Piatt County, Illinois - The whole text, 1917 (part 16 of 26)

Indiana, Bloomington & Western

INDIANA, DECATUR & WESTERN RAILWAT. The entire length of line is 152.5 miles, of which 75.75 miles (with yard-tracks and sidings amoimting to 8 86 miles) lie within Illinois. It extends from Decatur almost due east to the Indiana State line, and has a single track of standard gauge, with a right of way of 100 feet The rails are of steel, well adapted to the traffic, and the ballasting is of gravel, earth and cinders. The bridges (chiefly of wood) are of standard design and well maintained. The amount of capital stock outstanding (1898) is $1,824,000, or 11,998 per mile; total capitalization (including stock and all indebtedness) 3,733,983. The total earnings and income in Illinois, $240,850. (History.) The first organization of this road embraced two companies - the Indiana & Illinois and the Illinois & Indiana - which were consolidated, in 1853, under the name of the Indiana & Illinois Central Railroad Company. In 1875 the latter was sold imder foreclosure and organized as the Indianapolis, Decatur & Springfield Railway Company, at which time the section from Decatur to Montezuma, Ind., was opened. It was completed to Indianapolis in 1880. In 1882 it was leased to the Indiana, Bloomington Sc Western Railroad Company, and operated to 1885, when it passed into the hands of a receiyer, was sold under foreclosure in 1887 and reorganized under the name of the Indianapolis, Decatur & Westem. Again, in 1889, default was made and the property, after being operated by trustees, was sold in 1894 to two companies called the Indiana, Decatur & Western Railway Company (in Indiana) and the Decatur & Eastern Railway Company (in Illinois). These were consolidated in July, 1895, under the present name (Indiana, Decatur & Western Railway Company). In December, 1895, the entire capital stock was purchased by the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Railway Company, and the line is now operated as a part of that system.

Indiana, Illinois & Iowa Railroad

INDIANA, ILLINOIS & IOWA RAILROAD. This line extends from Streator Junction 1.8 miles south of Streator, on the line of the Streator Division of the Wabash Railroad, easterly to the Indiana State line. The total length of the line is 151.78 miles, of which 69.61 miles are in Illinois. Between Streator Junction and Streator, the line is owned by the Wabash Company, but this company pays rental for trackage facilities. About 75 per cent of the ties are of white-oak, the remainder being of cedar; the rails are 56-lb.

steel, and the ballasting is of broken stone, gravel, sand, cinders and earth. A policy of permanent improvements has been adopted, and is being carried forward. The principal traffic is the transportation of freight. The outstanding capital stock (June 80, 1898) was $8,597,800; bonded debt, $1,800,000; total capitalization, $5,517,739; total earnings and income in Illinois for 1898, $418,967; total expenditures in the State, $808,- 844. - (History.) This road was chartered Dec. 27, 1881, and organized by the consolidation of three roads of the same name (Indiana, Illinois & Iowa, respectively), opened to Momence, IlL, in 1882, and through its entire length, Sept. 15, 1888.

Indianapolis, Decatur & Western Indianapolis & St. Louis Railway

INDUSTRIAL ROUE FOR THE BLIND, a State Institution designed to furnish the means of employment to dependent blind persons of both sexes, established imder authority of an act of the liegislature passed at the session of 1898. The institution is located at Douglas Park Boulevard and West Nineteenth Street, in the city of Chicago. It includes a four-story factory with steam-plant attached, besides a four-story building for residence pmrposes. It was opened in 1894, and, in December, 1897, had 62 inmates, of whom 12 were females. The Fortieth G^eneral Assembly appropriated $18,900 for repairs, appliances, library, etc., and $8,000 per annum for ordinary expenses

IN6ERS0LL, Ebon C, Congressman, was bom in Oneida Ck)unty, N. Y., Dec. 12, 1831. His first remove was to Paducah, Ky., where he eompleted his education. He studied law and was admitted to the bar; removing this time to Illinois and settling in Oallatin Ck>imty, in 1842. In 1856 he was elected to represent Gallatin County in the lower house of the General Assembly; in 1862 was the Republican candidate for Congress for the State-at-large, but defeated by J. C. Allen; and, in 1864, was chosen to fill the unexpired term of Owen Lovejoy, deceased, as Representative in the Thirty-eighth Congress. He was re-elected to the Thirty-ninth, Fortieth and Forty-first Congresses, his term expiring, March 4, 1871. He was a brother of Col. Robert G. Ingersoll, and was, for some years, associated with him in the practice of law at Peoria, his home. Died, in Washington, May 81, 1879.

INGERSOLL, Robert Green, lawyer and soldier, was bom at Dresden. Oneida County. N. Y., August 11, 1888. His father, a Congregational clergyman of pronounced liberal tendencies, removed to the West in 1848, and Robertas boyhood was spent in Wisconsin and Illinois. After being admitted to the bar, he opened an office at Shawneetown, in partnership with his brother Ebon, afterwards a Congressman from Illinois. In 1857 they removed to Peoria, and, in 1860, Robert G. was an unsuccessful Democratic candidate for Congress. In 1862 he was commissioned Colonel of the Eleventh Illinois Cavalry, which had been mustered in in December, 1861, and, in 1864, identified himself with the Republican party. In February, 1867, he was appointed by Governor Oglesby the first Attomey-Genmil of the State under the new law enacted that year. As a lawyer and orator he won great distinction. He nominated James G. Blaine for the Presidency in the Republican Convention of 1876, at Cincinnati, in a speech that attracted wide attention by its eloquence. Other oratorical efforts which added greatly to his fame include ''The Dream of the Union Soldier," delivered at a Soldiers* Reunion at Indianapolis, his eulogy at his brother Ebon's grave,^and his memorial address on occasion of the death of Roscoe Conkling. For some twenty years he was the most popular stump orator in the West, and his services in political campaigns were in constant request throughout the Union. To the country at large, in his later years, he was known as an imcompromising assailant of revealed religion, by both voice and pen. Among his best-known publications are "The Gods" (Washington, 1878*); "Ghosts" (1879); "Mistakes of Moses" (1879); "Prose Poems and Selections" (1884) ; "The Brain and the Bible" (Cincinnati, 1882). Colonel IngersoU^s home for some twenty years, in the later part of his life, was in the city of New York. Died, suddenly, from heart disease, at his summer home at Dobb's Ferry, Long Island, July 21, 1899

INGLIS9 Samuel M,^ Superintendent of Publio Instruction, born at Marietta, Pa., August 15, 1838; received his early education in Ohio and, in 1856, came to Illinois, graduating with first honors from the Mendota Collegiate Institute in 1861. , The following year he enlisted in the One Hundred and Fourth Illinois Infantry, but, having \feen discharged for disability, his place was filled by a brother, who was killed at Knoxville, Tenn. In 1865 he took charge of an Academy at HiUsboro, meanwhile studying law with the late Judge E. Y. Rice ; in 1868 he assumed the supers intendency of the publio schools at Greenville, Bond County, remaining until 1883, when he became Professor of Mathematics in the Southern Normal University at Carbondale, being transferred, three years later, to the chair of Literature, Rhetoric and Elocution. In 1894 he was nominated as the Republican candidate for State Superintendent of Public Instruction, receiving a plurality at the November election of 123,598 votes over his Democratic opponent. Died, suddenly, at Kenosha, Wis., June 1, 1898.

INTERNAL IMPROYEMENT POLICY, a name given to a scheme or plan of internal improvement adopted by the Tenth Qeneral Assembly (1837), in compliance with a general wish of the people voiced at many publio gatherings. It contemplated the construction of an extensive system of public works, chiefly in lines of railroad which were not demanded by the commerce or business of the State at the time, but which, it was believed, would induce inmiigration and materially aid in the development of the Staters latent resources. The plan adopted provided for the construction of such works by the State, and contemplated State ownership and management of all the lines of traffic thus constructed. The bill passed the Legislature in February, 1837, but was disapproved by the Executive and the Council of Revision, on the ground that such enterprises might b<B more successfully undertaken and conducted by individuals or private corporations. It was, however, subsequently passed over the veto and became a law, the disastrous effects of whose enactment were felt for many years. The total amount appropriated by the act was $10,200,000, of which $400,000 was devoted to the improvement of waterways; $250,- 000 to the improvement of the **Great Western Mail Route"; $9,350,000 to the construction of railroads, and $200,000 was given outright to counties not favored by the location of railroads oi other improvements within their borders. In addition, the sale of $1,000,000 worth of canal lands and the issuance of $500,000 in canal bonds were authorized, the proceeds to be used in the construction of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, $500,000 of this amount to be expended in 1838. Work began at once. Routes were surveyed and contracts for construction let, and an era of reckless speculation began. Large sums were rapidly expended and nearly $6,500,000 quickly added to the State debt. The system was soon demonstrated to be a failure and was abandoned for lack of funds, some of the * 'improvements" already made being sold to private parties at a heavy loss. This scheme furnished the basis of the State debt under which Illinois labored for many years, and which, at its maximum, reached nearly $17,000,000. (See Macallister <Sb Stebbins Bonds; State Debt; Tenth Qeneral Assembly; Eleventh Qeneral Assembly.)

INUNDATIONS, REMARKABLE. The most remarkable freshets (or floods) in Illinois history have been those occurring in the Mississippi River; though, of course, the smaller tributaries of that stream have been subject to similar conditions. Probably the best account of early floods has been furnished by Gk>v. John Reynolds in his "Pioneer History of Dlinois," - he having been a witness of a number of them. The first of which any historical record has been preserved, occurred in 1770. At that time the only white settlements within the present limits of tbe State were in the American Bottom in the vicinity of Kaskaskia, and there the most serious results were produced. Governor Reynolds says the flood of that year (1770) made considerable encroachments on the east bank of the river adjacent to Fort Chartres, which had originally been erected by the French in 1718 at a distance of three-quarters of a mile from the main channel The stream continued to advance in this direction until 1772, when the whole bottom was again inundated, and the west wall of the fort, having been undermined, fell into the river. The next extraordinary freshet was in 1784, when the American Bottom was again submerged and the residents of Kaskaskia and the neighboring villages were forced to seek a refuge on the bluffs « - some of the people of Cahokia being driven to St. Louis, then a small French village on Spanish soil The most remarkable flood of the present century occurred in May and Jime, 1844, as the result of extraordinary rains preceded by heavy winter snows in the Rocky Mountains and rapid spring thaws. At this time the American Bottom, opposite St. Louis, was inundated from bluff to bluff, and large steamers passed over the sub- merged lands, gathering up cattle and other kinds of property and rescuing the imperiled owners. Some of the villages affected by this flood - as Cahokia, Prairie du Rocher and Kaskaskia - have never fully recovered from the disaster. Another considerable flood occurred in 1826, but it was inferior to those of 1784 and 1844. A notable flood occurred in 1851, when the Mississippi, though not so high opposite St. Louis as in 1844, is said to have been several feet higher at Quincy than in the previous year - the difference being due to the fact that the larger portion of the flood of 1844 came from the Missouri River, its effects being most noticeable below the mouth of that stream. Again, in 1868, a flood did considerable damage on the Upper Mississippi, reaching the highest point since 1851. Floods of a more or less serious character also occurred in 1876, 1880 and again in 1808. Although not so high as some of those previously named, the loss was proportionately greater owing to the larger area of improved lands. The flood of 1898 did a great deal of damage at East St. Louis to buildings and railroads, and in the destruction of other classes of property. - Floods in the Ohio River have been frequent and very disastrous, especially in the upper portions of that stream - ^usually resulting from sudden thaws and ice-gorges in the early spring. With one exception, the highest flood in the Ohio, during the present century, was that of February, 1832, when the water at Cincinnati reached an altitude of sixty-four feet three inches. The recorded altitudes of others of more recent occurrence have been as follows: Dec. 17, 1847 - sixty -three feet seven inches; 1862 - fifty-seven feet four inches; 1882 - fiftyeight feet seven inches. The highest point reached at New Albany, Ind., in 1888, was seventy-three feet - or four feet higher than the flood of 1882. The greatest altitude reached in historic times, at Cincinnati, was in 1884 - the recorded height being three-quarters of an inch in excess of seventy-one feet. Owing to the smaller area of cultivated lands and other improvements in the Ohio River bottoms within the State of Illinois, the loss has been comparatively smaller than on the Mississippi, although Cairo has suffered from both streams. The most serious disasters in Illinois territory from overflow of the Ohio, occurred in connection with the flood of 1888, at Shawneetown, when, out of six himdred houses, all but twenty-eight were flooded to the second story and water ran to a depth of fifteen feet in the main street. A levee, which had been constructed for the protection of the city at great expense, was almost entirely destroyed, and an appropriation of 160,000 was made by the Legislature to indenmify the corporation. On April 8, 1898, the Ohio River broke through the levee at Shawneetown, inundatiilg the whole city and causing the loss of twenty-five lives, ^uch suffering was caused among the people driven from their homes and deprived of the means of subsistence, and it was found necessary to send them tents from Springfield and supplies of food by the State Government and by private contributions from the various cities of the State. The inundation continued for some two or three weeks. - Some destructive floods have occurred in the Chicago River - ^the most remarkable, since the settlement of the city of Chicago, being that of March 12, 1849. This was the result of an icegorge in the Des Plaines River, turning the waters of that stream across '*the divide" into Mud Lake, and thence, by way of the South Branch, into the Chicago River. The accumulation of waters in the latter broke up the ice, which, forming into packs and gorges, deluged the region between the two rivers. When the superabundant mass of waters and ice in the Chicago River began to flow towards the lake, it bore before it not only the accimiulated pack-ice, but the vessels which had been tied up at the wharves and other points along the banks for the winter. A contemporaneous history of the event says that there were scattered along the stream at the time, four steamers, six propellers, two sloops, twentyfour brigs and fifty-seven canal boats. Those in the upper part of the stream, being hemmed in by surrounding ice, soon became a part of the moving mass; chains and hawsers were snapped as if they had been whip-cord, and the whole borne lakeward in indescribable confusion. The bridges at Madison, Randolph and Wells Streets gave way in succession before the immense mass, adding, as it moved along, to the general wreck by falling spars, crushed keels and crashing bridge timbers. **Opposite Kinzie wharf , " says the record, *'the river was choked with sailingcraft of every description, piled together in inextricable confusion.'' While those vessels near the mouth of the river escaped into the lake with comparatively little damage, a large number of those higher up the stream were caught in the gorge and either badly injured or totally wrecked. The loss to the city, from the destruction of bridges, was estimated at $20,000, and to vessels at $88,000 - a large sum for that 'time. The wreck of bridges compelled a return to the primitive system of ferries or extemporized bridges made of boats, to furnish means of communication between the several divisions of the city - a condition of affairs which lasted for several months. - ^Floods about the same time did considerable damage on the Illinois, Fox and Rock Rivers, their waters being higher than in 1838 or 1888, which were memorable flood years on these interior streams. On the former, the village of Peru was partially destroyed, while the bridges on Rock River were all swept away. A flood in the Illinois River, in the spring of 1855, resulted in serious damage to bridges and other property in the vicinity of Ottawa, and there were extensive inundations of the bottom lands along that stream in 1859 and subsequent years. - In February, 1857, a second flood in the Chicago River, similar to that of 1849, caused considerable damage, but was less destructive than that of the earlier date, as the bridges were more substantially constructed. - One of the most extensive floods, in recent times, occurred in the Mississippi River during the latter part of the month of April and early in May, 1897. The value of property destroyed on the lower Mississippi was estimated at many millions of dollars, and many lives were lost. At Warsaw, 111., the water reached a height of nineteen feet four inches above low- water mark on April 24, and, at Quincy, nearly nineteen feet on the 28th, while the river, at points between these two cities, was from ten to fifteen miles wide. Some 25,000 acres of farming lands between Quincy and Warsaw were flooded and the growing crops destroyed. At Alton the height reached by the water was twenty-two feet, but in consequence of the strength of the levees protecting the American Bottom, the farmers in that region suffered less than on some previous years.

IPATA,a town in Fulton County, on one of the branches of the Chicago, Burlington <fe Quincy Railroad, 10 miles west-southwest of Lewistown, and some 44 miles north of Jacksonville. The county abounds in coal, and coal-mining, as well as agriculture, is a leading industry in the surrounding country. Other industries are the manufacture of flour and woolen goods; two banks, four churches, a sanitarium, and a weekly newspaper are also located here. Population (1890), 667; (1900), 749; (1910), 652.

IRON MANUFACTURES. The manufacture of iron, both pig and castings, direct from the furnace, has steadily increased in this State. In 1880, Illinois ranked seventh in the list of States producing manufactured iron, while, in 1890, it bad risen to fourth place, Pennsylvania (which produces nearly fifty per cent of the total product of the country) retaining the lead, with Ohio and Alabama following. In 1890 Illinois had fifteen complete furnace stacks (as against ten in 1880), turning out 674,506 tons, or seven per cent of the entire output. Since then four additional furnaces have been completed, but no figures are at hand to show the increase in production. During the decade between 1880 and 1890, the percentage of increase in output was 616.53. The fuel used is chiefly the native bituminous coal, which is abundant and cheap. Of this, 674,506 tons were used; of anthracite coal, only 88,618 tons. Of the total output of pig-iron in the State, during 1890, 616,659 tons were of Bessemer. Charcoal pig is not made in Illinois.

IROQUOIS COUNTY, a large county on the eastern border of the State; area, 1,100 square miles; population (1910), 35,543. In 1830 two pioneer settlements mere made almost simultaneously, - one at Bunkum (now Concord) and the other at Milford. Among those taking up homes at the former were Gurdon S. Hubbard, Benjamin Fry, and Messrs. Cartwright, Thomas, New* comb, and Miller. At Milford located Robert Hill, Samuel Rush, Messrs. Miles, Pickell and Parker, besides the Cox, l^Ioore and Stanley families. Iroquois County was set off from Vermilion and organized in 1833, - named from the Iroquois Indians, or Iroquois River, which flows through it. The Kickapoos and Pottawatomies did not remove west of the Mississippi imtil 1836-37, but were always friendly. The seat of government was first located at Montgomery, whence it was removed to Middleport, and finally to Watseka. The county is well timbered and the soil underlaid by both coal and building stone. Clay suitable for brick making and the manufacture of crockery is also found. The Iroquois River and the Sugar, Spring and Beaver Creeks thoroughly drain the county. An abimdance of pure, cold water may be found anywhere by boring to the depth of from thirty to eighty feet, a fact which encourages grazing and the manufacture of dairy products. The soil il rich, and well adapted to fruit growing. The principal towns are Gilman (population 1,112), Watseka (2,017), and Milford (957).

IROQUOIS RIYER, (sometimes called Pickamink), rises in Western Indiana and runs westward to Watseka, 111. ; thence it flows northward through Iroauois and part of Kankakee

IRVING, a village In Montgomery County, on the line of the Indianapolis & St. Louis Railroad, 54 miles east-northeast of Alton, and six miles northeast of Hillsboro; has five churches, one bank, a creamery, and a weekly newspaper. Pop. (1900), 675; (1910). 678.

ISHAM^ Edward S.^ lawyer, was bom at Bennington, Vt., Jan. 15, 1886; educated at Lawrence Academy and Williams College, Mass., taking his degree at the latter in 1857; was admitted to the bar at Rutland, Vt.. in 1858, coming to Chicago the same year. Mr. Isham was a Representative in the Twenty-fourth General Assembly (1864-66) and, in 1881, his name was prominently considered for a position on the Supreme bench of the United States. He is the senior member of the firm of Isham, Lincoln & Beale, which has had the management of some of the most important cases coming before the Chicago courts. Died Feb. 16, 1902.

JACKSON, Huntington Woleott, lawyer, bom in Newark, N. J., Jan. 28, 1841, being descended on the maternal side from Oliver Wolcott, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence; received his education at Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass., and at Princeton College, leaving the latter at the close of his jimior year to enter the army, and taking part in the battles of Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville and Gettysburg, a part of the time being on the staff of Maj.-Oen. John Newton, and, later, with Sherman from Chattanooga to Atlanta, finally receiving the rank of Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel for gallant and meritorious service. Returning to civil life in 1865, he entered Harvard Law School for one term, then spent a year in Europe, on his return resuming his legal studies at Newark, N. J. ; came to Chicago in 1867, and the following year was admitted to the bar; has served as Supervisor of South Chicago, as President of the Chicago Bar Association, and (by appointment of the Comptroller of the Currency) as receiver and attorney of the Third National Bank of Chicago. Under the will of the late John Crerar he became an executor of the estate, and a trustee of the Crerar Library. Died at Newark, N. J., Jan 3, 1901.

JACKSON COUNTY, organized in 1816, and named in honor of Andrew Jackson; area, 580 square miles; population (1910), 35,143. It lies in the southwest portion of the State, the Missiflsippi River forming its principal western boundary. The bottom lands along the river are wonderfully fertile, but liable to overflow. It is crossed by a range of hills regarded as a branch of the Ozark range. Toward the east the soil is warm, and well adapted to fruit-gprowing. One of the richest beds of bituminous coal in the State crops out at various points, varying in depth from a few inches to four or five hundred feet below the surface. Valuable timber and good building stone are found and there are numerous saline springs. Wheat, tobacco and fruit are principal cropa Early pioneers, with the date of their arrival, were as follows: 1814, W. Boon; 1815, Joseph Duncan (afterwards Gk>vernor); 1817, Oliver Cross, Mrs. William Kimmel, S. Lewis, E. Harrold, Oeorge Butcher and W. Eakin; 1818, the Bysleys, Mark Bradley, James Hughes and John Barron. Brownsville was the first countyseat and an important town, but owing to a disastrous fire in 1843, the government was removed to Murphysboro, where Dr. Logan (father of Oen. John A. Logan) donated a tract of land for county-buildings. John A. Logan was bom here. The principal towns (with their respective population, as shown by the United States Census of 1890), were: Murphysboro, 8,880; Carbondale, 2,882; and Grand Tower. 684.

JAGKSOXTILLE, the county-seat of Morgan County, and an important railroad center; population (1890) about 18,000. The town was laid out in 1825, and named in honor of Gen. Andrew Jackson. The first court house was erected in 1826, and among early lawyers were Josiah Lambom, John J. Hardin, Stephen A. Douglas, and later Richard Yates, afterwards the **War Governor'' of Illinois. It is the seat of several important State institutions, notably the Central Hospital for the Insane, and Institutions for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb and the Blind - besides private educational institutions, including Illinois College, Illinois Conference Female College (Methodist), Jacksonville Female Academy, a Business College and others. The city has several banks, a large woolen mill, carriage factories, brick yards, planing mills, and two newspaper establishments, each publishing daily and weekly editions. It justly ranks as one of the most attractive and interesting cities of the State, noted for the hospitality and intelligence of its citizens. Although immigrants from Kentucky and other Southern States predominated in its early settlement, the location there of Illinois College and the Jacksonville Female Academy, about 1830, brought to it many settlers of New England birth, so that it early came to be

JACKSONTILLE FEMALE ACADEMY, an institution for the education of young ladies, at Jacksonville, the oldest of its class in the State. The initial steps for its organization were taken in 1880, the year after the establishment of Illinois College. It may be said to have been an offshoot of the latter, these two constituting the originals of that remarkable group of educational and State Institutions which now exist in that city. Instruction began to be given in the Academy in May, 1883, under the principalship of Miss Sarah C. Crocker, and. in 1885, it was formally incorporated by act of the Legislature, being the first educational institution to receive a charter from that body; though Illinois, McKendree and Shurtleff Colleges were incorporated at a later period of the same session. Among its foimders appear the names of Gov. Joseph Duncan, Judge Samuel D. Lockwood, Rev. JuUcm M. Sturtevant (for fifty years the President or a Professor of Illinois College), John P. Wilkinson, Rev. John M. EUlis, David B. Ayers and Dr. Ero Chandler, all of whom, except the last, were prominently identified with the early history of Illinois College. The list of the alumnse embraces over five hundred names. On January 1, 1903, Jacksonville Female Academy was merged with Illinois College, and while retaining its buildings and grounds, it is now known as Academy Hall.

Jagksontille & St. Louis Railway

JAGKSONTILLE & ST. LOUIS RAILWAY. Originally chartered as the Illinois Farmers' Railroad, and constructed from Jacksonville to Waverly in 1870 ; later changed to the Jacksonville, Northwestern & Southeastern and track extended to Virden (81 miles); in 1870 passed into the hands of a new company under the title of the Jacksonville Southeastern, and was extended as follows: to Litchfield (1880), 23 miles; to Smithboro (1882), 29 miles; to C^ntralia (1888), 29 miles - ^total, 112 miles. In 1887 a section between Centralia and Driver^s (16V^ miles) was constructed by the Jacksonville Southeastern, and operated under lease by the successor to that line, but, in 1898, was separated from it under the name of the Louisville & St. Louis Railway. By the use of five miles of trackage on the Louisville & Nashville Railroad, connection was obtained between Driver's and Moimt Vernon. The same year (1887) the Jacksonville Southeastem obtained control of the Litchfield, CarroUton & Western Railroad, from Litchfield to Columbiana on the Illinois River, and the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis, embracing lines from Peoria to St. Louis, via Springfield and Jacksonville. The Jacksonville Southeastern was reorganized in 1890 imder the name of the Jacksonville, Louisville & St. Louis Railway, and, in 1898, was placed in the hands of a receiver. The Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Divisions were subsequently separated from the Jacksonville line and placed in charge of a separate receiver. Foreclosure proceedings began in 1894 and, during 1896, the road was sold under foreclosure and reorganized imder its present title. (See Chicago, Peoria <fc St. Louis Railroad of Illinois.) The capital stock of the Jacksonville & St. Louis Railway (June 80, 1897) was $1,500,000; funded debt, $2,800,000 - total, $8,800,000.

JAMES^ Colin D.^ clergyman, was bom in Randolph County, now in West Virginia, Jan. 15, 1808; died at Bonita, Kan., Jan. 80, 1888. He was the son of Rev. Dr. William B. James, a pioneer preacher in the Ohio Valley, who removed to Ohio in 1812, settling first in Jefferson County in that State, and later (1814) at Mansfield. Subsequently the family took up its residence at Belt's Prairie in Vigo (now Vermilion) County, Ind. Before 1880 Colin D. James came to Illinois, and, in 1884, became a minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, remaining in active ministerial work until 1871, after which he accepted a superannuated relation. During his connection with the church in Illinois he served as station preacher or Presiding Elder at the following points: Rock Island (1884); PlatteviUe (1886); Apple River (1887); Paris (1888, '42 and '48); Eugene (1889); Georgetown (1840); Shelbyville (1841); Grafton (1844 and '45) ; Sparta District, (1845-47) ; Lebanon District (1848-49) ; Alton District (1850) ; Bloomington District (1851-52); and later at JacksonviUe, Winchester, Greenfield, Island Grove, Oldtown, Heyworth, Normal, Atlanta, McLean and Shirley. During 1861-62 he acted as agent for the Illinois Female Ck)llege at Jacksonville, and, in 1871, for the erection of a Methodist church at Normal. He was twice married. His first wife (Eliza A. Plasters of Livingston) died in 1849. The following year he married Amanda K. Casad, daughter of Dr. Anthony W. Casad. He removed from Normal to Evanston in 1876, and from the latter place to

Kansas in 1879. Of his surriving children, Edmund J. is (1898) Professor in the University of Chicago; John N. is in charge of the magnetic laboratory in the National Observatory at Washington, D. C. ; Benjamin B. is Professor in the State Normal School at St. Cloud, Minn., and George F. is instructor in the Cambridge Preparatory School of Chicago.

JAMES^ Edmund Janes, was bom, May 21, 1855, at Jacksonville, Morgan Coimty, 111., the fourth son of Rev. Colin Dew James of the Illinois Conference, grandson on his mother's side of Rev. Dr. Anthony Wayne Casad and greatgrandson of Samuel Stites (all of whose sketches appear elsewhere in this voliune) ; was educated in the Model Department of the Illinois State Normal School at Bloomington (Normal), from which he graduated in June, 1878, and entered the Northwestern University, at Evanston, 111., in November of the same year. On May 1, 1874, he was appointed Recorder on the United States Liake Survey, where he continued during one season engaged in work on the lower part of Lake Ontario and the upper St. Lawrence. He entered Harvard College, Nov. 2, 1874, but went to Europe in August, 1875, entering the University of Halle, Oct. 16, 1875, where he graduated, August 4, 1877, with the degrees of A.M. and Ph.D. On his retmrn to the United States he was elected Principal of the Public High School in Evanston, IlL, Jan. 1, 1878, but resigned in June, 1879, to accept a position in the Illinois State Normal School at Bloomington as Professor of Latin and Greek, and Principal of the High School Department in connection with the Model School. Resigning this position at Christmas time, 1882, he went to Europe for study ; accepted a position in the University of Pennsylvania as Professor of Public Administration, in September, 1883, where he remained for over thirteen years. While here he was, for a time, Secretary of the Graduate Faculty and organized the instruction in this Department. He was also Director of the Wharton School of Finance and Economy, the first attempt to organize a college course in the field of commerce and industry. During this time he officiated as editor of "The Political Economy and Public Law Series" issued by the University of Pennsylvania. Resigning his position in the University of Pennsylvania on Feb. 1, 1896, he accepted that of Professor of Public Administration and Director of the University Extension Division in the University of Chicago, where he has since continued. Professor James has been identified with the progress of economic studies in the United States since the early eighties. He was one of the organizers and one of the first Vice-Presidents of the American Economic Association. On Dec. 14, 1889, he founded the American Academy of Political and Social Science with headquarters at Philadelphia, became its first President, and has continued such to the present time. He was also, for some years, editor of its publicationa The Academy has now become the largest Association in the world devoted to the cultivation of economic and social subjects. He was one of the originators of, and one of the most frequent contributors to, "Lalor's Cyclopaedia of Political Science*'; was also the pioneer in the movement to introduce into the United States the scheme of public instruction known as University Extension; was the first President of the American Society for the Extension of University Teaching, imder whose auspices the first effective extension work was done in this country, and has been Director of the Extension Division in the University of Chicago since February, 1896. He has been especially identified with the development of higher commercial education in the United States. From his position as Director of the Wharton School of Finance and Economy he has affected the course of instruction in this Department in a most marked way. He was invited by the American Bankers* Association, in the year 1892, to make a careful study of the subject of Commercial Education in Europe, and his report to this association on the Education of Business Men in Europe, republished by the University of Chicago in the year 1898, has become a standard authority on tliis subject. Owing largely to his efforts, departments similar to the Wharton School of Finance and Economy have been established imder the title of College of Commerce, College of Commerce and Politics, and Collegiate Course in Commerce, in the Universities of California and Chicago, and Columbia University. He has been identified with the progress of college education in general, especially in its relation to secondary and elementary education, and was one of the early advocates of the establishment of departments of education in our colleges and universities, the policy of which is now adopted by nearly all the leading institutions. He was, for a time, State Examiner of High Schools in Illinois, and was founder of "The Illinois School Journal," long one of the most influential educational periodicals in the State, now changed in name to **School and Home.'* He has been especially active in the establishment of public kindergartens in different cities.

and has been repeatedly offered the headship of important institutions, among them being the University of Iowa, the University of Illinois, and the UniTerdty of Cincinnati. He has served as Vice-President of the National Municipal League; of the American Association for the Advancement of Science* and the American Economic Association, and of the Board of Trustees of the Illinois State Historical Library; is a member of the American Philosophical Society, of the Pennsylvania Historical Society, of the National Council of Education, and of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. He was a member of the Committee of Thirteen of the National Teachers' Association on college entrance requirements; is a member of various patriotic and historical societies^ including the Sons of the American Kevolutlon, the Society of the Colonial Wars, the Holland and the Huguenot Society. He is the author of more than one hundred lepers and monographs on various economic, educational, legal and administrative subjects. Professor James was married, August 22, 1879, to Anna Margarethe Lange, of Halle, Prussia, daughter of the Rev. Wilhelm Roderich Lange, and granddaughter of the famous Professor Gerlach of the University of Halle.

JAMESON^ John Alexander, lawyer and jurist, was bom at Irasburgh, Vt., Jan. 25, 1824; graduated from the University of Vermont in 1846. After several years spent in teaching; he began the study of law, and graduated from the Dane Law School (of Harvard College) in 1853. Coming west the same year he located at Freeport, I1L« but removed to Chicago in 1856. In 1865 he was elected to the bench of the Superior Court of Chicago, remaining in office until 1888. During a portion of this period he acted as lecturer in the Union College of Law at Chicago, and as editor of "The American Law Register.'* His literary labors were unceasing, his most notable work being entitled ''Constitutional Conventions; their History, Power and Modes of Proceeding.'* He was also a fine classical scholar, speaking and reading Oerman, French, Spanish and Italian, and was deeply interested in charitable and reformatory work. Died* suddenly, in Chicago, Jime 16, 1890.

JARBOT^ Nicholas^ early French settler of St. Clair County, was bom in France, received a liberal education and, on account of the disturbed condition there in the latter part of the last century, left his native coimtry about 1790. After spending some time at Baltimore and New Orleans, be arrived at Cahokia, lU., in 1794, and became a permanent settler there. He early became a Major of militia and engaged in trade with the Indians, frequently visiting Prairie du Chien, St. Anthony's Falls (now Minneapolis) and the Illinois River in his trading expeditions, and, on one or two occasions, incurring great risk of life from hostile savages. He acquired a large property, especially in lands, built mills and erected one of the earliest and finest brick houses in that part of the -country. He also served as Justice of the Peace and Judge of the County Court of St Clair County. Died, in 1828. - Vital (Jarrot), son of the preceding, inherited a large landed fortune from his father, and was an enterprising and public-spirited citizen of St. Clair County during the last generation. He served as Representative from St. Clair County in the Eleventh, Twentieth, Twenty-first and Twenty-second General Assemblies, in the first being an associate of Abraham Lincoln and always his firm friend and admirer. At the organization of the Twenty-second General Assembly (1857), he received the support of the Republican members for Speaker of the House in opposition to CJol. W. R. Morrison, who was elected. He sacrificed a large share of his property in a public-spirited effort to build up a rolling mill at East St. Louis, being reduced thereby from afiluence to poverty. President Lincoln appointed him an Indian Agent, which took him to the Black Hills region, where he died, some years after, from toil and exposure, at the age of 78 years.

JASPER GOUNTT, in the eastern part of Southern Illinois, having an area of 484 square miles, and a ()opulatioQ (in 1910) of 18,157. It was organized in 1831 and named for Sergeant Jasper of Revolutionary fame. The county was placed under township organization in 1860. The first Board of 0>unty Commissioners consisted of B. Reynolds, W. Richards and George Mattingley. The Embarras River crosses the county. The general surface is level, although gently undulating in some portions. Manufacturing is carried on in a small way; but the people are principally interested in agriculture, the chief products consisting of wheat, potatoes, sorghum, fruit and tobacco. Wool-growing is an important industry. Newton is the county-seat, with a population (in 1890) of 1,428.

JXTSE, (Br.) Gershom^ early physician, was V)rn in Orange County, N. Y., October, 1791 ; served as Surgeon in the War of 1813, and came to Illinois in 1819, settling in Springfield in 1821 ; was one of the Commissioners appointed to construct the first State Penitentiary (1827), and one of the first Commissioners of the Ulinois & Michigan CanaL His oldest daughter (JuUa Maria) became the wife of Senator Trumbull Dr. Jajne died at Springfield, in 1867. - Dr. William ( Jayne), son of the preceding, was bom in Springfield, IlL, Oct. 8, 1826; educated by private tutors and at Illinois College, being a member of the class of 1847, later reoeiying the degree of AM. He was one of the founders of the Phi Alpha Society while in that institution; graduated from the Medical Depart* ment of Missouri State University; in 1860 was elected State Senator for Sangamon County, and, the following year, .was appointed by President Lincoln Oovemor of the Territory of Dakota, (ater serving as Delegate in Congress from that Territory. In 1869 he was appointed Pension Agent for Illinois, also served for four terms as Mayor of his native city, and is now Vice-President of the First National Bank, Springfield.

JEFFERSON COUNTY, a south-central county, cut off from Edwards and White Counties in 1819, when it was separately organized, being named in honor of Thomas Jefferson. Its area is 466 square miles, and its population (1910), 29,111. The Big Muddy River, with one or two tributaries, fiows through the county in a southerly direction. Along tne banks of streams a variety of hardwood timber is found. The railroad facilities are advantageous. The surface Is level and the soil rich. Cereals and fruit are easily produced. A fine bed of limestone (seven to fifteen feet thick) crosses the middle of the county. It has been quarried and found well adapted to building purposes. The county possesses an abundance of running water, much of which is slightly impregnated with salt. The upper coal measure underlies the entire county, but the seam is scarcely more than two feet thick at any point. The chief industry is agriculture, though lumber is manufactured to some extent. Mount Vernon, the county-seat, was incorporated as a city in 1872. Its population in 1890 was 3,233. It has several manufactories and is the seat of the Appellate Court for the Southern Judicial District of the State.

JEFFERT, Edward Turner^ Railway President and Manager, bom in Liverpool, Eng., April 6, 1843, his father being an engineer in the British navy; about 1850 came with his widowed mother to Wheeling, Va., and, in 1856, to Chicago, where he secured employment as ofiice-boy in the machinery department of the Illinois Central Railroad. Here he finally became an apprentice and, passing through various grades of the mechanical department, in May, 1877, became Cenera! Superintendent of the Road, and, in 1885, (>enera! Manager of the entire line. In 1889 he withdrew from the Illinois Central and, for several years past, has been President and Ceneral Manager of the Denver & Rio Grande Railway, with headquarters at Denver, Colo. Mr. Jeffery*s career as a railway man has been one of the most conspicuous and sucoessfol in the history of American railroads.

JEN KINS) Alexander M.^ Lieutenant-Governor (1884-36), came to Illinois in his youth and located in Jackson County, being for a time a resident of Brownsville, the first coimty-seat of Jackson County, where he was engaged in trade. Later he studied law and became eminent in his profession in Southern Illinois. In 1830 Mr. Jenkins was elected Representative in the Seventh General Assembly, was re-elected in 1832, serving during his second term as Speaker of the House, and took part the latter year in the Black Hawk War as Captain of a company. In 1834 Mr. Jenkins was elected Lieutenant-Governor at the same time with Governor Duncan, though on an opposing ticket, but resigned, in 1836, to become President of the first Illinois Central Railroad Company, which was chartered that year. The charter of the road was surrendered in 1837, when the State had in contemplation the policy of building a system of roads at its own cost. For a time he was Receiver of Public Moneys in the Land Office at Edwardsville, and, in 1847, was elected to the State Constitutional Convention of that year. Other positions held by him included that of Justice of the Circuit Court for the Third Judicial Circuit, to which he was elected in 1859, and re-elected in 1861, but died in office, February 18, 1864. Mr. Jenkins was an uncle of Gen. John A. Logan, who read law with him after his return from the Mexican War.

JENNEY, William Le Baron, engineer and architect, bom at Fair haven, Mass., Sept. 25, 1832; was educated at Phillips Academy, An* dover, graduating in 1849; at 17 took a trip around the world, and, after a year spent in the Scientific Department of Harvard College, took a course in the Ecole Centrale des Artes et Manu* factures in Paris, graduating in 1856. He then served for a year as engineer on the Tehuantepec Railroad, and, in 1861, was made an Aid on the staff of General Grant, being transferred the next year to the staff of General Sherman, with whom he remained three years, participating in many of the most important battles of the war in the West. Later, he was engaged in the preparation of maps of (General Sherman's campaigns, which were published in the ''Memoirs'* of the latter. In 1868 he located in Chicago, and afterward gave hid attention almost solely to architecture, the result being seen in some of Chicago's most noteworthy buildings. Died June 15, 1907.

JERSEY COUNTY, situated in the western portion of the middle division of the State, bordering on the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers. Originally a part of Greene County, it was separately organized in 1839, with an area of 860 square miles. There were a few settlers in the county as early as 1816-17. Jerseyville, the county-seat, was platted in 1834, a majority of the early residents being natives of, or at least emigrants from. New Jersey. The mild climate, added to the character of the soil, is especially adapted to fruit-growing and stock-raising. The census of 1900 gave the population of the county as 14,612 and of Jerseyville, 3,517. Grafton, near the junction of the Mississippi with the Illinois, had a population of 927. The last mentioned town is noted for its stone quarries, which employ a number of men. Pop. (1910), 13,954.

JERSEYTILLE^ a city and county-seat of Jersey County, the point of junction of the Chicago & Alton and the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Railways, 19 miles north of Alton and 45 miles north of St. Louis, Mo. The city is in an agri cultural district, but has manufactories of dour, plows, carriages and wagons, shoe factory and watch-making machinery. It contains a handsome courthouse, completed in 1894, nine churches, a graded public school, besides a separate school for colored children, a convent, library, telephone system, electric lights, artesian wells, and one paper, daily and weekly. Pop. (1900), 3,517; (1910), 4,113.

JO DAVIESS COUNTY, situated in the northwest corner of the State; has an area of 650 square miles; population (1910), 22,657. It was first explored by Le Seuer, who reported the discovery of lead in 1700. Another Frenchman (Bouthillier) was the first permanent white settler, locating on the site of the present city of Galena in 1820. About the same time came several American families; a trading post was established, and the hamlet was known as Fredericks' Point, so called after one of the pioneers. In 1822 the Government reserved from settlement a tract 10 miles square along the Mississippi, with a view of controlling the mining interest. In 1823 mining privileges were granted upon a royalty of onesixth, and the first smelting furnace was erected tiie same year. Immigration increased rapidly and, inside of three years, the "Point" had a popu^ lation of 150, and a post-office was established with a fortnightly mail to and from Vandalia, then the State capital In 1827 county organization was effected, the county being named in honor of Gen. Joseph Hamilton Daviess, who was killed in the Battle of Tippecanoe. The original tract, however, has been subdivided until it now constitutes nine counties. The settlers took an active part in both the Winnebago and Black Hawk Wars. In 1846-47 the mineral lands were placed on the market by the Government, and quickly taken by corporations and individuals. The scenery is varied, and the soil (particularly in the east) well suited to the cultivation of grain. The county is well wooded and well watered, and thoroughly drained by the Fever and Apple Rivers. The name Galena was given to the coimty-seat (originally, as has been said, Fredericks* Point) by Lieutenant Thomas, Government Surveyor, in 1827, in which year it was platted. Its general appearance is picturesque. Its early growth was extraordinary, but later (particularly after the growth of Chicago) it received a set-back. In 1841 it claimed 2,000 population and was incorporated; in 1870 it had about 7,000 population, and, in 1900, 5,005. The names of Grant, Rawlins and E. B. Washbume are associated with its history. Other important towns in the county are Warren (population 1,327), East Dubuque (1,146) and Elizabeth (659).

JOHNSON^ Caleb C, lawyer and legislator, was bom in Whiteside County, 111., May 23, 1844, educated in the common schools and at the Military Academy at Fulton, IlL ; served during the Civil War in the Sixty-ninth and One Hundred and Fortieth Regiments Illinois Volunteers; in 1877 was admitted to the bar and, two years later, began practice. He has served upon the Board of Township Supervisors of Whiteside County; in 1884 was elected to the House of Representatives of the Thirty-fourth General Assembly, was re-elected in 1886, and again in 1896. He also held the position of Deputy Collector of Internal Revenue for his District during the first Cleveland administration, and was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention of 1888.

JOHNSON, (Rev.) Herrick, clergyman and educator, was born near Fonda, N. Y., Sept. 21, 1832; graduated at Hamilton College, 1857, and at Auburn Theological Seminary, 1860 ; held Presbyterian pastorates in Troy, Pittsburg and Philadelphia; in 1874 became Professor of Homiletics and Pastoral Theology in Auburn Theological

Seoninary, and, in 1880, aooepted a pastorate in Chicago, also becoming Lecturer on Sacred Rhetoric in McCormick Theological Seminary. In 1888 he resigned his pastorate, devoting his attention thereafter to the duties of his professorship. He was Moderator of the Presbyterian General Assembly at Springfield, in 1882, and has served as President, for many years, of the Presbyterian Church Board of Aid for Colleges, and of the Board of Trustees of Lake Forest University. Besides many periodical articles, he has published several volumes on religious subjects.

JOHNSON^ Hosmer A., M.D., LLJ)., physician, was bom near Buffalo, N. Y., Oct. 6, 1822; at twelve removed to a farm in Lapeer County, Mich. In spite of limited school privileges, at eighteen he secured a teachers' certificate, and, by teaching in the winter and attending an academy in the summer, prepared for coUege, entering the University of Michigan in 1846 and graduating in 1849. In 1850 he became a student of medicine at Rush Medical College in Chicago, graduating in 1852, and the same year becoming Secretary of the Cook County Medical Society, and, the year following, associate editor of '*The Illinois Medical and Surgical Journal" For three years he was a member of the faculty of Rush, but, in 1858, resigned to become one of the founders of a new medical school, which has now become a part of Northwestern University. During the Civil War, Dr. Johnson was Chairman of the State Board of Medical Examiners; later serving upon the Board of Health of Chid^o, and upon the National Board of Health. He was also attending physician of Cook County Hospital and consulting physician of the Chicago Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary. At the time of the great fire of 1871, he was one of the Directors of the Chicagx> Relief and Aid Society. His connections with local. State and National Societies and organizations (medical, scientific, social and otherwise) wero very numerous. He traveled extensively, both in this country and in Europe, during his visits to the latter devoting much time to the study of foreign sanitary conditions, and making further attainments in medicine and surgery. In 1888 the degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him by Northwestern University. During his later years, Dr. Johnson was engaged almost wholly in consultations. Died, Feb. 26, 1891.

JOHNSON COUNTY, lies in the southern portion of the State, and is one of the smallest counties, having an area of only 340 square miles, and a population (1910) of 14,331 - named for CoL

Richard M. Johnson. Its organization dates back to 1812. A dividing ridge (forming a sort of water shed) extends from east to west, the waters of the Cache and Bay Rivers running south, and those of the Big Muddy and Saline toward the north. A minor coal seam of variable thickness (perhaps a spur from the regular coalmeasures) crops out here and there. Sandstone and limestone are abundant, and, under clifits along the bluffs, saltpeter has been obtained in small quantities. Weak copperas springs are numerous. The soil is rich, the principal crops being wheat, com and tobacco. Cotton is raised for home consumption and fruit-culture receives some attention. Vienna is the county-seat, with a population, in 1890, of 828.

JOHNSTON, Noah, pioneer and banker, was bom in Hardy County, Va., Dec. 20, 1799, and, at the age of 12 years, emigrated with his father to Woodford County, Ky. In 1824 he removed to Indiana, and, a few years later, to Jefferson County, 111., where he began farming. He subsequently engaged in merchandising, but proving unfortimate, turned *his attention to politics, serving first as County Commissioner and then as County Clerk. In 1838 he was elected to the State Senate for the counties of Hamilton and Jefferson, serving four years; was Enrolling and Engrossing Clerk of the Senate during the session of 1844-45, and, in 1846, elected Representative in the Fifteenth General Assembly. The following year he was made Paymaster in the United States Army, serving through the Mexican War; in 1852 served with Abraham Lincoln and Judge Hugh T. Dickey of Chicago, on a Commission appointed to investigate claims against the State for the construction of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, and, in 1854, was appointed Clerk of the Supreme Court for the Third Division, being elected to the same position in 1861. Other positions held by him included those of Deputy United States Marshal under the administration of President Polk, Commissioner to superintend the construction of the Supreme Court Building at Moimt Vernon, and Postmaster of that city. He was also elected Representative again in 1866. The lateif years of his life were spent as President of the Mount Vernon National Bank. Died, November, 1891, in his 92d year.

JOLIET^ the county-seat of Will County, situated in the Des Plaines River Valley, 86 miles southwest of Chicago, on the Illinois & Michigan Canal, and the intersecting point of five lines of railway. A good quality of calcareous building stone underlies the entire region, and is exten- si vely quarried. Gravel, sand, and clay are alflo easily obtained in considerable quantities. Within twenty miles are productive coal mines. The Northern Illinois Penitentiary and a female penal institute stand just outside the city limits on the north. Joliet is an important manufacturing center, the census of 1900 crediting the city with 455 establishments, having $15,452,186 capital, employing 6,528 hands, paying $8,957,529 wages and $17,891,836 for raw material, turning out an annual product valued at $27.765, 104. The leading industries are the manufacture of foundry and machine-shop products, engines, agricultural implements, pig-iron. Bessetner steel, steel bridges, rods, tin cans, wallpaper, matches, beer, saddles, paint, furniture, pianos, and stoves, besides quarrying and stone cutting. The Chicago Drainage Canal supplies valuable waterpower. The city has many handsome public buildings and private residences, among the former being four high schools, Oovernment postoffioe building, two public libraries, and two pubh'c hospitals. It also has two public and two school parks, three daily and three weekly papers. Pop. (1890), 23,264; (1900), 29,353; (1910), 34,670.

JOLIET, Louis, a French explorer, bom at Quebec, Canada, Sept. 21, 1645. educated at the Jesuits' Ck>llege, and early engaged in the furtrade. In 1669 he was sent to investigate the copper mines on Lake Superior, but his most important servioe began in 1673, when Frontenac commissioned him to explore. Starting from the missionary station of St. Ignace, with Father Marquette, he went up the Fox River within the present State of Wisconsin and down the Wisconsin to the Mississippi, which he descended as far as the mouth of the Arkansas. He was the first to discover that the Mississippi flows to the Gulf rather than to the Pacific. He returned to Green Bay via the Illinois River, and (as believed) the sites of the present cities of Joliet and Chicago. Although later appointed royal hydrographer and given the island of Anticosti. he never revisited the Mississippi Some historians assert that this was largely due to the influential jealousy of La Salle. Died, in Canada, in May, 1700.

JOUET & BLUE ISLAND RAILWAY, constituting a part of and operated by the Calumet & Blue Island - a belt line, 21 niiles in length, of standard gauge and laid with 60-lb. steel rails. The company provides terminal facilities at Joliet, although originally projected to merely run from that city to a connection with the Calumet &

JOUET & NORTHERN INDUNA RAILROAD, a road running from Lake, Ind., to Joliet, 111., 45 miles (of which 29 miles are in Illinois), and leased in perpetuity, from Sept. 7, 1854 (the date of completion), to the Michigan Central Railroad Company, which owns nearly all its stock. Its capital stock is $300,000, and its funded debt, $80,000. Other forms of indebtedness swell the total amoimt of capital invested (1895) to $1,- 143,201. Total earnings and income in Illinois in 1894, $89,017; total expenditures, $62,870. (See Michigan Central Railroad. )

JONES, Alfk*ed M., politician and legislator, was bom in New Hampshire, Feb. 5, 1887, brought to McHenry County, III., at 10 years of age, and, at 16, began life in the pineries and engaged in rafting on the Mississippi. Then, after two winters in school at Rockford, and a short season in teaching, he spent a year in the book and jewelry business at Warren, Jo Daviess County. The following year (1858) he made a trip to Pike's Peak, but meeting disappointment in his expectations in regard to mining, returned almost immediately. The next few years were spent in various occupations, including law and real estate business, until 1872, when he was elected to the Twenty-eighth (j^neral Assembly, and re-elected two years later. Other positions successively held by him were those of Commissioner of the Joliet Penitentiary, Collector of Internal Revenue for the Sterling District, and United States Marshal for the Northern Dis^ot of Illinois. He was, for fourteen years, a member of the Republican State Central Committee, during twelve years of that period being its chairman. From 1885, Mr. Jones was manager of the Bethesda Mineral Springs at Waukesha, Wis., but found time to make his mark in Wisconsin politics also. Died July 8, 1910.

JONES, John Rice, first English lawyer in Illinois, was bom in Wales, Feb. 11, 1759; educated at Oxford in medicine and law, and, after practicing the latter in London for a short time, came to America in 1784, spending two years in Philadelphia, where he made the acquaintance of Dr. Benjamin Rush and Benjamin Franklin; in 1786, having reached the Falls of the Ohio, he joined Col. George Rogers Clark*s expedition against the Indians on the Wabash. This having partially failed through the discontent and desertion of the troops, he remained at Vincennes four years, part of the time as Commissary**

Qeneral of the garrison there. In 1790 he went to Kaakaslria, but eleven years later returned to Vinoennes, being commissioned the same year by Got. William Henry Harrison, Attomey-Greneral of Indiana Territory, and, in 1805, becoming a member of the first Legislative CounciL He was Secretary of the convention at Vincennes, in December, 1802, which memorialized Congress to suspend, for ten years, the article in the Ordinance of 1787 forbidding slavery in the Northwest Territory. In 1808 he removed a second time to Kaskaskla, remaining two years, when he located within the present limits of the State of Missouri (then the Territory of Louisiana), residing successively at St. Genevieve, St. Louis and Potosi, at the latter place acquiring large interests in mineral lands. He became prominent in Missouri politics, served as a member of the Ck>nvention which framed the first State Constitution* was a prominent candidate for United States Senator before the first Legislature, and finally elected by the same a Justice of the Supreme Court, dying in office at St. Louis, Feb. 1, 1824 He appears to have enjoyed an extensive practice among the early residents, as shown by the fact that, the year of his return to Kaskaskia, he paid taxes on more than 16,000 acres of land in Monroe County, to say nothing of his possessions about Vincennes and his subsequent acquisitions in Missouri. He also prepared the first revision of laws for Indiana Territory when Illinois composed a part of it. - ^Rice (Jones), son of the preceding by a first marriage, was bom in Wales, Sept. 28, 1781; came to America with his parents, and was educated at Transylvania University and the University of Pennsylvania, taking a medical degriee a^t the latter, but later studying law at Litchfield, Conn., and locating at Kaskaskia in 1806. Described as a yoimg man of brilliant talents, he took a prominent part in politics and, at a special election held in September, 1808, was elected to the Indiana Territorial Legislature, by the party known as "Divisionists*' - i. e., in favor of the division of the Territory - which proved successful in the organization of Illinois Territory the following year. Bitterness engendered in this contest led to a challenge from Shadrach Bond (afterwards first Governor of the State)^ which Jones accepted; but the affair was amicably adjusted on the field without an exchange of shots. One Dr. James Dunlap, who had been Bond*s second, expressed dissatisfaction with the settlement; a bitter factional fight was maintained between the friends of the respective parties, ending in the assassination of Jones, who was shot by Dunlap on the street in TTAalrAalrif^ Dec. 7, 1808 - Jones dying in a few minutes, while Dunlap fled, ending his days in Texas. - Gen. John Rice (Jones), Jr., another son, was bom at Kaskaskia, Jan. 8, 1792, served under Capt. Henry Dodge in the War of 1812, and, in 1831, went to Texas, where he bore a conspicuous part in securing the independence of that State from Mexico, dying there in 1845 - ^the year of its annexation to the United States. - George Wallace (Jones), fourth son of John Rice Jones (1st), was bom at Vincennes, Indiana Territory, April 12, 1804; graduated at Transylvania University, in 1825} served as Clerk of the United States District Court in Missouri in 1826, and as Aid to Qen. Dodge in the Black Hawk War; in 1884 was elected Delegate in Congress from Michigan Territory (then including the present States of Michigan, Wisconsin and Iowa), later serving two terms as Delegate from Iowa Territory, and, on its admission as a State, being elected one of the first United States Senators and reelected in 1852; in 1859, was appointed by President Buchanan Minister to Bogota, Colombia^ but recalled in 1861 on account of a letter to Jefferson Davis expressing sympathy with the ^ cause of the South, and was imprisoned for two months in Fort Lafayette. In 1888 he was the second of Senator Cilley in the famous Cilley-Graves duel near Washington, which resulted in the death of the former. After his retirement from office. General Jones' residence was at Dubuque, Iowa, where he died, July 22, 1896, in the 93d year of his age.

JONES^ Michae?^ early politician, was a Pennsylvanian by birth, who came to Illinois in Territorial days, and, as early as 1809, was Register of the Land Office at Kaskaskia; afterwards removed to Shawneetown and represented Gallatin Coimty as a Delegate to th'e Constitutional Convention of 1818 and as Senator in the first four General Assemblies, and also as Representative in the Eighth. He was a candidate for United States Senator in 1819, but was defeated by Governor Edwards, and was a Presidential ^ Elector in 1820. He is represented to have been a man of considerable ability but of bitter passions, a supporter of the scheme for a pro-slavery constitution and a bitter opponent of Governor Edwards.

JONES^ J. Russell, capitalist, was bom at Conneaut, Ashtabula County, Ohio, Feb. 17, 1823; after spending two years as clerk in a store in bis native town, came to Chicago in 1838 ; spent the next two years at Rockton, when he accepted a clerkship in a leading mercantile establishment at Gkklena, finally being advanced to a partnership» which was dissolved in 1856. In 1860 he was elected, as a Republican, Representative in the Twenty-second General Assembly, and, in March following, was appointed by President Lincoln United States Marshal for the Northern District of Illinois. In 1869, by appointment of President Grant, he became Minister to Belgium, remaining in office imtil 1875, when he resigned and returned to Chicago. Subsequently he declined the position of Secretary of the Interior, but was appointed Collector of the Port of Chi* cago, from which he retired in 1888. Mr. Jones served as member of the National Republican Committee for Illinois in 1868. In 1868 he organised the West Division Street Railway, lajring the foimdation of ample fortune. Died Apr. 11, 1909. ' JONESy WilUam^ pioneer merchant, was bom at Charlemont, Mass., Oct. 22, 1789, but spent his boyhood and early manhood in New York State, ultimately locating at Buffalo, where he engaged in business as a grocer, and also held various public positions. In 1881 he made a tour of observation westward by way of Detroit, finally reaching Fort Dearborn, which he again visited in 1882 and in '88, making small investments each time in real estate, which afterwards appreciated immensely in value. In 1884, in partnership with Byram King of Buffalo, Mr. Jones engaged in the stove and hardware business, founding in Chicago the firm of Jones & King, and the next year brought his family. While he never held any important public office, he was one of the most prominent of those early residents of Chicago through whose enterprise and public spirit the city was made to prosper. He held the office of Justice of the Peace, served in the City Coimcil, was one of the foimders of the city fire department, served for twelve years (1840-52) on the Board of School Inspectors (for a considerable time as its President), and contributed liberally to the cause of education, including gifts of $60,000 to the old Chicago University, of which he was a Trustee and, for some time. President of its Executive Committee. Died, Jan. 18, 1868. - Fernando (Jones), son of the preceding, was bom at Forestville, Chautauqua County, N. Y., May 26, 1820, having, for some time in his boyhood, Millard Fillmore (afterwards President) as his teacher at Buffalo, and, still later, Reuben E. Fenton (afterwards Governor and a United States Senator) as classmate. After coming to Chicago, in 1885, he was employed for some time as a clerk in Government offices and by the Trustees of the

Illinois & Michigan Canal: spent a season at Canandaigua Academy, N. Y. : edited a periodical at Jackson, Mich., for a year or twp, but finally coming to Chicago, opened an abstract and title office, in which he was engaged at the time of the fire of 1871, and which, by consolidation with two other firms, became the foundation of the Title Guarantee and Trust Company, which still playf an important part in real-estate business of Chicago. Mr. Jones held various public positions, including that of Trustee, of Hospital for the Insane at Jacksonville, and for years was a Trustee of University of Chicago. Died Nov. 8, 1911. - Kiler Kent (Jones), another son, was one of the founders of *The Gem of the Prairies'* newspaper, out of which grew 'The Chicago Tribime"; was for many years a citizen of Quincy, 111., and promi* nent member of the Republican State Central CTommittee, and, for a time, one of the publisher! of "The Prairie Farmer." Died, in Quincy, August 20, 1886.

J0NE8B0R0, the county-seat of Union Ck)unty, situated about a mile we9t of the line of the Illinois Central Railroad. It is some 80 miles north of Cairo, with which it is connected by the Mobile & Ohio R. R. It stands in the center of a fertile territory, largely devoted to fruit-grpwing, and is an important shipping-point for fruit and early vegetables; has a silica mill, pickle factory and a bank. There are also four churches, and one weekly newspaper, as well as a graded schooL Population (1900), 1,130; (1910), 1,169.

JOSLTN^ Merritt L., lawyer, was bom in Livingston County, N. Y., in 1827, came to Illinois in 1889, his father settling in McHenry County, where the son, on arriving at manhood* engaged in the practice of the law. The latter became prominent in political circles and, in 1856, was a Buchanan Presidential Elector. Cn the breaking out of the war he allied himself with the Republican party ; served as a Captain in the Thirty-sixth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and, in 1864, was elected to the Twenty-fourth General Assembly from McHenry County, later serving as Senator during the sessions of the Thirtieth and Thirty-first Assemblies (1876-80). After the death of President Garfield, he was appointed by President .Arthur Assistant Secretary of the Interior, serving to the close of the administration. Returning to his home at Woodstock, IlL, he resumed the practice of his profession, and, from 1889, served as Master in Chancery for McHenry County. Died Oct. 16, 1904.

in that State; in 1802 was appointed by President Jefferson Indian Agent at Detroit and, in 1805, acted as Commissioner in conducting a treaty with the Wyandottes, Ottawas and other Indians of Northwestern Ohio and Michigan at Mamnee City, Ohio. In the fall of the latter year he was appointed Indian Agent at Fort Dearborn, there until the year before the Fort Dearbom Massacre. Remcyving to Mercer County, Ky., in 1811, he was elected to a Judgeship there, but, in 1815, was reappointed by President Madison Indian Agent at Fort Dearborn, remaining until 1818, when he again returned to Kentucky. In 1819 he was appointed to a United States Judgeship in the newly organized Territory of Arkansas, but remained only a few months, when he resumed his residence in Kentucky, dying there. May 28. 1884. JOURNALISM. (See Newspapers, Early,) JUBD^ Norman Bael^ lawyer, legislator. Foreign Minister, was bom at Rome, N. Y., Jan. 10» 1815, where he read law and was admitted to the bar. In 1886 he removed to Chicago and commenced practice in the (then) frontier settlement. He early rose to a position of prominence and influence in public affairs, holding various municipal offices and being a member of the State Senate from 1844 to 1860 continuously. In 1860 he was a Delegate-at-large to the Republican National Convention, and, in 1861, President Lincoln appointed him Minister Plenipotentiary to Prussia, where he represented this country for four years. He was a warm personal friend of Lincoln, and accompanied him on his memorable journey from Springfield to Washington in 1861. In 1870 he was elected to the Forty-first Congress. Died, at Chicago, Nov. 10, 1878.

JUBD5 S« Coming^ lawyer and politician, bom in Onondaga County, N. Y., July 21, 1827; was educated at Aurora Academy, taught for a time in Canada and was admitted to the bar in New York in 1848 ; edited "The Syracuse Daily Star" in 1849, and, in 1850, accepted a position in the Interior Department in Washington. Later, he resumed his place upon "The Star," but, in 1854, removed to Lewistown, Fulton County, III., and began practice with his brother-in-law, the late W. 0. Goudy. In 1873 he rempved to Chicago, entering into partnership with William Fitzhugh Whitehouse, son of Bishop Whitehouse, and became prominent in connection with some ecclesiastical trials which followed. In 1860 he was a Democratic candidate for Presidential Elector and, during the w^r, was a determined opponent of the war policy of the Government, as such making an unsuccessful campaign for Lieutenant- Governor in 1864. In 1885 he was appointed Postmaster of the city of Chicago, serving until 1889. Died, in Chicago, Sept. 22, 1895.

JUDICIAL SYSTEM, THE. The Constitution of 1818 vested the judicial power of the State in one Supreme Court, and such inferior courts as the Legislature might establish. The former consisted of one Chief Justice and three Associates, appointed by joint ballot of the Legislature; but, until 1825, when a new act went into effect, they were required to perform circuit duties in the several ooimties, while exercising appellate jurisdiction in their imited capacity. In 1824 the Legislature divided the State into five oircuits, appointing one Circuit Judge for each, but, two years later, these were legislated out of office, and circuit court duty again devolved upon the Supreme Judges, the State being divided into four circuits. In 1829 a new act authorized the appointment of one Circuit Judge, who viras assigned to duty in the territory northwest of the Illinois River, the Supreme Justices continuing to perform circuit duty in the four other circuits. This arrangement continued imtil 1835, when the State was divided into six judicial circuits, and« five additional Circuit Judges having been elected, the Supreme Judges were again relieved from circidt court service. After this no material changes occurred except in the increase of the nimiber of circuits imtil 1841, the whole number then being nine. At this time political reasons led to an entire reorganization of the courts. An act passed Feb. 10, 1841, repealed all laws authorizing the election of Circuit Judges, and provided for the appointment of five additional Associate Judges of the Supreme Court, making nine in all; and, for a third time, circuit duties devolved upon the Supreme Court Judges, the State being divided at the same time into nine circuits.

By the adoption of the Constitution of 1848 the judiciary system underwent an entire change, all judicial officers being made elective by the people. The Constitution provided for a Supreme Court, consisting of three Judges, Circuit Courts, County Courts, and courts to be held by Justices of the Peace. In addition to these, the Legislature had the power to create inferior civil and criminal courts in cities, but only upon a uniform plan. For the election .of Supreme Judges, the State was divided into three Grand Judicial Divisions. The Legislature might, however, if it saw fit, provide for the election of all three Judges on a general ticket, to be voted throughout the State-at-large; but this power was never exer^ oiaed. Appeals lay from the Circuit Courts to the Supreme Court for the particular division in which the county might be located, although, by unanimous consent of all parties in interest, an appeal might be transferred to another district. Nine Circuit Courts were established, but the number might be increased at the discretion of the General Assembly. Availing itself of its constitutional power and providing for the needs of a rapidly growing community, the Legislature gradually increased the number of circuits to thirty. The term of office for Supreme Court Judges was nine, and. for Circuit Judges, six years. Vacancies were to be filled by popular election, unless the unexpired term of the' deceased or retiring incumbent was less than one year, in which case the Governor was authorized to appoint. Circuit Courts were vested with appellate jurisdiction from inferior tribunals, and each was required to hold at least two terms annually in each county, as might be fixed by statute.

The Constitution of 1870, without changing the mode of election or term of office, made several changes adapted to altered conditions. As regards the Supreme Court, the three Grand Divisions were retained, but the number of Judges was increased to seven, chosen from a like number of districts, but sitting together to con« stitute a full court, of which four members constitute a quorum. A Chief Justice is chosen by the Court, and is usually one of the Judges nearing the expiration of his term. The minor officers include a Reporter of Decisions, and one Clerk in each Division. By an act passed in 1897, the three Supreme Court Divisions were oonsoli* dated in one, the Court being required to hold its sittings in Springfield, and hereafter only one Clerk will be elected instead of three as heretofore. The salaries of Justices of the Supreme Court are fixed by law at $5,000 each.

The State was divided in 1873 into twenty-seven circuits (Cook County being a circuit by itself), and one or more terms of the circuit court are required to be held each year in each county in the State. The jurisdiction of the Circuit Courts is both original and appellate, and includes matters civil and criminal, in law and in equity. The Judges are elected by districts, and hold office for six years. In 1877 the State was divided into thirteen judicial circuits (exclusive of Cook County), but without reducing the number of Judges (twenty-six) already In office, and the election of one additional Judge (to serve two yean) was ordered in each districti thus increasing the number of Judges to thirty-nine. Again in 1897 the Legislature passed an act increasing the number of judicial circuits, exclusive of Cook County, to seventeen, while the number of Judges in each circuit remained the same, so that the whole number of Judges elected that year outside of CJook County was fifty-one. The salaries of Circuit Judges are $3,500 per year, except in Cook CJounty, where they are $7,000. The Constitution also provided for the organization of Appellate Courts after the year 1874, having uniform jurisdiction in districts created for that purpose. These courts are a connecting link between the Circuit and the Supreme Courts, and greatly relieve the crowded calendar of the latter. In 1877 the Legislature established four of these tribuncds: one for the County of Cook; one to include all the Northern Grand Division except Cook CJounty; the third to embrace the Central Grand Division, and the fourth the Southem. Each Appellate Ck>urt is held by three Circuit Court Judges, named by the Judges of the Supreme Court, each assignment covering three years, and no Judge either allowed to receive extra compensation or sit in review of his own rulings or decisions. Two terms are held in each District every year, and these courts have no original jurisdiction.

Cook County. - The judicial system of Cook County ia different from that of the rest of the State. The (Constitution of 1870 made the county an independent district, and exempted it from being subject to any subsequent redistricting. The bench of the CJircuit Court in Cook County, at first fixed at five Judges, has been increased under the Constitution to fourteen, who receive additional compensation from the county treasury. The Legislature has the constitutional right to increase the number of Judges according to population. In 1849 the Legislature established the Cook County Coiirt of Common Pleas. Later, this became the Superior Ck>urt of Cook County, which now (1898) consists of thirteen Judges. For this court there exists the same constitutional provision relative to an increase of Judges as in the case of the Circuit Court of Cook County.

JUDTy Jacob^ pioneer, a native of Switzerland, who, having come to the United States at an early day, remained some years in l^iaryland, when, in 1786, he started west, spending two years near Louisville, Ky., finally arriving at Kaskaskia, IlL, in 1788. In 1792 he removed to New Design, in Monroe County, and, in 1800, located within the present limits of Madison

County, where he died in 1807. - Samael (Judy), son of the preceding, bom August 19, 1778, was brought by his father to Illinois in 1788, and afterwards became prominent in political affairs and famous as an Indian fighter. On the organization of Madison County he became one of the first County Commissioners, serving many years. He also commanded a body of -*Rangers" in the Indian campaigns during the War of 1812, gaining the title of Colonel, and served as a member from Madison County in the Second Territorial Council (1814-15). Previous to 1811 he built the first brick house within the limits of Madison County, which still stood, not many years since, a few miles from Edwardsville. Colonel Judy died in 1838. - Jacob (Judy), eldest son of Samuel, was Begister of the Land Office at Edwardsville, 1845-49. - Thomas (Judy), younger son of Samuel, was bom, Dec. 19, 1804, and re|)resented Madison County in the Eighteenth General Assembly (1852-54). His death occurred Oct. 4, 1880.

JUBT, James William, soldier, was bom in Clark Ck)unty, Ky., May 8, 1822 - his ancestors on his father's side being from Switzerland, and those on his mother's from Scotland; grew up on a farm and, in 1852, removed to Menard County, IlL, where he has since resided. In August, 1862, he enlisted as a private soldier, was elected Captain of his company, and, on its incorporation as part of the One Hundred and Fourteenth Begiment Illinois Volunteers at Camp Butler, was chosen Ck>lonel by acclamation. The One Hundred and Fourteenth, as part of the Fifteenth Army Corps under command of tliat brilliant soldier, Gren. Wm. T. Sherman, was attached to the Army of the Tennessee, and took part in the entire siege of Vicksburg, from May, 1863, to the surrender on the 8d of July following. It also participated in the siege of Jackson, Miss., and numerous other engagements. After one year's service. Colonel Judy was compelled to resign by domestic affliction, having lost two children by death within eight days of each other, while others of his family were dangerously ill. On his retirement from the army, he became deeply interested in thorough-bred cattle, and is now the most noted stock auctioneer in the United States - having, in the past thirty years, sold more thorough-bred cattle than any other man living - his operations extending from Canada to California, and from Minnesota to Texas. Colonel Judy was elected a member of the State Board of Agriculture in 1874, and so remained continuously until 1896 - except two years - also serving as President of the Board from 1894 to 1896. He bore a conspicuous part in securing the location of the State Fair at Springfield in 1894, and the improvements there made under his administration have not been paralleled in any other State. Originally, and up to 1856, an old-line Whig, Colonel Judy has since been an ardent Republican; and though active in political campaigns, has never held a political office nor desired one, being content with the discharge of his duty as a patriotic private citizen.

KANAN, Michael F., soldier and legislator, was bom in Essex Coimty. N. Y., in November, 1837, at twenty years of age removed to Macon County, 111., and engaged in farming. During the Civil War he enlisted in the Forty-first Illinois Volunteers (CoL I. C. Pugh's regiment), serving nearly four years and retiring with the rank of Captain. After the war he served six years as Mayor of the city of Decatur. In 1894 he was elected State Senator, serving in the Thirty-ninth and Fortieth Ceneral Assemblies. Captain E^anan was one of the founders of the Grand Army of the Republic, and a member of the first Post of the order ever established - ^that at Decatur. - KANE) a village of Greene County, on the Jacksonville Division of the Chicago & Alton Railway, 40 miles south of Jacksonville. It has a bank and a weekly i^aper. Population (1880), 408; (1890), 551; (1900), 588; (1910), 521.

KANE, Elias Kent, early United States Senator, is said by Lanman*s **Dictionary of Congress" to have been born in New York, June 7, 1796. The late Gen. Geo. W. Smith, of Chicago, a relative of Senator Kane's by marriage, in a paper read before the Illinois State Bar Associatior (1895), rejecting other statements assigning the date of the Illinois Senator's birth to various years from 1786 to 1796, expresses the opinion, based on family letters, that he was really bom in 1794. He was educated at Yale College, graduating in 1812, read law in New York, and emigrated to Tennessee in 1813 or early in 1814, but. before the close of the latter year, removed to Illinois, settling at Kaskaskia. His abilities were recognized by his appointment, early in 1818, as Judge of the eastern circuit under the Territorial Government. Before the close of the same year he served as a member of the first State Constitutional Convention, and was appointed by Gk>vemor Bond the first Secretary of State under the new State Government, but resigned on the accession of Governor Coles in 1822. Two years later he was elected to the General Assembly as Representative from Randolph County, but resigned before the close of the year to accept a seat in the United States Senate, to which he was elected in 1834, and re-elected in 1830. Before the expiration of his second term (Deo. 12, 1835), having reached the age of a little more than 40 years, he died in Washington, deeply mourned by his fellow-members of Congress and by his constituents: Senator Kane was a cx>usin of the distinguished Chancellor Kent of New York, through his mother's family, while, on his father's side, he was a relative of the celebrated Arctic explorer, Elisha Kent Kane.

KANE COUNTY, one of the wealthiest and most progressive counties in the State, situated in the northeastern quarter. It has an area of 640 square miles, and population (1910) of 91,862; was named for Senator Elias Kent Kane. Timber and water are abundant, Fox River flowing through the county from north to south. Immigration began in 1833, and received a new impetus in 183o, when the Pottawatomies were removed west of the Mississippi A school was established in 1834, and a church organized in 1835. County organization was effected in June, 1886, and the public lands came on the market in 1842. The Civil War record of the county is more than creditable, the number of volunteers exceeding the assessed quota. Farming, grazing, manufacturing and dairy industries chiefly engage the attention of the people. The county has many flourishing cities and towns. Geneva is the countyseat. fSee Aurora^ Dundee, Eldora, Elgin, Geneva and St Charles.)

KANGLEY^ a village of La Salle County, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway, three miles northwest of Streator. There are several coal shafts here. Pop. (1900), 1,004; (1910),' 380.

KANKAKEE, a city and county-seat of Kankakee County, on Kankakee River and 111. Cent. Railroad, at intersection of the "Big Four" with the Indiana, IlL & Iowa Railroad, 56 miles south of Chicago. It is an agricultural and stock-raising region, near extensive coal fields and bog iron ore; has water-power, flour and paper mills, agricultural implement, furniture, and piano factories, knitting and novelty works, besides two quarries of valuable building stone. The Eastern Hospital for the Insane is located here. There are three papers (daily and weekly), four banks, five schools, water-works, gas and electric light, electric cai lines, and Grovemment p>ostoffice building Pop (1900), 13,595; (1910), 13,986.

name from its principal river. It was set apart from Will and Iroquois Counties under the act passed in 1853, the owners of the site of the present city of Kankakee contributing $5,000 toward the erection of county buildings. Agriculture, manufacturing and coal-mining are the principal pursuits. The first white settler was one Noah Vasseur, a Frenchman, and the first American, Thomas Durham. Pop. (1880), 25,047; (1890), 28,732; (1900), 37,154; (1910), 40,752.

KANKAKEE RITEB, a sluggish stream, rising in St. Joseph County, Ind., and flowing westsouthwest through English Lake and a flat marshy region, into Illinois. In Kankakee County it unites with the Iroquois from the south and the Des Plaines from the north, after the junction with the latter, taking the name of the Illinois.

KANKAKEE & SENECA RAILROAD, a line lying wholly in Illinois, 42.08 miles in length. It has a capital stock of $10,000, bonded debt of 1650,000 and other forms of indebtedness (1895) reaching $557, 620; total capitalization, $1,217,629. This road was chartered in 1881, and opened in 1882. It connects with the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railroad, and the Chicago, Bock Island & Pacific, and is owned jointly by these two lines, but operated by the former. (See Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago <fc St. Louis Rail' road.)

KANSAS, a village in Edgar County, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis and the Chicago & Ohio River Railways, 156 miles northeast of St. Louis, 104 miles west of Indianapolis, 18 miles east of Charleston and 11 miles west-southwest of Paris. The surrounding region is agricultural and stock-raising. Kansas has tile works, two grain elevators, a canning factory, and railway machine shops, beside four churches, a collegiate institute, a National bank and a weekly newspaper. Population (1880) , 728 ; (1890) , 1,037; (1900), 1,049; (1910), 945.

KASKASKIA, a village of the Illinois Indians, and later a French trading post, first occupied in 1700. It passed into the hands of the British after the French-Indian War in 1765, and was captured by Col. George Rogers Clark, at the head of a force of Virginia troops, in 1778. (See Clark, George Rogers.) At that time the white inhabitants were almost entirely of French descent. The first exercise of the elective franchise in Illinois occurred here in the year last named, and, in 1804, the United States Government opened a land office there. For many years the most important commercial town in the Territory, it remained the Territorial and State capital down to 1819. when the seat of government was removed to Vandalia. Originally situated on the west side of the Kaskaskia River, some six miles from the Mississippi, early in 1899 its site had been swept away by the encroachments of the latter stream, so that practically all that is left of ihe principal towri of Illinois, in Territorial days, is simply its name. Pop. (1910), 142.

EASKASKU INDIANS, one of the five tribes constituting the Illinois confederation of Algon quin Indians. About the year 1700 they removed from what is now La Salle County, to Southern Illinois, where they established themselves along the banks of the river which bears their name. They were finally removed, with their brethren of the Illinois, west of the Mississippi, and, as a distinct tribe, have become extinct.

KASKASKIA RITER^ rises in Champaign County, and flows southwest through the counties of Douglas, Coles, Moultrie, Shelby, Fayette, Clinton and St. Clair, thence southward through Randolph, and empties into the Mississippi River near Chester. It is nearly 800 miles long, and flows through a fertile, undulating country, which forms part of the great coal field of the State.

KEITH5 Edsoiiy Sr«, merchant and manufacturer, bom at Barre, Vt., Jan. 28, 1883, was educated at home and in the district schools ; spent 1850-54 in Montpelier, coming to Chicago the latter year and obtaining employment in a retail dry-goods store. In 1860 he assisted in establishing the firm of Keith, Faxon & Co., now Edson Keith & Co. ; is also President of the corporation of Keith Brothers & Co., a Director of the Metropolitan National Bank, and the Edison Electric Light Company. - Elbridge G. (Keith), banker, brother of the preceding, was bom at Barre, Vt., July 16, 1840; attended local schools and Barre Academy ; came to Chicago in 1857, the next year taking a position as clerk in the house of Keith, Faxon & Co., in 1865 becoming a partner and, in 1884, being chosen President of the Metropolitan National Bank, where he still remains. Mr. Keith was a member of the Republican National Convention of 1880, and belongs to several local literary, political and social clubs; was also one of the Directors of the World's Columbian Exposition of 1892-93.

KEITUSBURG9 a town in Mercer County on the Mississippi River, at the intersection of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy and the Iowa Central Railways; 100 miles west-northwest of Peoria. Principal industries are fisheries, shipping, manufacture of pearl buttons and oilers; has one paper. Pop. (1900), 1,566; (1910), 1,515.