Piatt County, Illinois - The whole text, 1917 (part 20 of 26)

Wesley (Merritt), another son, was bom in New York, June 16, 1836, came with his father to Illinois in childhood, and was appointed a cadet at West Point Military Academy from this State, graduating in 1860; became a Second Lieutenant in the regular army, the same year, and was promoted to the rank of First Lieutenant, a year later. After the beginning of the Civil War, he was rapidly promoted, reaching the rank of Brigadier-General of Volunteers in 1862, and being mustered out, in 1866, with the brevet rank of Major-GreneraL He re- entered the regular army as Lieutenant-Colonel, was promoted to a colonelcy in 1876, and, in 1887, received a commission as Brigadier-General, in 1897 becoming Major-General. He was in command, for a time, of the Department of the Missouri, but, on his last promotion, was transferred to the Department of the East, with headquarters at Governor's Island, N. Y. Soon after the beginning of the war with Spain, he was assigned to the command of the land forces destined for the Philippines, and appointed Military governor of the Islands. Towards the close of the year he returned to the United States and resumed his old command at New York. Died Dec. 3, 1910.

MESSINGER^ John, pioneer surveyor and cartographer, was bom at West Stock bridge, Mass., in 1771, grew up on a farm, but secured a good education, especially in mathematics. Groing to Vermont in 1783, he learned the trade of a carpenter and mill- Wright ; removed to Kentucky in 1799, and, in 1802, to Illinois (then a part of Indiana Territory), locating first in the American Bottom and, later, at New Design within the present limits of Monroe Coimty. Two years later he became the proprietor of a mill, and, between 1804 and 1806, taught one of the earliest schools in St. Clair County. The latter year he took up the vocation of a surveyor, which he followed for many years as a sub-contractor under William Rector, surveying much of the land in St. Clair and Randolph Counties, and, still later, assisting in determining the northern boundary of the State. He also served for a time as a teacher of mathematics in Rock Spring Seminary ; in 1821 published **A Manual, or Hand-Book, intended for Convenience in Practical Surveying," and prepared some of the earlier State and county maps. In 1808 he was elected to the Indiana Territorial Legislature, to fill a vacancy, and took part in the steps which resulted in setting up a separate Territorial Government for Illinois, the following year. He also received an appointment as the first Surveyor of St. Clair

Ck)tmty under the new Territorial Government; was chosen a Delegate from St. Clair County to the Convention of 1818, which framed the first State Constitution, and, the same year, was elected a Representative in the First General Assembly, serving as Speaker of that body. After leaving New Design, the later years of his life were spent on a farm two and a half miles north of Belleville, where he died in 1846.

METAMORA9 a town of Woodfopd County, on a branch of the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 19 miles east-northeast of Peoria and some thirty miles northwest of Bloomington; is center of a fine farming district. The town has a creamery, soda factory, one bank, three churches, one weekly paper, schools and a park. Population (1900), 758; (1910), 694. Metamora was the county-seat of Woodford County until 1899, when the seat of justice was removed to Eureka.

METCALF, Andrew W., lawyer, was bom in Guernsey County. Ohio, August 6, 1828 ; educated at Madison College in his native State, graduating in 1846, and, after studying law at Cambridge, Ohio, three years, was admitted to the bar in 1850. The following year he went to Appleton, Wis., but remained only a year, when he removed to St. Louis, then to Edwardsville, and shortly after to Alton, to take charge of the legal business of George T. Brown, then publisher of "The Alton Courier. " In 1853 he returned to Edwardsville to reside permanently, and, in 1859, was appointed by Governor Bissell State's Attorney for Madison County, serving one year. In 1864 he was elected State Senator for a term of foiir years; was a delegate to the Republican National Convention of 1872, and, in 1876, a lay delegate from the Southern Illinois Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church to the General Conference at Baltimore; has also been a Trustee of McKendree College, at Lebanon, ILL, for more than twenty-five years.

METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH, one of the most numerous Protestant church organizations in the United States and in Illinois. Rev. Joseph Lillard was the first preacher of this sect to settle in the Northwest Territory, and Capt. Joseph Ogle was the first class-leader (1795). It is stated that the first American preacher in the American Bottom was Rev. Hosea Riggs (1796). Rev. Benjamin Young took charge of the first Methodist mission in 1803, and, in 1804, this mission was attached to the Cumberland (Tenn.) circuit. Revs. Joseph Oglesby and Charles R. Matheny were among the early circuit riders. In 1820 there were seven circuits in Illinois, and, in

1880, twenty-eight, the actual membership exceeding 10,000. The first Methodist service in Chicago was held by Rev. Jesse Walker, in 1826, The first Methodist society in that city was organized by Rev. Stephen R. Beggs, in June, 1831. By 1835 the number of circuits had increased to 61, with 870 ministers and 15,000 members. Rev. Peter Cartwright was among the early revivalists. The growth of this denomination in the State has been extraordinary. By 1890, it had nearly 2,000 churches, 987 ministers, and 151,000 members - the total number of Methodists in the United States, by the same census, being 4,980,240. The church property owned in* 1890 (including parsonages) approached $111,000,- 000, and the total contributions were estimated at $2,073,928. The denomination in Illinois supports two theological seminaries and the Garrett Biblical Institute at Evanston. **The Northwestern Christian Advocate,*' with a circulation of some 80,000, is its official organ in Illinois. (See also Religious Denominations.)

METROPOLIS CITT, the county seat of Massao County. 156 miles southeast of St. Louis, situated on the Ohio River and on the St. Louis and Paducah Division of the Illinois Central Railroad. The city was founded in 1889, on the site of old Fort Massac, which was erected by the French, aided by the Indians, about 1711. Its industries consist largely of various forms of wood -working. Saw and planing mills are a commercial factor; other establishments turn out wheel, buggy and wagon material, barrel staves and heads, boxes and baskets, and veneers. There are also fiouring mills and potteries. The city has a public library, two banks, waterworks, electric lights, numerous churches, high and graded schools, one daily and three weekly papers. Pop. (1900), 4,069; (1910), 4,055.

MEXICAN WAR. Briefly stated, this waat originated in the annexation of Texas to the United States, early in 1846. There was a disagreement as to the western boundary of Texas. Mexico complained of encroachment upon her territory, and hostilities began with the battle of Palo Alto, May 8, and ended with the treaty of peace, concluded at Guadalupe Hidalgo, near the City of Mexico, Feb. 2, 1848. Among the most prominent figures were President Polk, under whose administration annexation was effected, and Gen. Zachary Taylor, who was chief in command in the field at the beginning of the war, and was elected Polk's successor. Illinois furnished more than her full quota of troops for the struggle. May 18, 1846, war was declared. On May

25, Oovemor Ford issued his proclamation calling for the enlistment of three regiments of infantry, the assessed quota of the State. The response was prompt and general. Alton was named as the rendezvous, and Col. (afterwards General) Sylvester Churchill was the mustering officer. The regiments mustered in were commanded, respectively, by CoL John J. Hardin, Col. Wm. H. Bissell (afterwards Governor) and Col. Ferris Forman. An additional twelve months' regiment (the Fourth) was accepted, under command of CoL E. D. Baker, who later became United States Senator from Oregon, and fell at the battle of Ball's Bluff, in October, 1861. A second call was made in April, 1847, under which Illinois sent two more regiments, for the war, towards the Mexican frontier. These were commanded by Col. Edward W. B. Newby and Col. James Collins. Independent companies were also tendered and accepted. Besides, there were some 150 volimteers who joined the regiments already in the field. Commanders of the independent companies were Capts. Adam Dunlap, of Schuyler County; Wyatt B. Stapp, of Warren; Michael K. Lawler, of Shawneetown, and Josiah Little. 0>1. John J. Hardin, of the First, was killed at Buena Vista, and the official mortuary list includes many names of Illinois' best and bravest sons. After participating in the battle of Buena Vista, the Illinois troops shared in the triumphal entry into the City of Mexico, on Sept. 16, 1847, and (in connection with those from Kentucky) were especially complimented in General Taylor's official report. The Third and Fourth regiments won distinction at Vera Cruz, Cerro Gordo and the City of Mexico. At the second of these battles. General Shields fell severely (and, as supposed for a time, mortally) wounded. Colonel Baker succeeded Shields, led a gallant charge, and really turned the day at Cerro Gordo. Among the officers honorably named by General Scott, in his official report, were Colonel Forman, Major Harris, Adjutant Fondey, Capt. J. S. Post, and Lieutenants Hammond and Davis. All the Illinois troops were mustered out between May 25, 1847 and Nov. 7, 1848, the independent companies being the last to quit the service. The total number of volunteers was 6,128, of whom 86 were killed, and 160 wounded, 12 of the latter dying of their wounds. Gallant service in the Mexican War soon became a passport to political prfeferment, and some of the brave soldiers of 1846-47 subsequently achieved merited distinction in civil life. Many also became distinguished soldiers in the War of the

Rebellion, including such names as John A. Logan, Richard J. Oglesby, M. K. Lawler, James D. Morgan, W. H. L. Wallace, B. M. Prentiss, W. R. Morrison, L. F. Ross, and others. The cost of the war, with 115,000,000 paid for territory annexed, is estimated at $166,500,000 and the extent of territory acquired, nearly 1,000,000 square miles - considerably more than the whole of the present territory of the Republic of Mexico.

METER, John, lawyer andJegislator, was bom in Holland, Feb. 27, 1862; came to Chicago at the age of 12 years; entered the Northwestern University, supporting himself by labor during vacations and by teaching in a night school, until his third year in the university, when he became a student in the Union College of Law, being admitted to the bar in 1879; was elected from Cook County to the Thirty-fifth General Assembly (1884), and re-elected to the Thirty-sixth, Thirtyeighth and Thirty-ninth, being chosen Speaker of the latter (Jan. 18, 1895). Died in office, at Freeport, m, July 8, 1895, during a special session of the General Assembly.

MI AMIS, The. The preponderance of authority favors the belief that this tribe of Indians was originally a part of the Ill-i-ni or Illinois, but the date of their separation from the parent stock cannot be told. It b likely, however, that it occurred before the French pushed their explorations from Canada westward and southward, into and along the Mississippi Valley. Father Dablon alludes to the presence of Miamis (whom he calls Ou-mi-a-mi) in a mixed Indian village, near the mouth of Fox River of Wisconsin, in 1670. The orthography of their name is varied. The Iroquois and the British generally knew them as the "Twightwees," and so they were commonly called by the American colonists. The Weas and Piankeshaws were of the same tribe. When La Salle founded his colony at Starved Rock, the Miamis had villages which could muster some 1,950 warriors, of which the Weas had 500 and the Piankeshaws 150, the remaining 1,800 being Miamis proper. In 1671 (according to a written statement by Charlevoix in 1721). the Miamis occupied three villages: - one on the St. Joseph River, one on the Maumee and one on the "Ouabache" (Wabash). They were friendly toward the French until 1694, when a large number of them were massacred by a party of Sioux, who carried firearms which had been furnished them by the Frenchmen. The breach thus caused was never closed. Having become possessed of guns themselves, the Miamis were able, not only to hold their own, but also to extend their hunting grounds as far eastward as the Scioto, alternately warring with the French, British and Americans. Greneral Harrison says of them that, ten years before the treaty of Greenville, they could have brought upon the field a body of 8,000 "of the finest light troops in the world,'* but lacking in discipline and enterprise. Border warfare and smallpox, however, had, by that date (1795), greatly reduced th^ numerical strength. The main seat of the Miamis was at Fort Wayne, whose residents, because of their superior numbers and intelligence, dominated all other bands except the Piankeshaws. The physical and moral deterioration of the tribe began immediately after the treaty of Greenville. Little by little, they ceded their lands to the United States, the money received therefor being chiefly squandered in debauchery. Decimated by vice and disease, the remnants of this once powerful aboriginal nation gradually drifted westward across the Mississippi, whence their valorous sires had emigrated two centuries before. The small remnant of the band finally settled in Indian Territory, but they have made comparatively little progress toward civilization. (See also Piankeshaws; Weas.)

MICHAEL REESE HOSPITAL, located in Chicago, under care of the association known as the United Hebrew Charities. Previous to 1871 this association maintained a small hospital for the care of some of its beneficiaries, but it was destroyed in the conflagration of that year, and no immediate efifort to rebuild was made. In 1880, however, Michael Reese, a Jewish gentleman who had accumulated a large fortune in California, bequeathed $97,000 to the organization. With this sum, considerably increased by additions from other sources, an imposing building was erected, well arranged and thoroughly equipped for hospital purposes. The institution thus founded was named after its principal benefactor. Patients are received without discrimination as to race or religion, and more than half those admitted are charity patients. The present medical staff consists of thirteen surgeons and physicians, several of whom are eminent specialists.

MICHIGAN CENTRAL RAILROAD. The main line of this road extends from Chicago to Detroit, 270 miles, vdth trackage facilities from Kensington, 14 miles, over the line of the Illinois Central, to its terminus in Chicago. Branch lines (leased, proprietary and operated) in

Canada, Michigan, Indiana and Illinois swell the total mileage to 1,643.56 miles. - (History.) The company was chartered in 1846, and purchased from the State of Michigan the line from Detroit to Kalamazoo, 144 miles, of which construction had been begim in 1836. The road was completed to Michigan City in 1850, and, in May, 1852, reached Kensington, 111. As at present constituted, the road (with its auxiliaries) forms an. integral part of what is popularly known as the **Vanderbilt System." Only 35 miles of the entire line are operated in Illinois, of which 29 belong to the Joliet & Northern Indiana branch (which see). The outstanding capital stock (1808) was $18,- 738,000 and the funded debt, $19,101,000. £an>- ings in Illinois the same year, $484,002; total operating exx)enses, $540,905; taxes, $24,250. MICHIGAN, LAKE. (See Lake Michigan,) MIHALOTZT, Geza, soldier, a native of Hungary and compatriot of Kossuth in the Magyar struggle; came to Chicago in 1848, in 1861 enlisted in the One Hundred and Twenty -fourth Illinois Volunteers (first "Hecker regiment"), and, on the resignation of Colonel Hecker, a few weeks later, was promoted to the Colonelcy. A trained soldier, he served with gallantry and distinction, but was fatally wounded at Buzzard's Roost, Feb. 24, 1864, dying at Chattanooga, March 11, 1864.

MILAN, a town of Rock Island County, on the Rock Island & Peoria Railway, six miles south of Rock Island; in a farming region on Rock River; has several mills, a bank and a newspaper. Pop. (1890), 692; (1900), 719; (1910), 727. . MILBURN, (Bey.) Williani Henry, clergyman, was bom in Philadelphia, Sept. 26, 1826. At the age of five years he almost totally lost sight in both eyes, as the result of an accident, and subsequent malpractice in their treatment. For a time he was able to decipher letters with difficulty, and thus learned to read. In the face of such obstacles he carried on his studies until 12 years of age, when he accompanied his father^s family to Jacksonville, IlL, and, five years later, became an itinerant Methodist preacher. For a time he rode a circuit covering 200 miles, preaching, on an average, ten times a week, for $100 per year. In 1845, while on a Mississippi steamboat, he publicly rebuked a number of Congressmen, who were his fellow passengers, for intemperance and gaming. This resulted in his being made Chaplain of the House of Representatives. From 1848 to 1850 he was pastor of a church at Mont* gomery, Ala., during which time he was tried for heresy, and later became pastor of a "Free Chxirch.*' Again, in 1853, he was chosen Chap- lain of Congress. While in Europe, in 1859, he took orders in the Episcopal Church, but returned to Methodism in 1871. He was twice chosen Chaplain of the House (1885 and *87) and three times (1893, '95 and '97) elected to the same position in the Senate. He was generally known as **the blind preacher'* and achieved considerable prominence by his eUx^uence as a lecturer on *'What a Blind Man Saw in Europe.*' Among his published writings are, ''Rifle, Axe and Saddlebags*' (1866), "Ten Years of Preacher Life" (1858) and "Pioneers, Preachers and People of the Mississippi Valley" (1860). Died April 10, 1903.

MHiCHBIST, Thomas E., lawyer, was bom in the Isle of Man in 1889, and, at the age of eight years, came to America with his parents, who settled in Peoria, IlL Here he attended school and worked on a farm until the beginning of the Civil War, when he enlisted in the One Hundred and Twelfth Illinois Volunteers, serving until 1865, and being discharged with the rank of Captain. After the war he read law with John I. Bennett - ^then of Galena, but later Master in Chancery of the United States Court at Chicago - was admitted to the bar in 1867, and, for a number of years, served as State's Attorney in Henry CJounty. In 1888 he was a delegate from Illinois to the Republican National Convention, and the following year was appointed by President Harrison United States District Attorney for the Northern District of Iliinois. Since retiring from office in 1898, Mr. Milchrist has been engaged in private practice in Chicago. In 1898 he was elected a State Senator for the Fifth District (city of Chicago) in the Forty-first General Assembly.

MILES9 Nelson A.^ Major-General, was bom at Westminster, Mass., August 8, 1889, and, at the breaking out of the Civil War, was engaged in mercantile pursuits in the city of Boston. In October, 1861, he entered the service as a Second Lieutenant in a Massachusetts regiment, distinguished himself at the bajttles of Fair Oaks, Charles City Cross Roads and Malvern Hill, in one of which he was wounded. In September, 1862, he was Colonel of the Sixtyfirst New York, which he led at Fredericksburg and at Chancellorsville, where he was again severely wounded. He commanded the First Brigade of the First Division of the Second Army Corps in the Richmond campaign, and was made Brigadier-General, May 12, 1864, and Major- General, by brevet, for gallantry shown at Ream*s Station, in December of the same year. At the close of the war he was commissioned Colonel of the Fortieth United States Infantry, and distinguished himself in campaigns against the Indians ; became a Brigadier-General in 1880, and Major- General in 1890, in the interim being in command of the Department of the Columbia, and, after 1890, of the Missouri, with headquarters at Chicago. Here he did much to give efficiency and importance to the post at Fort Sheridan, and, in 1894, rendered valuable service in checking the strike riots about Chicago. Near the close of the year he was transferred to the Department of the East, and, on the retirement of General Schofield in 1895, was placed in command of the army, with headquarters in Washington. During the Spanish- American war (1898) General Miles gave attention to the fitting out of troops for the Cuban and Porto Rican campaigns, and visited Santiago during the siege conducted by General Shafter, but took no active command in the field until the occupation of Porto Rico, which was conducted with rare discrimination and good judgment, and with comparatively little loss of life or suffering to the troops.

MILFORD^ a prosperous village of Iroquois County, on the Chicago & Eastern Illinois Railroad, 88 miles south of Chicago; is in a rich farming region; has water and sewerage systems, electric lights, two brick, and tile works, three large grain elevators, flour mill, three churches, good schools, a public library and a weekly newspaper. It is an important shipping point for grain and live-stock. Population (1890), 957; (1900), 1,077; (1910), 1,316.

MILITARY TRACT, a popular name given to a section of the State, set apart under an act of Congress, passed, May 6, 1812, as bounty -lands for soldiers in the war with Great Britain commencing the same year. Similar reservations in the Territories of Michigan and Louisiana (now Arkansas) were provided for in the same act. The lands in Illinois embraced in this act were situated between the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers, and extended from the junction of these streams due north, by the Fourth Principal Meridian, to the northern boundary of Township 15 north of the **Base Line." This *'base line*' started about opposite the present site of Beardstown, and extended to a point on the Mississippi about seven miles north of Quincy. The northem border of the 'Tract" was identical with the northern boundary of Mercer County, which, extended eastward, reached the Illinois about the present village of De Pue, in the southeastern part of Bureau County, where the Illinois makes a great bend towai^ds the south, a few miles west of the city of Peru. The distance between the Illinois and the Mississippi, by this line, was about 90 miles, and the entire length of the * 'Tract,'' from its northern boundary to the junction of the two rivers, was computed at 169 miles, - <x>nsisting of 90 miles north of the "base line'* and 79 miles south of it, to the junction of the rivers. The "Tract" was surveyed in 1815-16. It comprised 207 entire townships of six miles square, each, and 61 fractional townships, containing an area of 5,360,000 acres, of which 3,500,000 acres - a little less than two-thirds - were appropriated to military bounties. The residue consisted partly of fractional sections bordering on rivers, partly of f luctional quarter-sections bordering on township lines, and containing more or less than 160 acres, and partly of lands that were returned by the surveyors as unfit for cultivation. In addition to this, there were large reservations not coming within the above exceptions, being the overplus o^ lands after satisfying the military claims, and subject to entry and purchase on the same conditions as other Government lands. The "Tract' ' thus embraced the present counties of Calhoun, Pike, Adams, Brown, Schuyler, Hancock, Mc- Donough, Fulton, Peoria, Stark, Knox, Warren, . Henderson and Mercer, with parts of Henry, Bureau, Putnam and Marshall - or so much of them as was necessary to meet the demand for boimties. Immigration to this region set in quite actively about 1828. and the development of some portions, for a time, was very rapid ; but later, its growth was retarded by the conflict of "taxtitles" and bounty -titles derived by piirchase from the original holders. This led to a great deal of litigation, and called for considerable legislation; but since the adjustment of these questions, this region has kept pace with the most favored sections of the State, and it now includes some of the most important and prosperous towns and cities and many of the finest farms in Illinois.

MILITIA* Illinois, taught by the experiences of the War of 1812 and the necessity of providing for protection of its citizens against the incursions of Indians on its borders, began the adoption, at an early date, of such measures as were then common in the several States for the maintenance of a State militia. The Constitution of 1818 made the Governor "Commander-in-Chief of the army and navy of this State, " and declared that the militia of the State should "consist of all free male able-bodied persons (negroes, mulattoes and Indians excepted) resident in the State, oetween the ages of 18 and 45 years," and this classification was continued in the later constitutions, except that of 1870, which omits all reference to the subject of color. In each there is the same general provision exempting persons entertaining "conscientious scruples against bearing arms," although subject to payment of an equivalent for such exemption. The first law on the subject, enacted by the first Oeneral Assembly (1819), provided for the establishment of a general militia system for the State; and the fact that this was modified, amended or wholly changed by acts passed at the sessions of 1821, '23. '25, '26, '27, '29, '33, '37 and '39, shows the estimation in which the subject was held. While many of these acts were of a special character, providing for a particular class of organization, the general law did little except to require persons subject to military duty, at stated periods, to attend county musters, which were often con- * ducted in a very informal manner, or made the occasion of a sort of periodical frolic. The act of July, 1833 (following the Black Hawk War), required an enrollment of "all free, white, male inhabitants of military age (except such as might be exempt under the Ck^nstitution or laws)"; divided the State into five divisions by counties, each division to be organized into a certain specified number of brigades. This act was quite elaborate, covering some twenty-four pages, and provided for regimental, battalion and company musters, defined the duties of officers, manner of election, etc. The act of 1837 encouraged the organization of volunteer companies. The Mexican War (1845-47) gave a new impetus to this class of legislation, as also did the War of the Rebellion (1861-65). While the office of Adjutant-General had existed from the first, its duties - except during the Black Hawk and Mexican Wars - were rather nominal, and were discharged without stated compensation, the incumbent being merely Chief -of-staff to the Governor as Commander-in-Chief. The War of the Rebellion at once brought it into prominence, as an important part of the State Government, which it has since maintained. The various measures passed, during this period, belong rather to the history of the late war than to the subject of this chapter. In 1865, however, the office was put on a different footing, and the important part it had played, during the preceding four years, was recognized by the passage of "an act to provide for the appointment, and designate the work, fix the pay and prescribe the duties, of the Adjutant-General of Illinois.'' During the next four years, its most important work was the publication of eight volumes of war records, containing a complete roster of the officers and men of the various regiments and other military organizations from Illinois, with an outline of their movements and a list oi the battles in which they were engaged. To the Adjutant-General's office, as now administered, is entrusted the custody of the warrecords, battle-fiags and trophies of the late war. A further step was taken, in 1877, in the passage of an act formulating a military code and providing for more thorougs organization. Modifying amendments to this act were adopted in 1879 and 1885. While, under these laws, "all able-bodied male citizens of this State, between the ages of 18 and 45*' (with certain specified exceptions), are declared "subject to military duty, and designated as the Illinois State Militia,'* provision is made for the organization of a body of "active militia,** designated as the "Illinois National Guard,** to consist of "not more than oighty-four companies of infantry, two batteries of artillery and two troops of cavalry,*' recruited by voluntary enlistments for a period of three years, with right to re-enlist for one or more years. The National Guard, as at present constituted, consists of three brigades, with a total force of about 9,000 men, organized into nine regiments, besides the batteries and cavalry already mentioned. Gratling guns are used by the artillery and breechloading rifles by the infantry. Camps of instruction are held for the regiments, respectively - one or more regiments participating - each year, usually at "Camp Lincoln*' near Springfield, when regimental and brigade drills, competitive rifle practice and mock battles are had. An act establishing the "Naval Militia of Illinois," to consist of "not more than eight divisions or companies," divided into two battalions of four div^^ sions each, was passed by the General Assembly of 1898 - the whole to be under the command of an officer with the rank of Commander. The commanding officer of each battalion is styled a "Lieutenant-Commander,** and both the Commander and Lieutenant-Commanders have their respective staffs - their organization, in other respects, being conformable to the laws of the United States. A set of "Regulations,** based upon these several laws, has been prepared by the Adjutant-General for the government of the various organizations. The Governor is authorized, by law, to call out the militia to resist invasion, or to suppress violence and enforce execution of the laws, when called upon by the civil authorities of any city, town or county. This authority, however, is exercised with great discretion, and only when the local authorities are deemed unable to cope with threatened resistance to law. The officers of the National Guard, when called into actual service for the suppression of riot or the enforcement of the laws, receive the same compensation paid to officers of the United States army of like grade, while the enlisted men receive $2 per day. During the time they are at any encampment, the officers and men alike receive |1 per day. with necessary subsistence and cost of transportation to and from the encampment. (For list of incumbents in Adjutant-Greneral*s office, see Adjutants-Oeneral; see, also, Spanish' American War )

MILLER, James H*« Speaker of the House of Representatives, was born in Ohio, May 29, 1848; in early life came to Toulon, Stark County, 111., where he finally engaged in the practice of law. At the beginning of the Rebellion he enlisted in the Union army, but before being mustered into the service, received an injury which rendered him a cripple for life. Though of feeble physical organization and a sufferer from ill-health, he was a man of decided ability and much influence. He served as State's Attorney of Stark County (1872-76) and, in 1884, was elected Representative in the Thiriiy-fourth General Assembly, at the following session being one of the most zealous supporters of Gen. John A. Logan, in the celebrated contest which resulted in the election of the latter, for the third time, to the United States Senate. By successive re-elections he also Served in the Thirty-fifth and Thiri;y-sixth General Assemblies, during the session of the latter being chosen Speaker of the House, as successor to A. C. Matthews, who had been appointed, during the session. First Comptroller of the Treasury at Washington. In the early part of the summer of 1890, Mr. Miller visited Colorado for the benefit of his health, but, a week after his arrival at Manitou Springs, died suddenly, June 27, 1890.

MILLS^ BeQjamin^ lawyer and early politician, was a native of Western Massachusetts, and described by his contemporaries as a highly educated and accomplished lawyer, as well as a brilliant orator. The exact date of his arrival in lUinois cannot be determined with certainty, but he appears to have been in the "Lead Mine Region*' about Galena, as early as 1826 or '27, and was notable as one of the first "Yankees" to locate in that section of the State. He was elected a Representative in the Eighth General Assembly (1832), his district embracing the counties of Peoria, Jo Daviess, Putnam, La Salle and Cook, including all the State north of Sangamon (as it then stood), and extending from the Mississippi River to the Indiana State line. At this session occurred the impeachment trial of Theophilus W. Smith, of the Supreme Ck)urt, Mr. Mills acting as Chairman of the Impeachment Committee, and delivering a speech of great power and brilliancy, which lasted two or three days. In 1834 he was a candidate for Congress from the Northern District, but was defeated by William L. May (Democrat), as claimed by Mr. Miirs friends, unfairly. He early fell a victim to consumption and, returning to Massachusetts, died in Berkshire County, in that State, in 1841. Hon. R. H. McClellan, of Gralena, says of him: "He vras a man of remarkable ability, learning and eloquence," while Oovemor Ford, in his "History of Illinois," testifies that, "by common consent of all his contemporaries, Mr. Mills was regarded as the most popular and brilliant lawyer of his day at the Galena bar."

MILLS^ Henry A*, State Senator, was. bom at New Hartford, Oneida County, N. Y., in 1827; located at Mount Carroll; Carroll County, IlL, in 1866, finally engaging in the banking business at that place. Having served in various local offices, he was, in 1874, chosen State Senator for the Eleventh District, but died at Galesburg before the expiration of his term, July 7, 1877.

MILLS^ Lnther Laflin, lawyer, was bom at North Adams, Mass., Sept. 8, 1848; brought to Chicago in infancy, and educated in the public schools of that city and at Michigan State University. In 1868 he began the study of law, was admitted to practice three years later, and, in 1876, was elected State's Attorney, being reelected in 1880. While in this office he was connected with some of the most important cases ever brought before the Chicago courts. Although he held no official position except that already mentioned, his abilities at the bar and on the rostrum were widely recognized, and his services, as an attorney and an orator, have been in frequent demand. Died Jan. 18, 1909.

MILLSTADT, a town in St. Clair County, on branch of Mobile & Ohio Railroad, 14 miles southsoutheast of St. Louis; has electric lights, churches, schools, bank, newspaper, coal mines, and manufactures flour.' beer and butter. Population (1890), 1,186; (1900), 1,172; (1910), 1,140.

in Ohio, the latter year coming to Chicago, where he worked at his trade of watch-maker. In 1855 he went to Central America and was with General William Walker at Greytown. Returning to Illinois, he resumed his trade at Springfield ; in 1857 he was appointed, by Auditor Dubois, chief clerk in the Auditor's office, serving until 1864, when he was elected State Auditor as successor to his chief. Retiring from office in 1869, he gave attention to his private business. He was one of the founders and a Director of the Springs field Iron Company. Died in 1879.

MI NIER, a village of Tazewell County, at the intersection of the Jacksonville Division of the Chicago <& Alton and the Terre Haute & Peoria Railroads, 26 miles southeast of Peoria; is in fine farming district and has several grain elevators, some manufactures, two banks and a newspaper. Pop. (1890), 664; (1900), 746; (1910), 690.

MINONK, a city in Woodford County, 29 miles north of Bloomington and 53 miles northeast of Peoria, on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe and the Illinois Central Railways. The surrounding region is agricultural, though much coal is mined in the vicinity. The city has brick yards, tile factories, steam flouring-mills, several grain elevators, two private banks and two weekly newspapers. Population (1880), 1,913; (1890), 2,316; (1900), 2,546; (1910), 2,070.

MIirORITY REPRESENTATION, a method of choosing members of the General Assembly and other deliberative bodies, designed to secure representation, in such bodies, to minority parties. In Illinois, this method is limited to the election of members of the lower branch of the General Assembly - except as to private corporations, which may, at their option, apply it in the election of Trustees or Directors. In the apportionment of members of the General Assembly (see Legis^ -lative Apportionment), the State Constitution requires that the Senatorial and Representative Districts shall be identical in territory, each of such Districts being entitled to choose one Senator and three Representatives. The provisions of the Constitution, making specific application of the principle of * 'minority representation" (or "cumulative voting," as it is sometimes called), declares that, in the election of Representatives, *'each qualified voter may cast as many votes for one candidate as there are Representatives, or (he) may distribute the same, or equal parts thereof, among the candidates as he shall see fit." (State Constitution, Art. IV, sections 7 and 8.) In practice, this provision gives the voter power to cast three votes for one candidate; two

for one candidate and one for another, or one and a half votes to each of two candidates, or he may distribute his vote equally among three candidates (giving one to each); but no other division is admissible without invalidating his ballot as to this office. Other forms of minority representation have been proposed by various writers, among whom Mr. Thomas Hare, John Stuart Mill, and Mr. Craig, of England, are most prominent ; but that adopted in Illinois seems to be the simplest and most easy of application.

MINSHALL, William A., legislator and jurist, a native of Ohio who came to Rushville, 111., at an early day, and entered upon the practice of law; served as Representative in the Eighth, Tenth and Twelfth General Assemblies, and as Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention of 1847. He was elected Judge of the Circuit Court for the Fifth Circuit, under the new Constitution, in 1848, and died in oflBce, Nov. 5, 1862, being succeeded by the late Judge Pinkney H. Walker.

MISSIONARIES, EABLT. The earUest Christian missionaries in Illinois were of the Roman Catholic faith. As a rule, these accompanied the French explorers and did not a little toward the extension of French dominion. They were usually members of one of two orders - the **Recollects," founded by St. Francis, or the "Jesuits," founded by Loyola. Between these two bodies of ecclesiastics existed, at times, a strong rivalry; the former having been earlier in the field, but having been virtually subordinated to the latter by Cardinal Richelieu. The controversy between the two orders gradually involved the civil authorities, and continued imtil the suppression of the Jesuits, in France, in 1704. The most noted of the Jesuit missionaries were Fathers Allouez, Gravier, Marquette, Dablon, Pinet, Rasle, Lamoges, Binneteau and Marest. Of the RecoUects, the most conspicuous were Fathers Membre, Douay, Le Clerq, Hennepin and Ribourde. Besides these, there were also Father Bergier and Montigny, who, belonging to no religious order, were called secular priests. The first Catholic mission, founded in Illinois, was probably that at the original Kaskaskia. on the Illinois, in the present county of La Salle, where Father Marquette did missionary work in 1673, followed by Allouez in 1677. (See Allouez, Claude Jean.) The latter was succeeded, in 1688, by Father Gravier, who was followed, in 1692, by Father Sebastian Rasle, but who, returning in 1694, remained until 1695, when he was succeeded by Pinet and Binneteau. In 1700 Father Marest was in charge of the mission, and the number of Indians among whom he labored was, that year, considerably diminished by the emigration of the Kaskaskias to the south. Father Gravier, about this time, labored among the Peorias, but was incapacitated by a wound received from the medicine man of the tribe, which finally resulted in his death, at Mobile, in 1706. The Peoria station remained vacant for a time, but was finally filled by Father Deville. Another early Catholic mission in Illinois was that at Cahokia. While the precise date of its establishment cannot be fixed with certainty, there is evidence that it was in existence in 1700, being the earliest in that region. Among the early Fathers, who ministered to the savages there, were Pinet, St. Cosme, Bergier and Lamoges. This mission was at first called the Tamaroa, and, later, the mission of St. Sulpice. It was probably the first permanent mission in the Illinois Country. Among those in charge, down to 1718, were Fathers de Montigny, Damon (probably), Varlet, de la Source, and le Mercier. In 1707, Father Mermet assisted Father Marest at Kaskaskia, and, in 1720, that mission became a regularly constituted parish, the incumbent being Father de Beaubois. Rev. Philip Boucher preached and administered the sacraments at Fort St. Louis, where he died in 1719, having been preceded by Fathers Membre and Ribourde in 1680, and by Fathers Douay and Le Clerq in 1687-88. The persecution and banishment of the early Jesuit missionaries, by the Superior Council of Louisiana (of which Illinois had formerly been a part), in 1768, is "a curious chapter in State history. That'body, following the example of some provincial legislative bodies in France, officially declared the order a dangerous nuisance, and decreed the confiscation of aU its property, including plate and vestments, and the razing of its churches, as well as the banishment of its members. This decree the Louisiana Council undertook to enforce in Illinois, disregarding the fact that that territory had passed under the jurisdiction of Great Britain. The Jesuits seem to have offered no resistance, either physical or legal, and all members of the order in Illinois were ruthlessly, and without a shadow of authority, carried to New Orleans and thence deported to France. Only one - Father Sebastian Louis Meurin - was allowed to return to Illinois ; and he, only after promising to recognize the ecclesiastical authority of the Superior Council as supreme, and to hold no communication with Quebec or Rome. The labors of the missionaries, apart from spiritual results, were of great value. They perpetuated the records of early, discoveries, reduced the language, and even dialects, of the aborigines, to grammatical rules, and preserved the orig^inal traditions and described the customs of the savages. (Authorities: Shea and Kip's "Catholic Missions," * 'Magazine of Western History," Winsor's "America," and Shea's "Catholic Church in Colonial Days.")

MISSISSIPPI BITER. (Indian name, "Missi Sipi," the ** Great Water.") Its head waters are in the northern part of Minnesota, 1,680 feet above tide-water. Its chief source is Itasca Lake, which is 1,575 feet higher than the sea, and which is fed by a stream having its source within one mile of the head waters of the Red River of the North. From this sheet of water to the mouth of the river, the distance is variously estimated at from 3,000 to 8,160 ^les. LAke Itasca is in lat. 47*' 10' north and Ion. 95' 20' west from Greenwich. The river at first runs northward, but soon turns toward the east and expands into a series of small lakes. Its course, as far as Crow Wing, is extremely sinuous, below which point it runs southward to St. Cloud, thence southeastward to Minneapolis, where occur the Falls of St. Anthony, establishing a complete barrier to navigation for the lower Mississippi. In less than a mile the river descends 66 feet, including a perpendicular fall of 17 feet, furnishing an immense water-power, which is utilized in operating flouring-mills and other manufacturing establishments. A few miles below St. Paul it reaches the western boundary of Wisconsin, where it expands into the long and beautiful Lake Pepin, bordered by picturesque limestone . bluffs, some 400 feet high. Below Dubuque its general direction is southward, and it forms the boundary between the States ot Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas and the northern part of Louisiana, on the west, and Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee and Mississippi, on the east. After many sinuous turnings in its southern course, it enters the Gulf of Mexico by three principal passes, or mouths, at the southeastern extremity of Plaquemines Parish, La., in lat. 29' north and Ion. 89' 12' west. Its principal affluents on the right are the Minnesota, Iowa, Des Moines, Missouri, Arkansas and Red Rivers, and, on the left, the Wisconsin, Illinois and Ohio. The Missouri River is longer than that part of the Mississippi above the point of junction, the distance from its source to the delta of the latter being about 4,300 miles, which exceeds that of any other river in the world. The width of the stream at St. Louis is about 8.500 feet, at the mouth of the Ohio nearly 4,500 feet, and at New Orleans about 2,500 feet. The mean velocity of the current between St. Louis and the Gulf of Mexico is about five to five and one-half miles per hour. The average depth below Red River is said to be 121 feet, though, in the vicinity of New Orleans, the maximum is said to reach 150 feet. The principal rapids below the Falls of St. Anthony are at Rock Island and the Des Moines Rapids above Keokuk, the former having twenty-two feet fall and the latter twenty-four feet. A canal around the Des Moines Rapids, along the west bank of the river, aids navigation. The alluvial banks which prevail on one or both shores of the lower Missi^ppi, often spread out into extensive "bottoms" which are of inexhaustible fertility. The most important of these above the mouth of the Ohio, is the "American Bottom," extending along the east bank from Alton to Chester. Immense sums have been spent in the construction of levees for the protection of the lands along the lower river from overflow, as also in the construction of a system of jetties at the mouth, to improve navigation by deepening the channel.

MISSISSIPPI RITER BRIBOE^ THE, one of the best constructed railroad bridges in the West, spanning the Mississippi from Pike, 111., to Louisiana, Mo. The construction company was chartered, April 25, 1872, and the bridge was ready for the passage of trains on Dec. 24, 1873. On Dec. 3, 1877, it was leased in perpetuity by the Chicago & Alton Railway Company, which holds all its stock and $150,000 of its bonds as an investment, paying a rental of $60,000 per annum, to be applied in the payment of 7 per cent interest on stock and 6 per cent on bonds. In 1894, $71,000 was paid for rental, $16,000 going toward a sinking fund.

MOBILE & OHIO RAILROAD. This company operates 160.6 miles of road in Illinois, of which 151.6 are leased from the St. Louis & Cairo Railroad. (See St Louis & Cairo Railroad.)

MOLINEy a flourishing manufacturing city in Rock Island County, incorporated in 1872, on the Mississippi above Rock Island and opposite Davenport, Iowa; is 168 miles south of west from Chicago, and the intersecting point of three trunk lines of railway. Moline, Rock Island and Davenport are connected by steam and street railways, bridges and ferries. All three obtain water-power from the Mississippi. The region around Moline is rich in coal, and several productive mines are operated in the vicinity. It is an important manufacturiDg point, its chief outputs being agricultural implements, filters, malleable iron, steam engines, vehicles, lumber, organs

(pipe and reed), paper, lead-roofing, wind-mills, milling machinery, and furniture. The city has admirable water- works, several churches, good sohools, gas and electric light plants, a public library, five banks, two daily and three weekly papers; also has an extensive electric power plant, electric street cars and intenirban line. Pop. (1890), 12,000; (1900), 17,248; (1910), 24,199.

MOLONETy Maurice T.^ ex-Attomey-General, was bom in Ireland, in 1849 ; came to America in 1867, and, after a course in the Seminary of '*Omr Lady of the Angels*' at Niagara Falls, studied theology ; then taught for a time in Virginia and studied law at the University of that State, graduating in 1871, finally locating at Ottawa, III., where he served three years as State's Attorney of La SaUe CJounty, and, in 1892, was nominated and elected Attorney-General on the Democratic State ticket, serving until January, 1897.

MOMEXCEy a town in Kankakee County, situated on the Kankakee River and at the intersection of the Chicago & Eastern Illinois and the Indiana, Illinois & Iowa Railroads, 54 miles south of Chicago; has water power, a flouring mill, enameled brick factory, railway repair shops, two banks, two newspapers, five churches and two schools. Pop. (1900), 2,026; (1910), 2,201.

MONMOUTH, the county-seat of Warren County, 20 miles east of the Mississippi River; at point of intersection of two lines of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy and the Iowa Central Railways. The Santa Fe enters Monmouth on the Iowa Central lines. The surrounding country is agricultural and coal yielding. The city has manufactories of agricultural implements, sewerpipe, pottery, paving brick, and cigars. Monmouth College (United Presbyterian) was chartered in 1857, and the library of this institution, with that of Warren County (also located at Monmouth) aggregates 80.000 volumes. There are three national banks, two daily, three weekly papers and one monthly college periodical. Monmouth has had a prosperous gro\7th, and has a p>08toffice building erected by the Government. Pod. (1890), 5,936; (1900), 7,460; (1910), 9,128.

MONMOUTH COLLEGE, an educational institution, controlled by the United Presbyterian denomination, but non-sectarian ; located at lionmouth. It was founded in 1850, its first class graduating in 1858. Its Presidents have been Drs. D. A. Wallace (1856-78) and J. B. McMichael, the latter occupying the position from 1878 until 1897. In 1896 the faculty consisted of fifteen instructors and the number of students was 280.

The college campus covers ten acres, tastefully laid out. The institution confers four degrees - A.B., B.S., M.B., and B.L. For the conferring of the first three, four years' study is required; for the degree of B.L., three years.

MONROE, George D., State Senator, was bom in Jefferson County, N. Y., Sept. 24, 1844, and came with his parents to Illinois in 1849. His father having been elected Sheriff of Will County in 1864, he became a resident of Joliet, serving as a deputy in his father's office. In 1865 he engaged in merchandising as the partner of his father, which was exchanged, some fifteen years later, for the wholesale grocery trade, and, finally, for the real-estate and mortgage-loan business, in which he is stiU employed. He has also been extensively engaged in the stone business some twenty years, being a large stockholder in the Western Stone Company and Vice-President of the concern. In 1894 Mr. Monroe was elected, as a Republican, to the State Senate from the Twenty-fifth District, serving in the Thirty -ninth and Fortieth Ceneral Assemblies, and proving himself one of the most influential members of that body.

MONROE COUNTY, situated in the southwest part of the State, bordering on the Mississippi - named for President Monroe. Its area is about 880 *square miles. It was organized in 1816 and included within its boundaries several of the French villages which constituted, for many years, a center of civilization in the West. American settlers, however, began to locate in the district as early as 1781. The county has a diversified surface and is^eavily timbered. The soil is fertile, embracing both upland and river bottom. Agriculture and the manufacture and shipping of limiber constitute leading occupations of the citizens. Waterloo is the county-seat. Population (1900), 13,847; (1910), 13,508.

MONTGOMERY COUNTY, an interior county, situated northeast of St. JjOuIs and south of Springfield; area 740 square miles, population (1910), 35,311 - derives its name from Gen. Richard Montgomery. The earliest settlements by Americans were toward the close of 1816, coimty organization being effected five years later. The entire population, at that time, scarcely exceeded 100 families. The surface is undulating, well watered and timbered. The seat of county government is located at Hillsboro. Litchfield is an important town. Here are situated car-shops and some manufacturing establishments. Conspicuous in the county's history as pioneers were Harris Reavis, Henry Pyatt, John Levi, Aaron Casey

MONTICELLO9 a city and the county-seat of Piatt County, on the Sangamon River, midway between Chicago and St. Louis, on the Kankakee and Bloomington Division of the Illinois Central, and the Chicago and St. Louis Division of the Wabash Railways. The main line of the Illinois Traction System passes through the city. It lies within the "corn belt," and stock-raising is extensively carried on in the surrounding country. Among the city industries are the manufacture of Syrup of Pepsin and Croupeine. The city is lighted by electricity, has several elevators, water system, numerous churches and schools, three banks and two newspapers. Pop. (1910), 1,981- (1916), estimated), 2,600.

MONTICELLO FEMALE SEMINARY, the second institution established in Illinois for the higher education of women - JacksonviUe Female Seminary being the first. It was founded through the munificence of Capt. Benjamin Godfrey, who donated fifteen acres for a site, at Grodfrey, Madison County, and gave $53,000 toward erecting and equipping the buildings. The institution was opened on April 11, 1838, with sixteen young lady pupils, Rev. Theron Baldwin, one of the celebrated **Yale Baftd/' being the first Principal. In 1845 he was succeeded by Miss Philena Fobes, and she, in turn, by Miss Harriet N. Haskell, in 1866, who still remains in charge. In November, 1883, the seminary building, with its contents, was burned ; but the institution continued its sessions in temporary quarters until the erection of a new building, which was soon accomplished through the generosity of alumnae and friends of female education throughout the country. The new structure is of stone, three stories in height, and thoroughly modem. The average number of pupils is 150, with fourteen instructors, and the standard of the institution is of a high character.

MOORE, Clifton H., lawyer and financier, was bom at Kirtland, Lake County, Ohio, Oct. 26, 1817; after a brief season spent in two academies and one term in the Western Reserve Teachers' Seminary, at Kirtland, in 1839 he came west and engaged in teaching at Pekin. 111., while giving his leisure to the study of law. He spent * the next year at Tremont as Deputy County and Circuit Clerk, was admitted to the bar at Springfield in 1841, and located soon after at Clinton, DeWitt County, which has since been his home. In partnership with the late Judge David Davis, of Bloomington, Mr. Moore, a few years later, began operating extensively in Illinois lands, and became one of the laigest land proprietors in the State, besides being interested in a number of manufacturing ventures and a local bank. The only official position of importance he held was that of Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention of 1869-70. He was an enthusiastic collector of State historical and art treasures, of which he possessed one of the most valuable private collections in Illinois. Died April 29, 1901.

MOORE9 Henry, pioneer lawyer, came to Chicago from Concord, Mass., in 1834, and was almost immediately admitted to the bar, also acting for a time as a clerk in the office of CoL Richard J. Hamilton, who held pretty much all the county offices on the organization of Cook County. Mr. Moore was one of the original Trustees of Rush Medical College, and obtained from the Legislature the first charter for a gas company in Chicago. In 1888 he went to Havana, Cuba, for the benefit of his failing health, but subsequently returned to Concord, Mass., where he died some years afterward.

MOORE, James, pioneer, was bom in the State of Maryland in 1750 ; was married in his native State, about 1772, to Miss Catherine Biggs, later removing to Virginia. In 1777 he came to the Illinois Country as a spy. preliminary to the contemplated expedition of Col. George Rogers Clark, which captured Kaskaskia in July, 1778. After the Clark expedition (in which he served as Captain, by appointment of Oov. Patrick Henry), he returned to Virginia, where he remained until 1781, when he organized a party of emigrants, which he accompanied to Illinois, spending the winter at Kaskaskia. The following year they located at a point in the northern part of Monroe County, which afterwards received the name of Bellefontaine. After his arrival in Illinois, he organized a company of '^Minute Men, " of which he was chosen Captain. He was a man of prominence and influence among the early settlers, but died in 1788. A numerous and influential family of his descendants have grown up in Southern Illinois. --John (Moore), son of the preceding, was bom in Maryland in 1773, and brought by his father to Illinois eight years later. He married a sister of Gen. John D. Whiteside, who afterwards became State Treasurer, and also served as Fund Commissioner of the State of Illinois under the internal improvement system. Moore was an officer of the State Militia, and served in S* company of rangers during the War of 1812; was also the first Ck>unty Treasurer of

Monroe County. Died, July 4, 1838. - James B. (Moore), the third son of Capt. James Moore, was bom in 1780, and brought to Illinois by his parents; in his early manhood he followed the business of keel-boating on the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers, visiting New Orleans, Pittsburg and other points; became a prominent Indian fighter during the War of 1812, and was commissioned Captain by Qovernor Edwards and authorized to raise a company of moimted rangers; also served as Sheriff of Monroe County, by appointment of Governor Edwards, in Territorial days ; was Presidential Elector in 1820, and State Senator for Madison County in 1836-40, dying in the latter year. - Enoch (Moore), fourth son of Capt. James Moore, the pioneer, was bom in the old block-house at Bellefontaine in 1782, being the first child bom of American parents in Illinois; served as a **ranger" in the company of his brother, James B. ; occupied the ofi&ce of Clerk of the Circuit Court, and afterwards that of Judge of Probate of Monroe County during the Territorial period ; was Delegate to the Constitutional Convention of 1818, and served as Representative from Monroe County in the Second Oeneral Assembly, later filling various county offices for some twenty years. He died in 1848.

MOOREy Jesse H«, clergyman, soldier and Congressman, bom near Lebanon, St. Clair Cotmty, I1L| April 22, 1817, and graduated from McKendree College in 1842. For thirteen years he was a teacher, during portions of this period being successively at the head of three literary institutions in the West. In 1849 he was ordained a minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, but resigned pastorate duties in 1862, to take part in the War for the Union, organizing the One Hundred and Fifteenth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, of which he was commissioned Colonel, also serving as brigade commander during the last year of the war, and being brevetted Brigadier-General at its close. After the war he re-entered the ministry, but, in 1868, while Presiding Elder of the Decatur District, he was elected to the Forty-first Congress as a Republican, being re-elected in 1870; afterwards served as Pension Agent at Springfield, and, in 1881, was appointed United States Consul at Callao, Peru, dying in office, in that city, July 11, 1883.

ilOOBEy John, Lieutenant-Qovemor (1842-46) ; was bom in Lincolnshire, Eng., Sept. 8, 1793; came to America and settled in Illinois in 1830, spending most of his life as a resident of Bloomington. In 1838 he was elected to the lower branch of the Eleventh General Assembly from the McLean District, and, in 1840, to the Senate, but before the close of his term, in 1842, was elected Lieutenant-Governor with Qov. Thomas Ford. At the outbreak of the Mexican War he took a conspicuous part in recruiting the Fourth Regiment Illinois Volunteers (Col. E. D. Baker *s), of which he was chosen Lieutenant-Colonel, serving gallantly throughout the struggle. In 1848 he was appointed State Treasurei:, as successor of Milton Carpenter, who died in office. In 1850 he was elected to the same office, and continued to discharge its duties until 1857, when he was succeeded by James Miller. Died, Sept. 23, 1863.

MOORE, Blsdon, pioneer, was bom in Delaware in 1760 ; removed to North Carolina in 1789, and, a few years later, to Hancock County, Ga., where he served two terms in the Legislature. He emigrated from Greorgia in 1812, and settled in St. Clair County, 111. - besides a family of fifteen white persons, bringing with him eighteen colored people - the object of his removal being to get rid of slavery. He purchased a farm in what was known as the **Turkey Hill Settlement," about four miles east of Belleville, where he resided until his death in 1828. Mr. Moore became a prominent citizen, was elected to the Second Territorial House of Representatives, and was chosen Speaker, serving as such for two sessions (1814-15). He was also Representative from St. Clair Coimty in the First, Second and Third General Assemblies after the admission of Illinois into the Union. In the last of these he was one of the most zealous opponents of the pro-slavery Convention scheme of 1822-24 He left a numerous and highly respected family of descendants, who were afterwards prominent in public affairs. - William (Moore), his son, served as a Captain in the War of 1812, and also commanded a company in the Black Hawk War. He represented St. Clair County in the lower branch of the Ninth and Tenth General Assemblies; was a local preacher of the Methodist Church, and was President of the Board of Trustees of McKendree College at the time of his death in 1849. - Rlsdon (Moore), Jr., a cousin of ttte first named Risdon Moore, was a Representative from St. Clair County in the Fourth General Assembly and Senator in the Sixth, but died before the expiration of bis term, being succeeded at the next session by Adam W. Snyder.

MOORE, Stephen Rlchey, lawyer, was bom of Scotch ancestry, in Cincinnati, Ohio, Sept. 22. 1832; in 1851, entered Farmers' College near Cincinnati, graduating in 1856, and, having qualified himself for the practice of law, located the following year at Kankakee, 111., which has since heen his home. In 1858 he was employed in defense of the late Father Chiniquy, who recently died in Montreal, in one of the celebrated suits begun against him by dignitaries of the Roman Catholio Church. Mr. Moore is a man of striking appearance and great independence of character, a Methodist in religious belief and has generally acted politically in co-operation with the Democratic party, though strongly antislavery in his views. In 1872 he was a delegate to the Liberal Republican Convention at Cincinnati which nominated Mr. Greeley for the Presidency, and, in 1896, participated in the same way in the Indianapolis Convention which nominated Gen. John M. Palmer for the same office, in the following campaign giving the "Gold Democracy" a vigorous support.

MORAITy Thomas A., lawyer and jurist, was bom at Bridgeport, Conn., Oct. 7, 1889; received his preliminary education in the district schools of Wisconsin (to which State his father's family had removed in 1846), and at an academy at Salem, Wis. ; began reading law at Kenosha in 1859, meanwhile supporting himself by teaching. In May, 1865, he graduated from the Albany (N. Y.) Law School, and the same year commenced practice in Chicago, rapidly rising to the front rank of his profession. In 1879 he was elected a Judge of the Cook County Circuit Court, and re-elected in 1885. At the expiration of his second term he resimied private practice. While on the bench he at first hear^ only common law cases, but later divided the business of the equity side of the court with Judge Tuley. In June, 1886, he was assigned to the bench of the Appellate Court, of which tribunal he was, for a year. Chief Justice. Died Nov. 18, 1904.

MORGAN, James Dady, soldier, was bom in Boston, Mass., August 1, 1810, and, at 16 years of age, went for a three years' trading voyage on the ship "Beverly." When thirty days out a mutiny arose, and shortly afterward the vessel was burned. Morgan escaped to South America, and, after many hardships, returned to Boston. In 1834 he removed to Quincy, III., and engaged in mercantile pursuits; aided in raising the "Quincy Grays" during the Mormon difficulties (1844-45) ; during the Mexican War commanded a company in the First Regiment Illinois Volimteers ; in 1861 became Lieutenant-Colonel of the Tenth Regiment in the three months' service, and Colonel on reorganization of the regiment for three years; was promoted Brigadier-General in July, 1862, for meritorious service; commanded a brigade at Nashville, and, in March, 1865, was brevetted Major-General for gallantry at Bentonville, N. C, being mustered out, August 24, 1865. After the war he resumed business at Quincy, IlL, being President of the Quincy Gas Company and Vice-President of a baoik; was also President, for some time, of the Society of the Army of the Cumberland. Died, at Quincy, Sept. 12, 1896.

MORGAN COUNTY, a central county of the State, lying west of Sangamon, and bordering on the Illinois River - named for Oten. Daniel Morgan; area, 563 square miles; population (1910), 34,420. The earliest American settlers were probably Elisha and Seymour Kellogg, who located on Mauvaisterre Creek in 1818. Dr. G^rge Caldwell came in 1820, and was the first physician, and Dr. Ero Chandler settled on the present site of the city of Jacksonville in 1821. Inmiigrants began to arrive in large numbers about 1822, and, Jan. 81, 1823, the county was organized, the first electioh being held at the house of James G. Swinerton, six miles southwest of the present city of Jacksonville. 01mstead's Mound was the first county-seat, but this choice was only temporary. Two years later, Jacksonville was selected, and has ever since so continued. (See Jacksonville.) Cass County was cut o£f from Morgan in 1887, and Scott County in 1889. About 1887 Morgan was the most populous county in the State. The county is nearly equally divided between woodland and prairie, and is well watered. Besides the Illinois River on its western border, there are several smaller streams, among them Indian, Apple, Sandy and Mauvaisterre Creeks. Bituminous coal underlies the eastern part of the county, and thin veins crop out along the Illinois River bluffs. Sandstone has also been quarried.

MORGAN PARK, a suburban village of Cook County, 18 miles south of Chicago, on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway ; is the seat of the Academy (a preparatory branch) of the University of Chicago and the Scandinavian Department of the Divinity School connected with the same institution. Pop. (1890), 1,027; (1900), 2,329; (1910), 3,694. Annexed to Chicago in 1911.

MORMONS5 a religious sect, founded by Joseph Smith, Jr., at Fayette, Seneca County. N. Y., August 6, 1880, styling themselves the "Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. " Membership in 1892 was estimated at 230,000, of whom some 20,000 were outside of the United States. Their religious teachings are i)eculiar. They avow faith in the Trinity and in the Bible (as by them interpreted). They beb'eve, however, that the "Book of Mormon** - assumed to be of divine origin and a direct revelation to Smith - ^is of equal authority with the Scriptures, if not superior to them. Among their ordinances are baptism and the laying-on of hands, and, in their church organization, they recognize various orders - apostles, prophets, pastors, teachers, evangelists, etc. They also believe in the restoration of the Ten Tribes and the literal reassembling of Israel, the return and rule of Christ in person, and the rebuilding of Zion in America. Polygamy is encouraged and made an article of faith, though professedly not practiced under existing laws in the United States. The supreme power is vested in a President, who has authority in temporal and spiritual affairs alike; although there is less effort now than formerly, on the part of the priesthood, to interfere in temporalities. Driven from New York in 1831, Smith and his followers .first settled at Kirtland, Ohio. There, for a time, the sect flourished and built a temple; but, within seven years, their doctrines and practices excited so much hostility that they were forced to make another removal Their next settlement was at Far West, Mo. ; but here the hatred toward them became so intense as to result in open war. From Missouri they recrossed the Mississippi and founded the city of Nauvoo, near Commerce, in Hancock County, 111. The charter granted by the Legislature was an extraordinary instrument, and well-nigh made the city independent of the State. Nauvoo soon obtained commercial importance, in two years becoming a city of some 16,000 inhabitants. The Mormons rapidly became a powerful factor in State politics, when there broke out a more bitter public enmity than the sect had yet encountered. Internal dissensions also sprang up, and, in 1844, a discontented Mormon founded a newspaper at Nauvoo, in which he violently assailed the prophet and threatened him with exposure. Smith's answer to this was the destruction of the printing office, and the editor promptly secured a warrant for his arrest, returnable at Carthage. Smith went before a friendly justice at Nauvoo, who promptly discharged him, but he positively refused to appear before the Cartilage magistrate. Thereupon the latter issued a second warrant, charging Smith with treason. This also was treated with contempt. The militia was called out to make the arrest, and the Mormons, who had formed a strong military organization, armed to defend their leader. After *a few trifling clashes between the soldiers and the "Saints,** Smith was persuaded to surrender and go to Carthage, the county-seat, where he was incarcerated in the coimty jail. Within twenty-four hours (on Sunday, June 27, 1844), a mob attacked the prison. Joseph Smith and his brother Hyrum were killed, and some of their adherents, who had accompanied them to jail, were wounded. Brigham Young (then an apostle) at once assumed the leadership and, after several months of intense popular excite* ment, in the following year led his followers across the Mississippi, finally locating (1847) in Utah. (See also Nauvoo.) There their history has not been free from charges of crime; but, whatever may be the character of the leaders, they have succeeded in building up a prosperous community in a region which they found a virtual desert, a little more than forty years ago. The polity of the Church has been greatly modified in consequence of restrictions placed upon it by Congressional legislation, especially in reference to polygamy, and by contact with other communities. (See Smith, Joseph. )

MOBRIS9 a city and the county-seat of Grundy Coimty, on the Illinois River, the Illinois & Michigan Canal, and the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, 61 miles southwest of Chicago. It is an extensive grain market, and the center of a region rich in bituminous coal. There is valuable water-power here, and much manufacturing is done, including builders* hardware, plows, iron specialties, paper car-wheels, brick and tile, flour and planing-mills, oatmeal and tanned leathei; There are also a normal and scientific school, two national banks and two daily and two weekly newspapers. Population (1880), 3,486; (1890), 3,653; (1900), 4,273; (1910), 4,563.

MOBBf Sy Buekner Smith, early lawyer, bom at Augusta, Ky., August 19, 1800; was admitted to the bar in 1827, and, for seven years thereafter, continued to reside in Kentucky, serving two terms in the Legislature of that State. In 1884 he removed to Chicago, took an active part in the incorporation of the city, and was elected its second Mayor in 1888. In 1840 he was a Whig candidate for Presidential Elector. Abraham Lincoln running on the same ticket, and, in 1852, was defeated as the Whig candidate for Secretary of State. He was elected a Judge of the Seventh Circuit in 1851, but declined a renomination in 1855. In 1856 he accepted the American (or Know-Nothing) nomination for (Governor, and, in 1860, that of the Bell-Everett party for the same office. He was vehemently opposed to the election of either Lincoln or

Breckenridge to the Presidency, believing that civil war would result in either event. A shadow was thrown across his life, in 1864, by his arrest and trial for alleged complicity in a rebel plot to bum and pillage Chicago and liberate the prisoners of war held at Camp Douglas. The trial, however, which was held at Cincinnati, resulted in his acquittal. Died, in Kentucky, Dec. 18, 1879. Those who knew Judge Morris, in his early life in the city of Chicago, describe him as a man of genial and kindly disposition, in spite of his opposition to the abolition of slavery - a fact which, no doubt, had much to do with his acquittal of the charge of complicity with the Camp Douglas conspiracy, as the evidence of his being in communication with the leading conspirators appears to have been conclusive. (See Camp Douglas Conspiracy.)

MOBRIS5 Freeman P., lawyer and politician, was bom in Cook County, IlL, March 19, 1864, labored on a farm and attended the district school in his youth, but completed his education in Chicago, graduating from the Union College of Law, and was admitted to practice in 1874, when he located at Watseka, Iroquois County. In 1884 he was elected, as a Democrat, to the House of Representatives from the Iroquois District, and has since been re-elected in 1888, '94, '96, being one of the most influential members of his party in that body. In 1893 he was appointed by Gtovemor Altgeld Aid-de-Camp, with the rank of Colonel, on his personal staff, but resigned in 1896.

MORRIS9 Isaac Newton, lawyer and Congressman, was bom at Bethel, Clermont County, Ohio, Jan. 22. 1812; educated at Miami University, admitted to the bar in 1835, and the next year removed to Quincy, 111. ; was a member and President of the Board of Canal. Commissioners (1842-43), served in the Fifteenth General Assembly (1846-48) ; was elected to Congress as a Democrat in 1856, and again in 1858, but opposed the admission of Kansas under the Lecompton Constitution ; in 1868 supported General Grant - who had been his friend in boyhood - for President, and, in 1870, was appointed a member of the Union Pacific Railroad Commission. Died, Oct. 29, 1879.

MORRISON, a city, the county-seat of Whiteside County, founded in 1855; is a station on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 124 mileer west of Chicago. Agriculture, dairying and stock-raising are the principal pursuits in the surrounding region. The city has good waterworks, sewerage, electric lighting and several manufactories, including carriage and refrigerator works; also has numerous churches, a large graded school, a pubJic library and adequate banking facilities, and two weekly papers. Greenhouses for cultivation of vegetables for winter market are carried on. Pop. (1910), 2,410.

MORRISON, Isaac L., lawyer and legislator, born in Barren Coimty, Ky., in 1826; was educated in the common schools and the Masonio Seminary of his native State; admitted to the bar, and came to Illinois in 1851, locating at Jacksonville, where he became a leader of the bar and of the Republican party, which he assisted to organize as a member of its first State Ck>nvention at Bloomington, in 1856. He was also a delegate to the Republican National Convention of 1864, which nominated Abraham Lincoln for the Presidency a second time. Mr. Morrison was three times elected to the lower house of the General Assembly (1876, '78 and '82), and, by his clear judgment and incisive powers as a public speaker, took a high rank as a leader in that body. In his later years he gave his attention solely to the practice of his ph)fes8ion in Jacksonville, where he died Feb. 27, 1901.

MORRISON^ James Lowery Donaldson^ politician, lawyer and Congressman, was bom at Kaskaskia, 111., April 12, 1816; at the age of 16 was appointed a midshipman in the United States Navy, but leaving the service in 1886, read law with Judge Nathaniel Pope, and was admitted to the bar, practicing at Belleville. He was elected to the lower house of the General Assembly from St. Clair County, in 1844, and to the State Senate in 1848, and again in '54. In 1852 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the Lieutenant-Governorship on the Whig ticket, but, on the dissolution of that party, allied himself with the Democracy, and was, for many years, its leader in Southern Illinois. In 1855 he was elected to Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Lyman Trumbull, who had been elected to the United States Senate. In 1860 he was a candidate before the Democratic State Convention for the nomination for Governor, but was defeated by James C. Allen. After that year he took no prominent part in public affairs. At the outbreak of the Mexican War he was among the first to raise a company of volunteers, and was commissioned Lieutenant-Colonel of the Second Raiment (Colonel Bissell's) . For gallant services at Buena Vista, the Legislature presented him with a sword. He took a prominent part in the incorporation of railroads, and, it is claimed, drafted and introduced in the Legislature the charter of

MOBBISONy William^ pioneer merchant, came from Philadelphia, Pa., to Kaskaskia, IlL, in 1790, as representative of the mercantile house of Bryant & Morrison, of Philadelphia, and finally established an extensive trade throughout the Mississippi Valley, supplying merchants at St. Louis, St. Genevieve, Cape Girardeau and New Madrid. He is also said to have sent an agent with a stock of goods across the plains, with a view to opening up trade with the Mexicans at Santa F6, about 1804, but was defrauded by the agent, who appropriated the goods to his own benefit without accounting to his employer. He became the principal merchant in the Territory, doing a thriving business in early days, when Kaskaskia was the principal supply point for merchants throughout the valley. He is described as a public-spirited, enterprising man, to whom was due the chief part of the credit for securing construction of a bridge across the Kaskaskia River at the town of that name. He died at Kaskaskia in 1837, and was buried in the cemetery there. - Robert (Morrison), a brother of the preceding, came to Kaskaskia in 1798, was appointed Clerk of the Common Pleas Court in 1801, retaining the position for many years, besides holding other local offices. He was the father of Col. James L D. Morrison, politician and soldier of the Mexican War, whose sketch is given elsewhere. - Joseph (Morrison), the oldest son of William Morrison, went to Ohio, residing there several years, but finally returned to Prairie du Rocher, where he died in 1845. - James^ another son, went to Wisconsin ; William located at Belleville, dying there in 1843; while Lewisy another son, settled at Covington, Washington County, m, where he practiced medicine up to 1851; then engaged in mercantile business at Chester, dying there in 1856.

MORRISON, William Ralls, ex-Congressman, Inter-State Commerce Commissioner, was bom, Sept. 14, 1825, in Monroe County, IlL, and educated at McKendree College: served as a private in the Mexican War, at its close studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1855; in 1852 was elected Clerk of the Circuit Court of Monroe County, but resigned before the close of his term, accepting the office of Representative in the State Legislature, to which he was elected in 1854; was re-elected in 1856. and again in 1858, serving as Speaker of the House during the session of 1859. In 1861 he assisted in organizing the Forty-ninth Regiment Illinois Volunteers and was commissioned ColoneL The regiment was mustered in, Dec. 31, 1861, and took part in the battle of Fort Donelson in Febraary following, where he was severely wounded. While yet in the service, in 1862, he was elected to Congress as a Democrat, when he resigned his commission, but was defeated for re-election, in 1864, by Jehu Baker, as he was again in 1866. In 1870 he was again elected to the General Assembly, and, two years later (1872), returned to Congress from the Belleville District, after which he served in that body, by successive re-elections, nine terms and tmtil 1887, being for several terms Chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee and prominent in the tariff legislation of that period. In March, 1887, President Cleveland appointed him a member of the first Inter-State Commerce Commission for a period of five years; at the close of his term he was reappointed, by President Harrison, for a full term of six years, serving a part of the time as President of the Board, and retiring from office in 1898. Died Sept. 29, 1909.

MORRISON ?1LLE, a town in Christian County, situated on the Wabash Railway, 40 miles southwest of Decatur and 20 miles northnorther, st of Litchfield Grain is extensively raised in the surrounding region, and Morrisonville, with its elevators and mill, is an important shipping-point It has brick and tile works, a pmnp factory, electric lights, banks, several churches, graded and high schools, and a weekly paper. Pop. (1900), 934; (1910), 1,126.

MORTON, a viUage of Tasewell County, at the intersection of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe and the Terre Haute & Peoria Railroads, 10 miles southeast of Peoria; has factories, a bank and a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 894; (1910), 1,004.

MORTOIT, Joseph, pioneer farmer and legislator, was bom in Virginia, August 1, 1801 ; came to Madison Ck>unty, IlL, in 1819, and the following year to Morgan County, when he engaged in farming in the vicinity of Jacksonville. He served as a member of the House in the Tenth and Fifteenth General Assemblies, and as Senator in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth. He was a Democrat in politics, but, on questions of State and local policy, was non-partisan, faithfully representing the interests of his constituents. Died, at his home near Jacksonville, Bfarch 2, 1881.

MOSES, Adolph, lawyer, was bom in Speyer. Germany, Feb. 27, 1887, and, until fifteen years of age, was educated in the public and Latin schools of his native country ; in the latter part of 1852, came to America, locating in New Orleans, and, for some years, being a law student in Louisiana University, under the preoeptorship of Randall Hunt and other eminent lawyers of that State. In the early days of the Civil War he espoused the cause of the Confederacy, serving some two years as an officer of the Twenty-first Louisiana Regiment Coming north at the expiration of this period, he resided for a time in Quincy, IlL, but, in 1869, removed to Chicago, where he took a place in the front rank at the bar, and where he spent his last years. Although in sympathy with the general principles of the Democratic party, Judge Moses was an independent voter, as shown by the fact that he voted for General Grant for Ftesident in 1868, and supported the leading measures of the Republican party in 1896. He was editor and publisher of " The National Corporation Reporter," established in 1890, which was devoted to the discussion of corporation interests. l)ied Nov. 6, 1905.

MOSE89 Johiiy lawyer and author, was bom at Niagara Falls, Canada, Sept. 18, 1825; came to Illinois in 1887, his family locating first at Naples, Scott Cpunty. He pursued the vocation of a teacher for a time, studied law, was eleoted Clerk of the Circuit Court for Scott County in 1856, and served as County Judge from 1857 to 1861. The latter year he became the private secretary of Governor Yates, serving until 1863, during that period assisting in the organization of seventyseven regiments of Illinois Volunteers. While serving in this capacity, in company with Governor Yates, he attended the famous conference of loyal Governors, held at Altoona, Pa., in September, 1862, and afterwards accompanied the Gk>vemors in their call upon President Lincoln, a few days after the issue of the preliminary proclamation of emancipation. Having received the appointment, from President Lincoln, of Assessor of Internal Revenue for the Tenth Illinois District, he resigned the position of private secretary to Go'yemor Yates. In 1874 he was chosen Representative in the Twenty-ninth General Assembly for the District composed of Scott, Pike and Calhoun Counties; served as a delegate to the National Republican Convention at Philadelphia, in 1872, and as Secretary of the Board of Railroad and Warehouse Commissioners for three years (1880-88). He was then appointed Special Agent of the Treasury Department, and assigned to duty in connection with the customs revenue at Chicago. In 1887 he was chosen Secretary of the Chicago Historical Society, serving until 1898. While connected with the Chicago Historical Library he brought out the most complete History of Illinois yet published, in two volumes, and also, in connection with the late Major Kirkland, edited a History of Chicago in two large volumes. Other literary work done by Judge Moses, includes ''Personal Reoolleotions of Abraham Lincoln*' and- ''Richard Yates, the War Governor of Illinois," in the form of lectures or addresses. Died in Chicago, July 8, 1898.

MOULTON^ Samuel W., lawyer and Congressman, was bom at Wenham, Mass., Jan. 20, 1822, where he was educated in the public schools. After spending some years in the South, he removed to Illinois (1845), where he studi^ law, and was admitted to the bar, commencing practice at Shelby vUle. From i852 to 1859 he was a member of the lower house of the General Assembly; in 1857, was a Presidential Elector on the Buchanan ticket, and was President of the State Board of Education from 1859 to 1876. In 1864 he was elected, as a Republican, Representative in Congress for the State-at-large, being elected again, as a Democrat, from the Shelbyville District, in 1880 and '82. During his last few years (including the campaign of 1896) Mr. Moulton acted in co-operation with tJie Republican party. Died June 3, 1905.

MOULTRIE GOUNTT9 a comparatively small county in the eastern section of the middle tier of the State - named for a revolutionary hera Area» 840 square miles, and population (by the census of 1910), 14,630. Moultrie was one of the early "stamping grounds'* of the Kickapoos, who were always friendly to English-speaking settlers. The earliest inmiigrants were from the Southwest, but arrivals from Northern States soon followed. County organization was effected in 1848, both Shelby and Macon Counties surrendering a ix>rtion of territory. A vein of good bitimiinous coal underlies the county, but agriculture is the more important industry. Sullivan is the county-seat, selected in 1845. In 1890 its population was about 1,700. Hon. Richard J. Oglesby (former Governor, Senator and a Major-General in the Civil War) began the practice of law here.

MOUIO^BUILBEBS, WORKS OF THE. One of the most conclusive evidences that the Mississippi Valley was once occupied by a people different in customs, character and civilization from the Indians found occupying the soil when the first white explorers visited it, is the existence of certain artificial mounds and earthworks, of the origin and purposes of which the Indians seemed to have no knowledge or tradition. These works extend throughout the valley from the Allegheny to the Rocky Mountains, being much more numerous, however, in some portions than m others, and also Tarying greatly in form. This iaat, with the remains foimd in some of them, has been regarded as evidence that the purposes of their construction were widely variant. They have consequently been classified by archaeologists as sepulchral, religious, or defensive, while some seem to have had a purpose of which writers on the subject are unable to form any satisfactory conception, and which are, therefore, still regarded as an unsolved mystery. Some of the most elaborate of these works are found along the eastern border of the Mississippi Valley, especially in Ohio; and the fact that they appear to belong to the defensive class, has led to the conclusion that this region was occupied by a race practically homogeneous, and that these works were designed to prevent the encroachment of hostile races from beyond the Alleghenies. Illinois being in the center of the valley, comparatively few of these defensive works are foimd here, those of this character which do exist being referred to a diflferent era and race. (See Fortifications, Prehistoric.) While these works are numerous in some portions of Illinois, their form and structure give evidence that they were erected by a peaceful people, however bloody may hkve been some of the rites performed on those designed for a religious purpose. Their numbers also imply a dense population. This is especially true of that portion of the American Bottom opposite the city of St. Louis, which is the seat of the most remarkable group of earth works of this character on the continent. The central, or principal structure of this group, is known, locally, as the great *'Cahokia Moimd," being situated near the creek of that name which empties into the Mississippi just below the city of East St. Louis. It is also called ''Monks' Mound," from the fact that it was occupied early in the present century by a community of Monks of La Trappe, a portion of whom succumbed to the malarial influences of the climate, while the survivors returned to the original seat of their order. This mound, from its form and commanding size, has been supposed to belong to the class called * 'temple mounds,*' and has been described as "the monarch of all similar structures" and the "best representative of its class in North America." The late William Mc Adams, of Alton, who surveyed this group some years since, in his "Records of Ancient Races," gives the following description of this principal structure:

It is not exactly square, being a parallelogram a little longer north and south than east and west. Some thirty feet above the base, on the south side, is an apron or terrace, on which now grows an orchard of considerable size. This terrace is approached from the plain by a graded roadway. Thirty feet above this terrace, and on the west side, is another much smaller, on which are now growing some forest trees. The top, which contains an acre and a half, is divided into two nearly equal parts, the northern part being four or five feet the higher. ... On the north, east and south, the structure still retains its straight side, that probably has changed but little since the settlement of the country by white men, but remains in appearance to-day the same as centuries ago. The west side of the pyramid, however, has its base somewhat serrated and seamed by ravines, evidently made by rainstorms and the elements. From the second terrace a well, eighty feet in depth, penetrates the base of the structure, which is plainly seen to be almost wholly composed of the black, sticky soil of the surrounding plain. It is not an oval or conical mound or hill, but a pyramid with straight sides." The approximate height of this mound is ninety feet. When first seen by white men, this was surmounted by a small conical mound some ten feet in height, from which human remains and various relics were taken while being leveled for the site of a house. Messrs. Squier and Davis, in their report on "Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley," published by the Smithsonian Institute (1848), estimate the contents of the structure at 20,000,000 cubic feet. A Mr. Breckenridge, who visited these mounds in 1811 and published a description of them, estimates that the construction of this principal mound must have required the work of thousands of laborers and years of time. The upper terrace, at the time of his visit, was occupied by the Trappists as a kitchen garden, and the top of the structure was sown in wheat. He also found numerous fragments of flint and earthem vessels, and concludes that "a populous city onoe existed here, similar to those of Mexico described by the first conquerors. The mounds were sites of temples or monuments to great men." According to Mr. McAdams, there are seventy-two mounds of considerable size within two miles of the main structure, the group extending to the mouth of the Cahokia and embracing over one hundred in all Most of these are square, ranging from twenty to fifty feet in height, a few are oval and one or two conical. Scattered among the mounds are also a number of small lakes, evidently of artificial origin. From the fact that there were a number of conspicuous mounds on the Missouri side of the river. on the present site of the city of St. Louis and its environs, it is believed that they all belonged to the same system and had a conmion purpose; the Cahokia Mound, from its superior size, being the center of the group - -and probably used for sacrificial purposes. The whole number of these structures in the American Bottom, whose outlines were still visible a few years ago, was estimated by Dr. J. W. Foster at nearly two hundred, and the presence of so large a number in close proximity, has been accepted as evidence of a large population in the immediate vicinity. Mr. McAdams reports the finding of numerous specimens of pottery and artificial ornaments and implements in the Cahokia moimds and in caves and mounds between Alton and the mouth of the Illinois River, as well as on the latter some twenty-five miles from its mouth. Among the relics found in the Illinois River mounds was a burial vase, and Mr. McAdams says that, in thirty years, he has unearthed more than a thousand of these, many of which closely resemble those found in the mounds of Europe. Dr. Foster also makes mention of an ancient cemetery near Chester, in which **each grave, when explored, is found to contain a cist enclosing a skeleton, for the most part far gone in decay. These cists are built up and covered with slabs of limestone, which here abound. '* - Another noteworthy group of mounds - ^though far inferior to the Cahokia group - exists near Hutsonville in Crawford County. As described in the State (Geological Survey, this group consists of fiftyfive elevations, irregularly dispersed over an area of 1,000 by 1,400 to 1.500 feet, and varying from fourteen to fifty feet in diameter, the larger ones having a height of five to eight feet. From their form and arrangement these are believed to have been mounds of habitation. In the southern portion of this group are four mounds of peculiar construction and larger size, each surrounded by a low ridge or earthwork, with openings facing towards each other, indicating that they were defense-works. The location of this group - a few miles from a prehistoric fortification at Merom, on the Indiana side of the Wabash, to which the name of "Fort Azatlan" has been given - induces the belief that the two groups, like those in the American Bottom and at St. Louis, were parts of the same system. - Professor Kngelman, in the part of the State Geological