themselves to the blu£F where Fort St. Louis had formerly stood. Here they were besieged for twelve days, when, destitute of food or water, they made a gallant but hopeless sortie. According to a tradition handed down among the Indians, all were massacred by the besiegers in an attempt to escape by night, except one halfbreed, who succeeded in evading his pursuers. This sanguinary catastrophe has given the rock its popular name. Elmer Baldwin, in his History of La Salle County (1877), says: '*The bones of the victims lay scattered about the cliff in profusion after the settlement by the whites, and are still found mingled plentifully with the soil " In 191 1, the Starved Rock tract (290 acres) was bought by the State for $146,000 ; will becomea bistoricparic.