Piatt County, Illinois - The whole text, 1917 (part 21 of 26)

Survey devoted to Massac County, alludes to a remarkable group of earthworks in the Black Bend of the Ohio, as an ''extensive** system of ''fortifications and mounds which probably belong to the same class as those in the Mississippi Bottom opposite St. Louis and at other points farther up the Ohio." In the report of Government survey by Dan W. Beck with, in 1884, mention is made of a very large mound on the Kankakee River, near the mouth of Rock Creek, now a part of Kankakee County. This had a base diameter of about 100 feet, with a height of twenty feet, and contained the remains of a large number of Indians killed in a celebrated battle, in which the Illinois and Chippewas. and the Delawares and Shawnees took part. Near by were two other mounds, said to contain the remains of the chiefs of the two parties. In this case, mounds of prehistoric origin had probably been utilized as burial places by the aborigines at a comparatively recent period. Related to the Kankakee mounds, in location if not in period of construction, is a group of nineteen in nimiber on the site of the present city of Morris, in Grundy County. Within a circuit of three miles of Ottawa it has been estimated that the^ were 3.000 mounds - though many of these are believed to have been of Indian origin. Indeed, the whole Illinois Valley is full of these silent monuments of a prehistoric age, but they are not generally of the conspicuous character of those found in the vicinity of St. Louis and attributed to the Moimd Builders. - A very largQ and numerous group of these monuments exists along the blufb of the Mississippi River, in the western part of Rock Island and Mercer Counties, chietiy between Drury's Landing and New Boston. Mr. J. EL Stevenson, in "The American Antiquarian.** a few years ago. estimated that there were 2,500 of these within a circuit of fifty miles, located in groups of two or three to 100, varying in diameter from fifteen to 150 feet, with an elevation of two to fifteen feet. There are also numerous burial and sacrificial mounds in the vicinity of ChiUicothe, on the Illinois River, in the northeastern part of Peoria County. - ^There are but few specimens of the animal or effigy mounds, of which so many exist in Wisconsin, to be found in Illinois; and the fact that these are found chiefiy on Rock River, leaves no doubt of a common origin with the Wisconsin groups. The most remarkable of these is the celebrated "Turtle Mound,*' within the present limits of the city of Rockford - though some regard it as having more resemblance to an alligator. This figure, which is maintained in a good state of preservation by the citizens, has an extreme length of about 150 feet, by fifty in width at the front legs and thirty-nine at the hind legs, and an elevation equal to the height of a man. There are some smaller mounds in the vicinity, and some bird effigies on Rock River some six miles below Rockford. There is also an animal effigy near the village of Hanover, in Jo Daviess County, with a considerable group of round mounds and embankments in the immedi* ate vicinity, Jbesides a smaller effigy of a similar character on the north side of the Pecatonica in Stephenson County, some ten miles east of ITreeport. The Rock River region seems to have been a favorite field for the operations of the moundbuilders, as shown by the number and variety of these structures, extending from Sterling, in Whiteside County, to the Wisconsin State line. A large number of these were to be found in the vicinity of the Eashwaukee River in the southeastern part of Winnebago County. The famous prehistoric fortification on Rock River, just beyond the Wisconsin boundary - ^which seems to have been a sort of counterpart of the ancient Fort Azatlan on the Indiana side of the Wabash - appears to have had a close relation to the works of the mound-builders on the same stream in Illinois.

MOUND CITY, the county-seat of Pulaski County, on the Ohio River, seven miles north of Cairo; is on a branch line of the Illinois Central and the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railroad. The chief industries are lumbering and ship-building; also has furniture, canning and other factories. One of the United States National Cemeteries is located hera The town has a bank and four weekly papers. Population (1890), 2,550; (1900), 2,705; (1910), 2,837.

MOUNT CABMEL, a city and the county-seat of Wabash County; is the point of junction of the Cleveland, Cincinnati. Chicago & St. Louis and the Southern Railroads, 182 miles northeast of Cairo, and 24 miles southwest of Vincennes, Ind. ; situated on the Wabash River, which supplies good water-power for saw mills, flouring mills, and some other manufactures. The town has railroad shops and two daily and two weekly papers. Agriculture and lumbering are the principal pursuits of the people of the surroimding district. Pop.(1890),3,376; (1900),4,311; (1910), 6,934.

MOUNT CARROLL, the county-seat of Carroll County, an incorporated city, founded in 1848; is 128 miles southwest of Chicago, on the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad. Farming, stock-raising and mining are the principal industries. It has five churches, excellent schools, good libraries, two daily and two semi- weekly newspapers. Pop. (1900), 1,965; (1910), 1,759.

MOUNT CARROLL SEMINARY, a young ladies* seminary, located at Mount Carroll, Carroll County; incorporated in 1852; had a faculty of thirteen members in 1896, with 126 pupils, property valued at 1100,000, and a library of 5,000 volumes.

MOUNT MORRIS, a town in Ogle County, situated on the Chicago & Iowa Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 108 miles west by north from Chicago, and 24 miles southwest of Rockford; is the seat of Mount Morris College and flourishing public school; has handsome stone and brick buildings, three churches and two weekly papers. Pop. (1910), 1,132.

MOUNT OLIYE, a village of Macoupin County, on the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis and the Wabash Railways, 68 miles southwest of Decatur; in a rich agricultural and coal-mining region. Pop. (18^), 1,986; (1900), 2,935; (1910), 3,501.

MOUNT PULASKI, a village and railroad junction in Logan County, 21 miles northwest of Decatur and 24 miles northeast of Springfield. Agriculture, coal-mining and stock-raising are leading industries. It is also an important shipping point for grain, and contains several elevators and fiouring miUa Population (1880), 1,125; (1890), 1,357; (1900), 1,643; (1910), 1,511.

MOUNT STERLING, a city, the county-seat of Brown County, midway between Quincy and Jacksonville, on the Wabash Railway. It is surrounded by a rich farming country, and has extensive deposits of clay and coal. It contains six churches and four schools (two large public, and two parochial). The town is lighted by electricity and has public water-works. Wagons, brick, tile and earthenware are manufactured here; city also has carding and flouring mills, and one semi- weekly and one weekly paper. Pop. (1890) 1,655; (1900), 1,960; (1910), 1,986.

MOUNT TEENON, a city and county-seat of Jefferson County, on three trunk lines of railroad, T7 miles east-southeast of St. Louis; is the center of a rich agricultural and coal region; has many flourishing manufactories, including car-works, a plow factory, flouring mills, pressed brick factory, canning factory, and is an important shipping-point for grain, vegetables and fruits. The Appellate Court for the Southern Grand Division is held here, and the city has nine churches, fine school buildings, a Carnegie library, two banks, heating plant, two daily and two weekly papers. Pop. (1890), 3,233; (1900), 6,216; (1910), 8,007.

Mount Ternon & Gr Atyille Railroad

MOWEA({UA| a village of Shelby County, on the Illinois Central Raihnoad, 16 miles south of Decatur; is in rich agricultural and stock-raising section; has coal mine, three banks and two newspapers. Pop. (1900), 1,478; (1910), 1,513.

MUDD, (Col.) John J., soldier, was bom in St. Charles CJounty, Mo., Jan. 9, 1820; his father having died in 1883, his mother removed to Pike County, 111., to free her children from the influence of slavery. In 1849, and again in 1850, he made the overland journey to California, each time returning by the Isthmus, his last visit extending into 1851. In 1854 he engaged in the commission business in St. Louis, as head of the firm of Mudd & Hughes, but failed in the crash of 1857; then removed to Chicago, and, in 1861, was again in prosperous business. While on a business visit in New Orleans, in December, 1860, he had an opportunity of learning the growing spirit of secession, being advised by friends to leave the St. Charles Hotel in order to escape a mob. In September, 1861, he entered the army as Major of the Second Illinois Cavalry (CoL Silas Noble), and, in the next few months, was stationed successively at Cairo, Bird's Point and Paducah, Ky., and, in February, 1862, led the advance of General McClemand's division in the attack on Fort Donelson. Here he was severely woimded ; but, after a few weeks in hospital at St. Louis, was sufficiently recovered to rejoin his regiment soon after the battle of Shiloh. Unable to perform cavalry duty, he was attached to the staff of General McClemand during the advance on Corinth, but, in October foUowing, at the head of 400 men of his regiment, was transferred to the command of General McPherson. Early in 1868 he was promoted Lieutenant-Colonel, and soon after to a colonelcy, taking part in the movement against Vicksburg. June 18, he was again severely wounded, but, a few weeks later, was on duty at New Orleans, and subsequently participated in the operations in Southwestern Louisiana and Texas. On May 1, 1864, he left Baton Rouge for Alexandria, as Chief of Staff to Greneral McClemand, but two days later, while approaching Alexandria on board the steamer, was shot tbrougli tlie head and instantly killed. He was a gallant soldier and greatly beloved by his troops.

MULBERRY ORGY E, a village of Bond County, on the Terre Haute & Indianapolis (Vandalia) Railroad, 8 miles northeast of Greenville; has a local newspaper. Pop. (1900), 632; (1910), 716.

MULLIGAN^ James A*, soldier, was bom of Irish parentage at Utica, N. Y., June 25, 1880; in 1886 accompanied his parents to Chicago, and, after graduating from the University of St. Mary's of the Lake, in 1850, began the study of law. In 1851 he accompanied John Lloyd Stephens on his expedition to Panama, and on his return resumed his professional studies, at the same time editing **The Western Tablet," a weekly Catholic paper. At the outbreak of the Rebellion he recruited, and was made Colonel of the Twenty-third Illinois Regiment, known as the Irish Brigade. He served with great gallantry, first in the West and later in the East, being severely wounded and twice captured. He declined a Brigadier-G^eneralship, preferring to remain with his regiment. He was fatally wounded during a charge at the battle of Winchester. While being carried off the field he noticed that the colors of his brigade were endangered. "Lay me down and save the flag," he ordered. His men hesitated, but he repeated the command until it was obeyed. Before they returned he had been borne away by the enemy, and died a /prisoner, at Winchester, Va., July 26, 1864.

MUNN^ Daniel W.y lawyer and soldier, was bom in Orange County, Vt., in 1834; graduated at Thetford Academy in 1852, when he taught two years, meanwhile beginning the study of law. Removing to Coles County, 111., in 1855, he resumed his law studies, was admitted to the bar in 1858, and began practice at Hillsboro, Montgomery County. In 1862 he joined the One Hundred and Twenty-sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, with the rank of Adjutant, but the following year was appointed Colonel of the First Alabama Cavalry. Compelled to retire from the service on account of declining health, he returned to Cairo, 111., where he became editor of *The Daily News"; in 1866 was elected to the State Senate, serving four years; served as Presidential Elector in 1868 ; was the Republican nominee for Congress in 1870, and the following year was appointed by President Grant Supervisor of Internal Revenue for the District including the States of Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin. Removing to Chicago, he began practice there in 1875, in which he has since been engaged. He has been prominently connected with a number of important cases before the Chicago courts.

MUNN, SylTester W., lawyer, soldier and legislator, was bom about 1818, and came from Ohio at thirty years of age, settling at Wilmington, Will County, afterwards removing to Joliet, where he practiced law. During the War he served as Major of the Yates Phalanx (Thirtyninth Illinois Volunteers); later, was State's Attorney for Will County and State Senator in the Thirty-first and Thirty-second General Assemblies. Died, at Joliet, Sept 11. 1888. He was a member of the Illinois State Bar Association from its organization.

MURPHT, Ererett J., ex-Member of Congress, was bom in Nashville, IlL, July 24, 1852; in early youth removed to Sparta, where he was educated in the high schools of that place ; at the age of fourteen he became clerk in a store; in 1877 was elected City <;ierk of Sparta, but the next year resigned to become Deputy Circuit Clerk at Chester, remaining until 1882, when he was elected Sheriff of Randolph County. In 1886 he was chosen a Representative in the Gen. eral Assembly, and, in 1889, was appointed, by Governor Fifer, Warden of the Southern Illinois Penitentiary at Chester, but retired from this position in 1892, and removed to East St. Louis. Two years later he was elected as a Republican to the Fifty-fourth Congress for the Twenty-first District, but was defeated for re-election by a small majority in 1896, by Jehu Baker, Democrat and Populist. In 1899 Mr. Murphy was appointed Warden of the State Penitentiary at Joliet, to succeed CoL R. W. McClaughry.

MUBPHTSBORO, the county-seat of Jackson County, situated on the Big Muddy River and on main line of the Mobile & Ohio, the St. Louis Division of the Illinois Central, and a branch of the St. Louis Valley Railroads, 52 miles north of Cairo and 90 miles south-southeast of St. Louis. Coal of a superior quality is extensively mined in the 'vicinity. The city has a foundry, machine shops, skewer factory, furniture factory, flour and saw mills, thirteen churches, four schools, three banks, two daily and two weekly newspapers, city and rural free mail delivery. Population (1890), 3,380; (1900), 6,463; (1910), 7,485.

Mtbphtsbobo & Shawneetown Bail

HAFERYILLE, a city of Du Page County, on the west branch of the Du Page River and on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 80 miles west-southwest of Chicago, and 9 miles east of Aurora. It has three banks, a weekly newspaper, <)tone quarries, couch factory, and nine churches; is also the seat of the Northwestern College, an Institution founded in 1861 by the Evangelical

NAPLES, a town of Scott County, on the Illinois River and the Hannibal and Naples branch of the Wabash Railway, 21 miles west of Jacksonville. Pop. (1900), 398; (1910), 457.

NASHYILLE, an incorporated city, the countyseat of Washington County, on the Centralia & Chester and the Louisville & Nashville Railways; is 120 miles south of Springfield and 50 miles east by south from St. Louis. It stands in a coalproducing and rich agricultural region. There are two coal mines within the corporate limits, and two large flouring mills do a considerable busines& There are numerous churches, public schools, including a high school, a State bank, and five weekly papers, two of them German. Pop. (1890), 2,084; (1900), 2,184; (1910), 2,135.

NAUYOO, a city in Hancock County, at the head of the Lower Rapids on the Mississippi, between Fort Madison and Keokuk, Iowa. It was founded by the Mormons in 1840, and its early growth was rapid. After the expulsion of the **Saints" in 1846, it was settled by a colony of French Icarians, who introduced the culture of grapes on a large scale. They were a sort of communistic order, but their experiment did not prove a success, and in a few years they gave place to another class, the majority of the population now being of German extraction. The chief industries are agriculture and horticulture. Large quantities of grapes and strawberries are raised and shipped, and considerable native wine is produced. Nauvoo was founded adjacent to the original town of Commerce. Pop. (1900), 1,321; (1910), 1,020. (See also Mormons.)

NAYIGABLE STREAMS (by Statute). Following the example of the French explorers, who chiefly followed the water-ways in their early explorations, the early permanent settlers of Illinois, not only settled, to a great extent, on the principal streams, but later took especial pains to maintain their navigable character by statute. This was, of course, partly due to the absence of improved highways, but also to the belief that, as the country developed, the streams would become extremely valuable, if not indispensable, especially in the transportation of heavy commodities. Accordingly, for the first quarter century after the organization of the State Government, one of the questions receiving the attention of the Legislature, at almost every session, was the enactment of laws affirming the navigability of certain streams now regarded as of little importance, or utterly insignificant, as channels of transportation. Legislation of this character began with the first General Assembly (1819), and continued, at intervals, with reference to one or two of the more important interior rivers of the State, as late as 1867. Besides the Illinois and Wabash, still recognized as navigable streams, the following were made the subject of legislation of this character: Beaucoup Creek, a branch of the Big Muddy, in Perry and Jackson Counties (law of 1819) ; Big Bay, a tributary of the Ohio in Pope County (Acts of 1883); Big ' Muddy, to the junction of the East and West Forks in Jefferson County (1885), with various subsequent amendments; Big Vermilion, declared navigable (1831); Bon Pas, a branch of the Wabash, between Wabash and Edwards Counties (1881) ; Cache River, to main fork in Johnson County (1819); Des Plaines, declared navigable (1889); Embarras (1831), with various subsequent acts in reference to improvement; Fox River, declared navigable to the Wisconsin line (1840), and Fox River Navigation Company, incorporated (1855) ; Kankakee and Iroquois Navigation & Manufacturing Company, incorporated (1847), with various changes and amendments (1851-65) ; Kaskaskia (or Okaw), declared navigable to a point in Fayette County north of Vandalia (1819), with various modifying acts (1828-67) ; Macoupin Creek, to Carrollton and Alton road (1887); Piasa, declared navigable in Jersey and Madison Counties (1861); Rock River Navigation Company, incorporated (1841), with sul^equent acts (1845-67); Sangamon River, declared navigable to Third Principal Meridian - east line of Sangamon County-^(1822), and the North Fork of same to Cliampaign County (1845) ; Sny-Carty (a bayou of the Mississippi), declared « navigable in Pike and Adams Counties (1859) ; Spoon River, navigable to C^meron^s mill in Fulton County (1885), with various modifying acts (1845-58); Little Wabash Navigation Company, incorporated and river declared navigable to McCawley*s bridge - probably in Clay CJounty - -(1826), with various subsequent acts making appropriations for its improvement; Skillet Fork (a branch of the Little Wabash), declared navigable to Slocum's Mill in Marion County (1887), and to Ridgway Mills (1846;. Other acts passed at various times declared a number of unimportant streams navigable, including Big Creek in Fulton County, Crooked Creek in Schuyler County, Lusk's Creek in Pope County, McKee's Creek in Pike CJounty, Seven Mile Creek in Ogle County, besides a number of others^ of similar character.

NEALE, THOMAS M*^ pioneer lawyer, was born in Fauquier County, Va., 1796; while yet a child removed with his parents to Bowling Green, Ky., and became a common soldier in the War of 1812; came to Springfield, 111., in 1824. and began the practice of law; served as Colonel of a regiment raised in Sangamon and Morgan Counties for the Winnebago War (1827), and afterwards as Surveyor of Sangamon County, appointing Abraham Lincoln as his deputy. He also served as a Justice of the Peace, for a number of years, at Springfield. Died, August 7, 1840.

NEECE, Wfliiam H., ex-Congressman, was bom, Feb. 26, 1881, in what is now a part of Logan County, 111. , but which was then within the limits of Sangamon ; was reared on a farm and attended the public schools in McDonough County; studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1858, and was afterwards engaged in practice. His political career began in 1861, when he was chosen a member of. the City Coun. oil of Macomb. In 1864 he was elected to the Legislature, and, in 1869, a member of the Constitutional (invention. In 1871 he was again elected to the lower house of the G^eral Assembly, and, in 1878, to the State Senate. From 1883 to 1887 he represented the Eleventh Illinois District in Ck>ngress, as a Democrat, but was defeated for re-election in 1890 by William H. Gest, Republican. Died Jan. 3, 1909.

NEOGA, a village of Cumberland County, at the intersection of the Illinois Central and the Toledo, St. Louis & Western Railways, 20 miles southwest of dTharleston; has a bank, one newspaper, some manufactories, and ships grain, hay, fruit and livestock. Pop. (1900), 1,126; (1910), 1,074.

NEPONSET, a village and station on the CJhicago, Biu-lington & Quincy Raiboad, in Bureau County, 4 miles southwest of Mendota; a farming and stock-growing district. Pop. (1910), 642.

New Albany & St. Louis Railway

NEW ATHENS, a village of St. Clair County, on the St. Louis & Cairo "Short Line" (now Illinois Central) Railroad, at the crossing of the Easkaskia River, 81 miles southeast of St. Louis; has one newspaper, foundries, mills, and considerable grain trade. Pop. (1900), 856; (1910), 1,131.

Public Buildings

Newberry, an early business man of Chicago, who left half of his estate (aggregating over $2,000,000) for the purpose. The property bequeathed was largely in' real estate, which has since greatly increased in value. The library wast established in temporary quarters in 1887, and the first section of a permanent building was opened in the autumn of 1898. By that time there had been accumulated about 160,000 books and pamphlets. A collection of nearly fifty portraits - chiefly of eminent Americans, including many citizens of Chicago - was presented to the library by Q. P. A. Healy, a distinguished artist, since deceased. The site of the building occupies an entire block, and the original design contemplates a handsome front on each of the four streets, with a large rectangular court in the center. The section already completed b massive and imposing, and its interior is admirably adapted to the purposes of a library, and at the same time rich and beautifuL When completed, the building will have a capacity for four to six million volumes.

NEWB£RRYy Walter C, ex-Congressman, was bom at Sangerfield, Oneida County, N. Y., Dec. 28, 1885. Early in the Civil War he enlisted as a private, and rose, step by step, to a colonelcy, and was mustered out as Brevet Brigadier-General. In 1890 he was elected, as a Democrat, to represent the Fourth Illinois District in the Fifty -second Congress (1891-93). His home is in Chicago.

NEWBERRY, Walter L., merchant, banker and philanthropist, was bom at East Windsor, Conn., Sept. 18, 1804, descended from English ancestry. He was President Jackson's personal appointee to the United States Military Academy at West Point, but was prevented from taking the examination by sickness. Subsequently he embarked in business at Buffalo, N. Y., going to Detroit in 1828, and settling at Chicago in 1888. After engaging in general merchandising for several years, he turned his attention to banking, in which he accumulated a large fortune. He was a prominent and influential citizen, serving several terms as President of the Board of Education, and being, for six years, the President of the Chicago Historical Society. He died at sea, Nov. 6, 1868, leaving a large estate, one-half of which he devoted, by will, to the founding of a free reference library in Chicago. (See Newberry Library.)

NEW BOSTON, a city of Mercer County, on the Mississippi River, at the western terminus of the Galva and New Boston Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway. Population (1890), 445; (1900), 703; (1910), 718.

NEW CANTON, a village of Pike County, on the Quincy and St. Louis Division of the Chicago, Biurlington & Quincy Railroad. 20 miles west of Pittsfleld, in agricultural region; has a bank and one newspaper. Pop. (1910), 473.

NEW DOUGLAS, a village m Madison County, on the Toledo, St. Louis & Western Railroad; in farming and fruit-growing region; has coal mine, flour mill and newspaper. Population (1910), 499.

NEWELL, Jolin, Railway President, was bom at West Newbury, Mass., March 81, 1830, being directly descended from "Pilgrim" stock. At the age of 16 he entered the employment of the Cheshire Railroad in New Hampshire. Eighteen months later he was appointed an assistant engineer on the Vermont Central Railroad, and placed in charge of the construction of a 10-mile section of the line. His promotion was rapid, and, in 1850, he accepted a responsible position on the Champlain & St. Lawrence Railroad. From 1850 to 1856 he was engaged in making surveys for roads in Kentucky and New York, and, during the latter year, held the position of engineer of the Cairo City Ck>mpany, of Cairo, IlL In 1857 he entered the service of the Illinois Central Railroad Company, as Division Engineer, where his remarkable success attracted the attention of the owners of the old Winona & St. Peter Railroad (now a part of the Chicago & Northwestern system), who tendered him the presidency. This he accepted, but, in 1864, was made President of the Cleveland & Toledo Railroad. Four years later, he accepted the position of General Superintendent and Chief Engineer of the New York Central Railroad, but resigned, in 1869, to become Vice-President of the Illinois Central Railroad. In 1871 he was elevated to the presidency, but retired in September, 1874, to accept the position of General Manager of the Lake Shore & Michigan Southem Railroad, of which he was elected President, in May, 1888, and continued in office until the time of his death, which occurred at Youngstown, Ohio, August 25, 1894.

NEWHALL, (Dr.) Horatio, early physician and newspaper publisher, came from St. Louis, Mo., to Galena, IlL. in 1827, and engaged in mining and smelting, but abandoned this business, the following year, for the practice of his profession; soon afterward became interested in the publication of **The Miners' Journal," and still later in **The Galena Advertiser," with which Hooper Warren and Dr. Philleo were associated.

In 1880 he became a Surgeon in the United States Army, and was stationed at Fort Winnebago, but retired from the service, in 1832, and returned to Galena. When the Black Hawk War broke out he volunteered his services, and, by order of General Scott, was placed in charge of a military hospital at Gralena, of which he had control until the close of the war. The diflSculties of the position, were increased by the appearance of the Asiatic cholera among the troops, but he seems to have discharged his duties with satisfaction to the military authorities. He enjoyed a wide reputation for professional ability, and had an eittensive practice. Died, Sept. 19. 1870.

IfEWMAN^ a city oi Douglas Coimty, on the Ciucinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Railway, 52 miles east of Decatur; has a bank, two newspapers, canning factory, broom factory, electric lights and large trade in agricultural products and live-stock. Pop. (1890), 990; (1900), 1,166; (1910), 1,264.

NEWSPAPERS, EARLY. The first newspaper published in the Northwest Territory, of which the present State of Illinois, at the time, composed a part, was 'TheCentinel of the Northwest Territory," established at Cincinnati by William Maxwell, the first issue appearing in November, 1798. This was also the first newspaper published west of the Allegheny Moimtaina In 1796 it was sold to Edmund Freeman and assumed the name of "Freeman's Journal." Nathaniel Willis (grandfather of N. P. Willis, the poet) established **The Scioto Gazette." at Chillicothe. in 1796. "The Western Spy and Hamilton Gazette" was the third paper in Northwest Territory (also within the limits of Ohio), founded in 1799. Willis's paper became the organ of the Territorial Government on the removal of the capital to Chillicothe, in 1800.

The first newspaper in Indiana Territory (then including Illinois) was established by Elihu Stout at Vincennes, beginning publication, July 4, 1804. It took the name of "The Western Sun and General Advertiser," but is now known as "The Western Sun," having had a continuous existence for ninety-five years.

The first newspaper published in Illinois Territory was "The Illinois Herald," but, owing to the absence of early files and other specific records, the date of its establishment has been involved in some doubt. Its founder was Matthew Duncan (a brother of Joseph Duncan, who was afterwards a member of Congress and Governor of the State from 1834 to 1838), and its place of publication Kaskaskia, at that time the Territorial capital Duncan, who was a native of Kentucky, brought a press and a primitive printer's outfit with him from that State. Gov. John Reynolds, who came as a boy to the "Illinois Country" in 1800, while it was still a part of the "Northwest Territory," in his "Pioneer History of Illinois," has fixed the date of the first issue of this paper in 1809, the same year in which Illinois was severed from Indiana Territory and placed imder a separate Territorial Government. There is good reason, however, for believing that the Governor was mistaken in this statement. If Duncan brought his press to Illinois in 1809 - which is probable - it does not seem to have been employed at once in the publication of a newspaper, as Hooper Warren (the fbunder of the third paper established in Illinois) says it "was for years only used for the public printing." The earliest issue of "The Illinois Herald" known to be in existence, is No. 82 of Vol. II, and bears date, April 18, 1816. Calculating from these data, if the paper was issued continuously from its establishment, the date of the first issue would have been Sept. 6, 1814. Corroborative evidence of this is found in the fact that "The Missouri Gazette, " the original of the old "Missouri Republican" (now "The St. Louis Republic"), which was established in 1808, makes no mention of the Kaskaskia paper before 1814, although commumcation between Kaskaskia and St. Louis was most intimate, and these two were, for several years, the only papers published west of Vincennes, Ind.

In August, 1817, "The Herald" was sold to Daniel P. Cook and Robert Blackwell, and the name of the paper was changed to "The Illinois Intelligencer." Cook - who had previously been Auditor of Public Accounts for the Territory, and afterwards became a Territorial Circitit Judge, the first Attorney -General under the new State Government, and, for eight years, served as the only Representative in Congress from Illinois - for a time officiated as editor of "The Intelligencer," while Blackwell (who had succeeded to the Auditorship) had charge of the publication. The size of the paper, which had been four pages of three wide columns to the page, was increased, by the new publishers, to four columns to the page. On the removal of the State capital to Vandalia, in 1820, "The Intelligencer" was removed thither also, and continued under its later name, afterwards becoming, after a change of management, an opponent of the scheme for the calling of a State Convention to revise the State Constitution with a view to making Illinois a slave State. (See Slavery and Slave Laws.)

The second paper established on niinois soil was **The Shawnee Chief," which began publication at Shawneetown, Sept. 5, 1818, with Henry Eddy - who afterwards became a prominent lawyer of Southern Illinois - as its editor. The name of *'The Chief" was soon afterwards changed to 'The Illinois Emigrant." and some years later, became "The Shawneetown Oazette." Among others who were associated with the Shawneetown paper, in early days, was James Hall, afterwards a Circuit Judge and State Treasurer, and, without doubt, the most prolific and popular writer of his day in Illinois. Later, he established **The Illinois Magazine" at Vandalia, subsequently removed to Cincinnati, and issued under the name of 'The Western Monthly Magazine." He was also a frequent contributor to other magazines of that period, and author of several volumes, including "Legends of the West" and "Border Tales." During the contest over the slavery question, in 1828-24, "The Gazette" rendered valuable service to the anti-slavery party by the publication of articles in opposition to the Convention scheme, from the pen of Morris Birkbeck and others.

The third Illinois paper - and, in 1828-24, the strongest and most influential opponent of the scheme for establishing slavery in Illinois - was "The Edwardsville Spectator," which began publication at Edwardsville, Madison County, May 28, 1819. Hooper Warren was the publisher and responsible editor, though he received valuable aid from the pens of Governor Coles, George Churchill, Rev. Thomas Lippincott, Judge Samuel D. Lockwood, Morris Birkbeck and others. (See Warren, Hooper.) Warren sold "The Spectator" to Rev. Thomas Lippincott in 1825, and was afterwards associated with papers at Springfield, Galena, Chicago and elsewhere.

The agitation of the slavery question (in part, at least) led 'to the establishment of two new papers in 1822. The first of these was "The Republican Advocate," which began publication at Kaskaskia, in April of that year, under the management of Elias Kent Kane, then an aspirant to the United States Senatorship. After his election to that ofilce in 1824, "The Advocate" passed into the hands of Robert K. Fleming, who, after a period of suspension, established "The Kaskaskia Recorder," but, a year or two later, removed to Vandalia. "The Star of the West" was established at Edwardsville, as an opponent of Warren's "Spectator," the first issue making its appearance, Sept. 14, 1822, with Theophilus W. Smith, afterwards a Justice of the Supreme

Court, as its reputed editor. A few months later it passed into new hands, and, in August, 1828, assimied the name of "The Illinois Republican. " Both "The RepubUcan Advocate" and "The Illinois Republican" were zealous organs of the pro-slavery party.

With the settlement of the slavery question in Illinois, by the election of 1824, Illinois journalism may be said to have entered upon a new era. At the close of this first period there were only five papers published in the State - all established within a period of ten years; and one of these ("The Illinois Republican," at Edwardsville) promptly ceased publication on the settlement of the slavery question in opposition to the views which it had advocated. The next period of fifteen years (1825-40) was prolific in the establishment of new newspaper ventures, as might be expect&d from the rapid increase of the State in population, and the development in the art of printing during the same period. "The Western Sun," established at Belleville (according to one report, in December, 1825, and according to another, in the winter of 1827-28) by Dr. Joseph Green, appears to have been the first paper published in St. Clair County. This was followed by "The Pioneer," begun, April 25, 1829, at Rock Spring, St. Clair County, with the indomitable Dr. John M. Peck, author of "Peck's Gazetteer," as its editor. It was removed in 1886 to Upper Alton, when it took the name of "The Western Pioneer and Baptist Banner." Previous to this, however. Hooper Warren, having come into possession of the material upon which he had printed "The Edwardsville Spectator," removed it to Springfield, and, in the winter of 1826-27, began the publication of the first paper at the present State capital, which he named "The Sangamo Gazette." It had but a brief existence. During 1830, George Forquer, then Attorney-General of the State, in conjunction with his half-brother, Thomas Ford (afterwards Governor) , was engaged in the publication of a paper called "The Courier," at Springfield, which was continued only a short time. The earliest paper north of Springfield appears to have been "The Hennepin Journal," which began publication, Sept. 16, 1827. "The Sangamo Journal" - now "The Illinois State Journal," and the oldest paper of continuous existence in the State - was established at Springfield by Simeon and Josiah Francis (cousins from Connecticut), the first issue bearing date, Nov. 10, 1831. Before the close of the same year James G. Edwards, afterwards the founder of "The Burlington (Iowa) Hawkeye," began the publication of **The Illinois Patriot** at Jacksonville. Another paper, established the same year, was *The Gazette*' at Vandalia, then the State capital. (See Forquer, George; Ford, Thomas; Francis, Simeon.)

At this early date the development of the lead mines about Galena had made that place a center of great business activity. On July 8, 1828, James Jones commenced the issue of *The Miners* Journal, * * the first paper at Galena. Jones died of cholera in 1883, and his paper passed into other hands. July 20, 1829, **The Galena Advertiser and Upper Mississippi Herald** began publication, with Drs. Horatio Newhall and Addison Philleo as editors, and Hooper Warren as publisher, but appears to have been discontinued before the expiration of its first year. "The Ghklenian** was establisjied as a Democratic paper by Philleo, in May, 1882, but ceased publication in September, 1838. **The Northwestern Gazette and Galena Advertiser.** founded in November, 1834, by Loring and Bartlett (the last named afterwards one of the founders of "The Quincy Whig**), has had a continuous existence, being i>o w known as * The Galena Advertiser. ' ' Benjamin Mills, one of the most brilliant lawyers of his time, was editor of this paper during a part of the first year of its publication.

Robert K. Fleming, who has already been mentioned as the successor of Elias Kent Kane in the publication of "The Republican Advocate,** at Kaskaskia, later published a paper for a short time at Vandalia, but, in 1827, removed his establishment to Edwardsville, where he began the publication of "The Corrector.*' The latter was continued a little over a year, when it was suspended. He then resumed the publication of "The Recorder** at Kaskaskia. In December, 1833, he removed to Belleville and began the publication of "The St. Clair Gazette,** which afterwards passed, through various changes of owners, under the names of "The St. Clair Merciuy'* and "Representative and Gazette.** This was succeeded, in 1839, by "The Belleville Advocate," which has been published continuously to the present time.

Samuel S. Brooks (the father of Austin Brooks, afterwards of "The Quincy Herald*') at different times published papers at various points in the State. His first enterprise was "The Crisis*' at Edwardsville, which he changed to "The Illinois Advocate,** and, at the close of his first year, sold out to Judge John York Sawyer, who united it with "The Western Plowboy,** which he had established a few months previous. "The Advocate" was removed to Vandalia, and, on the death of the owner (who had been appointed State Printer), was consolidated with "The Illinois Register,** which had been established in 1836. Tl^ new paper took the name of "The Illinois Register and People's Advocate," in 1839 was removed to Springfield, and is now known as "The Illinois State Register."

Other papers established between 1830 and 1840 include: "The Vandalia Whig" (1831); 'The Alton Spectator," the first paper published in Alton (January, 1834); "The Chicago Democrat," by John Calhoun (Nov. 26, 1888); "The Beardstown Chronicle and Illinois Bounty Land Advertiser," by Francis A. Arenz (July 29, 1833) ; "The Alton American" (1833); "The White County News,*' at Carmi (1833); "The Danville Enquirer" (1833); "The Illinois Champion," at Peoria (1834); "The Mount Carmel Sentinel and Wabash Advocate" (1834); "The Illinois State Gazette and Jacksonville News," at Jacksonville (1835); "The Illinois Argus and Bounty lAnd Register," at Quincy (1885); "The Rushville Journal and Military Tract Advertiser" (1835); "The Alton Telegraph" (1836); "The Alton Observer" (1836); "The Carthaginian," at Carthage (1836) ; "The Bloomington Observer" (1837) ; "The Backwoodsman," foimded by Prof. John Russell, at Grafton, and the first paper published in Greene County (1837); "The Quincy Whig" (1838) ; "The Illinois Statesman," at Paris, Edgar County (1838); "The Peoria Register" (1838). The second paper to be established in Chicago was "The Chicago American," whose initial number was issued, June 8, 1835, with Thomas O. Davis as proprietor and editor. In July, 1837, it passed into the hands of William Stuart & Co., and, on April 9, 1839, its publishers began the issue of the first daily ever published in Chicago. "The Chicago Express'* succeeded "The American** in 1842, and, in 1844, became the forerunner of "The Chicago Journal.*' The third Chicago paper was "The Commercial Advertiser," founded by Hooper Warren, in 1836. It lived only about a year. Zebina Eastman, who was afterwards associated with Warren, and became one of the most influential journalistic opponents of slavery, arrived in the State in 1839, and, in the latter part of that year, was associated with the celebrated Abolitionist, Benjamin Lundy. in the preliminary steps for the issue of "The Genius of Universal Emancipation." projected by Lundy at Lowell, in La Salle County. Lundy's untimely death, in August, 1839, however, pre-

Tented him from seeing the consummation of his plan, although Eastman lived to carry it out in part. A paper whose career, although extending only a little over one year, marked an era in Illinois journalism, was '*The Alton Observer,'* its history closing with the assassination of its editor. Rev. Elijah P. Lovejoy, on the night of Nov. 8, 1837, while unsuccessfully attempting to protect his press from destruction, for the fourth time, by a pro-slavery mob. Humiliating as was this crime to every law-abiding Illinoisan, it undoubtedly strengthened the cause of free speech and assisted in hastening the downfall of the institution in whose behalf it was committed.

That the development in the field of journalism, within the past sixty years, has more than kept pace with the growth in population, is shown by the fact that there is not a county in the State without its newspaper, while every town of a few hundred population has either one or more. According to statistics for 1898, there were 605 cities and towns in the State having periodical publications of some sort, making a total of 1,709, of which 174 were issued daily, 84 semi- weekly, 1,205 weekly, 28 semi-monthly, 238 monthly, and the remainder at various periods ranging from tri-weekly to eight times a year.

NEWTON, the county-seat of Jasper County, situated on the Embarras River, at the intersection of subsidiary lines of the Illinois Central Railroad from Peoria and Effingham; is an inoorporated city, was settled in 1828, and made the oounty-seat in 1886. Agriculture, coal-mining and dairy farming are the principal pursuits in the surrounding region. The city has waterpower, which is utilized to some extent in manufacturing, but most of its factories are operated by steam. Among these establishments are flour and saw mills, and grain elevators. There are a half-dozen churches, a good public school system, including parochial school and high school, besides two banks, two weekly and one monthly paper. Pop. (1900), 1,630; (1910), 2,108.

NEW TORE, CHICAGO & ST. LOUIS RAILWAY (Nickel Plate), a line 522.47 miles in length, of which (1898) only 9.96 miles are operated in Illinois. It owns no track in Illinois, but uses the track of the Chicago & State Line Railroad (9.96 miles in length), of which it has financial control, to enter the city of Chicago. The total capitalization of the New York, Chicago & St. Louis, in 1898, is $50,222,568. of which $19,425,000 is in bonds. - (History.) The New York, Chicago & St. Louis Railroad was incorporated under the laws of New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio,

Indiana and Illinois in 1881, construction begun immediately, and the road put in operation in 1882. In 1885 it passed into the hands of a receiver, was sold imder foreclosure in 1887, and reorganized by the consolidation of various eastem lines with the Fort Wayne & Illinois Railroad, forming the line imder its present name. The road between Buffalo, N. Y. . and the west line of Indiana is owned by the Company, but, for its line in Illinois, it uses the track of the Chicago & State Line Railroad, of which it is the lessee, as well as the owner of its capital stock. The main line of the ** Nickel Plate" is controlled by the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railway, which owns more than half of both ther preferred and common stock.

NI ANTIC) a town in Macon County, on the Wabash Railway, 27 miles east of Springfield. Agrictdture is the leading industry. The town has three elevators, three churches, school, coal mine, a newspaper and a bank. Pop. (1910), 685.

NICOLAT, John George, author, was born in Essingen, Bavaria, Feb. 26, 1832; at 6 years of age was brought to the United States, lived for a time in Cincinnati, attending the public schools there, and then came to Illinois; at 16 entered the office of "The Pike County Free Press" at Pittsfield, and, while still in his minority, became editor and proprietor of the paper. In 1857 he became Assistant Secretary of State imder O. M. Hatch, the first Republican Secretary, but during Mr. Lincoln's candidacy for President, in 1860, aided him as private secretary, also acting as a correspondent of "The St. Louis Democrat." After the election he was formally selected by Mr. Lincoln as his private secretary, accompanying him to Washington and remaining until Mr. Lincoln's assassination. In 1865 he was appointed United States Consul at Paris, remaining until 1869; on his return for some time edited "The Chicago Republican"; was also Marshal of the United States Supreme Ck>urt in Washington from 1872 to 1887. Mr. Nicolay was author, in collaboration with John Hay, of "Abraham Lincoln: A History," first published serially in "The Century Magazine," and later issued in ten volumes; of "The Outbreak of the Rebellion" and "Campaigns of the Civil War," besides numerous magazine articles. Died m Washington, D. C, Sept. 26, 1901. NICOLETy Jean, early French explorer, came from Cherbourg. France, in 1618, and. for several years, lived among the Algonquins, whose language he learned and for whom he acted as interpreter. On July 4, 1634, he discovered Lake Michigan, then called the "Lake of the Illinois," and visited the Chippewas, Menominees and Winnebagoes, in the region about Green Bay, among whom he was received kindly. From the Mascoutins, on the Fox River (of Wisconsin), he learned of the Illinois Indians, some of whose northern villages he also visited. He subsequently returned to Quebec, where he was drowned, in October, 1642. He was probably the first Caucasian to visit 'Wisconsin and Illinois.

NILES9 Nathaniel^ lawyer, editor and soldier, bom at Plainfield, Otsego County, N. Y., Feb. 4, 1817; attended an academy at Albany, from 1880 to '34, was licensed to practice law and removed west in 1887, residing successively at Delphi and Frankfort, Ind., and at Owensburg, Ky., until 1842, when he settled in Belleville, 111. In 1840 he was commissioned a First Lieutenant in the Second Regiment lUinois Volunteers (Colonel Bisseirs) for the Mexican War, but, after the battle of Buena Vista, was promoted by General Wool to the captaincy of an independent company of Texas foot. He was elected Chief Clerk of the House of Representatives at the session of 1849, and the same year was chosen County Judge of St. Clair County, serving until 1861. With the exception of brief periods from 1851 to '59, he was editor and part owner of **The Belleville Advocate, " a paper originally Democratic, but which became Republican on the organization of the Republican party. In 1861 he was appointed Colonel of the Fifty-fourth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, but the completion of its organization having been delayed, he resigned, and, the following year, was commissioned Colonel of the One Hundred and Thirtieth, serving until May, 1864, when he resigned - in March, 1865, receiving the compliment of a brevet Brigadier-Generalship. During the winter of 1862 68 he was in command at Memphis, but later took part in the Vicksburg campaign, and in the campaigns on Red River and Bayou Teche. After the war he served as Representative in the General Assembly from St. Clair County (1865-66) ; as Trustee of the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb at Jacksonville; on the Commission for building the State Penitentiary at Joliet, and as Commissioner (by appointment of Governor Oglesby) for locating the Soldiers' Orplians' Home. His later years have been spent chiefly in the practice of his profession, with occasional excursions into joumaKsm. Originally a Democrat, he became one of the founders of the Republican party in Southern Illinois. Died Sept. 16, 1900.

North Carolina and Quaker anbestry, early in 1882. In 1853 he graduated from Farmers' (now Belmont) College, near Cincinnati, Ohio. After devoting two years to teaching, he entered the law department of the University hi Pennsylvania (1855), graduating in 1859. For nine years thereafter he practiced law at Cincinnati, during which period he was thrice elected to the Ohio Legislature. In 1868 he embarked in journalism, he and his older brother. Dr. O. W. Nixon, with a few friends, founding "The Cincinnati Chronicle." A few years later "The Times" was purchased, and the two papers were consolidated imder the name of "The Times-Chronicle." In May, 1872, having disposed of his interests in Cincinnati, he assumed the business management of "The Chicago Inter Ocean," then a new venture and struggling for a foothold. In 1875 he and his brother, Dr. O. W. Nixon, secured a controlling interest in the paper, when the former assumed the position of editor-in-chief, which he continued to occupy until 1897, when he was appointed Collector of Customs for the City of Chicago, serving two terms.

NOKOMIS9 a city of Montgomery County, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railroad, 81 miles east by north from St. Louis and 52 miles west of Mattoon, in important graingrowing section; has three coal mines, employing several hundred men, elevators, water-works, electric lights, creamery, seven churches, high school, two banks and three papers; is noted for shipments of poultry, butter and eggs. Pop. (1900), 1.371; (1910), 1,872.

NORMAL, a city in McLean County, 2 miles north of Bloomington and 124 southwest of Chicago; at intersecting point of the Chicago A Alton and the Illinois Central Railroads. It lies in a rich coal and agricultural region, and has extensive fruit-tree nurseries, two canning factories, one bank, hospital, and four periodicals. It is the seat of the Soldiers* Orphans* Home, founded in 1869, and the Illinois State Normal University, foimded in 1857; has city and rural mail deHvery. Pop. (1900), 3,795; (1910), 4,024.

NORTHCOTT9 William A., Lieutenant-Govemor, was born in Murfreesboro, Tenn., Jan. 28, 1854 - the son of Gen. R. S. Northcott, whose loyalty to the Union, at the beginning of the

Rebellion, compelled him to leave his Southern home and seek safety for himself and family in the North. He went to West Virginia, was commissioned Ck>lonel of a regiment and served through the war, being for some nine months a prisoner in Libby Prison. After acquiring his literary education in the public schools, the younger Northcott spent some time in the Naval Academy at Annapolis, Md., after which he was engaged in teaching. Meanwhile, he was preparing for the practice of law and was admitted to the bar in 1877, two years later coming to Qreenville. Bond Ck>unty, 111., which has since been his home. In 1880. by appointment of President Hayes, he served as Supervisor of the Census for the Seventh District; in 1882 was elected State's Attorney for Bond County and re-elected successively in '84 and '88; in 1890 was appointed on the Board of Visitors to the United States Naval Academy, and, by selection of the Board, delivered the annual address to the graduating class of that year. In 1892 he was the Republican nominee for Congress for the Eighteenth District, but was defeated in the general landslide of that year. In 1896 he was more fortunate, being elected Lieutenant-Governor by the vote of the State, receiving a plurality of over 187,000 over his Democratic opponent; was re-elected in 1900, serving two terras and at the present time (1911), is serving his third term as U. S. District Attorney for the Southern District of Illinois.

Northern Boundary Question, The

NORTHERN BOUNDARY QUESTION, THE. The Ordinance of 1787, making the first specific provision, by Congress, for the government of the country lying northwest of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi (known as the Northwest Territory), provided, among other things (Art. v., Ordinance 1787), that * 'there shall be formed in the said Territory not less than three nor more than five States." It then proceeds to fix the boundaries of the proposed States, on the assumption that there shall be three in number, adding thereto the following proviso: "Provided, however, and it is further understood and declared, that the boimdaries of these three States shall be subject 80 far to be altered that, if Congress shall hereafter find it expedient, they shall have authority to form one or two States in that part of the said Territory which lies north of an east and west line drawn through the southerly bend or extreme of Lake Michigan." On the basis of this provision it has been claimed that the northem boundaries of Illinois, Indiana and Ohio should have been on the exact latitude of the aouthem limit of Lake Michigan, and that the failure to estal>kish this boundary was a violation of the Ordinance, inasmuch as the fourteenth section of the preamble thereto declares that "the following articles shall be considered as articles of compact between the original States and the people and States in the said Territory, and forever remain imalterable, unless by common consent." - In the limited state of geographical knowledge, existing at the time of the adoption of the Ordinance, there seems to have been considerable difference of opinion as to the latitude of the southern limit of Lake Michigan. The map of Mitchell (1755) had placed it on the parallel of 42* 20', while that of Thomas Hutchins (1778) fixed it at 41'' 37'. It was officially established by Grovemment survey, in 1835, at 41'' 37' 07.9". As a matter of fact, the northern boundary of neither oT the three States named was finally fixed on the line mentioned in the proviso above quoted from the Ordinance - that of Ohio, where it meets the shore of Lake Erie, being a little north of 41'' 44'; that of Indiana at 41° 46' (some 10 miles north of the southern bend of the lake), and that of Illinois at 42'* 30' - about 61 miles north of the same line. The boundary line between Ohio and Michigan was settled after a bitter controversy, on the admission of the latter State into the Union, in 1837, in the acceptance by her of certain conditions proposed by Congress. These included the annexation to Michigan of what is known as the "Upper Peninsula," lying between Lakes Michigan and Superior, in lieu of a strip averaging six miles on her southern border, which she demanded from Ohio. - -The establishment of the northern boundary of Illinois, in 1818, upon the line which now exists, is universally conceded to have been due to the action of Judge Nathaniel Pope« then the Delegate in Congress from Illinois Territory. While it was then acquiesced in without question, it has since been the subject of considerable controversy and has been followed by almost incalculable results. The **enabling act," as originally introduced early in 1818, empowering the people of Illinois Territory to form a State Grovemment, fixed the northern boundary of the proposed State at 41" 39', then the supposed latitude of the southern extremity of Lake Michigan. While the act was under consideration in Committee of the Whole, Mr. Pope offered an amendment advancing the northern boundary to 42** 30'. The object of his amendment (as he explained) was to gain for the new State a coast line on Lake Michigan, bringing it into political and conunercial relations with the States east of it - Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania arid New York - thus * 'affording additional security to the perpetuity of the Union." He argued that the location of the State between the Mississippi, Wabash and Ohio Rivers - all flowing to the south - would bring it in intimate communication with the Southern States, and that, in the event of an attempted disruption of the Union, it was important that it should be identified with the conmierce of the Lakes, instead of being left entirely to the waters of the south-flowing rivers. "Thus, " said he, "a rival interest would be created to check the wish for a Western or Southern Confederacy. Her interests would thus be balanced and her inclinations turned to the North.*' He recognized Illinois as already '*the key to the West," and he evidently foresaw that the time might come when it would be the Keystone of the Union. While this evinced wonderful foresight, scarcely less convincing was his argument that, in time, a conunercial emporium would grow up upon Lake Michigan, which would demand an outlet by means of a canal to the Illinois River - a work which was realized in the completion of the Illinois & Michigan Canal thirty years later, but which would scarcely have been accomplished had the State been practically cut off from the Lake and its chief emporium left to grow up iff another commonwealth, or not at ^11. Judge Pope's amendment was accepted without division, and, in this form, a few days later, the bill became a law. - The almost superhuman sagacity exhibited in Judge Pope's argument, has been repeatedly illustrated in the commercial and political history of the State since, but never more significantly than in the conmianding position which Illinois occupied during the late Civil War, with one of its citizens in the Presidential chair and another leading its 250,000 citizen soldiery and the armies of the Union in battling for the perpetuity of the Republic - a position which more than fulfilled every prediction made for it. - The territory affected by this settlement of the northern boundary, includes all that part of the State north of the northern line of La Salle County, and embraces the greater portion of the fourteen counties of Cook, Dupage, Kane, Lake, McHenry, Boone, DeKalb, Lee, Ogle, Winnebago, Stephenson, Jo Daviess. Carroll and Whiteside, with portions of Kendall, Will and Rock Island - estimated at 8,500 square miles, or more than one-seventh of the present area of the State. It has been argued that this territory belonged to the State of Wisconsin under the provisions of the Ordinance of 1787, and there were repeated attempts made, on the part of the Wisconsin Legislature and its Territorial Governor (Doty), between 1839 and 1843, to induce the people of these counties to recognize this claim. These were, in a few instances, partially successful, although no official notice was taken of them by the authorities of Illinois. The reply made to the Wisconsin claim by Governor Ford - who .wrote his "History of Illinois" when the subject was fresh in the public mind - was that, while the Ordinance of 1787 gave Congress power to organize a State north of the parallel running through the southern bend of Lake Michigan, **there is nothing in the Ordinance requiring such additional State to be organized of the territory north of that line. " In other words, that, when Congress, in 1818, authorized the organization of an additional State north of and in (i. e., within) the line named, it did not violate the Ordinance of 1787, but a6ted in accordance with it - inr practically assuming that the new State ''need not necessarily include the whole of the region north of that line. " The question was set at rest by Wisconsin herself in the action of her Constitutional Convention of 1847-48, in framing her first constitution, in form recognizing the northern boundary of Illinois as fixed by the enabling act of 1818.

Northern Hospital For The Insane

NORTHERN HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE, an institution for the treatment of the insane, created by Act of the Legislature, approved, April 16, 1869. The Commissioners appointed by Governor Palmer to fix its location consisted of August Adams, B. F. Shaw, W. R. Brown, M. L. Joslyn, D. S. Hammond and William Adams. After considering many offers and examining numerous sites, the Commissioners finally selected the Chisholm farm, consisting of about 155 acres, 114 miles from Elgin, on the west side of Fox River, and overlooking that stream, as a site - this having been tendered as a donation by the citizens of Elgin. Plans were adopted in the latter part of 1869, the system of construction chosen conforming, in the main, to that of the United States Hospital for the Insane at Washington, D. C. By January, 1872, the north wing and rear building were so far advanced as to permit the reception of sixty patients. The center building was ready for occupancy in April, 1873, and the south wing before the end of the following year. The total expenditures previous to 1876 had exceeded $637,000, and since that date liberal appropriations have been made for additions, repairs and improvements, including the addition of between 800 and 400 acres to the lands connected with the institution The first Board of Trustees consisted of Charles N. Holden, Oliver Everett and Henry W. Sherman, with Dr. £. A. Kilboume as the first Superintendent, and Dr. Richard A. Dewey (afterwards Superintendent of the Eastern Hospital at Kankakee) as his Assistant Dr. Kilboume remained at the head of the institution until his death, Feb. 27, 1890, covering a period of nineteen years. Dr. Kilbourne was succeeded by Dr. Henry J. Brooki^ and he, by Dr. Loewy, in June, 1898, and the latter by Dr. John B. Hamilton (former Supervising Surgeon of the United States Marine Hospital Service) in 1897. Dr. Hamilton died in December, 1898. (See Hamilton, John B.) The total value of State property, June 80, 1894, was 1882,745.66, of which $701,880 was in land and buildings. Under the terms of the law establishing the hospital, provision is made for the care therein of the incurably insane, so that it is both a hospital and an asylum. The whole number of patients under treatment, for the two years preceding June 80, 1894, was 1,797, the number of inmates, on Dec. 1, 1897, 1,054, and the average daily attendance for treatment, for the year 1896, 1,296. The following counties comprise the district dependent upon the Elgin Hospital : Boone, Carroll, Cook, DeKalb, Jo Daviess, Kane, Kjendall. Lake, Stephenson, Whiteside and Winne* bago.

NORTHERN ILUNOIS NORMAL SCHOOL^ an institution, incorporated in 1884, at Dixon, Lee County, 111., for the purpose of giving instruction in branches related to the art of teaching. Its last report claims a total of 1,689 pupils, of whom 885 were men and 744 women, receiving instruction from thirty-six teachers. The total value of property was estimated at more than $200,000, of which 1160,000 was in real estate and $45,000 in apparatus. Attendance on the institution has been affected by the establishment, under act of the Legislature of 1895, of the Northern State Normal School at DeKalb (which see).

NORTHERN PENITENTIARY, THE, an institution for the confinement of criminals of the State, located at Joliet, Will County. The site was purchased by the State in 1857, and comprises some seventy-two acres. Its erection was found necessary because of the inadequacy of the first penitentiary, at Alton. (See Alton Penitentiary.) The original plan contemplated a cell-house containing 1,000 cells< which, it was thought, would meet the public necessities for many years to come. Its estimated cost was

$550,000; but, within ten years, there had been expended upon the institution the sum of $984,- 000, and its capacity was taxed to the utmost. Subsequent enlargements have increased the cost to over $1,600,000, but by 1877, the institution had become so overcrowded that the erection of another State penal institution became positively necessary. (See Southern Penitentiary.) The prison has always been conducted on ''the Auburn system," which contemplates associate labor in silence, silent meals in a common refeo* tory, and (as nearly as practic<^ble) isolation at night. The system of labor has varied at different times, the "lessee system,'* the ''contract system" and the * 'State account plan" being successively in force. (See Convict Labor.) The whole number of convicts in the institution, at the date of the official report of 1895, was 1,566. The total a&sets of the institution, Sept. 80, 1894, were reported at $2,121,808.86, of which $1,644,- 601.11 was in real estate.

NORTHERN STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, an institution for the education of teachers of the conunon schools, authorized to be established by act of the Legislature passed at the session of 1895. The act made an appropriation of $50,000 for the erection of buildings and other improvements. The institution was located at DeEIalb, DeKalb County, in the spring of 1896, and the erection of buildings conmienced soon after - Isaac F. Ellwood, of DeKalb, contributing $20,- 000 in cash, and J. F. Glidden, a site of sixtyseven acres of land. Up to Dec. 1, 1897; the appropriat^ions and contributions, in land and money, aggregated $175,000. The school was expected to be ready for the reception of pupils in the latter part of 1899, and, it is estimated, will accommodate 1,000 students. , NORTHWEST TERRITORY. The name formerly applied to that portion of the United States north and west of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi, comprising the present States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin. The claim of the Gk)vernment to the land had been acquired partly through conquest, by the expedition of Col. George Rogers Clark (which see), under the auspices of the State of Virginia in 1778; partly through treaties with the Indians, and partly through cessions from those of the original States laying claim thereto. The first plan for the government of this vast region was devised and formulated by Thomas Jefferson, in his proposed Ordinance of 1784, which failed of ultimate passage. But three years later a broader scheme was evolved, and the famous Ordinance of 1787, with its clause prohibiting the extension of slavery beyond the Ohio River, passed the Continental Congress. This act has been sometimes termed **The American Magna Charta," because of its engrafting upon the organic law the principles of human freedom and equal rights. The plan for the establishment of I* distinctive territorial civil government in a new Territory - the first of its kind in the new republic - was felt to be a tentative step, and too much power was not granted to the residents. All the officers were appointive, and each official was required to be a land-owner. The elective franchise (but only for members of the General Assembly) could first be exercised only after the population had reached 5,000. Even then, every elector must own fifty acres of land, and every Representative, 200 acres. More liberal provisions, however, were subsequently incorporated by amendment, in 1809. The first civil govermnent in the Northwest Territory was established by act of the Virginia Legislature, in the organization of all the country west of the Ohio imder the name "Illinois County,*' of which the Governor was authorized to appoint a '*County Lieutenant" or *'Commandant-in-Chief." The first * 'Commandant*' appointed was Col. John Todd, of Kentucky, though he continued to discharge the duties for only a short period, being killed in the battle of Blue Licks, in 1782. After that the Illinois Country was almost without the semblance of an organized civil government, until 1788, when Gen. Arthur St. Clair was appointed the first Governor of Northwest Territory, under the Ordinance of 1787, serving until the separation of this region into the Territories of Ohio and Indiana in 1800, when William Henry Harrison became the Governor of the latter, embracing all that portion of the original Northwest Territory except the State of Ohio. During St. Clair's administration (1790) that part of the present State of Illinois between the Mississippi and Illinois Rivers on the west, and a line extending north from about the site of old Fort Massac, on the Ohio, to the mouth of the Mackinaw River, in the present county of Tazewell, on the east, was erected into a coimty under the name of St. Clair, with three coimty-seats, viz.: Cahokia, Koiskaskia and Prairie du Rocher. (See St. Clair County. ) Between 1880 and 1834 the name Northwest Territory was applied to an unorganized region, embracing the present State of Wisconsin, attached to Michigan Territory for governmental

NORTHWESTERN COLLEGE, located at Naperville, Du Page County, and founded in 1865, under the auspices of the Evangelical Association. It maintains business, preparatory and collegiate departments, besides a theological school. In 1898 it had a faculty of nineteen professors and assistants, with some 860 students, less than one-third of the latter being females, though both sexes are admitted to the college on an equal footing. The institution owns property to the value of $207,000, including an endowment of 185,000.

NORTHWESTERN NORMAL, located at Genesec, Henry CJounty, IlL, incorporated in 1884; in 1894 had a faculty of twelve teachers with 171 pupils, of whom ninety were male and eighty-one female.

NORTHWESTERN UNIYERSITT, an important educational institution, established at Evanston, in Cook County, in 1851. In 1896 it reported 2,599 students (1,980 male and 619 female), and a faculty of 284 instructors. It embraces the following departments, all of which confer degrees: A College of Liberal Arts; two Medical Schools (one for women exclusively); a Law School; a School of Pharmacy and a Dental College. The Garrett Biblical Institute, at which no degrees are conferred, constitutes the theological department of the University. The charter of the institution requires a majority of the Trustees to be members of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and the TJniversity is the largest and wealthiest of the schools controlled by that denomination. The College of Liberal Arts and the (j^arrett Biblical Institute are at Evanston; the other departments (all professional) are located in Chicago. In the academic department (Liberal Arts School), provision is made for both graduate and post-graduate courses. The Medical School was formerly known as the Chicago Medical Ck>llege, and its Law Department was originally the Union College of Law, both of which have been absorbed by the University, as have also its schools of dentistry and pharmacy, which were formerly independent institutions. The property owned by the University is valued at $4,870,000, of which $1,100,000 is real estate, and $2,250,000 in endowment funds. Its income from fees paid by students in 1898 was $215,288, and total receipts from all sources, $482,889. Co^ucation of the sexes pre-

Northwestern Vniyersitt Medical

SCHOOL) located in Chicago; was organized in 1859 as Medical School of the Lind (now Lake Forest) University. Three annual terms, of five months each, at first constituted a course, although attendance at two only was compulsory. The institution first opened in temporary quarters, Oct. 9, 1859, with thirteen professors and thirty -three students. By 1868 more ample acconunodations were heeded, and the Trustees of the Lind University being imable to provide a^ building, one was erected by the faculty. In 1864 the University relinquished all claim to the institution, which was thereupon incorporated as the Chicago Medical College. In 1868 the length of the annual terms was increased to six months, and additional requirements were imposed on candidates for both matriculation and graduation. The same year, the college building was sold, and the erection of a new and more commodious edifice, on the grounds of the Mercy Hospital, was conmienced. This was completed in 1870, and the college became the medical department of the Northwestern University. The number of professorships had been increased to eighteen, and that of undergraduates to 107. Since that date new laboratory and clinical buildings have been erected, and the growth of the institution has been steady and substantial. Mercy and St. Luke's Hospital, and the South Side Free Dispensary afford resources for clinical instruction. The teaching faculty, as constituted in 1898, consists of about fifty instructors, including professors, lecturers, demonstrators, and assistants.

Northwestern Unitersitt Woman'S

NORTHWESTERN UNITERSITT WOMAN'S MEDICAL SCHOOL^ an institution for the professional education of women, located in Chicago. Its first corporate name was the "Woman's Hospital Medical College of Chicago," and it was in close connection with the Chicago Hospital for Women and Children. Later, it severed its connection with the hospital and took the name of the ** Woman's Medical College of Chicago." Co-education of the sexes, in medicine and surgery, was experimentally tried from 1868 to 1870, but the experiment proved repugnant to tho male students, who unanimously signed a protest against the continuance of the system. The result was the establishment of a separate school for women in 1870, with a faculty of sixteen professors. The requirements for graduation were fixed art four years of medical study, including three annual graded college terms of six months each. The first term opened in the autumn of 1870, with an attendance of twenty students. The original location of the school was in the * 'North Division" of Chicago, in temporary quarters. After the fire of 1871 a removal was effected to the "West Division," where (in 1878-79) a modest, but well arranged building was erected. A larger structure was built in 1884. and, in 1891, the institution became a part of the Northwestern University. The college, in all its departments, is organized along the lines of the best medical schools of the country. In 1896 there were twenty -four professorships, all capably filled, and among the faculty are some of the best known specialists in the country.

NORTON, Jesse 0., lawyer, Congressman and Judge, was bom at Bennington, Vt., April 25, 1812, and graduated from Williams College in 1835. He settled at Joiiet in 1839, and soon became prominent in the affairs of Will County. His first public office was that of City Attorney, after which he served as County Judge (1846-50). Meanwhile, he was chosen a Delegate to the Constitutional Convention of 1847. In 1860 he was elected to the Legislature, and, in 1852, to Congress, as a Whig. His vigorous opposition to the repeal of the Missouri Compromise resulted in his re-election as a Representative in 1854. At the expiration of his second term (1857) he was chosen Judge of the eleventh circuit, to fill the unexpired term of Judge Randall, resigned. He was once more elected to Congress in 1862, but disagreed with his party as to the legal status of the States lately in rebellion. President Johnson appointed him United States Attorney for the Northern District of Illinois, which office he filled until 1869. Immediately upon his retirement he began private practice at Chicago, where he died, August 3, 1875.

NORTH CHICAGO, a city of Lake County (incorporated 1909) on C. & N. W. R. R., 33 miles north of Chicago; has a bank, steel and wireworks and one weekly paper. Pop. (1910), 3,306.

NOYES^ George Clement^ clergyman, was bom at Landaff, N. H., August 4, 1833, brought by his parents to Pike County, 111., in 1844, and, at the age of 16, determined to devote his life to the ministry ; in 1851, entered IMinois College at Jacksonville, graduating with first honors in the class of 1855. In the following autumn he entered Union Theological Seminary in New York, and, having graduated in 1858, was ordained the same year, and installed pastor of the First Presbyterian Church at Laporte, Ind. Here he remained ten years, when he accepted a call to the First Presbyterian Church of Evanston, IlL, then a small organization which developed, during the twenty years of his pastorate, into one of the strongest and most influential churches in Evanston. For a number of years Dr. Noyes was an editorial writer and weekly correspondent of "The New York Evangelist/* over the signature of "Clement." He was also, for several years, an active and very efficient member of the Board of Trustees of Knox College. The liberal bent of his mind was illustrated in the fact that he acted as counsel for Prof. David Swing, during the celebrated trial of the latter for heresy before the Chicago Presbytery - his argument on that occasion winning encomiums from all classes of people. His death took place at Evanston, Jan. 14, 1889, as the result of an attack of pneumonia, and was deeply deplored, not only by his own church and denomination, but by the whole community. Some two weeks after it occurred a union meeting was held in one of the churches at Evanston, at which addresses in commemoration of his services were delivered by some dozen ministers of that village and of Chicago, while various social and literary organizations and the press bore testimony to his high character. He was a member of the Literary Society of Chicago, and, during the last year of his life, served as its President. Dr. Noyes was married, in 1858,^ to a daughter of David A. Smith, Esq., an honored citizen and able lawyer of Jacksonville.

OAKLAND, a city of Coles County on the Vandalia Line and the Toledo, St. Louis & Western Railroad, 15 miles northeast of Charleston; is in grain center and broom-oom belt ; the town has a bank and two weekly papers. Pop. (1890), 995; (1900), 1,198; (1910), 1,159.

OAK PARK^ a village of Cook County, and popular residence suburb of Chicago, 9 miles west of the initial station of the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, on which it is located ; is also upon the line of the Wisconsin Central Railroad. The place has numerous churches, prosperous schools, a public library, telegraph and express offices, banks and three local papers. Pop. (1890), 4,771; (1910), 19,444.

OBESLY, Jolin H., journalist and Civil Service Commissioner, was bom in Cincinnati, Ohio, Dec. 6, 1837; spent part of his boyhood in Allegheny CJounty, Pa., but, in 1853, began learning the printer's trade in the office of "The Wooster (Ohio) Republican, '* completing it at Memphis, Tenn., and becoming a journeyman printer in

1857. He worked in various offices, including the Wooster paper, where he also began the study of law, but, in 1860, became part proprietor of **The Bulletin*' job office at Memphis, in which he had been employed as an apprentice, and, later, as foreman. Having been notified to leave Memphis on account of his Union principles after the beginning of the Civil War, he returned to Wooster, Ohio, and conducted various papers there during the next four years, but, in 1865, came to Cairo, 111., where he served for a time as foreman of **The Cairo Democrat," three years later establishing * *The Cairo Bulletin. ' ' Although the latter paper was burned out a few months later, it was immediately re-established. In 1872 he was elected Representative in the Twenty -eighth General Assembly, and, in 1877, was appointed by Governor Cullom the Denuxsratic member of the Railroad and Warehouse Commission, serving four years, meanwhile (in 1880) being the Democratic candidate for Secretary of State. Other positions held by him included Mayor of the city of Cairo (1869) ; President of the National Typographical Union at Chicago (1865), and at Memphis (1866); delegate to the Democratic National Convention at Baltimore (1872), and Chairman of the Democratic State Central Committee (1882-84). After retiring from the Railroad and Warehouse Commission, he united in founding '*The Bloomington (IlL) Bulletin,*' of which he was editor some three years. During President Cleveland's administration he was appointed a member of the Civil Service Commission, being later transferred to the Commissionership of Indian Affairs. He was subsequently connected in an editorial capacity with ''The Washington Post," **The Richmond (Va.) State," **The Concord (N. H.) People and Patriot" and "The Washington Times." While engaged in an attempt to reorganize '*The People and Patriot," he died at CJoncord, N. H., April 15, 1899.

ODD FELLOWS. "Western Star" Lodge, No. 1, I. O. O. F., was instituted at Alton, June 11, 1836. In 1838 the Grand Lodge of Illinois was instituted at the same place, and reorganized, at Springfield, in 1842. S. C. Pierce was the first Grand Master, and Samuel L. Miller, Grand Secretary. Wildey Encampment, No. 1, was organized at Alton in 1838, and the Grand Encampment, at Peoria, in 1850, with Charles H. Constable Grand Patriarch. In 1850 the subordinate branches of the Order numbered seventy-six, with 8,291 members, and $25,392.87 revenue. In 1895 the Lodges numbered 888, the membership 50,544. with »475,«52.18 revenue, of which $135,018.40 was exx)ended for relief. The Encampment branch, in 1895, embraced 179 organizations with a membership of 6,812 and $28,865.25 revenue. Of which $6,781.40 was paid out for relief. The Rebekah branch, for the same year, comprised 422 Lodges, with 22,000 members and $48,215.65 revenue, of which $8,122.79 was for relief. The total sum distributed for relief by the several organizations (1895) was $144,972.59. The Order was especially liberal in its benefactions to the sufferers by the Chicago fire of 1871, an appeal to its members calling forth a generous response throughout the United States. (See Odd Fellows* Orphans' Home.)

ODD FELLOWS* ORPHANS' HOME, a benevolent institution, incorporated in 1889, erected at Lincoln, 111., under the auspices of the Daughters of Rebekah (see Odd Fellows), and dedicated August 19, 1892. The building is four stories in height, has a capacity for the accommodation of fifty children, and cost $86,524.76, exclusive of forty acres of land valued at $8,000.

ODELLy a village of Livingston County, and station on the Chicago & Alton Railway, 82 miles south-southwest oi Chicago; in a grain and stock-raising region; has a bank and one newspaper. Pop. (1900), 1,000; (1910), 1,035.

ODIN, a village of Marion County, at the crossing of the Chicago branch of the Illinois Central and the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railways, 244 miles south by west from Chicago; in fruit belt; has coal-mine, two fruit evaporators, bank and a newspaper. Pop. (1910), 1,400.

OTALLON, a village of St. Clair County, on the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway, 18 miles east of St. Louis; has interurban railway, electric lights^ water- worl's, factories, coal-mines, bank and a newspaper. Pop. (1910), 2,018.

0GDE^9 William Bntler^ capitalist and Railway President, bom at Walton, N. Y., June 15, 1805. He was a member of the New York Legislature in 1834, and, the following year, removed to Chicago, where he established a land and trust agency. He took an active part in the various enterprises centering around CJhicago, and, on the incorporation of the city, was elected its first Mayor. He was prominently identified with the construction of the Gralena & Chicago Union Railroad, and, in 1847, became its President. While visiting Europe in 1853, he made a careful study of the canals of Holland, which convinced him of the desirability of widening and deepening the Illinois & Michigan Canal and of constructing a ship canal across the southern peninsula of Michigan. In 1855 he became President of the Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lao Railroad, and effected its consolidation with the Galena & Chicago Union. Out of this consolidation sprang the Chicago & Northwestern Railway Company, of which he was elected President. In 1850 he presided over the National Pacific Railroad Convention, and, upon the formation of the Union Pacific Railroad Company, he became its President. He was largely connected with the inception of the Northern Pacific line, in the success of which he was a firm believer. He also controlled various other interests of public importance, among them the great lumbering establishments at Peshtigo, Wis., and, at the time of his death, was the owner of what was probably the largest plant of that description in the world. His benefactions were numerous, among the recipients being the Rush Medical College, of which he was President; the Theological Seminary of the Northwest, the Chicago Historical Society, the Academy of Sciences, the University of Chicago, the Astronomical Society, and many other educational and benevolent institutions and organizations in the Northwest. Died, in New York City, August 8, 1877. (See Chicago <St Northwestern Railroad. )

OOLE, Joseph^ pioneer, was bom in Virginia in 1741. came to Illinois in 1785, settling in the American Bottom within the present County of Monroe, but afterwards removed to St. Clair County, about the site of the present town of O'Fallon, 8 miles north of Belleville ; was selected by his neighbors to serve as Captain in their skirmishes with the Indians. Died, at his home in St. Clair County, in February, 1821. Captain Ogle had the reputation of being the earliest convert to Methodism in Illinois. Ogle Coimty, in Northern Illinois, was named in his honor. - Jacob (Ogle), son of the preceding, also a native of Virginia, was bom about 1772, came to Illinois with his father in 1785, and was a "Ranger" in the War of 1812. He served as a Representative from St. Clair County in the Third General Assembly (1822), and again in the Seventh (1830), in the former being an opponent of the pro-slavery convention scheme. Beyond two terms in the Legislature he seems to have held no public oflfice except that of Justice of the Peace. Like his father, he was a zealous Methodist and highly respected. Died, in 1844, aged 72 years.

OGLE COUNTY, next to the "northem tier" of counties of the State and originally a part of Jo Daviess. It was separately organized in 1837, and Lee County was carved from its territory in

1839. In 1900 its area was 773 square miles, and its population 29,129. Before the Black Hawk War immigration was slow, and life primitive. Peoria was the nearest food market. New grain was * Aground" on a grater, ^d old pounded with an extemporized pestle in a wooden mortar. Rock River flows across the county from northeast to southwest. A little oak timber grows along its banks, but, generally speaking, the surface is undulating prairie, with soil of a rich loam. Sandstone is in ample supply, and all the limestones abound. An extensive peat-bed has been discovered on the Killbuck Creek. Oregon, the county-seat, has fine water-power. The other principal towns are Rochelle, Polo, Forreston and Moimt Morris. Pop. of the county (1910), 27,864. OGLESBT^ Richard James^ Governor and United States Senator, was bom in Oldham County, Ky., July 25, 1824; left an orphan at the age of 8 years; in 1836 accompanied an uncle to Decatur, 111., where, until 1844, he worked at farming, carpentering and rope-making, devoting his leisure hours to the study of law. In 1845 he was admitted to the bar and began practice at Sullivan, in Moultrie County. In 1846 he was commissioned a Lieutenant in the Fourth Regiment, Illinois Volunteers (Col. E. D. Baker's regiment), and served through the Mexican War, taking part in the siege of Vera Cruz and the battle of Cerro Gordo. In 1847 he pursued a course of study at the Louisville Law School, graduating in 1848. He was a "forty-niner*' in California, but returned to Decatur in 1851. In 1858 he made an unsuccessful campaign for Congress in the Decatur District. In 1860 he was elected to the State Senate, but early in 1861 resigned his seat to accept the colonelcy of the Eighth Illinois Volimteers. Through gallantry (notably at Forts Henry and Donelson and at Corinth) he rose to be Major-General, being severely wounded in the last-named battle. He resigned his commission on account of disability, in May, 1864, and the following November was elected Governor, as a Republican. In 1872 he was re-elected Grovemor, but, two weeks after ^ his inauguration, resigned to accept a seat in the United States Senate, to which he was elected by the Legislature of 1873. In 1884 he was elected Governor for the third time - being the only man in the history of the State who (up to the present time - 1899) has been thus honored. After the expiration of his last term as Governor, he devoted his attention to his private affairs at his home at Elkhart, in Logan County, where he died, April 24, 1899, deeply mourned by personal

Ohio, Indiana & Western Railway

OHIO RITER,an affluent of the Mississippi, formed by the union of the Monongahela and Allegheny Rivers, at Pittsburg, Pa. At this point it becomes a navigable stream about 400 yards wide, with an elevation of about 700 feet above sea-level. The beauty of the scenery along its banks secured for it, from the early French explorers (of whom La Salle was one), the name of "La Belle Riviere." Its general course is to the southwest, but with many sinuosities, forming the southern boundary of the States of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, and the western and northem boundary of West Virginia and Kentucky, until it enters the Mississippi at Cairo, in latitude 87* N., and about 1,200 miles above the mouth of the latter stream. The area which it drains is computed to be 214,000 square miles. Its mouth is 268 feet above the level of the sea. The current is remarkably gentle and uniform, except near Louisville, where there is a descent of twentytwo feet within two miles, which is evaded by means of a canal around the falls. Large steamboats can navigate its whole length, except in low stages of water and when closed by ice in winter. Its largest affluents are the Tennessee, the Cum-, berland, the Kentucky, the Great Kanawha and the Green Rivers, from the south, and the Wabash, the Miami, Scioto and Muskingum from the north. The principal cities on its banks are Pittsburg, Wheeling, Cincinnati, Louisville, Evansville. New Albany, Madison and Cairo. It is crossed by bridges at Wheeling, Cincinnati and Cairo. The surface of the Ohio is subject to a variation of forty-two to fifty-one feet between high and low water. Its length is 975 miles, and its width varies from 400 to 1,000 yards. (See Inundations, Remarkable.)

OLNET, an incorporated city and the countyseat of Richland County, 81 miles west of Vincennes, Ind., and 117 miles east of St. Louis, Mo., at the junction of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern and the Peoria Division of the Illinois Central and the Ohio River Division of the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Railroad; is in the center of the fruit belt and an important shipping point for farm produce and live-stock; has flour mills, a furniture factory and railroad repair shops, banks, a public library, churches and five

OMELYENT, John, pioneer and head of a numerous family which became prominent in Southern Illinois; was a native of Ireland who came to America about 1798 or 1799. After residing in Kentucky a few ye^trs, he removed to Illinois, locating in what afterwardsr became Pope County, whither his oldest son, Samuel^ had preceded him about 1797 or 1798. The latter for a time followed the occupation of flat-boating, carrying produce to New Orleans. He was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1818 from Pope County, being the colleague of Hamlet Ferguson. A year later he removed to Randolph County, where he served as a member of the County Court, but, in 1820-22, we find him a member of the Second General Assembly from Union County, having successfully contested the seat of Samuel Alexander, who had received the certificate of election. He died in 1828. - Edward (dmelveny), another member of this family, and grandsQn of the elder John Omelveny, represented Monroe County in the Fifteenth General Assembly (1846-48), and was Presidential Elector in 1852, but died sometime during the Civil War. - Harrey K. S. (Omelveny), the fifth son of William Omelveny and grandson of John, was bom in Todd County, Ky., in 1828, came to Southern Illinois, in 1852, and engaged in the practice of law, being for a time the partner of Senator Thomas E. Merritt, at Salem. Early in 1858 he was elected a Justice of the Circuit Court to succeed Judge Breese, who had been promoted to the Supreme Court, but resigned in 1861. He gained considerable notoriety by his intense hostility to the policy of the Grovemment during the Civil War, was a Delegate to the Constitutional Convention of 1862, and was named as a member of the Peace Commission proposed to be appointed by the Ceneral Assembly, in 1868, to secure terms of peace with the Southern Confederacy. He was also a leading spirit in the peace meeting held at Peoria, in August, 1868. In 1869 Mr. Omelveny removed to Loe Angeles, Gal., which has since been his home, and where he has carried on a lucrative law practice.

ONARGA^ a town in Iroquois County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 85 miles south by west from Chicago, and 48 miles north by east from Champaign. It is a manufacturing town, flour, wagons, wire-fencing, stoves and tile being among the products. It has banks, tileworks, a canning factory, several churches, a graded school, a

ONEIDA, a city in Knox Ck)unty, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 12 miles northeast of Oalesburg; has wagon, pump and furniture factories, two banks, electric lights, several churches, a graded school, and a weekly paper. The surrounding country is rich prairie, where coal is mined about twenty feet below the surface. Pop. (1900), 785; (1910), 589.

Oi^UAWKA, the county-seat of Henderson County, situated on the Mississippi River, about 15 miles above Burlington, Iowa, and 32 miles west of Oalesburg. It is in a farming region, but has some manufactories. The town has five churches, a graded school, a bank and three newspapers Pop. (1900), 1,010; (1910), 907.