Piatt County, Illinois - The whole text, 1917 (part 23 of 26)

Plains" in Northwestern Texas. He was a zealous friend of Abraham Lincoln in the political campaign of 1860, and was court-martialed for criticising the policy of President Buchanan, in a paper read before a literary society in Cincinnati, the proceedings being finally dropped on the recommendation of the (then) Secretary of War, Joseph Holt. In 1861 he was one of the officers detailed by the War Department to conduct Mr. Lincoln to the capital, and, in May following, was made Brigadier-General of Volunteers and assigned to command in Missouri, where he performed valuable service in protecting railroad communications and driving out guerrillas, gaining an important victory over Sterling Price at Blackwater, in December of that year; in 1862 had command of the land forces co-operating with Admiral Foote, in the expedition against New Madrid and Island No. 10, resulting in the capture of that stronghold with 6,500 prisoners, 125 cannon and 7,000 small arms, thereby winning a Major-C^eneral's conmiission. Later, having participated in the operations against Corinth, he was transferred to conmiand of the Army of Virginia, and soon after commissioned Brigadier-General in the regular army. Here, being forced to meet a greatly superior force under General Lee, he was subjected to reverses which led to his falling back on Washington and a request to be relieved of his command. For failure to give him proper support. Gen. Fitzjohn Porter was tried by court-martial, and, having been convicted, was cashiered and declared forever disqualified from holding any office of trust or profit under the United States Government - although this verdict was finally set aside and Port^ restored to the army as Colonel, by act of Congress, in August, 1886. (General Pope^s subsequent service was performed ohiefiy against the Indians in the Northwest, imtil 1865, when he took conmiand of the military division of Missouri, and, in June following, of the Department of the Missouri, including all the Northwestern States and Territories, from which he was relieved early in 1866. Later, he held conmiand, under the Reconstruction Acts, in Georgia, Alabama and Florida (1867-68) ; the Department of the Lakes (1868-70) ; Department of the Missouri (1870- 84) ; and Department of the Pacific, from 1884 to his retirement, March 16, 1886. General Pope published ''Explorations from the Red River to the Rio Grande" and "Campaigns in Virginia*' (1863). Died, at Sandusky, Ohio, Sept 23, 1892.

square miles - ^named in honor of Judge Nathaniel Pope. It was erected in 1816 (two years before the admission of Illinois as a State) from parts of Gallatin and Johnson Ck>unties. The coimty-seat was first located at Sandsville, but later changed to Golconda. Robert Lacy, Benoni Lee and Thomas Ferguson were the first Commissioners; Hamlet Ferguson was chosen Sheriff; John Scott, Recorder; Thomas C. Browne, Prosecuting- Attorney, and Samuel Omelveney, Treasurer. The highest land in Southern Illinois is in the northeastern part of this cotmty, reaching an elevation of 1.046 feet. The blufts along the Ohio River are bold in outline, and the ridges are surmounted by a thick growth of timber, notably oak and hickory. Portions of the bottom lands are submerged, at times, during a part of the year and are covered with cypress timber. The remains of Indian mounds and fortifications are found, and some interesting relics have been exhumed. Sandstone is quarried in abundance, and coal is foimd here and there. Mineral springs (with copperas as the chief ingredient) are numerous. Iron is found in limited' quantities, among the rocks toward the south, while spar and kaolin clay are foimd in the north. The chief agricultural products are potatoes, com and tobacco. Pop. (1890), 14,016; (1900), 13,585; (1910), 11,215.

PORT BTRON, a village of Rock Island County, on the Mississippi River and the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway, 16 miles above Rock Island; has lime kilns, grain elevator, two banks, academy, public schools, and a newspaper. Pop. (1910), 642. The (Illinois) Western Hospital for the Insane is located at Watertown, t svel ve miles below Port Byron.

PORTER, (Rev.) Jeremiah, pioneer clergyman, was born at Hadley, Mass., in 1804; graduated from Williams College in 1825, and studied theology at both Andover and Princeton seminaries, graduating from the latter in 1831. The same year he made the (then) long and perilous journey to Fort Brady, a military post at the Sault Ste. Marie, where he began his work as a missionary. In 1833 he came to Chicago, where he remained for two years, organizing the First Presbyterian Church of Chicago, with a membership of twenty-six persons. Afterwards he had pastoral charge of churches at Peoria and Farmington. While in Chicago he was married to Miss Eliza Chappell, one of the earliest teachers in Cliicago. From 1840 to '58 he was located at Green Bay, Wis., accepting a call from a Chicago Church in the year last named. In 1861 he was commissioned Chaplain in the volunteer service by Governor Yates, and mustered out in 1865. The next five years were divided between labors at Brownsville, Tex., in the service of the Sanitary Commission, and a pastorate at Prairie du Chien. In 1870 he was commissioned Chaplain in the regular army, remaining in the service (with occasional leaves of absence) until 1882, when he was retired from active service on account of advanced age. His closing years were spent at the homes of his children in Detroit and Beloit; died at the latter city, July 26, 1898, at the age of 89 years.

POSETy (Gen.) Thomas, Continental and Revolutionary soldier, was bom in Virginia, July 9, 1750 ; in 1774 took part in Lord Dunmore's expedition against the Indians, and, later, in various engagements of the Revolutionary War, being part of the time imder the immediate command of Washington; was with (General Wayne in the assault on Stony Point and present at Comwallis' surrender at Yorktown ; also served, after the war, with Wayne as a Brigadier-General in the Northwest Territory. Removing to Kentucky, he served in the State Senate, for a time being presiding officer and acting Lieutenant-Gk>vemor ; later (1812), was elected United States Senator from Louisiana, and, from 1813 to '16, served as Territorial Governor of Indiana Died, at the home of his son-in-law, Joseph M. Street, at Shawneetown, IlL, March 18, 1818, where he lies buried. At the time of his death General Posey was serving as Indian Agent.

POST, Joel S., lawyer and soldier of the Mexican War; was bom in Ontario (now Wayne) County, N. Y., April 27, 1816; in 1828 removed with his father to Washtenaw County, Mich., remaining there until 1889, when he came to Macon County, IlL The following year, he commenced the study of law with Judge Charles Emmerson, of Decatur, and was admitted to the bar in 1841. In 1846 he enlisted in the Mexican War, and served as Quartermaster of the Fourth Regiment (Col. E. D. Baker*s) ; in 1856 was elected to the State Senate, and, at the following session, was a leading supporter of the measures which resulted in the establishment of the State Normal School at Bloomington. Capt. Post's later years were spent at Decatur, where he died, June 7. 1886.

POST, Philip Sidney, soldier and Congressman, was bom at Florida, Orange Coimty, N. Y., March 19, 1833; at the age of 22 graduated from Union College, studied law at Poughkeepsie Law School, and, removing to Illioois, was admitted to the bar in 1856 At the outbreak of the Civil

War he enlisted, and was commissioned Second Lieutenant in the Fifty-ninth Illinois Volunteers. He was a gallant, fearless soldier, and was re> peatedly promoted for bravery and meritorious service, until he attained the rank of brevet Brigadier-GeneraL He participated in many important battles and was severely woimded at Pea Ridge and Nashville. In 1865 he was in command in Western Texas. After the close of the war he entered the diplomatic service, being appointed Consul-General to Austria-Hungary in 1874, but resigned in 1879, and returned to his home in Galesburg. From 1882 to 1886 he was a member of the Republican State Central Committee, and, during 1886, was Commander of the Department of Illinois, G. A. R. He was elected to Congress from the Tenth District on the Republican ticket in 1886, serving continuously by reelection until his death, which occurred in Washington, Jan. 6, 1895.

POST^ Truman Marcellus, DJ)., clergyman, was bom at Middlebury, Vt., June 8, 1810; graduated at Middlebury College in 1829, was Principal of Castleton Academy for a year, and a tutor at Middlebury two years, meanwhile studying law. After a winter spent in Washington, listening to the orators of the time in Congress and before the Supreme Court, including Clay, Webster, Wirt and their contemporaries, he went west in 1888, first visiting St. Louis, but finally settling at Jacksonville, IlL, where he was admitted to the bar, but soon after accepted the Professorship of Classical Languages in Illinois College^ and later that of History; then began the study of theology, was ordainefl in 1840, and assumed the pastorship of the Congregational Church in Jacksonville. In 1847 he was called to the pa^rate of the Third Presbyterian Church of St. Louis, and, in 1851, to the First Congregational Church, of which the former furnished the nucleus. For a year or two after removing to St. Louis, he continued his lectures on history at Illinois Col- / lege for a short period each year; also held the professorship of Ancient and Modem History in Washington University, in St Louis; in 1873-75 was Southworth lecturer on Congregationalism in Andover Theological Seminary and, for several years. Professor of Ekxslesiastical History in Chicago Theological Seminary. His splendid diction and his noble style of oratory caused him to be much sought after as a public lecturer or platform speaker at college commencements, while his purity of life and refinement of charac- ,ter attracted to him all with whom he came in personal contact. He received the degree of

Historical Encyclopbdia Op Illinois

D.D. from Middleburj Collie in 1855; was a frequent contributor to "The Biblical Repository" and other religious publications, and, besides numerous addressee, sermons and pamphlets, he was the author of a volume entitled "The Skeptical Era in Modem History" (New York, 1856). He resigned his pastorate in January, 1882, but continued to be a frequent speaker, either in the pulpit or on the lecture platform, nearly to the period of his death, which occurred in St. Louis, Dec. 81, 1886. For a quarter of a century he was one of the Trustees of Montioello Female Seminary, at Godfrey, IH, being, for a considerable portion of the time. President of the Board.

FOTTAW ATOMIES^ THE, an Indian tribe, one of the three subdivisions of the Ojibwas (or Ojibbeways), who, in turn, constituted a numer* ous family of the Algonquins. The other branches were the Ottawa and the Chippewas. The latter, however, retained the family name, and hence some writers have regarded the "Ojibbeways" and the "Chippewas'' as essentially identical This interchanging of names has been a prolifio source of error. Inherently, the distinction was analogous to that existing between genus and species, although a confusion of nomenclature has naturally resulted in errors more or less serious. These three tribes early separated, the Pottawatomies going south from Green Bay along the western shore of LAke Michigan. The meaning of the name is, "we are making a fire," and the word is a translation into the Pottawatomie language of the name first given to the tribe by the Miamis. These Indians were tall, fierce and haughty, and the tribe was divided into four branches, or clans, called by names which signify, respectively, the golden carp, the tortoise, the crab and the frog. According to the "Jesuit Relations," the Pottawatomies were first met by the French, on the north of Lake Huron, in 1689-40. More than a quarter of a century later (1666) Father Allouez speaks of them as dwellers on the shores of Lake Michigan. The same Father described them as idolatrous and polygamous, yet as possessing a rude civility and as being kindly disposed toward the French. This friendship continued unbroken until the expulsion of the latter from the Northwest. About 1678 they spread southward from Green Bay to the head of Lake Michigan, a portion of the tribe settling in Illinois as far south as the Kankakee and Illinois Rivers, crowding the Winnebagoes and the Sacs and Foxes on the west, and advancing, on the east, into the country of the Miamis as far as the Wabash and the

Maumee. They fought on the side of the French in the French and Indian War, and later took part in the conspiracy of Pontiao to capture and reduce the British posts, and were so influenced by Tecumseh and the Prophet that a considerable number of their warriors fought against General Harrison at Tippecanoe. During the War of 1812 they actively supported the British. They were also prominent at the Chicago massacre. Schoolcraft says o^ them, "They were foremost at all treaties where lands were to be ceded, clamoring for the lion's share of ail presents and annuities, particularly ' where these last were the price paid for the sale of other lands than their own." The Pottawatomies were parties to the treaties at Chicago in 1882 and 1883, and were among the last of the tribes to remove beyond the Mississippi, their final emigration not taking place until 1888. In 1846 the scattered fragments of this tribe coalesced with those of the Chippewas and Ottawas, and formed the Pottawatomie nation. They ceded all their lands, wherever located, to the United States, for $850,000, agreeing to accept 576,000 acres in Kansas in lieu of $87,000 of this amount. Through the rapacity and trespasses of white settlers, this reservation was soon dismembered, and the lands passed into other hands. In 1867, under an enabling act of Congress, 1,400 of the nation (then estimated at 2,500) became citizens. Their present location is in the southeastern part of Oklahoma.

POWELL, John Wesley, Ph.D., LL.B., geology and anthropologist, was bom at Mount Morris N. T., March 24, 1884, the son of a Methodist itinerant preacher, passing his early life at various places in Ohio, Wisconsin and Illinois ; studied for a time in Illinois College (Jacksonville), and subsequently in Wheaton Ck>llege, but, in 1854, began a special course at Oberlin, Ohio, teaching at intervals in public schools. Having a predi> lection for the natural sciences, he spent much time in making collections, which he placed in varioiis Illinois institutions. Entering the army in 1861 as a private of the Twentieth Illinois Volunteers, he later became a Captain of the Second Illinois Artillery, being finally promoted Major. He lost his right arm at the battle of Shiloh, but returned to his regiment as soon as sufficiently recovered, and continued in active service to the close of the war. In 1865 he became Professor of Geology and Curator of the Museum in Illinois Wesleyan University at Bloomington, but resigned to accept a similar position in the State Normal University. In 1867 he began hia greatest work in connection with science by leading a class of pupils to the mountains of Colexado for the study of geology, which he followed, a year later, by a more thorough survey of the cafion of the Ck)lorado River than had ever before been attempted. This led to provision by Congress, in 1870, for a topographical and geological survey of the Ck>lorado and its tributaries, which was appropriately placed under his direction. Later, he was placed in charge of the Bureau of Ethnology in connection with the Smithsonian Institute, and, again in 1881, was assigned to the directorship of the United States Geological Survey, later becoming Director of the Bureau of Ethnology, in connection with the Smithsonian Institute in Washington City, but died September 23, 1902. In 1886 Major Powell received the degree of Ph.D. from Heidelberg University, and that of LL.D. from Harvard the same year. He was also a member of the leading scientific associations of the country, while his reports and addresses fill numerous volumes issued by the Qovemment.

POWELL, William Henry, soldier and manufacturer, was bom in South Wales, May 10, 1825; came to America in 1830, was educated in the common schools of Tennessee, and (1856-61) was manager of a manufacturing company at Ironton, Ohio; in 1861, became Captain of a West Virginia eavalry company, and was advanced through the grades of Major, Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel ; was wounded while leading a charge at Wytheville, Va., left on the field, captured and confined in Libby Prison six months. After exchange he led a cavalry division in the Army of the Shenandoah; was made Brigadier-General in October, 1864; after the war settled in West Virginia, and was a Republican Presidential Elector in 1868. He was at the head of a nail mill and foundry in Belleville, and was Commander of the Grand Army of the Republic for the Department of Illinois during 1895-96. Died Dec. 26, 1904.

PRAIRIE CITT, a village in McDonough County, on the Chicago. Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 23 miles southwest from Galesburg and 17 miles northeast of Macomb; has a carriage factory, flour mill, elevators, lumber and stock yards, a nursery, a bank, four churches and two weekly papers. Pop. (1900), 818; (1910), 719.

PRAIRIE DU PONT, (in English, Bridge Prairie), an early French settlement, one mile south of Caliokia. It was commenced about 1760, located on the banks of a creek, on which was the first mill, operated by water-power, in that section, having been erected by missionaries

PRAIRIE da (in English, Prairie of the Rock), an early French village in what is now Randolph County, which began to spring up near Fort CJhartres (see Fori Chcartres)^ and by 1722 had grown to be a considerable settlement. It stood at the foot of the Mississippi bluffs, about four miles northeast of the fort. Like other French villages in Illinois, it had its church and priest, its common field and commons. The village is on the line of the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Railroad, 48 miles south of St. Louis. Near the outlet of a creek which runs through the bluff may be seen the vestiges of a water mill, said to have been erected by the Jesuits during the days of French occupation. Pop. (1910), 511.

PRENTICE, William S., Methodist Episcopal clergyman, was bom in St. Clair County, IlL, in 1819; licensed as a Methodist preacher in 1849, and filled pastorates at Paris, Danville, Carlinville, Springfield, Jacksonville and other places - the latter part of his life, serving as Presiding Elder; was a delegate to the General Conference of 1860, and regularly re-elected from 1872 to the end of his life. During the latter part of his life his home was in Springfield. Died, June 28, 1887.

PRENTISS, Bei^amin Majberry, soldier, was bom at Belleville, Wood County, Va., Nov. 28, 1819; in 1885 accompanied his parents to Missouri, and, in 1841, removed to Quincy, III., where he learned a trade, afterwards embarking in the commission business. In 1844-45 he was Lieutenant of a company sent against the Mormons at Nauvoo, later serving as Captain of Volunteers in the Mexican War. In 1860 he was an unsuccessful Republican candidate for Congress; at the outbreak of the CJivil War tendered his services to Governor Yates, and wus commissioned Colonel of the Tenth Illinois Volunteers, was almost immediately promoted to Brigadier-General and placed in command at Cairo, so continuing until relieved by General Grant, in September, 1861. At the battle of Shiloh, in April following, he was captured with most of his command, after a most vigorous fight with a superior rebel force, but, in 1862, was exchanged and brevetted Major- General of Volunteers. He was a member of the court-martial that tried Gen. Fitzjohn Porter, and, as commander at Helena, Ark., defeated the Confederate Generals Holmes and Price on July 8, 1863. He resigned his commission, Oct. 28, 1868. In 1869 he wbs appointed by President Grant Pension Agent at Quincy, serving four years. At present (1898) Qeneral Prentiss* residence is at Bethany, Mo., where he served as Postmaster, during the administration of President Benjamin Harrison, and was reappointed hy President McKinley. Died Feb. 8, 1901. PRESIDENTIAL ELECTORS. (See Electiona.) PRESBYTERUN HOSPITAL^ located at Chicago, was organized in 1888 by a number of wealthy and liberal Presbyterians, **for the purpose of affording medical and surgical aid to sick fjid disabled persons, and to provide them, while inmates of the hospital, with the ministrations of the gospel, agreeably to the doctrines and forms of the Presbyterian Church.'* Rush Medical College offered a portion of its ground as a site (see Rush Medical College), and through generous subscriptions, a well-planned building was erected, capable of accommodating about 250 patients. A corridor connects the college and hospital buildings. The medical staff comprises eighteen of Chicago's best known physicians and surgeons.

PRESBYTERIANS, THE. The first Presbyterian society in Illinois was organized by Rev. James McGready, of Kentucky, in 1816, at Sharon, White County. Revs. Samuel J. Mills and Daniel Smith, also Presbyterians, had visited the State in 1814, as representatives of the Massachusetts Missionary Society, but had formed no society. The members of the Sharon church were almost all immigrants from the South, and were largely of Scotch-Irish extraction. Two other churches were established in 1819 - one at Shoal Creek, Bond County, and- the other at Edwardsville. In 1825 there were but three Presbyterian ministers in Illinois - Revs. Stephen Bliss, John Brich and B. F. Spilman. Ten years later there were 80 churches, with a membersliip of 2,500 and 60 ministers. In 1880 the number of churches had increased to 487; but, in 1890, (as shown by the United States census) there were less. In the latter year there were 405 ministers and 52,945 members. The Synod of Illinois is the highest ecclesiastical court of the denomination in the State, and, imder its jurisdiction, the church maintains two seminaries: one (the Mc- Cormick) at Chicago, and the other (the Blackbum University) at Carlinville. The organ of the denomination is "The Interior," founded by Cyrus H. McCormick, and published weekly at Chicago, with William C. Gray as editor. The Illinois Synod embraced within its jurisdiction (1895) eleven Presbyteries, to which were attached 488 churches, 464 ministers and a membership of 68,247. (See also Religious Denominations.)

PRICKETT, Abraham^ pioneer merchant, was bom near Lexington, Ky., came to Madison County, IlL, in 1808; was employed for a time in the drug business in St. Louis, then opened a store at Edwardsville, where, in 1818, he received from the first County Court of Madison County, a license to retail merchandise. In 1818, he served as one of the three Delegates from Madison County to the CJonvention which framed the first State (Ik)nstitution, and, the same year, was elected a Representative in the First General Assembly; was also Postmaster of the town of Edwardsville for a number of years. In 1825 he removed to Adams County and laid out an addition to the city of Quincy; was also engaged there in trade with the Indians. In 1886, while engaged on a Government contract for the removal of snags and other obstructions to the navigation of Red River, he died at Natchitoches, La. - George W. (Prickett) a son of the preceding, and afterwards a citizen of Chicago, is said to have been the first white child bom in Edwardsville. - Isaac (Prickett), a brother of Abraham, came to St. Louis in 1815, and to Edwardsville in 1818, where he was engaged in mercantile business with his brother and, later, on his own account. He held the offices of Postmaster, Public Administrator, Quartermaster-General of State Militia, Inspector of the State Penitentiary, and, from 1838 to '42, was Receiver of PubUo Moneys at Edwardsville, dying in 1844.

PRICKETT, DaTid, pioneer lawyer, was bom in Franklin County, Ga., Sept. 21, 1800; in early childhood was taken by his parents to Kentucky and from there to Edwardsville, 111. He graduated from Transylvania University, and, in 1821, began the practice of law ; was the first Supreme Court Reporter of Illinois, Judge of the Madison County Probate Court, Representative in the G^eneral Assembly (1826-28), Aid-de-Camp to General Whiteside in the Black Hawk War, State's Attorney for Springfield Judicial Circuit (1837), Treasurer of the Board of Canal Conmiissioners (1840), Director of the State Bank of Illinois (1842), Clerk of the House of Representatives for ten sessions and Assistant Clerk of the same at the time of his death, March 1, 1847.

PRINCE, Dayid, physician and surgeon, was bom in Brooklyne, Windham County, Conn., June 21, 1816; removed with his parents to Canandaigua, N. Y., and was educated in the academy there ; began the study of medicine in the (Ik)llege of Physicians and Surgeons in New York, finishing at the Ohio Medical College, Cincinnati, where he was associated, for a year and a half, with the celebrated surgeon, Dr. Muzzy. In 1848 he came to Jacksonville, 111., and, for two years, was Professor of Anatomy in the Medical Department of Illinois College; later, spent five years practicing in St. Louis, and lecturing on surgery in the St. Louis Medical College, when, returning to Jacksonville in 1852, he established himself in practice there, devoting special attention to surgery, in which he had already won a wide reputation. During the latter part of the Civil War he served, for fourteen months, as Brigade Surgeon in the Army of the Potomac, and, on the capture of a portion of his brigade, voluntarily surrendered himself that he might attend the captives of his command in Libby Prison. After the close of the war he was employed for some months, by the Sanitary Commission, in writing a medical history of the war. He visited Europe twice', first in 1881 as a delegate to the International Medical Congress in London, and again as a member of the Copenhagen Congress of 1884 - at each visit making careful inspection of the hospitals in London, Paris, and Berlin. About 1867 he established a Sanitarium in Jacksonville for the treatment of surgical cases and chronic diseases, to which he gave the closing years of his life. Thoroughly devoted to his profession, liberal, public-spirited and sagacious in the adoption of new methods, he stood in the front rank of his profession, and his death was mourned by large numbers who had received the benefit of his ministrations without money and without price. He was member of a number of leading professional associations, besides local literary and social organizations. Died, at Jacksonville, Dec. 19, 1889.

PRINCE^ Edward^ lawyer, was bom at West Bloomfield. Ontario County, N. Y.. Dec. 8, 1882; attended school at Payson, 111., and Illinois College, Jacksonville, graduating from the latter in 1852; studied law at Quincy, and after admission to the bar in 1853, began dealing in real estate. In 1861 he offered his services to Governor Tates, was made Captain and Drill-master of cavalry and, a few months later, commissioned Lieutenant-Colonel of the Seventh Illinois Cavalry, taking part, as second in command, in the celebrated "Grierson raid'* through Mississippi, in 1868, serving until discharged with the rank of Colonel of his regiment, in 1864. After the war he gave considerable attention to engineering and the construction of a system of water-works for the city of Quincy. Di^ December, 1908.

educated in the public schools and at Knox College, graduating from the latter in 1878. He then studied lawtmd was admitted to the bar in 1880; was elected City Attorney of G^esburg the following year; served as chairman of the Knox County Republican Central Committee in 1884, and, in 1888, was elected Representative in the General Assembly and re-elected two years later. In 1892 he was the Republican nominee for Attorney-General of the State of Illinois, but was defeated with the rest of the State ticket; at a special election, held in April, 1895, he was chosen Representative in Congress from the Tenth District to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Col. Philip Sidney Post, which had occurred in January preceding. In common with a majority of his colleagues, Mr. Prince was re-elected in 1896. receiving a plurality of nearly 16,000 votes, and was elected for a third term in November, 1898.

PRINCETON, a city and the county-seat of Bureau County, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 22 miles west-southwest of Mendota, and 104 miles west-southwest of Chicago; has a court house, gas-works, electric lights, graded and high schools, numerous churches, three newspapers and several banks. Coal is mined five miles east, and the manufactures include fiour, carriages and farm implements. Pop. (1890), 8,896 ; (1900), 4.02a Princeton is populated with one of the most intelligent and progressive communities in the State. It was the home of Owen Love joy during the greater part of his life in Illinois. Pop. (1910), 4,131.

PRINCETILLE^ a village of Peoria County, on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe and the Rock Island & Peoria Railways, 22 miles northwest of Peoria; is a trade center for a prosperous agricultural region. Pop. (1900), 735; (1910), 982.

PROPHETSTOWN, a town in VI itt^i.l County, on Rock River and the Fulton Branch of the CSiicago, Biurlington k Quincy Raihoad, 45 miles northwest of Mendota; is a grain trade center, has some manufactories, banks and a weekly newspaper. Pop. (1900). 1.143; (1910), 1,083.

PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH. The pioneer Episcopal clergyman in this State was the Rt. Rev. Philander Chase, who was made Bishop of Illinois in 1885, and was the founder of Jubilee Ck)llege. (See Chase, Rev. Philander.) The State at present is organized under the provincial gystem, the proTince oomprising the dioceses of Chicago, Quincy and Springfield. At its head (1808) is the Rt. Rev. William E. McLaren, Bish6p of Chicago. Rev. (Jeorge F. Seymour of Springfield is Bishop of the Springfield Diocese, with C. R. Hale, Coadjutor at Cairo, and Rev. Alexander Burgess, Bishop of the Quincy Diocese, with residence at Peoria. The numerical strength of the church in Illinois is not great, although between 1880 and 1890 its membership was almost doubled. In 1840 there were but eighteen parishes, with thirteen clergymen and a membership of 267. By 1880 the number of parishes had increased to 89, there being 127 ministers and 9,842 communicants. The United States Census of 1890 showed the following fig^ures: Parishes, 197; clergymen, 150, membership, 18,609. Total contributions (1890) for general church and mission work, $878,798. The chief educational institution of the denomination in the West is the Western Theological Seminary at Chicago. (Bee also Religious Denominations.)

PBTOB^ Joseph Everett, pioneer and early steamboat captaiQ, was bom in Virginia, August 10, 1787 - the son of a non-commissioned officer of the Revolution, who emigrated to Kentucky about 1790 and settled near Louisville, which was then a fort with some twenty log cabins. In 1818 the son located where Golconda, Pope County, now stands, and early in life adopted the calling of a boatman, which he pursued some forty years. At this time he held a conunission as a "Falls Pilot,'* and piloted the first steamer that ascended the Ohio River from New Orleans. During his long service no accident happened to any steamer for which he was responsible, although the Mississippi then bristled with snags. He owned and commanded the steamer Telegraph, which was sunk, in 1885, by collision with the Duke of Orleans on the Mississippi, but, owing to his presence of mind and the good discipline of his crew, no lives were lost. The salient features of his character were a boundless benevolence manifested to others, and his dauntless courage, displayed not only in the face of dangers met in his career as a boatman, but in his encounters with robbers who then infested portions of Southern Illinois. He had a reputation as a skillful pilot and popular commander not excelled by any of his contemporaries. He died, at his home in Pope County, Oct. 5. 1851, leaving one daughter, now Mrs. Cornelia P. Bozman, of Cairo, 111.

PU6H, Isaac soldier, was bom in Christittn County, Ky., Nov. 28, 1805; came to Illinois, lix 1821, with his father, who first settled in Shelby County, but, in 1829, removed to Macon County, where the subject of this sketch resided until his death, at Decatur, Nov. 14, 1874. General Pugh served in three wars - first in the Black Hawk War of 1882; then, with the rank of Captain and Field Officer in the Fourth Regiment Illinois Volunteers (Col. E. D. Baker's) in the war with Mexico, and, during the Civil War, entering upon the latter as Colonel of the Forty-first Illinois Volunteer Infantry, in September, 1861, and being mustered out with the rank of full Brigadier-(}eneral in August, 1864, when his regiment was consolidated with the Fifty-third. He took part with his regiment in the battles of Fort Donelson and Shiloh, and in the operations around Vicksburg, being wounded at the latter. In the year of his retirement from the army (1864) he was elected a Representative in the Twenty-fourth General Assembly, and, the following year, was chosen County-Clerk of Macon County, serving four years.

PUOH^ Jonathan H.^ pioneer lawyer, was bom in Bath County, Ky., came to Bond County, IlL, finaUy locating at Springfield in 1828, and being the second lawyer to establish himself in practice in that city. He served in the Third, Fifth, Sixth and Seventh (General Assemblies, and was defeated for Cong^ress by Joseph Duncan (afterwards Governor), in 1831. Died, in 1883. Mr. Pugh is described by his contemporaries as a man of brilliant parts, an able lawyer and a great wit.

PULASKI COUITTT, an extreme southern county and one of the smallest in the State, bordering on the Ohio River and having an area of 190 square miles and a population (1900), of 14,554. It was cut off from Alexander County in 1848, and named in honor of a Polish patriot who had aided the Americans during the Revolution. The soil is generally rich, and the siirface varied with much low land along the Cache and the Ohio Rivers. Wheat, com and fruit are the principal crops, while considerable timber is cut upon the bottom lands. Mound City is the county-seat and was conceded a population, by the census of 1890, of 2,550. Only the lowest, barren portion of the carboniferous formation extends imder the soil, the coal measiires being absent. Traces of iron have been found and sulphur and copperas springs abound. Population (1910), 15,650.

PULLMAN, a former suburb, now part of the city of Chicago, where the Pulhnan Palace Car Company began the erection of buildings in 1880, the first family locating here in 1881. Within the next few years, it became the center of the largest manufacturing establishments in the country » including the Pullman Car Works, the Allen Paper Car Wheel Works and extensive steel forging works, employing thousands of mechanics. Large numbers of sleeping and dining cars, besides ordinary passenger coaches and freight cars, were manufactiired here every year, not only for use on the railroads of the United States, but for foreign countries as well The town was named for the late George M. Pullman, the founder of the car-works, and was regarded as a model city, made up of comfortable homes erected by the Palace Car Company for the use of its employ^. It was well supplied with schoolhouses, and churches, and a public library was established there and opened to the public in 1888. The town was annexed to the city of Chicago in 1890.

PULLMAN, George Mortimer, founder of the Pullman Palace Car Company, was bom at Brocton, N. Y., March 8, 1881, enjoyed ordinary educational advantages in his boyhood and, at fourteen years of age, obtained employment as a clerk, but a year later joined his brother in the cabinet-making business at Albion. His father, who was a house-builder and house-mover, having died in 1858, young Pullman assumed the responsibility of caring for the family and, having secured a contract for raising a number of buildings along the Erie Canal, made necessary by the enlargement of that thoroughfare, in this way acquired some capital and experience which was most valuable to him in after years. Coming to Chicago in 1859, when the work of raising the grade of the streets in the business portion of the city had been in progress for a year or two, he found a new field for the exercise of his inventive skill, achieving some marvelous transformations in a number of the principal business blocks in that part of the city. As early as 1858, Mr. Pullman had had his attention turned to devising some means for increasing the comforts of night-travel upon railways, and, in 1859, he remodeled two old day-coaches into a species of sleeping-cars, which were used upon the Alton Road. From 1860 to 1868 he spent in Colorado devoting his engineering skill to mining; but returning to Chicago the latter year, entered upon his great work of developing the idea of the sleeping-car into practical reality. The first car was completed and received the name of the **Pioneer.'' This car constituted a part of the funeral train which took the remains of Abraham Lincoln to Springfield, III, after his assassination in April, 1865. The development of the "Pullman palace sleeping-car," the invention of the dining-car, and of vestibule trains, and the building up of the great industrial town which bears his name, and is now a part of the city of Chicago, constituted a work of gradual development which resulted in some of the most remarkable achievements in the history of the nineteenth century, both in a business sense and in promoting the comfort and safety of the traveling public, as well as in bettering the conditions of workingmen. He lived to see the results of his inventive genius and manufacturing skill in use upon the principal railroads of the United States and introduced upon a number of important lines in Europe also. Mr. Pullman was identified with a number of other enterprises more or less closely related to the transportation business, but the Pullman Palace Car Company was the one with which he was most closely CQunected, and by which he will be longest remembered. He was also associated with some of the leading educational and benevolent enterprises about the city of Chicago, to which he contributed in a liberal manner during his life and in his wilL His death occurred suddenly, from heart disease, at his home in Chicago, Oct. 19, 1897.

PURPLE, Norman H., lawyer and jurist, was bom in Litchfield County, Conn., read law and was admitted to the bar in Tioga County, Pa., settled at Peoria, UL, in 1886, and the follovnng year was appointed Prosecuting Attorney for the Ninth Judicial District, which then embraced the greater portion of the State east of Peoria. In 1844 he was a Presidential Elector, and, in 1845, Oovemor Ford appointed him a Justice of the Supreme Court, vice Jesse B. Thomas, Jr., who had resigned. As required by law, he at the same time served as Circuit Judge, his district embracing all the counties west of Peoria, and his home being at Quincy. After the adoption of the Constitution of 1848 he returned to Peoria and resumed practice. He compiled the Illinois Statutes relating to real property, and, in 1857, made a compilation of the general laws, generally known to the legal profession as the "Purple Statutes.'^ He subsequently undertook to compile and arrange the laws passed from 1857 to *68, and was engaged on this work when overtaken by death, at Chicago, Aug 9, 1868. He was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1868^

PUTEBBAUGH^ Sabin B.^ judge and author, was bom in Miami County, Ohio, Sept. 28, 1834; at 8 years of age removed with his parents to Tazewell County, 111 ; settled in Pekin in 1853, where he read law, and was admitted to the bar in 1856. At the outbreak of the rebellion he was oonmiissioned, by (Jovemor Yates, Major of the Eleventh Illinois Cavalry, and took part in numerous engagements in Western Tennessee and Mississippi, including the battles of Shiloh and Corinth. Resigning his commission in 1862, he took up his residence at Peoria, where he resumed practice and began the preparation of his first legal work - "Common Law Pleading and Practice." In 1864 he formed a partnership with Col. Robert G. Ingersoll, which continued until 1867, when Mr. Puterbaugh was elected Circuit Court Judge. He retired from the bench in 1878 to resume private practice and pursue his work as an author. His first work, having already run through three editions, was followed by **Puterbaugh*s Chancery Pleading and Practice," the first edition of which appeared in 1874, and ''Michigan Chancery Practice," which appeared in 1881. In 1880 he was chosen Presidential Elector on the Republican ticket. Died, Sept. 25, 1892. Leslie B. (Puterbaugh), a son of Judge Puterbaugh, is Judge of the Circuit Court of the Peoria Circuit.

PUTNAM COUNTY, the smallest county in the State, both as to area and population, containing only 170 square miles; population (1900), 4.746. It lies near the center of the north half of the State, and was named in honor of Gen. Israel Putnam. The first American to erect a cabin within its limits was Gurdon S. Hubbard, who was in business there, as a fur-trader, as early as 1825, but afterwards became a prominent citizen of Chicago. The county was created by act of the Legislature in 1825, although a local government was not organized until some years later. Since that date. Bureau, Marshall and Stark Counties have been erected therefrom. It is crossed and drained by the Illinois River. The surface is moderately undulating and the soil fertile. Com is the chief staple, although wheat and oats are extensively cultivated. Coal is mined and exported. Henne(>in is the countyseat. Population of the county (1910), 7,661.

QUINCT, the principal city of Western Illinois, and the county seat of Adams County. It was founded in 1822 - the late Gov. John Wood erecting the fii3t log-cabin there - and was incorporated in 1839. The site is naturally one of the most beautiful in the State, the principal part of the city being built on a limestone hhiS having an elevation of 125 to 150 feet, and overlooking the Mississippi for a long distance. Its location is 112 miles west of Springfield and 264 miles southwest of Chicago. Besides being a principal shipping point for the river trade north of St. Louis, it is the converging point of several important railway lines, including the Wabash, four branches of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, and the Quincy, Omaha & Kansas C!ity, giving east and west, as well as north and south, connections. At the present time (1904) several important lines, or extensions of railroads already constructed, are in contemplation, which, when completed, will add largely to the commercial importance of the city. The city is regularly laid out, the streets intersecting each other at right angles, and being lighted with gas and electricity. Water is obtained from the Mississippi. There are several electric railway lines, four public parks, a fine railway bridge across the Mississippi, to which a wagon bridge has been added within the past two years ; two fine railway depots, and several elegant public buildings, including a handsome county court-house, a Government building for the use of the Post-office and the United States District Court. The Illinois Soldiers* and Sailors* Home is located here, embracing a large group of cottages occupied by veterans of the Civil War, besides hospital and administration buildings for the use of the officers. The city has more than thirty churches, three libraries (one free-public and two college), with excellent schools and other educational advantages. Among the higher institutions of learning are the Chaddock College (Methodist Episcopal) and the St. Francis Solanus College (Roman Catholic). There are two or three national banks, a State bank with a capital of $300,000, beside two private banks, four or five daily papers, with several weekly and one or two monthly publications. Its advantages as a shipping point by river and railroad have made it one of the most important manufacturing centers west of Chicago. The census of 1890 showed a total of 874 manufacturing establishments, having an aggregate capital of $6,187,845, employing 5,058 persons, and turning out an annual product valued at $10,160,492. The cost of material used was $5,597,990, and the wages paid $2,383,571. The numljer of different industries reported aggregated seventy-six, the more important being foundries, carriage and wagon factories, agricultural implement works, cigar and tobacco factories, flour-mills, breweries, brickyards, lime works, saddle and harness shops, paper mills, furniture factories, organ works, and artificial-ice factories. Population (1880), 27.268; (1890), 31,494; (1900), 36,252; (1910), 36,589.

RAABy Henrj^ former State Superintendent of Public Instruction, was bom in Wetzlar, Rhenish Prussia, Jime 20, 1887 ; learned the trade of a currier with his father and came to the United Slates in 1853, finally locating at Belleville, 111., where, in 1857, he became a teacher in the public schools; in 1878 was made Superintendent of schools for that city, and, in 1882, wds elected State Superintendent of Public Instruction on the Democratic ticket, declined a renomination in 1886; was nominated a second time in 1890, and re-elected, but defeated by S. M. Inglis in 1894. In the administration of his office, Professor Raab showed a commendable freedom from partisanship. After retiring from the office of State Superintendent, he resumed a position in the public schools at Belleville. Died Mar. 13, 1901.

RADISSON, Pierre Esprit^ an early French traveler and trader, who is said to have reached the Upper Mississippi on his third voyage to the West in 1658-59. The period of his explorations extended from 1652 to 1684, of which he prepared a narrative which was published by the Prince Society of Boston in 1885, under the title of *'Radisson's Voyages." He and his brother-inlaw, Medard Chouart, first conceived the idea of planting a settlement at Hudson's Bay. (See Chouart, Medard.)

RAILROAD AND WAREHOUSE COMMISSION9 a Board of three Commissioners, appointed by the executive (by and with the advice and consent of the Senate), imder authority of an act approved, April 13, 1871, for the enforcement of the provisions of the Constitution and laws in relation to railroads and warehouses. The Commission's powers are partly judicial, partly executive. The following is a summary of its powers and duties: To establish a schedule of maximum rates, equitable to shipper and carrier alike; to require yearly reports from railroads and warehouses; to hear and pass upon complaints of extortion and unjust discrimination, and (if necessary) enforce prosecutions therefor; to secure the safe condition of railway road-beds, bridges and trestles ; to hear and decide all manner of complaints relative to intersections and to protect grade-crossings; to insure the adoption of a safe interlocking system, to be approved by the Commission; to enforce proper rules for the inspection and registration of grain throughout the State. The principal offices of the Commission are at the State capital, where monthly sessions are held. For the purpose of properly conducting the grain inspection department, monthly meetings are also held at Chicago, where the offices of a Grain L:ispector, appointed by the Board, are located. Here all business relating to this department is discussed and necessary special meetings are held. The inspection department has no revenue outside of fees, but the latter are ample for its maintenance. Fees for inspection on arrival (^'inspection in") are twenty -five cents per carload, ten cents per wagon-load, and forty cents per 1,000 bushels from canal-boat or vessels. For inspection from store (* 'inspected out") the fees are fifty oents per 1,000 bushels to vessels; thirty-five cents per car-load, and ten cents per wagon-load to teams. While there are never wanting some cases of friction between the transportation companies and warehousemen on the one hand, and the Commission on the other, there -can be no question that the formation of the latter has been of great value to the receivers, shippers, forwarders and tax-payers of the State generally. Similar regulations in regard to the inspection of grain in warehouses, at East St. Louis and Peoria, are also in force. FoUowing is a list of Commissioners up to 1911 with terms: 1871-73 - Gustavus Koemer, Richard P. Moigan, David S. Hammond; 1873-77 - Henry D. Cook (deceased, 1873, succeeded by Jas. Steele), Tavid A. Brown, John M. Pearson; 1877-83 - \Vm. M. Smith, Geo.M.Bogue, John H. Oberly (retired 1881, succeeded by Wm. M. Robinson); 1883-85 - Wm. N. Brainard, E. C. Lewis, Chas. T. Stratton; 1885-89 - John I. Rinaker, Benj. F. Marsh, Wm. T. Johnson (retired 1887, succeeded by Jason Rogers) ; 1889-93 - John R. Wheeler, Isaac N. Phillips, W. S. Crim (succeeded, 1891, by John R. Tanner); 1893-97 - W. S. Cantrell, Thos. F. Gahtn, Chas. F.Lape (succeeded, 1896, by Geo.W.Fithian); 1897-1901 - CJicero J. Lindley, Chas. S.Rannells, Jas. E. Bidwell, Arthur L. French (1901-07), Jas. Mc- Kinney (1901-02), Jas. S. Neville (1901-06), Isaac L. Elwood (1902-07), Wm. H. Boys (1905-09), Bernard A. Eckhart and Jas A. Willoughby (1907 - ); OrviUe H. Berrj', Chairman (1909- ).

RAILROADS (IN GENERAL). The existing railroad system of Illinois had its inception in the mania for internal improvement which swept over the country in 1836-87, the basis of the plan adopted in Illinois (as in the Eastern States) being that the State should construct, maintain, own and operate an elaborate system. Lines were to be constructed from Cairo to Galena, from Alton to Mount Carmel, from Peoria to Warsaw, from Alton to the Central Railroad, from Belleville to Mount Carmel, from Bloomington to Mackinaw Town, and from Meredosia to Springfield. The experiment proved extremely unfortunate to the financial interests of the State, and laid the foundation of an inmiense debt under which it staggered for many years. The Northern Cross Railroad, extending from Meredosia to Springfield, was the only one so far completed as to be in operation. It was sold, in 1847, to Nicholas II. Ridgely, of Springfield for $21,100, he being the highest bidder. This line formed a nucleus of the existing Wabash system. The first road to be operated by private parties (outside of a primitive tramway in St. Clair County, designed for the transportation of coal to St. Louis) was the Galena & Chicago Union, chartered in 1886. lliis was the second line completed in the State, and the first to run from Chicago. The subsequent development of the railway system of Illinois was at first gradual, then steady and finally rapid. A succinct description of the various lines now in operation in the State may be found under appropriate headings. At present Illinois leads all the States of the Union in the extent of railways in operation, the total mileage (1897) of main track being 10,785.48 - or 19 miles for each 100 square miles of territory and 25 miles for each 10,000 inhabitants - estimating the population (1898) at four and a quarter millions. Every one of the 102 counties of the State is traversed by at least one railroad except three - Calhoun, Hardin and Pope. The entire cajHtalization of the 111 companies doing business in the State in 1896, (including capital stock, funded debt and current liabilities), wss 12,669.164,142 - equal to $67,556 per mile. In 1894. fifteen owned and ten leased lines paid dividends of from four to eight per cent on common^ and from foiir to ten per cent on preferred, stock - the total amount thus paid aggregating $25,321,752. The total earnings and income, in Illinois, of all lines operated in the State, aggregated $77,508,587, while the total expenditure within the State was $71,468,867. Of the 58,268,860 tons of freight carried, 11,611,- 798 were of agricultural products and 17,179,866 mineral products. The number of passengers (earning^ revenue) carried during the year, was 88,281,655. The total number of railroad employes (of all classes) was 61,200. The entire amount of taxes paid by railroad companies for the year was $8,846,879. From 1886, when the first special charter was granted for the construction of a railroad in Illinois, until 1869 - after which all corporations of this character came under the general incorporation laws of the State in accordance with the Constitution of 1870 - 298 special charters for the construction of railroads were granted by the Legislature, besides numerous amendments of charters already in existence. (For the history of important individual lines see each road under its corporate name.)

RALSTON^ Yirgil Yonng^ editor and soldier, was bom, July 16, 1828, at Vancebiirg, Ky. ; was a student in Illinois College one year (1846-47), after which he studied law in Quincy and practiced for a time; also resided some time in California; 1855-57 was one of the editors of "The Quincy Whig,*' and represented that paper in the Editorial Convention at Decatur, Feb. 22, 1856. (See Anti-Nebraska Editorial Convention.) In 1861, he was commissioned a Captain in the Sixteenth Illinois Volunteers, but soon resigned on account of ill-health; later, enlisted in an Iowa regiment, but died in hospital at St. Louis, from wounds and exposure, April 19, 1864.

RAMSAT, Rafas N., State Treasurer, was bom on a farm in Clinton County, 111., May 20, 1888; received a collegiate education at Illinois and McKendree Colleges, and at Indian^ State University ; studied law with ex -Gov. A. C. French, and was admitted to the bar in 1865, but soon abandoned the law for banking, in which he was engaged both at Lebanon and Carlyle, limiting his business to the latter place about 1890. He served one term (from 1865) as County Clerk, and two terms (1889 and '91) as Representative in the (General A^embly, and, in 1892, was nominated as a Democrat and elected State Treasurer. Died in office, at Carlyle, Nov. 11, 1894.

RAMSEY, a village of Fayette Ck)unty, at the intersection of the Illinois Central and the Toledo, St. Louis & Western Railroads, 12 miles north of Vandalia; the district is agricultural; has one weekly paper. Pop. (1900), 747; (1910), 769.

RANDOLPH COUNTY, Hes in the southwest section of the State, and borders on the Mississippi River; area 560 square miles; named for Beverly Randolph. It was set off from St. Clair County in 1795, being the second county organ- ized in the territory which now constitutes the State of Illinois. From the earliest period of Illinois history, Randolph County has been a pivotal point. . In the autumn of 1700 a French and Indian settlement was established at Kaskaskia, which subsequently became the center of French influence in the Mississippi Valley. In 1722 Prairie du Rocher was founded by the French. It was in Randolph County that Fort Chartres was built, in 1720, and it was here that Col. Greorge Rogers Clark*s expedition for the seizure of the "Illinois Country" met with success in the capture of Kaskaskia. American immigration began with the close of the Revolutionary War. Among the early settlers were the Cranes (Ichabod and Q^orge), Gen. John Edgar, the Dodge family, the Morrisons, and John Rice Jones. Toward the close of the century came Shadrach Bond (afterwards the first Oovemor of the State) with his uncle of the same name, and the Menards (Pierre and Hippolyte), the first of whom subsequently became Lieutenant-Governor. (See Bond, Shadraxih; Menard, Pierre.) In outline, Randolph County is triangular, while its surface is diversified. Timber and building stone are abundant, and coal underlies a considerable area. Chester, the county-seat, a city of 8,000 inhabitants, is a place of considerable trade and the seat of the Southern Illinois Penitentiary. The county is crossed by several railroad lines, and transportation facilities are excellent. Pop. (1890), 25,049; (1900), 28,001; (1910), 29,120.

RANS0M9(Gen.) Thomas Edward Greenfield, soldier, was born at Norwich, Vt., Nov. 29, 1834; educated at Norwich University, an institution under charge of his father, who was later an officer of the Mexican War and killed at Chapultepec. Having learned civil engineering, he entered on his profession at Peru, 111., in 1851; in 1855 became a member of the real-estate firm of A. J. Gkdloway & Co., Chicago, soon after removing to Fayette County, where he acted as agent of the Illinois C^tral Railroad. Under the first call for volunteers, in April, 1861, he organized a company, which having been incor- I)orated in the Eleventh Illinois, he was elected Major, and, on the reorganization of the regiment for the three-years' service, was commissioned Lieutenant-Colonel, in this capacity having command of his regiment at Fort Donelson, where he was severely wounded and won deserved promotion to a colonelcy, as successor to Gen. W. H. L. Wallace, afterwards killed at Shiloh. Here Colonel Ransom again distinguished himself by his bravery, and though again wounded while leading his regiment, remainad in command through the day. His service was recognized by promotion as Brigadier - GtoneraL He bore a prominent part in tJie siege of Vicksburg and in the Red River campaign, and, later, commanded the Seventh Army Corps in the operations about Atlanta, but finally fell a victim to disease and his numerous wounds, dying in Chicago, Oct. 29, ^ 1864, having previously received the brevet rank of Major-General. General Ransom was confessedly one of. the most brilliant officers contributed by Illinois to the War for the Union, and was pronounced, by both Grant and Sherman, one of the ablest volunteer generals in their commands.

RANTOUL^ a city in Champaign County, at the junction of the main line of the Illinois Central Railroad, with its West Lebanon and Leroy branch, 14 miles north-northeast of Champaign and 114 miles south by west of Chicago. It has a national bank, seven churches, opera house, graded school, two weekly papers, machine shops, flouring and flax mills, tile factories, and many handsome residences. Pop. (1910), 1,384.

BASLE^ Sebastian, a Jesuit missionary, bom in France, in 1658; at his own request was attached to the French missions in Canada in 1689, and, about 1691 or '92, was sent to the Illinois Country, where he labored for two years, traveling much and making a careful study of the Indian dialects. He left many manuscripts descriptive of his joumeyings and of the mode of life and character of the aborigines. From Illinois he was transferred to Norridgewock, Maine, where he prepared a dictionary of the Abenaki language in three volumes, which is now preserved in the library of Harvard College. His influence over his Indian parishioners was great, and his use of it, during the French and Indian War, so incensed the English colonists in Massachusetts that the Governor set a price upon his head. On August 12, 1724, he was slain, with seven Indian chiefs who were seeking to aid his escape, during a night attack upon Norridgewock by a force of English soldiers from i^ort Richmond, his mutilated body being interred the next day by the Indians. In 1838, the citizens of Norridgewock erected a monument to his memory on the spot where he fell.

RASTER, Herman, journalist, was bom in Germany in 1828 ; entered journalism and came to America in 1851, being employed on German papers in Biiffalo and New York City ; in 1867 accepted the position of editor-in-chief of "The Chicago Staats Zeitung," which he continued to fill until June, 1890, when he went to Europe for the benefit of his health, dying at Dresden, July 24, 1891. While employed on papers in this country during the Civil War, he acted as the American correspondent of papers at Berlin, Bremen, Vienna, and other cities of Central Europe. He served as delegate to both State and National Conventions of the Republican party, and, in 1869, received from President Grant the appointment of Collector of Internal Revenue for the Chicago District, but, during the later years of his life, cooperated with the Democratic party.

RAUCH, John Henry^ physician and sanitary expert, bom in Lebanon, Pa., Sept. 4, 1828, and graduated in medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, in 1849. The following year he removed to Iowa, settling at Burlington. He was an active member of the Iowa State Medical Society, and, in 1851, prepared and published a ''Report on the Medical and Economic Botany of Iowa,*' and, later, made a collection of ichthyologic remains of the Upper Mississippi and Missouri for Professor Agassiz. From 1857 to 1860 he filled the chair of Materia Medica and Medical Botany at Rush Medical College, Chicago, occupying the same position in 1859 in the Chicago College of Pharmacy, of which he was one of the organizers. During the Civil War he served, until 1864. as Assistant Medical Director, first in the Army of the Potomac, and later in Louisiana, being brevetted Lieutenant-Colonel at the close of the struggle. Returning to Chicago, he aided in reorganizing the city's health service, and, in 1867, was appointed a member of the new Board of Health and Sanitary Inspector, serving until 1876. The latter year he was chosen President of the American Public Health Association, and, in 1877, a member of the newly created State Board of Health of Illinois, and elected its first President Later, he became Secretary, and continued in that office during his connection with the Board. In 1878-79 he devoted much attention to the yellow-fever epidemic, and was instrumental in the formation of the Sanitary Council of the Mississippi, and in securing the adoption of a system of river inspection by the National Board of Health. He was a member of many scientific bodies, and the author of numerous monographs and printed addresses, chiefiy in the domain of sanitary science and preventive medicine. Among them may be noticed * 'Intramural Interments and Their Influence on Health and Epidemics." **Sanitary Problems of Chicago," ''Prevention of Asiatic Cholera in North

RAUMy (Gen.) Green Berry, soldier and author, was bom at Golconda, Pope County, 111., Dec. 3, 1829, studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1853, but, three years later, removed with his family to Kansas. His Free-State proclivities rendering him obnoxious to the pro-slavery party there, he returned to Illinois in 1857, settling at Harrisburg, Saline County. Early in the Civil War he was Commissioned a Major in the Fiftysixth Illinois Volunteers, was subsequently promoted to a Lieutenant-Colonelcy, and, later, advanced to a Brigadier-Generalship, resigning his conunission at the close of the war (May 6, 1865). He was with Rosecrans in the Mississippi campaign of 1862, took a conspicuous part in the battle of Corinth, participated in the siege of Vicksburg and was wounded at Missionary Ridge. He also rendered valuable service during the Atlanta campaign, keeping lines of communication open, re-enforcing Resaca and repulsing an attack by General Hood. He was with Sherman in the "March to the Sea," and with Hancock, in the Shenandoah Valley, when the war closed. In 1866 General Raum became President of the projected Cairo & Vincennes Railroad, an enterprise of which he had been an active promoter. He was elected to Congress in 1866 from the Southem Illinois District (then the Thirteenth), serving one term, and the same year presided over the Republican State Convention, as he did again in 1876 and in 1880 - was also a delegate to the National Conventions at Cincinnati and Chicago the last two years just mentioned. From August 2, 1876, to May 31, 1883, General Raum served as Ck>mmissioner of Internal Revenue at Washington, in that time having superintended the collection of $800,000,000 of revenue, and the disbursement of ^,000,000. After retiring from the Commissionership, he resumed the practice of law in Washington. In 1889 he was appointed Commissioner of Pensions, remaining to the close of President Harrison's administration, when he removed to Chicago and again engaged in practice. During the various political campaigns of the past thirty years, his services have been in frequent request as a campaign speaker, and he has canvassed a number of States in the interest of the Republican party. Besides his official reports, he is author of "The Existing Confiict Between Republican Government and Southern Oligarchy" (Washington, 1884), and a number of magazine articles. Died Dec. 12, 1909.

BAUM^ John, pioneer and early legislator, was bom in Hummelstown, Pa., July 14, 1793, and died at Golconda, UL, March 14, 1869. Having received a liberal education in his native State, the subject of this sketch settled at Shawneeto wn, 111., in 1828, but removed to Oolconda, Pope County, in 1826. He had previously served three years in the War of 1812, as First Lieutenant of the Sixteenth Infantry, and, while a resident of Illinois, served in the Black Hawk War of 1832 as Brigade Major. He was also elected Senator from the District composed of Pope and Johnson Counties in the Eighth General Assembly (1838), as successor to Samuel Alexander, who had resigned. The following year he was appointed Clerk of the Circuit Court of Pope County, and was also elected Clerk of the County Court the same year, holding both offices for many years, and retaining the County Clerkship up to his death, a period of thirty-five years. He was married March 22, 1827, to Juliet C. Field, and was father of Brig.-Qen. Green B. Raum, and Maj. John M. Raum, both of whom served in the volunteer army from Illinois during the Civil War.

BAWLINSt John Aaron^ soldier. Secretary of War, was bom at East Galena, Feb. 18, 1831, the son of a small farmer, who was also a charcoalburner. The son, after irregular attendance on the district schools and a year passed at Mou^t Morris Academy, began the study of law. He was admitted to the bar at Galena in 1854, and at once began practice. In 1857 he was elected City Attorney of Galena, and nominated on the Douglas electoral ticket in 1860. At the outbreak of the Civil War he favored, and publicly advocated, coercive measures, and it is said that it was partly through his influence that General Grant early tendered his services to the GK>vemment. He served on the staff of the latter from the time General Grant was given command of a brigade until the close of the war, most of the time being its chief, and rising in rank, step by step, until, in 1868, he became a Brigadier-General, and, in 1865, a Major-Q«neraL His long service on the staff of General Grant indicates the estimation in which he was held by his chief. Promptly on the assumption of the Presidency by General Grant, in March, 1869, he was appointed Secretary of War, but consumption had already obtained a hold upon his constitution, and he survived only six months, dying in office, Sept. 6, 1869.

came west in 1848, studied medicine and began practice at Muscatine, Iowa, afterwards locating in Tazewell County, 111., also being associated, for a time, with the publication of a temperance paper at Springfield^ In 1847 he removed to Galena, soon after becoming editor of "The Galena Jeffersonian,** a Democratic paper, with which he remained until 1854. He took strong ground against the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, and, at the session of the Legislature of 1855, served as Secretary of the Senate, also acting as correspondent of "The New York Tribune"; a few months later became associated with Joseph Medill and John C. Vaughan in the purchase and management of "The Chicago Tribune,*' Dr. Ray assuming the position of editor-in-chief. Dr. Ray was one of the most trenchant and powerful writers ever connected with the Illinois press, and his articles exerted a wide influence during the period of the organization of the Republican party, in which he was an influential factor. He was a member of the Convention of Anti-Nebraska editors held at Decatur, Feb. 22, 1856, and served as Chairman of the Committee on Resolutions. (See Anti-Nebraska Editorial Convention.) At the State Republican Convention held at Bloomington, in May following, he was appointed a member of the State Central Committee for that year; was also Canal Trustee by appointment of Governor Bissell, serving from 1857 to 1861. In November, 1868, he severed his connection with "The Tribune** and engaged in oil speculations in Canada which proved financially disastrous. In 1865 he returned to the paper as an editorial writer, remaining only for a short time. In 1868 he assumed the management of "The Chicago Evening Post." vnth which he remained identified imtil his death, Sept. 28, 1870.

BAT^ Lyman Beecher, ex-Lieutenant-Govemor, was bom in Crittenden County, Vt., August 17, 1881 ; removed to Illinois in 1852, and has since been engaged in mercantile business in this State. After filling several local offices he was elected to represent Grundy County in the lower house of the Twenty-eighth General Assembly (1872), and, ten years later, was chosen State Senator, serving from 1888 to 1887, and being one of the recognized party leaders on the fioor. In 1888, he was elected Lieutenant-GU>vemor on the Republican ticket, his term expiring in 1898. His home is at Morris, Grundy Coxmty.

education; in 1884 removed to Rushville, 111., engai^ing in business as a merchant and, later, as a banker; was a member of the first State Board of Equalization (1867-69), and, in 1872, was elected to Congress as a Republican, representing his District from 1873 to 1875. Died, Jan. 25, 1831.

RAYMOND, a village of Montgomery County, on the St. Louis Division of the Wabash Railway, 50 miles southwest bf Decatur; has electric lights, manufactiu*es, two banks and weekly paper. Considerable, coal is mined here and grain and fruit grown in the surrounding country. Population (1900), 906; (1910). 881.

RAYMOND^ (ReT.) Miner^ DJ>^ clergyman and educator, was bom in New York City, August 29, 1811, being descended from a family of Huguenots (known by the name of '*Raimonde''), who were expelled from France on account of their religion. In his youth he learned the trade of a shoemaker with his father, at Rensselaerville, N. T. He united with the Methodist Episcopal Church at the age of 17, later taking a course in the Wesleyan Academy at Wilbraham, Mass., where he afterwards became a teacher. In 1888 he joined the New England Conference and, three years later, began pastoral work at Worcester, subsequently occupying pulpits in Boston and Westfield. In 1848, on the resignation of Dr. Robert Allyn (afterwards President of McKendree College and of the Southern Illinois Normal University at Carbondale), Dr. Raymond succeeded to the principalship of the Academy at Wilbraham, remaining there until 1864, when he was elected to the chair of systematic theology in the Garrett Biblical Institute at Evanston, 111., his connection with the latter institution continuing until 1895, when he resigned. For some three years of this period he served as pastor of the First Methodist Church at Evanston. His death occurred. Nov. 25, 1897.

REATIS^ Logan Uriah; journalist, was born in the Sangamon Bottom, Mason County. 111., March 26, 1831 ; in 1855 entered the office of **The Beardstown Gazette," later purchased an interest in the paper and continued its publication under the name of **The Central lUinoian," until 1857, when he sold out and went to Nebraska. Returning, in 1860, he repurchased his old paper and conducted it until 1866, when he sold out for the last time. The remainder of his life was devoted chiefly to advocating the removal of the National Capital to St. Louis, which he did by lectures and the publication of pamphlets and books on the subject; also published a "Life of Horace

RECTOR; the name of a prominent and influential family who lived at Kaskaskia in Territorial days. According to Governor Reynolds, who has left the most detailed account of them in his ** Pioneer History of Illinois," they consisted of nine brothers and foiir daughters, all of whom were born in Fauquier County, Va., some of them emigrating to Ohio, while others came to Illinois, arriving at Kaskaskia in 1806. Reynolds describes them as passionate and impulsive, but possessed of a high standard of integrity and a chivalrous and patriotic spirit. - William, the oldest brother, and regarded as the head of the family, became a Deputy Surveyor soon after coming to Illinois, and took part in the Indian campaigns between 1812 and 1814. In 1816 he was appointed Surveyor-General of Illinois, Missouri and Arkansas, and afterwards removed to St. Louis. - Stephen^ another of the brothers, was a Lieutenant in Captain Moore's Company of Rangers in the War of 1812, while Charles commanded one of the two regiments organized by Governor Edwards, in 1812, for the ezpeditii^n against the Indians at the head of Peoria Lake. - Nelson, still another brother, served in the same expedition on the staff of Governor Edwards. Stephen, already mentioned, was a member of the expedition sent to strengthen Prairie du Chien in 1814, and showed great coiirage in a fight with the Indians at Rock Island. During the same year Nelson Rector and Captain Samuel Whiteside joined Col Zachary Taylor (afterwards President) in an expedition on the Upper Mississippi, in which they came in conflict with the British and Indians at Rock Island, in which Captain Rector again displayed the courage so characteristic of his family. On the 1st of March, 1814, while in charge of a surveying party on Saline Creek, in Gallatin County, according to Reynolds, Nelson was ambushed by the Indians and, though severely woimded, was carried away by his horse, and recovered. - EHas^ another member of the family, was Governor Edwards' first Adjutant-General, serving a few months in 1809, when he gave place to Robert Morrison, but was reappointed in 1810, serving for more than three years. - Thomas^ one of the younger members, had a duel with Joshua Barton on ''Bloody Island,'' sometime between 1812 and 1814, in which he killed his antagonist (See Duels.) A portion of this historic family drifted into Arkansas, where they became prominent, one of their

RED BUB^ a city in Randolph County, on the Mobile & Ohio Railroad, some 87 miles bouthsoutheast of St. Louis, and 21 miles south of Belleville; has a carriage factory and two flouring mills, electric lights, a hospital, two banks, five churches, a graded school and a weekly newspaper. Pop. (1900), 1,169; (1910), 1,240.

REEYES^ Owen T*, lawyer and jurist, was born in Ross County, Ohio, Dec. 18, 1829; graduated at the Ohio Wesleyan University, at Delaware, in 1850, afterwards serving as a tutor in that institution and as Principal of a High School at Chillicothe. In 1854 he came to Bloomington, IlL, and, as a member of the School Board, assisted in reorganizing the school system of that city; also has served continuously, for over 40 years, as one of the Trustees of the Illinois Wesleyan University, being a part of the time President of the Board. In the meantime, he had begun the practice of law, served as City Attorney and member of the Board of Supervisors. July 1, 1862, he enlisted in the Seventieth Illinois Volunteers (a 100-days' emergency regiment), was elected Colonel and mustered out, with his command, in October, 1862. Colonel Reeves was subsequently connected with the construction of the Lafayette, Bloomington & Mississippi Railroad (now a part of the Illinois Central), and was also one of the founders of the Law Department of the Wesleyan University. In 1877 he was elected to the Circuit bench, serving continuously, by repeated re-elections, until 1891 - diiring the latter part of his incumbency being upon the Appellate bench.

REEYES, Walter^ Member of Congress and lawyer, was bom near Brownsville, Pa., Sept. 25, 1848; removed to Illinois at 8 years of age and was reared on a farm; later became a teacher and lawyer, following his profession at Streator; in 1894 he was nominated by the Republicans of the Eleventh District for Congress, as successor to the Hon. Thomas J. Henderson, and was elected, receiving a majority over three competitors. Mr. Reeves was re-elected three times, serving in all four terms and until 1903. Died April 9, 1909.

REFORMATORY, ILLINOIS STATE, a prison for the incarceration of male offenders under 21 years of age, who are believed to be susceptible of reformation. It is the successor of the "State Reform School," which was created by act of the Legislature of 1867, but not opened for the admission of inmates until 1871. It is located at Pontiac. The number of inmates, in 1872, was 165, which was increased to 824 in 1890. The results, while moderately successful, were not altogether satisfactory. The appropriations made for construction, maintenance, etc., were not upon a scale adequate to accomplish what was desired, and, in 1891, a radical change was effected. Previous to that date the limit, as to age, was 16 years. The law establishing the present reformatory provides for a system of indeterminate sentences, and a release u^n parole, of inmates who, in the opinion of the Board of Managers, may be safely granted conditional liberation. The inmates are divided into two classes. (1) those between the ages of 10 and 16, and (2) those between 16 and 21. The Board of Managers is composed of five members, not more than three of whom shall be of the same party, their term of office to be for ten years. The course of treatment is educational (intellectually, morally and industrially), schools being conducted, trades taught, and the inmates constantly impressed with the conviction that, only through genuine and unmistakable evidence of improvement, can they regain their freedom. The reformatory influence of the institution may be best inferred from the results of one year's operation. Of 146 inmates paroled, 15 violated their parole and became fugitives, 6 were returned to the Reformatory, 1 died, and 124 remained in employment and regularly reporting. Among the industries carried on are painting and glazing, masonry and plastering, gardening, knitting, chair-caning, broom-making, carpentering, tailoring and blacksmithing. The groimds of the Reformatory contain a vein of excellent coal, which it is proposed to mine, utilizing the clay, thus obtained, in the manufacture of brick, which can be employed in the construction of additional needed buildings. The average number of inmates is about 800, and the crimes for which they are sentenced range, in gravity, from simple assault, or petit larceny, to the most serious offenses known to the criminal code, with the exception of homicide. The number of inmates, at the beginning of the year 1895, was 812. An institution of a similar character, for the confinement of juvenile female offenders, was established under an act of the Legislature passed at the session of 1893. and located at Geneva, Kane County. (See Home for Juvenile Female Offenders.) .

RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. The State constitution contains the familiar guaranty of absolute freedom of conscience. The chief denominations have grown in like ratio with the population, as may be seen from figures given below. The earliest Christian services held were conducted by Catholic missionaries, who attested the sincerity of their convictions (in many instances) by the sacrifice of their lives, either through violence or exposure. The aborigines, however, were not easily Christianized; and, shortly after the cession of Illinois by France to Great Britain, the Catholic missions, being generally withdrawn, ceased to exert much infiuence upon the red men, although the French, who remained in the ceded territory, continued to adhere to their ancient faith. (See Early Missionaries. ) One of the first Protestant sects to hold service in Illinois, was the Methodist Episcopal; Rev. Joseph Lillard coming to Illinois in 1798, and Rev. Hosea Riggs settling in the American Bottom in 1796. (For history of Methodism in Illinois, see Methodist Episcopal Church.) The pioneer Protestant preacher, however, was a Baptist - E^der James Smith - who came to New Design in 1787. Revs. David Badgley and Joseph Chance followed him in 1796, and the first denominational association was formed in 1807. ( As to inception and growth of this denomination in Illinois, see also Baptists.) In 1814 the Massachusetts Missionary Society sent two missionaries to Illinois - Revs. Samuel J. Mills and Daniel Smith. Two years later (1816), the First Presbyterian Church was organized at Sharon, by Rev. James McGready, of Kentucky. (See also Presbyterians.) -The Congregationalists began to arrive with the tide of immigration that set in from the Eastern States, early in the 'SO's. Four churches were organized in 1888, and the subsequent growth of the denomination in the State, if gradual, has been steady. (See Congregationalists.) About the same time came the Disciples of Christ (sometimes called, from their founder, **Campbellites'*). They encouraged free discussion, were liberal and warm hearted, and did not require belief in any particular creed as a condition of membership. The sect grew rapidly in numerical strength. (See Disciples of Christ.) The Protestant Episcopalians obtained their first foothold in Illinois, in 1886, when Rev. Philander Chase (afterward consecrated Bishop) immigrated to the State from the East. (See Protestant Episcopal Church.) The Lutherans in Illinois are chiefly of German or Scandinavian birth or descent, as may be inferred from the fact that, out of sixty-four churches in Chicago under care of the Missouri Synod, only f omr use the English language. They are the only Protestant sect maintaining (whenever possible) a system of parochial schools. (See Lutherans. ) There are twenty -six other religious bodies in the State, exclusive of the Jews, who have twelve synagogues and nine rabbis. According to the census statistics of 1890, these twenty-six sects, with their numerical strength, number of buildings, ministers, etc., are as follows: Anti-Mission Baptists, 3,800 members, 78 churches and 68 ministers; Church of God, 1,200 members, 89 churches, 84 ministers; Dunkards, 121,000 members, 155 churches, 88 ministers; Friends ("Quakers") 2,655 members, 25 churches; Free Methodists, 1,805 members, 88 churches, 84 mim'sters; Free- Will Baptists, 4,694 members. 107 churches. 72 ministers; Evangelical Association, 15,904 members, 148 churches, 152 ministers; Cumberland Presbyterians, 11.804 members, 198 churches, 149 ministers; Methodist Episcopal (South) 8,927 members, 84 churches, 88 ministers; Moravians, 720 members, 8 churches, 8 ministers; New Jerusalem Church (Swedenborgians), 662 members, 14 churches, 8 ministers; Primitive Methodist, 280 members, 2 churches, 2 ministers; Protestant Methodist, 5,000 members, 91 churches, 106 ministers; Reformed Chiirch in United States, 4,100 members, 84 churches, 19 ministers; Reformed Church of America, 2,200 members, 24 churches, 28 ministers; Reformed Episcopalians, 2,150 members, 18 churches, 11 ministers; Reformed Presbyterians, 1,400 members, 7 churches, 6 ministers; Salvation Army, 1,980 members; Second Adventists, 4.500 members, 64 churches, 85 ministers; Seventh Day Baptists, 820 members, 7 churches, 11 ministers; Universalists, 8,160 members, 45 churches, 87 ministers; Unitarians, 1.225 members. 19 churches, 14 ministers; United Evangelical, 80,000 members, 129 churches, 108 ministers; United Brethren, 16,500 members, 275 churches, 260 ministers; United Presbyterians, 11,250 members, 208 churches, 199 ministers; Wesleyan Methodists, 1,100 members, 16 churches, 88 ministers. (See various Churches under their proper names; also Boman Catholic Church.)

BEND, Waiiam Patrick, soldier, capitalist, and coal-operator, was bom in County Leitrim, Ireland, Feb. 10, 1840, brought to Lowell Mass., in boyhood, and graduated from the high school there at 17; taught for a time near New York City and later in Maryland, where he began a course of classical study. The Civil War coming on, he enlisted in the Fourteenth Regiment New York Volunteers, serving most of the time as a non-conmiissioned ofiScer, and participating in the battles of the seoond Bull Run, Malvern Hill,

Antietam, Fredericksburg and ChancellorsTille. After the war he came to Chicago and secured employment in a railway surveyor's office, later acting as foreman of the Northwestern freight depot, and finally embarking in the coal business, which was conducted with such success that he became the owner of some of the most valuable mining properties in the country. Meanwhile he has taken a deep interest in the welfare of miners and other classes of laborers, and has sought to promote arbitration and conciliation between employers and employed, as a means of averting disastrous strikes. He was especially active during the long strike of 1897, in efforts to bring about an understanding between the miners and the operators. For several years he held a oonmiission as Lieutenant-Colonel of the Illinois National Guard until compelled, by the demands of his private business, to tender his resignation.

Bepbesentatiyes In Congress

The followlDg table presents the names, residence. Districts represented, politics (except as to earlier ones), and lensth d term ortorms of service of Illinois RepresentadTes in the lower House of ConiH'ess, from the organization of Illinois as a Territory down to the present time; (D. Democrat; W, Whig; R, Bepublican; G-B, Greenback; P, Populist).

BOARD OF CIVIL SERVICE. The State Board of Civil Service, consisting of three members, was created by act of the General Assembly in 1905. With the exception of the Superintendent, Chief Clerk, Treasurer and stenographer, in each State charitable institution, all appointments to subordinate positions in the same are made after examination of applicants on the basis of qualifications and merit, and removals are made only on the ground of incompetency, disobedience or other reasonable cause. Political assessments upon employes are also prohibited.

BOARD OF EQUALIZATION, organized under act of the General Assembly, approved March 8, 1867; after various changes now (1911) consists of 25 members chosen by popular vote - one from each Congressional District - with the State Auditor as ex-officio member and Chairman. It meets annually on the first Tuesday after August 10th, its duty then being to examine abstracts of assessments from the several counties and equalize the same in order that equal rates may be imposed upon property according to value in all parts of the State. For this purpose property is divided into five classes, viz.: Personal property; town and city lots; land other than town lots; railroad, telegraph and telephone stock and property; and capital stock of franchise corporations. Separate committees are appointed to deal with these classes, besides a committee of general equalization. Each member receives a salary of $5 per day while in session, and the Board chooses its Secretary, the necessary nimiber of clerks and other employes, and provides for printing and distribution of copies of proceedings after each session. The most difficult problem the Board has to meet is the equitable assessment upon capital stock and franchises of corporations. After the work of the Board is completed, the Governor, Auditor and State Treasurer fix the rate of taxation requisite to meet the appropriations made by the General Assembly.

BOARD OF HEALTH, created by act of the Legislature in 1877, with supervision of measures for protection of the health and lives of the people, matters pertaining to quarantine, and investigation of the sanitary condition of hotels and lodging houses in cities having over 100,000 inhabitants. In 1899 its jurisdiction was extended over th^ examination and licensing of surgeons and physi cians, reporting the standing of medical colleges, and, by a later act, it is required to keep a record of all births and deaths within the State; is also charged with the examination, licensing and registration of embalmers, the appointment of agents for the distribution of diphtheria antitoxins, is empowered to investigate the water of cities having a population of 2,000 or over, to supervise measures for the prevention and restriction of consumption, investigate fraudulent medical colleges and otherwise protect the public health.

BOARD OF PHARMACY, created by an act of 1881, is composed of five members, registered pharmacists of at least ten years' experience, empowered to examine all applicants and issue certificates to the same when entitled to receive them, and to prosecute violations of the pharmacy act. The Board is required to hold meetings for the examination of applicants for registration, and is empowered to issue three grades of certificates - to apprentices, assistant and registered pharmacists.

BOARD OF PARDONS. This Board was created by act of the Legislature on reconunendation of Governor Tanner in 1897, imder provision of the Constitution (Art. 5, Sec. 13) empowering the Governor to "grant reprieves, conunutations and pardons, after convictions, for all offenses . . . subject to such regulations as may be provided by law" - ^the object being to reduce the personal labor of the Governor in this department. All applications for pardon are required to be presented to the Board, and, after investigation, reports are submitted to the Governor, with such reconunendations as may be agreed upon by a majority of the Board. Before the adoption of this policy, all petitions were submitted to the Governor. The Board is non-partisan, consisting of three appointive members, of whom only two may belong to the same party. Regular sessions of the Board are held quarterly, but in case of emergency, special meetings may be held under call of the Governor or Chairman. The duty of administering the parole law is also imposed upon the Board. The present Board (1911) consists of G. De F. Kinney, Charles G. Eckhart and Ethan Allan Snively (Chairman). The Board visits each penitentiary once each month for the purpose of investigating the records of prisoners petitioning for parole.

STATE PURE FOOD COMMISSION. The act establishing the State Food Conmiission went into effect July 1, 1899, Alfred H. Jones, of Robinson, 111., being then appointed Conunissioner and holding office to the present time (1911). An act passed May 14, 1807, enlarged the powers of the Commission, authorizing the appointment of an Assistant Commissioner, a State Analyst, an Attorney and a Chief Clerk, besides several chemists, inspectors and other employes, whose duty it is to investigate and report upon the condition of raw material and manufactured food products to prevent adulteration and protect the consumer from fraud.

BETNOLBS9 John, Justice of Supreme Court and fourth Gk>yernor of Illinois, was bom of Irish ancestry, in Montgomery County, Pa., Feb. 26. 1789. and brought by his parents to Kaskaskia, HI., in 1800, spending the first nine years of his life in Illinois on a farm. After receiving a common school education, and a two years* course of study in a college at Knoxville, Tenn., he studied law and began practice. In 1812-18 he served as a scout in the campaigns against the Indians, winning for himself the title, in after life, of "The Old Ranger." Afterwards he removed to Gahokia, where iie began the practice of law, and, in 1818, became Associate Justice of the first Supreme Court of the new State. Retiring from the bench in 1825, he served two terms in the Legislature, and was elected Gk>vemor in 1880, in 1882 personally commanding the State volunteers called for service in the Black Hawk War. ^ Two weeks before the expiration of his term (1884), he resigned to accept a seat in Congress, to which he had been elected as the successor of Charles Slade, who had died in office, and was again elected in 1888, always as a Democrat. He also served as Representative in the Fifteenth General Assembly, and again in the Eighteenth (1852-54), being chosen Speaker of the latter. In 1858 he was the administration (or Buchanan) Democratic candidate for State Superintendent of Public Instruction, as opposed to the Republican and regular (or Douglas) Democratic candidates. For some years he edited a daily paper called "The Eagle," which was published at Belleville. While Oovemor Reynolds acquired some reputation as a "classical scholar, " from the time spent in a Tennessee College at that early day, this was not sustained by either his colloquial or written style. He was an ardent champion of slavery, and, in the early days of the Rebellion, gained unfavorable notoriety in consequence of a letter written to Jefferson Davis expressing sympathy with the cause of "secession." Nevertheless, in spite of intense prejudice and bitter partisanship on some questions, he i>068e6sed many amiable qualities, as shown by his devotion to temperance, and his popularity among persons of opposite political opinions. Although at times crude in style, and not always reliable in his statement of historical facts and events, Oovemor Reynolds has rendered a valuable service to posterity by his writings relating to the early history of the State, especially those connected with his own times. His best known works are: "Pioneer History of Illinois" (Belleville, 1848); "A Glance at the Crystal

REYNOLDS^ John Parker, Secretary and President of State Board of Agriculture, was bom at Lebanon, Ohio, March 1, 1820, and graduated from the Miami University at the age of 18. In 1840 he graduated from the Cincinnati Law' School, and soon afterward began practice. He removed to Illinois in 1854, settling first in Winnebago County, later, successively in Marion County, in Springfield and in Chicago. From 1860 to 1870 he was Secretary of the State Agricultural Society, and, upon the creation of the State Board of Agriculture in 1871, was elected its President, filling that position until 1888, when he resigned. He has also occupied numerous other posts of honor and of trust of a public or semi-public character, having been President of the Illinois State Sanitary Ck>mmis8ion during the War of the Rebellion, a Commissioner to the Paris Exposition of 1867, Chief Grain Inspector from 1878 to 1882. and Secretary of the Inter- State Industrial Exposition Company of Chicago, from the date of its organization (1878) until its final dissolution. His most important public service, in recent years, was rendered as Directorin-Chief of the Illinois exhibit in the World's Columbian Exposition of 1898.

REYNOLDS, Joseph Smith, soldier and legislator, was born at New Lenox, 111., Dec. 3, 1889; at 17 years of age went to Chicago, was educated in the high school there, vrithin a month after graduation enlisting as a private in the Sixtyfourth Illinois Volunteers. From the ranks he rose to a colonelcy through the gradations of Second-Lieutenant and Captain, and, in July, 1865, was brevetted Brigadier-OeneraL He was a gallant soldier, and was thrice wounded. On his return home after nearly four years* service, he entered the law department of the Chicago University, graduating therefrom and beginning practice in 1866. (General Reynolds has been prominent in public life, having served as a member of both branches of the General Assembly, and haying been a State Commissioner to the Vienna Exposition of 1878. He is a member of the G. A. R., and, in 1875, was elected Senior Vice-Commander of the order for the United States.

REYNOLDS, William Morton, clergyman, was bom in Fayette County, Pa., March 4, 1812; after graduating at Jefferson College, Pa., in 1882, was connected with various institutions in that State, as well as President of Capital University at

Columbus, Ohio, ; then, coming to Ulinois, was President of the Illinois State Uniyersity at Springfield, 1857-60, after which he became Prinoipal of a female seminary in Chicago. Previously a Lutheran, he took orders in the Protestant Episcopal Church in 1864, and served several parishes until his death. In his early life he founded, and, for a time, conducted several religious publications at Gettysburg, Pa., besides issuing a number of printed addresses and other published works. Died at Oak Park, near Chicago, Sept. 5, 1876.