Piatt County, Illinois - The whole text, 1917 (part 24 of 26)

RHOADSy (Col.) Franklin Lawrenee, soldier and steamboat captain, was bom in Harrisburg, Pa., Oct. 11, 1824; brought to Pekin, Tazewell County, IlL, in 1886, where he learned the printer's trade, and, on the breaking out of the Mexican War, enlisted, serving to the close. Returning home he engaged in the river trade, and, for fifteen years, commanded steamboats on the Ulinois, Mississippi and Ohio Rivers. In April, 1861. he was commissioned Captain of a oompany of three months' men attached to the Eighth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and, on the reorganization of the regiment for the threeyears' service, was commissioned Lieutenant- Colonel, soon after being promoted to the colonelcy, as successor to CoL Richard J. Oglesby , who had been promoted Brigadier-General. After serving through the spring campaign of 1862 in Western Kentucky and Tennessee, he was compelled by rapidly declining health to resign, when he located in Shawneetown, retiring in 1874 to his farm near that city. During the latter years of his life he was a confirmed invalid, dying at Shawneetown, Jan. 6, 1879.

RHOADSy Joshua, M.D., A.M., physician and educator, was bom in Philadelphia, Sept. 14, 1806; studied medicine and graduated at the University of Pennsylvania with the degree of M.D., also receiving the degree of A.M., from Princeton ; after several years spent in practice as a physician, and as Principal in some of the public schools of Philadelphia, in 1889 he was elected Principal of the Pennsylvania Institution for the Blind, and, in 1850, took charge of the State Institution for the Blind at Jacksonville, IlL, then in its infancy. Here he remained until 1874, when he retired. Died, February 1, 1876.

RICE, Edward T.^ lawyer and jurist, bom in Logan County, Ky., Feb. 8, 1820, was educated in the common schools and at Shurtleff College, after which he read law with John M. Palmer at Carlinville, and was admitted to practice, in 1845, at Hillsboro; in 1847 was elected County Recorder of Montgomery County, and, in 1848, to the Six* teenth Gleneral Assembly, serving one term. Later he was elected County Judge of Montgomery County, was Master in Chancery from 1858 to 1857, and the latter year was elected Judge of the Eighteenth Circuit, being re-elected in 1861 and again in 1867. He was also a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, and, at the election of the latter year, was chosen Representative in the Forty-second Congress as a Democrat. Died, April 16, 1888.

BICEy John B., theatrical manager. Mayor of Chicago, and Congressman, was bom at Easton, Md., in 1809. By profession he was an actor, and, coming to Chi<3ago in 1847, built and opened there the first theater. In 1857 he retired from the stage, and, in 1865, was elected Mayor of Chicago, the city of his adoption, and re-elected in 1867. He was also prominent in the early stages of the Civil War in the measures taken to raise troops in Chicago. In 1872 he was elected to the Forty-third Congress as a Republican, but, before the expiration of his term, died, at Norfolk, Va., on Dea 6, 1874 At a special election to fill the vacancy, Bernard O. Caulfield was chosen to succeed him.

BICHABDSONy William A., lawyer and poUtician, bom in Fayette County, Ky., Oct. 11, 1811, was educated at Transylvania University, came to the bar at 19, and settled in Schuyler County, IlL, becoming State's Attorney in 1835; was elected to the lower branch of the Legislature in 1886, to the Senate in 1838. and to the House again in 1844, from Adams County - the latter year being also chosen Presidential Elector on the Polk and Dallas ticket, and, at the succeeding session of the General Assembly, serving as Speaker of the House. He entered the Mexican War as Captain, and won a Majority through gallantry at Buena Vista. From 1847 to 1856 (when he resigned to become a candidate for Governor), he was a Democratic Representative in Congress from the Quincy District; re-entered Congress in 1861, and, in 1863, was chosen United States Senator to fill the unexpired term of Stephen A. Douglas. He was a delegate to the National Democratic Convention of 1868, but after that retired to private life, acting, for a short time, as editor of 'The Quincy Herald.*' Died, at Quincy, Dec. 27, 1875.

RICHLAND COUNTY^ situated in the southeast quarter of the State, and has an area of 380 square miles. It was organized from Edwards County in 1841. Among the early pioneers may be mentioned the Evans brothers, Thaddeus

Morehouse, Hugh Calhoun and son, Thomas Gardner, James Parker, Cornelius De Long, James Oilmore and Elijah Nelson. In 1820 there were but thirty families in the district. The first frame houses - ^the Nelson and Morehouse homesteads - were built in 1821, and, some years later, James Laws erected the first brick house. The pioneers traded at Vincennes, but, in 1825, a store was opened at Stringtown by Jacob May ; and the same year the first school was opened at Watertown, taught by Isaac Chaunoey. The first church was erected by the Baptists in 1822, and services were conducted by William Martin, a Kentuckian. For a long time the mails were carried on horseback by Louis and James Beard, but, in 1824, Mills and Whetsell established a line of four-horse stages. The principal road, known as the "trace road,*' leading from Louisville to Cahokia, followed a buffalo and Indian trail about where the main street of Olney now is. Olney was selected as the county-seat upon the organization of the county, and a Mr. Lilly built the first house there. The chief branches of industry followed by the inhabitants are agriculture and fruitgrowing. Population (1880), 15,545; (1890). 15,019; .(1900), 16,391; (1910), 15,970.

BICHMOND, a village of McHenry County, on the CJhicago & North Western R R., 60 miles northwest of Chicago; a grain and live-stock region; has a bank and one weekly paper. Pop. (1910), 664.

BIBOE FIBM, a village of Vermilion County, at junction of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis and the Toledo, St. Louis & Western Railroads, 174 miles northeast of St. Louis; has electric light plant, planing mill, elevators, bank and one weekly paper. Pop. (1900), 933; (1910), 967.

BIBGELTy Charles^ manufacturer and capitalist, bom in Springfield, 111., Jan. 17, 1886; was educated in private schools and at Illinois College ; after leaving ooUege spent some time as a olerk in his father's bank at Springfield, finally becoming a member of the firm and successively Cashier and Vice-President. In 1870 he was Democratic candidate for State Treasurer, but later was affiliated with the Republican party. About 1872 he became identified with the Springfield Iron Company, of which he served as President for many years; had also been President of the Co.-»- solidated Coal Company of St. Louis and, for some time, was a Director of the Wabash Railroad. Mr. Ridgely served some time as a Trustee of Illinois College. Died Aug. 11, 1910.

leaving school was engaged, for a time, in the dry-goods trade, but, in 1829, came to St Louis to assume a clerkship in the branch of the United States Bank just organized there. In 1885 a branch of the State Bank of Illinois was established at Springfield, and Mr. Ridgely became its cashier, and, when it went into liquidation, was appointed one of the trustees to wind up its affairs. He subsequently became President of the Clark's Exchange Bank in that city, but this having gone into liquidation a few years later, he went into the private banking business as head of the **Ridgely Bank," which, in 1866, became the ''Ridgely National Bank,'* one of the strongest financial institutions in the State outside of Chicago. After the collapse of the internal improvement scheme, Mr. Ridgely became one of the purchasers of the "Northern Cross Railroad*' (now that part of the Wabash system extending from the Illinois river to Sprin^eld)^ when it was sold by the State in 1847, paying therefor $21,100. He was also one of the Springfield bankers to tender a loan to the State at the beginning of the war in 1861. He was one of the builders and principal owner of the Springfield gas-light system. His business career was an eminently successful one, leaving an estate at his death, Jan. 81, 1888, valued at over $2,000,000.

RIDGWAT, a village of Gallatin County, on the Shawneetown Division of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway, 12 miles northwest of Shawneetown; has a bank and one newspaper. Pop. (1910), 1,054.

RIBGWAT, Thomas S., merchant, banker and politician, was bom at Carmi, III, August 30, 1826. His father having died when he was but 4 years old and his mother when he was 14, his education was largely acquired through contact with the world, apart from such as he received from his mother and during a year's attendance at a private school When he was 6 years of age the family removed to Shawneetown, where he ever afterwards made his home. In 1845 he embarked in business as a merchant, and the firm of Peoples & Ridgway soon became one of the most prominent in Southern Illinois. In 1865 the partners closed out their business and organized the first National Bank of Shawneetown, of which, after the death of Mr. Peoples in 1875, Mr. Ridgway was President. He was one of the projectors of the Springfield & Illinois Southeastern Railway, now a part of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern system, and, from 1867 to 1874, served as its President. He was an ardent and active Republican, and served as a delegate to every State and National Convention of bis party from 1868 to 1896. In 1874 he was elected State Treasurer, the candidate for Superintendent of Public Instruction on the same ticket being defeated. In 1876 and 1880 he was an unsuccessful candidate for his party's nomination for Governor. Three times he consented to lead the forlorn hope of the Republicans as a candidate for Congress from an impregnably Democratic stronghold. For several years he was a Director of the McCormick Theological Seminary, at Chicago, and, for nineteen years, was a Trustee of the Southern Illinois Nonnal University at Carbondale, resigning in 1893. Died, at Shawneetown, Nov. 17. 1897.

RIOOSy James M.^ ex-Congressman, was bom in Scott County, 111., April 17, 1839, where he received a common school education, supplemented by a partial collegiate course. He is a practicing lawyer of Winchester. In 1864 he was elected Sheriff, serving two years. In 1871-72 he represented Scott County in the lower house of the Twenty-seventh General Assembly, and was State's Attorney from 1872 to 1876. In 1882, and again in 1884, he was the successful Democratic candidate for Congress in the Twelfth Illinois District.

BfOGS^ Seott^ pioneer, was bom in North Carolina about 1790; removed to Crawford County, 111, early in 1815, and represented that county in the First General Assembly (1818-20). In 1825 he removed to Scott County, where he continued to reside until his death, Feb. 24, 1872.

BINAKERy John I., lawyer and Congressman, bom in Baltimore, Md., Nov. 18, 1830. Left an orphan at an early age, he came to Illinois in 1836, and, for several years, lived on farms in Sangamon and Morgan Coimties; was educated at Illinois and McKendree Colleges, graduating from the latter in 1851; in 1852 began reading law with John M. Palmer at Carlinville, and was admitted to the bar in 1854. In August, 1862, he recruited the One Hundred and Twenty -seconu Illinois Volunteers, of which he was commissioned Colonel. Four months later he was wounded in battle, but served with his regiment through the war, and was brevetted Brigadier- General at its close. Returning from the war he resumed the practice of his profession at CarlinviUe. Since 1858 he has been an active Republican ; has twice (1872 and '76) served his party as a Presidential Elector - ^the latter year for the State-at-large - and, in 1874, accepted a nomination for Congress against William R. Morrison, largely reducing the normal Democratic majority. At the State Republican Convention of 1880 he was a prominent, but unsuccessful, candidate for the Republican nomination for Governor. Iv 1894 he made the race as the Republican candidate for Congress in the Sixteenth District and, although his opponent was awarded the certifl* cate of election, on a bare majority of 60 vote? on the face of the returns, a re-count, ordered by the Fifty-fourth Congress, showed a majority for General Rinaker, and he was seated near the close of the first session. He was a cuididate for re-election in 1896, but defeated in a strongly Democratic District.

BIPLETy Edward Payson, Railway President, was bom in Dorchester (now a part of Boston), Mass., Oct. 30, 1845, being related, on his mother's side, to the distinguished author, Dr. Edward Payson. After receiving his education in the high school of his native place, at the age of 17 he entered upon a commercial life, as clerk in a wholesale dry-goods establishment in Boston. About the time he became of age, he entered into the service of the Pennsylvania Railroad as a clerk in the freight department in the Boston office, but, a few years later, assumed a responsible position in connection with the Chicago. Burlington & Quincy line, finally becoming General Agent for the business of that road east of Buffalo, though retaining his headquarters at Boston. In 1878 he removed to Chicago to accept the position of General Freight Agent of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy System, with which he remained twelve years, serving successively as General Traffic Manager and General Manager, until June 1, 1890, when he resigned to become Third Vice-President of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul line. This relation was continued until Jan. 1, 1896, when Mr. Ripley accepted the Presidency of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Raib-oad, which (1899) he now holds. Mr. Ripley was a prominent factor in securing the location of the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago, and, in April, 1891, was chosen one of the Directors of the Exposition, serving on the Executive Committee and the Committee of Ways and Means and Transportation, being Chairman of the latter.

RITERSIBE, a suburban town on the Des Plaines River and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway, 11 miles west of Chicago; has handsome parks, several churches, a bank, two local papers and niunerous fine residences. Pop. (1890), 1,000; (1900), 1,551; (1910), 1,702.

RITESy John Cook^ early banker and journalist, was bom in Franklin County, Va., May 24, 1795; in 1806 removed to Kentucky, where he grew up under care of an uncle, Samuel Casey. He received a good education and was a man of high character an^ attractive manners. In his early manhood he came to Illinois, and was connected, for a time, with the Branch State Bank at Edwardsville, but, about 1824, removed to Shawneetown and held a position in the bank there; also studied law and was admitted to practice. Finally, having accepted a clerkship in the Fourth Auditor's Office in Washington, he removed to tha£ city, and, in 1830, became associated with Francis P. Blair, Sr., in the establishment of **The Congressional Globe" (the predecessor of **The Congressional Record*'), of which he finally became sole proprietor, so remaining until 1864. Like his partner, Blair, although a native of Virginia and a life-long Democrat, he was intensely loyal, and contributed liberally of his means for the equipment of soldiers from the District of Columbia, and for the support of their families, during the Civil War. His expenditures for these objects have been estimated at some $80,000. Died, in Prince Oeorge*s County, Md., April 10. 1864.

ROANOKE, a village of Woodford County, on the Atchison. Topeka & Santa Fe Railway, 26 miles northeast of Peoria; is in a coal district; has two banks, a ooal mine, and one newspaper. Pop. (1890), 831; (1900), 966; (1910), 1,311.

ROBB^ Thomas Fatten, Sanitary Agent, was bom in Bath, Maine, in 1819; came to Cook Coimty, IlL, in 1838, and, after arriving at manhood, established the first exclusive wholesale grocery house in Chicago, remaining in the business until 1850. He then went to California, establishing himself in mercantile business at Sacramento, where he remained seven years, meanwhile being elected Mayor of that city. Returning to Chicago on the breaking out of the war. he was appointed on the staff of Covemor Yates with the rank of Major, and, while serving in this capacity, was instrumental in giving General Grant the first duty he performed in the office of the Adjutant-General after his arrival from Galena. Later, he was assigned to duty as Inspector-G^eneral of Illinois troops with the rank of Colonel, having general charge of sanitary affairs imtil the close of the war, when he was appointed Cotton Agent for the State of Greorgia, and, still later. President of the Board of Tax Commissioners for that State. Other positions held by him were those of Postmaster and Collector of Customs at Savannah, Ga. ; he was also one of the publishers of "The New Era," a Republican paper at Atlanta, and a prominent actor in reconstruction affairs. Resigning the Collectorship, he was appointed by the President United States Commissioner to investigate Mexican outrages on the Rio Grande border; was subsequently identified with Texas railroad interests as the President of the Corpus Christi & Rio Grande Railroad, and one of the projectors of the Chicago, Texas & Mexican Central Railway, being thus engaged until 1872. Later he returned to California, dying near Glenwood, in that State, April 10, 1895, aged 75 years and 10 months.

ROBERTS, William Charles, clergyman and educator, was bom in a small village of Wales, England., Sept. 23, 1882; received his primary education in that country, but, removing to America during his minority, graduated from Princeton College in 1855, and from Princeton Theological Seminary in 1858. After filling various pastorates in Delaware, New Jersey and Ohio, in 1881 he was elected Corresponding Secretary of the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions, the next year being offered the Presidency of Rutgers College, which he declined. In 1887 he accepted the presidency of Lake Forest University, which he still retains. From 1859 to 1863 he was a Trustee of Lafayette College, and, in 1866, was elected to a trusteeship of his Alma Mater. He has traveled extensively in the Orient, and was a member of the first and third coimcils of the Reformed Churches, held at Edinburgh and Belfast. Besides occasional sermons and frequent contributions to English, American, German and Welsh periodicals. Dr. Roberts has published a Welsh translation of the Westminster shorter catechism and a collection of letters on the great preachers of Wales, which appeared in Utica, 1868. He received the degree of from Union College in 1872, and that of LL.D., from Princeton, in 1887.

ROBINSON, an incorporated city and tho oounty-seat of Crawford County, 25 miles northwest of Vincennes. Ind.. and 44 miles south of Paris, III.; is on two lines of railroad, in the heart of a fruit and agricultural region, also near to rich oil and gas fields, has water-works, electric lights, banks and two weekly newspapers. Pop. (1900), 1,683; (1910), 3,863.

BOBINSON9 James C, lawyer and former Congressman, was bom in Edgar County, HI., in 1822, read law and was admitted to the bar in 1850. He served as a private during the Mexican War, and, in 1858, was elected to Congress as a Democrat, as he was again in 1860, '62, *70 and '72. In 1864 he was the Democratic nominee for Governor. He was a fluent speaker, and attained considerable distinction as an advocate in criminal practice. Died, at Springfield, Nov. 3, 1886.

ROBINSON^ John M., United States Senator, born in Kentucky in 1793, was liberally educated and became a lawyer by profession. In early life he settled at Carmi, 111., where he married. He was of fine physique, of engaging manners, and personally popular. Through his association with the State militia he earned the title of ''General. " In 1880 he was elected to the United States Senate, to fill the unexpired term of John McLean. His immediate predecessor was David Jewett Baker, appointed by Governor Edwards, ^ho served one month but failed of election by the Legislature. In 1834 Mr. Robinson was reelected for a full term, which expired in 1841. In 1843 he was elected to a seat upon the Illinois Supreme bench, but died at Ottawa, April 27, of the same year, within three months after his ele\'ation.

BOCHELLEy a city of Ogle County and ui intersecting point of the Chicago & Northwestern and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railways. It is 75 miles west of Chicago, 27 miles south of Rockford, and 28 miles east by north of Dixon. It is in a rich agricultural and stock-raising region, rendering Rochelle an important shipping point. Among its industrial establishments are water- works, electric lights, a flouring mill and silk-underwear factory The city has three banks, five churches and three newspapers. Pop. (1900), 2,073; (1910), 2,732.

ROCHESTER^ a village and early settlement in Sangdmon County, laid out in 1819; in rich agricultural district, on the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad, 7>^ miles southeast of Springfield; has a bank, two churches, one school, and a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 365; (1910), 444.

ROCK FALLS^ a city in Whiteside County, on Rock River and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad; has excellent water-power, a good public school system with a high school, banks and a weekly newspaper. Agricultural implements, barbed wire, furniture, flour and paper are its chief manufactures. Water for the navigable feeder of the Hennepin Canal is taken from Rock River at this point. Pop. (1900), 2,176; (1910),2,657.

ROCKFORD, a flourishing manufacturing city, the county-seat of Winnebago County; hes on both sides of the Rock River, 92 miles west of Chicago. Four trunk lines of railroad - the C. B. & Q., the C. & N., the I. C. and the C. M. & St. P. - intersect here. Excellent water-power is secured by a dam across the river, and communication between the two divisions of the city is facilitated by four railway and three highway bridges. Water is provided from artesian wells, a reserve main leading to the river. The city is wealthy, prosperous and progressive. The equalized value of property, in 1915, was $21,847,043. Churches are numerous and schools, both pubUo and parochial, are well conducted (see Rockford College). In 1909 there were 2a5 manufacturing corporations and firms, with a capitalization of $22,411,997, employing nearly 10,000 wage earners and about 1,200 salaried officials; number of establishments (1916) about 225. The principal industries are the manufacture of agricultural implements, furniture, pianos, hosiery, milling machines, shoes and sewing machines. The city has three daily papers. Pop (1910), 45.401; (1916, estimated), 55,000.

ROCKFORD COLLEGE, located at Rockford, III., incorporated in 1847; in 1916 had a faculty of 30 instructors with 250 pupils. The branches taught include the classics, musio^and fine arts. It has a library of 6,150 volumes; endowment $210,000. The Campus has 10 acres of undulating and wooded grounds. The preparatory department was discontinued in 1912.

ROCK ISLAND, the principal city and countyseat of Rock Island Coimty, on the Mississippi River, 182 miles west by south from Chicago ; is the converging point of five lines of railroad, and the western terminus of the Hennepin Canal. The name is derived from an island in the Mississippi River, opposite the city, 8 miles long, which belongs to the United States Government and contains an arsenal and armory. The river channel north of the island is navigable, the southern channel having been dammed by the (Government, thereby giving great water power to Rock Island and Moline. A combined railway and highway bridge spans the river from Rock Island to Davenport, Iowa, crossing the island, while a railway bridge connects the cities a mile below. Tlie island was the site of Fort Armstrong during the Black Hawk War, and was also a place for the confinement of Confederate prisoners during the Civil War. Rock Island is in a region of much picturesque scenery and has extensive manufactures of lumber, agricultural iraple- ments, iron, carriageB and wagons and oilcloth; also banks and two daily and weekly and one semiweekly paper. Pop. (1900), 19,493; (1910), 24,335.

BOCK ISLAND COUNTY, in the northwestam section of the State bordering upon the Mississippi River (which constitutes its northwestern boundary for more than 60 miles), and having an area of 420 square miles. In 1816 the Government erected a fort on Rock Island (an island in the Mississippi, 8 miles long and one-half to three-quarters of a mile wide), naming it Fort Armstrong. It has always remained a military post, and is now the seat of an extensive arsenal and work-shops. In the spring of 1828, settlements were made near Port Byron by John and Thomas Kinney, Archibald Allen and Oeorge Harlan. Other early settlers, near Rock Island and Rapids City, were J. W. Spencer, J. W. Barriels, Benjamin F. Pike and Conrad Leak; and among the pioneers were Wells and Michael Bartlett, Joel Thompson, the Simms brothers and G^rge Davenport. The country was full of Indians, this being the headquarters of Black Hawk and the initial point of the Black Hawk War. (See Black Hawk, and Black Hawk War.) By 1829 settlers were increased in number and county organization was effected in 1831, Rock Island (then called Stephenson) being made the county-seat. Joseph Ck>nway was the first County Clerk, and Joel Wells, Sr., the first Treasurer. The first court was held at the residence of John W. Barriels, in Famhamsburg. The county is irregular in shape, and the soil and scenery greatly varied. Coal is abundant, the . water-power inexhaustible, and the county's mining and manufacturing interests are very extensive. Several lines of railway cross the county, affording admirable transportation facilities to both eastern and western markets. Rock Island and Moline (which see) are the two principal cities in the county, though there are several other important points. Coal Valley is the center of large mining interests, and Milan is also a manufacturing center. Pork Byron is one of the oldest towns in the county, and has considerable lime and lumber interests, while Watertown is the seat of the Western Hospital for the Insane. Population of the county (1880), 88,802; (1890), 41,917; (1900), 55,249; (1910), 70,404.

ROCK ISLAND & PEORU RAILWAY, a standard-guage road, laid with steel rails, extending from Rock Island to Peoria, 91 miles. It is lessee of the Rock Island & Mercer County Railroad, running from Milan to Cable, III, giving it a total length of 118 miles - with Peoria Terminal,

121.10 miles. - (History.) . The company is a reorganization (Oct. 9, 1877) of the Peoria & Rock Island Railroad Company, whose road was sold under foreclosure, April 4, 1877. The latter Road was the result of the consolidation, in 1869, of two corporations - the Rock Island & Peoria and the Peoria & Rock Island Railroad Companies - the new organization taking the latter name. The road was opened through its entire length, Jan. 1, 1872, its sale under foreclosure and reorganization under its present name taking place, as already stated, in 1877. The Cable Branch was organized in 1876, as the Rock Island & Mercer Ck>unty Railroad, and opened in December of the same year, sold imder foreclosure in 1877, and leased to the Rock Island Sc Peoria Railroad, July 1, 1885, for 999 years, the rental for the entire period being commuted at $450,000. - (FiNANaAL.) The cost of the entire road and equipment was 12,654.487. The capital stock (1898) is 11,500,000; funded debt, $600,000; other forms of indebtedness increasing the total capital invested to 12,181,066.

ROCK RITER, a stream which rises in Washington County, Wis., and flows generally in a southerly direction, a part of its course being very sinuous. After crossing the northern boundary of Illinois, it runs southwestward, intersecting the coimties of Winnebago, Ogle, Lioe, Whiteside and Rock Island, and entering the Mississippi three miles below the city of Rock Island. It is about 875 miles long, but its navigation is partly obstructed by rapids, which, however, furnish abundant water-power. The principal towns on its banks are Rockford, Dixon and Sterling. Its valley is wide, and noted for its beauty and fertility.

ROCKTON, a village in Winnebago County, at the junction of two branches of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, on Rock River, 13 miles north of Rockford; has manufactures of paper and fanning mills; there is a feed mill and local paper. Pop. (1900), 936; (1910), 841.

ROE, Edward Reynolds, A.R., M.D., physician, soldier and author, was born at Lebanon, Ohio, June 22, 1813; removed with his father, in 1819, to Cincinnati, and graduated at Louisville Medical Institute in 1842 ; began practice at Anderson, Ind., but soon removed to Shawneetown, 111., where he gave much attention to geological research and made some extensive natural his« tory collections. From 1848 to '52 he resided at Jacksonville, lectured extensively on his favorite science, wrote for the press and, for two years (1850-52), edited **The Jacksonville Journal," still later editing the newly establisbfed "Constitutionalist*' for a few months. During a part of this period he was lecturer on natural science at Shurtleff College; also delivered a lecture before the State Legislature on the geology of Illinois, which was immediately followed by the passage of the act establishing the State Geological Department. A majority of both houses joined in a request for his appointment as State Geologist, but it was rejec:;,ted on partisan grounds - he, then, being a Whig. Removing to Bloomington in 1852, Dr. Roe became prominent in educational matters, being the first Professor of Natural Science in the State Normal University, and also a Trustee of the Illinois Wesleyan University. Having id^tified himself with the Democratic party at this time, he became its nominee for State Superintendent of Public Instruction in 1860, but, on the inception of the war in 1861, he promptly espoused the cause of the Union, raised three companies (mostly Normal students) which were attached to the Thirty-third Illinois (Normal) Regiment ; was elected Captain and successively promoted to Major and Lieutenant-ColoneL Having been dangerously wounded in the assault at Vicksburg, on May 22, 1863, and compelled to return home, he was elected Circuit Clerk by the combined vote of both parties, was re-elected four years later, became editor of **The Bloomington Pantagraph'* and, in 1870, was elected to the Twenty-seventh General Assembly, where he won distinction by a somewhat notable humorous speech in opposition to removing the State Capital to Peoria. In 1871 he was appointed Marshal for the Southern District of Illinois, serving nine years. Dr. Roe was a somewhat prolific author, having produced more than a dozen works which have appeared in book form. One of these, "Virginia Rose; a Tale of Illinois in Early Days,'* first appeared as a prize serial in **The Alton Courier" in 1852. Others of his more noteworthy productions are : * The Gray and the Blue"; "Brought to Bay"; "From the Beaten Path"; **0. A. R.; or How She Married His Double"; "Dr. Caldwell; or the Trail of the Serpent"; and "Prairie-Land and Other Poems." He died in Chicago, Nov. 6, 1898.

ROGERS, George Clarke, soldier, was born in Grafton County, N H., Nov. 22, 1838; but was educated in Vermont and Illinois, having removed to the latter State early in life. While teaching he studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1860; was the first, in 1861, to raise a company in Lake County for the war, which was mustered into the Fifteenth Illinois Volunteers ; was chosen Second-Lieutenant and later Captain ; was wounded four times at Shiloh, but refused to leave the field, and led his regiment in the final charge; was promoted Lieutenant-Colonel and soon after commissioned Colonel for gallantry at Hatchie. At Champion Hills he received three wounds, from one of which he never fully recovered ; took a prominent part in the operations at Allatoona and commanded a brigade nearly two years, including the Atlanta campaign, retiring with the rank of brevet Brigadier-G^eneraL Since the war has practiced law in Illinois and in Kansas.

ROGERS, Henry Wade^ educator, lawyer and author, was bom in Central New York in 1853; entered Hamilton College, but the following year became a student in Michigan University, graduating there in 1874, also receiving the degree of A.M., from the same institution, in 1877. In 1883 he was elected to a professorship in the Ann Arbor Law School, and, in 1885, was made Dean of the Faculty, succeeding Judge Cooley, at the age of 32. Five years later he was tendered, and accepted, the Presidency of the Northwestern University, at Evanston, being the first layman chosen to the position, and succeeding a long line of Bishops and divines. The same year (1890), Wesleyan University conferred upon him the honorary degree of LL.D. He is a member of the American Bar Association, has served for a number of years on its Committee on Legal Education and Admission to the Bar, and was the first Chairman of the Section on Legal Education. President Rogers was the General Chair- * man of the Conference on the Future Foreign Policy of the United States, held at Saratoga Springs, N. Y., in August, 1898. At the Congress held in 1893, as auxiliary to the Colimibian Exposition, he was chosen Chairman of the Committee on Law Reform and Jurisprudence, and was for a time associate editor of "The American Law Register," of Philadelphia. He is also the author of a treatise on "Expert Testimony," which has passed through two editions, and has edited a work entitled "Illinois Citations," besides doing much other valuable literary' work of a similar character.

ROGERS, John Gorin, jurist, was bom at Glasgow, Ky., Dec. 28, 1818, of English and early Virginian ancestry ; was educated at Center College, Danville, Ky., and at Transylvania University, graduating from the latter institution in 1841, with the degree of Bachelor of Laws. For sixteen years he practiced in his native town, and, in 1857, removed to Chicago, where he soon attained professional prominence. In 1870 he was elected a Judge of the Cook County Circuit Court, continuing on the bench, thrpugh repeated re-elections, until his death, which occurred suddenly, Jan. 10, 1887, four years before the expiration of the term for which he had been elected.

RIYER FOREST, a western suburb of the city of Chicago, on the lines of the Chicago & North Western and the Wisconsin Central Railroads; is a growing residence suburb. Pop. (1910), 2,456.

ROLL) John E.^ pioneer, was bom in Green Village, N. J., June 4, 1814; came to Illinois in 1880, and settled in Sangamon County. He assisted Abraham Lincoln in the construction of the flat-boat with which the latter descended the Mississippi River to New Orleans, in 1881. Mr. Roll, who was a mechanic and contractor, built a number of houses in Springfield, where he has since continued to reside.

ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH. The earliest Christians to establish places of worship in Illinois were priests of the Catholic faith. Early Catholic missionaries were explorers and historians as well as preachers. (See Allouez; Bergier; Early Missionaries; Oravier; Marquette.) The church went hand in hand with the representatives of the French Government, carrying in one hand the cross and in the other the flag of France, simultaneously disseminating the doctrines of Christianity and inculcating loyalty to the House of Bourbon. For nearly a himdred years, the self-sacrificing and devoted Catholic clergy of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries ministered to the spiritual wants of the early French settlers and the natives. They were not without factional jealousies, however, and a severe blow was dealt to a branch of them in the order for the banishment of the Jesuits and the confiscation of their property. (§ee Early Missionaries.) The subsequent occupation of the country by the English, with the contemporaneous emigration of a considerable portion of the French west of the Mississippi, dissipated many congregations. Up to 1830 Illinois was included in the diocese of Missouri ; but at that time it was constituted a separate diocese, under the episcopal control of Rt. Rev. Joseph Rosatti. At that date there were few, if any, priests in Illinois. But Bishop Rosatti was a man of earnest purpose and rare administrative ability. New parishes were organized as rapidly as circtmistances would permit, and the growth of the church has been steady. By 1840 there were thirty-one parishes and twenty priests. In 1896 there are reported 698 parishes, 764 clergymen and a Catholic population exceeding 850,000. (See also Religious Denominations. )

ROODHOUSE9 a city in Greene County, 21 miles south of Jacksonville, and at junction of three divisions of the Chicago k Alton Railroad ; is in fertile agricultural and coal-mining region; city contains a flouring mill, grain-elevator, stockyards, railway shops, water-works, electric light plant, two private banks, fine opera house, good school buildings, one daily and one weekly paper. Pop. (1900), 2,351; (1910), 2,171.

ROODHOUSE, John, farmer and founder of the town of Roodhouse, in Greene County, 111., was bom in Yorkshire, England, brought to America in childhood, his father settling in Greene County, IlL, in 1881. In his early manhood he opened a farm in Tazewell County, but finally returned to the paternal home in Greene County, where, on the location of the Jacksonville Division of the Chicago & Alton Railroad, he laid out the town of Roodhouse, at the junction of the Louisiana and Kansas City branch with the main line.

ROOT, George Frederick^ musical composer and author, was bom at Sheffield, Mass., August 80, 1820. He was a natural musician, and, while employed on his father's farm, learned to play on various instruments. In 1838 he removed to Boston, where he began his life-work. Besides teaching music in the public schools, he was employed to direct the musical service in two churches. From Boston he removed to New York, and, in 1850, went to Paris for purposes of musical study. In 1858 he made his first public essay as a composer in the song, ''Hazel Dell,*' which became popular at once. From this time forward his success as a song-writer was assured. His music, while not of a high artistic character, captivated the popular ear and appealed strongly to the heart. In 1860 he took up his residence in Chicago, where he conducted a musical journal and wrote those **war songs" which created and perpetuated his fame. Among the best known are "Rally Round the Flag''; "Just Before the Battle, Mother'*; and "Tramp, Tramp, Tramp." Other popular songs by him are "Rosalie, the Prairie Flower"; "A Hundred Years Ago"; and "The Old Folks are Gone." Besides songs he composed several cantatas and much sacred music, also publishing many books of instruction and numerous collections of vocal and instru-

ROOTS^ Beni^ah Guemsej^ civil engineer, and educator, was bom in Onondaga County N. Y., April 20, 1811, and educated in the schools and academies of Central New York; began teaching in 1827, and, after spending a year at sea for the benefit of his health, took a course in law and civil engineering. He was employed as a civil engineer on the Western Railroad of Massachusetts until 1888, when he came to Illinois and obtained employment on the railroad projected from Alton to Shawneetown, under the * internal improvement system'* of 1887. When that was suspended in 1839, he settled on a farm near the present site of Tamaroa, Perry County, and soon after opened a boarding school, continuing its management until 1846, when he became Principal of a seminary at Sparta. In 1851 he went into the service of the Illinois Central Railroad, first as resident engineer in charge of surveys and construction, later as land agent and attorney. He was prominent in the introduction of the graded school system in Illinois and in the establishment of the State Normal School at Bloomington and the University of Illinois at Champaign; was a member of the State Board of Education from its organization, and served as delegate to the National Republican Convention of 1868. Died, at his home in Perry County, HI., May 9, 1888. - Philander Keep (Roots), son of the preceding, bom in Tolland County, Conn., June 4, 1838, brought to Illinois ^ the same year and educated in his father's school, and in an academy at CarroUton and the Wesleyan University at Bloomington ; at the age of 17 belonged to a corps of engineers employed on a Southern railroad, and, during the war, served as a civil engineer in the construction and repair of military roads. Later, he was Deputy Surveyor-Greneral of Nebraska; in 1871 became Chief Engineer on the Cairo & Fulton (now a part of the Iron Moimtain) Railway; then engaged in the banking business in Arkansas, first as cashier of a bank at Fort Smith and afterwards of the Merchants* National Bank at Little Rock, of which his brother, Logan H., was President. - Logran H. (Roots), another son, bom near Tamaroa, Perry County, 111., March 22, 1841, was educated at home and at the State Normal at Bloomington, meanwhile serving as principal of a high school at Duquoin ; in 1862 enlisted in the Eighty-first Illinois Volunteers, serving through the war and acting as Chief Commissary for General Sherman on the ''March to the Sea,^* and participating in the great review in Washington, in May, 1865. After the conclusion of the war he was appointed Collector of Internal Revenue for the First Arkansas District, was elected from that State to the Fortieth and Forty-first Congresses (1868 and 1870) - being, at the time, the youngest member in that body - and was appointed United States Marshal by President Grant. He finally became President of the Merchants' National Bank at Little Rock, with which he remained nearly twenty years. Died, suddenly, of congestion of the brain. May 30, 1893, leaving an estate valued at nearly one and a half millions, of which he gave a large share to charitable purposes and to the city of Little Rock, for the benefit of its hospitals and the improvement of its parks.

ROSE, James 1., Secretary of State, was bom at Golconda, Pope County, IlL, Oct. 13. 1850. The foundation of his education was secured in the public schools of his native place, and, after a term in the Normal University at Normal, IlL, at the age of 18 he took charge of a country schooL Soon he was chosen Principal of the Golconda graded schools, was later made County Superintendent of Schools, and re-elected for a second term. During his second term he was admitted to the bar, and, resigning the office of Superintendent, was elected State's Attorney without opposition, being re-elected for another term. In 1889, by appointment of Governor Fifer, he became one of the Trustees of the Pontiac Reformatory, serving imtil the next year, when he was transferred to the Board of Commissioners of the Southern Illinois Penitentiary at Chester, which position he continued to occupy until 1893. In 1896 he was elected Secretary of State on the Republican ticket; by three successive re-elections is still in office in 1912. *

ROSEYILLE, a village in Warren County, on the Rock Island Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy ^Railroad, 17 miles northwest of BuShnell ; has water and electric-light plants, two banks, public library and one newspaper Region agricultural and coal-mining. Pop. (1910), 882.

ROSS, Leonard Fulton, soldier, bom in Fulton County, m., July 18, 1823; was educated in the common schools and at Illinois College, Jacksonville, studied law and admitted to the bar in 1845 ; the following year enlisted in the Fourth Illinois Volimteers for the Mexican War, became First Lieutenant and was commended for services at Vera Cruz and Cerro Gordo; also performed important service as bearer of dispatches for Gen- eral Tajlor. After the war he served six years as Probate Judge. In May, 1861, he enlisted in the war for the Union, and was chosen Colonel of the Seventeenth Illinois Volunteers, serving with it in Missouri and Kentucky ; was commissioned Brigadier-General a few weeks after the capture of Fort Donelson, and, after the evacuation of Corinth, was assigned to the command of a division with headquarters at Bolivar, Tenn. He resigned in July, 1868, and, in 1867, was appointed by President Johnson Collector of Internal Revenue for the Ninth District; has been three times a delegate to National Republican Conventions and twice defeated as a candidate for Congress in a Democratic District. Since the war he has devoted his attention largely to stock-raising, having a large stockfarm in Iowa. In his later years was President of a bank at Lewistown, HI. Died Jan. 17, 1901. BOSS^ (GoL) William, pioneer, was bom at Monson, Hampden County, Mass., April 24, 1792; removed with his father's family, in 1805, to Pittsfield, Mass., where he renoained until his twentieth year, when he was commissioned an Ensign in the Twenty-first Regiment United States Infantry, serving through the War of 1812- 14, and participating in the battle of Sackett's Harbor. During the latter part of his service he acted as drill-master at various points. Then, returning to Pittsfield, he carried on the business of blacksmithing as an employer, meanwhile filling some local offices. In 1820, a company consisting of himself and four brothers, with their families and a few others, started for the West, intending to settle in Illinois. Reaching the head- waters of the Allegheny overland, they transferred their wagons, teams and other property to flat-boats, descending that stream and the Ohio to Shawneetown, 111. Here they disembarked and, crossing the State, reached Upper Alton, where they found only one house, that of Maj. Charles W. Hunter. Leaving their families at Upper Alton, the brothers proceeded north, crossing the Illinois River near its mouth, until they reached a point in the western part of the present county of Pike, where the town of Atlas was afterwards located. Here they erected four rough log-cabins, on a beautiful prairie not far from the Mississippi, removing their families thither a few weeks later. They suffered the usual privations incident to life in a new country, not excepting sickness and death of some of their number. At the next session of the Legislature (182(^21) Pike County was established, embracing all that part of the State west and north of the Illinois, and including the present cities of Qalena and Chicago. The Ross settlement became the nucleus of the town of Atlas, laid out by Colonel Ross and his associates in 1823, at an early day the rival of Quincy, and becoming the second county-seat of Pike County, so remaining from 1824 to 1833, when the seat of justice was removed to Pittsfield. During this I>eriod Colonel Ross was one of the most prominent citizens of the county, holding, simultaneously or successively, the offices of Probate Judge, Circuit and County Clerk, Justice of the Peace, and others of a subordinate character. As Colonel of Militia, in 1832, he was ordered by Governor Reynolds to raise a company for the Black Hawk War, and, in four days, reported at Beardstown with twice the number of men called for. In 1834 he wad elected to the lower branch of the (General Assembly, also serving in the Senate during the three following sessions, a part of the time a;^ President pro tem. of the lastnamed body. While in the General Assembly he was instnmiental in securing legislation of great importance relating to Military Tract lands. The year following the establishment of the county-seat at Pittsfield (1834) he became a citizen of that place, which he had the privilege of naming for his early home. He was a member of the Republican State Convention of 1856, and a delegate to the National Republican Convention of 1860. which nominated Mr. Lincoln for President the first time. Beginning life poor he acquired considerable proi)erty ; was liberal, public-spirited and patriotic, making a handsome donation to the first company organized in Pike County, for the suppression of the Rebellion. Died, at Pittsfield, May 81, 1873.

BOSSYILLEy a village of VermilUon County, on the Chicago & Eastern Illinois Railroad, 19 miles north of Danville; has electric-light plant, water- works, tile and brick- works, two banks and one weekly paper. Pop. (1900), 1,435; (1910), 1,422.

ROUNDS, Sterling Parker, public printer, was born in Berkshire, Vt., June 27, 1828; about 1840 began learning the printer's trade at Kenosha, Wis., and, in 1845, was foreman of the State printing office at Madison, afterward working in offices in Milwaukee, Racine and Buffalo, going to Chicago in 1851. Here he finally established a printer's warehouse, to which he later added an electrotype foundry and the manufacture of presses, also commencing the issue of ^'Round's Printers' Cabinet," a trade-paper, which was continued during his life. In 1881 he was appointed by President Garfield Public Printer at

Washington, serving until 1885, when he removed to Omaha, Neb., and was identified with *The Republioan," of that city, imtil his death, Deo. 17. 1887.

ROUNTREEy Hiram^ Coimty Judge, bom in Rutherford (bounty, N. C, Deo. 23, 1794; was brought to Kentucky in infancy, where he grew to manhood and served as an Ensign in the War of 1812 under General Shelby. In 1817 he removed to Illinois Territory, first locating in Madison County, where he taught school for two years near Edwardsville, but removed to Fayette Coimty about the time of the removal of the State capital to Vandalia. On the organization of Montgomery County, in 1821, he was appointed to office there and ever afterwards resided at Hillsboro. For a number of years in the early history of the coimty, he held (at the same time) the offices of Clerk of the County Commissioners Court, Clerk of the Circuit Court, County Recorder, Justice of the Peace, Notary Public, Master in Chancery and Judge of Probate, besides that of Postmaster for the town of Hillsboro. In 1826 he was elected Enrolling and Engrossing Clerk of the Senate and re-elected in 1830; served 1^ Delegate in the Constitutional Convention of 1847, and the next year was elected to the State Senate, serving in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Qeneral Assemblies. On retiring from the Senate (1852), he was elected Coimty Judge without opposition, was re-elected to the same office in 1861, and again, in 1865, as the nominee of the Republicans. Judge Rountree was noted for his sound judgment and sterling integrity. Died, at Hillsboro, March 4, 1878.

BOUTT, John L., soldier and Gk>vemor, was bom at Eddyville, Ky., April 25. 1826, brought to Illinois in infancy and educated in the common schools. Soon after coming of age he was elected and served one term as Sheriff of McLean County ; in 1862 enlisted and became Captain of Company E, Ninety-fourth Illinois Volimteers. After the war he engaged in business in Bloomington, and was appointed by President Grant, successively. United States Marshal for the Southern District of Illinois, Second Assistant Postmaster-Oeneral and Territorial Qovemor of CV>lorado. On the admission of Colorado as a State, he was elected the first Governor under the State Government, and re-elected in 1890 - serving, in all, three years. For a time he was extensively and successfully identified with mining enterprises in Colorado. Died in Denver Aug. 3, 1907.

graduate of Eureka College and of the Law Department of the Chicago University. During the War of the Rebellion he served three years as company officer in the Seventeenth Illinois Infantry. In 1868 he was elected State's Attorney for the Eighth Judicial Circuit, and, in 1880, was a Presidential Elector on the Republican ticket. In 1882 he was elected to Congress from the Fourteenth Illinois District and three times re-elected, serving until March, 1891. His home was at Bloomington. Died May 15, 1908.

BOWETT, Richard, soldier, was bom in Cornwall, England, in 1880, came to the United States in 1851, finally settling on a farm near Carlinville, IlL, and becoming a breeder of thorough-bred horses. In 1861 he entered the service as a Captain in the Seventh Illinois Volunteers and was successively promoted Major, Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel; was wounded in the battles of Shiloh, Corinth and Allatoona, especially distinguishing himself at the latter and being brevetted Brigadier-General for gallantry. After the war he returned to his stock-farm, but later held the positions of Canal Commissioner, Penitentiary Commissioner, Representative in the Thirtieth General Assembly and Collector of Internal Revenue for the Fourth (Quincy) District, until its consolidation with the Eighth District by President Cleveland. Died, in Chicago, July 18, 1887.

BUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE, located in Chicago; incorporated by act of March 2, 1887, the charter having been prepared the previous year by Drs. Daniel Brainard and Josiah C. GkKxihue. The extreme financial depression of the following year prevented the organization of a faculty until 1848. The institution was named in honor of Dr. Benjamin Rush, the eminent practitioner, medical author and teacher of Philadelphia in the latter half of the eighteenth century. The first faculty consisted of four professors, and the first term opened on Dec. 4, 1848, with a class of twenty-two studenta Three years' study was required for graduation, but only two annual terms of sixteen weeks each need be attended at the college itself. Instruction was given in a few rooms temporarily opened for that purpose. The next year a small building, costing between 18,000 and $4,000, was erected. This was re-arranged and enlarged in 1855 at a cost of $15,000. The constant and rapid growth of the college necessitated the erection of a new building in 1867, the cost of which was $70,000. This was destroyed in the fire of 1871, and another, costing $54,000, was erected in 1876 and a free dispensary added. In 1844 the PresbTterian Hospital was located on a portion of the college lot, and the two institutions connected, thus insuring abundant and stable facilities for clinical instruction. Shortly afterwards, Rush Ck>llege became the medical department of Lake Forest Uniyersity. The present faculty (1898) consists of 95 professors, adjunct professors, lecturers and instructors of all grades, and over 600 students in attendance. The length of the annual terms is six months, and four years of study are required for graduation, attendance upon at least three college terms being compulsory.

RUSHYILLE, the county-seat of Schuyler County, 50 miles northeast of Quincy and 11 miles northwest of Beardstown ; is the southerp. terminus of the Buda and Rushville branch of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad. The town was selected as the county-seat in 1826, the seat of justice being removed from a place called Beardstown, about five miles eastward (not the present Beardstown in Cass County), where it had been located at the time of the organization of Schuyler Coimty, a year previous. At first the new seat of justice was called Rushton, in honor of Dr. Benjamin Rush, but afterwards took its present name. It is a coal-mining, grain and fruit-growing region, and contains several manufactories, including flour-mills, brick and tile works; also has two banks (State and private) and a public library. Four periodicals (one daily) are published here. Population (1890), 2,031; (1900), 2,292; (1910), 2,422.

RUSSELL, John, pioneer teacher and author, was bom at Cavendish, Vt., July 31, 1793, and educated in the common schools of his native State and at Middlebury College, where he graduated in 1818 - having obtained pieans to support himself, during his college course, by teaching and by the publication, before he had reached his 20th year, of a volimie entitled "The Authentic History of Vermont State Prison. ' ' After graduation he taught for a short time in Georgia; but, early in the following year, joined his father on the way to Missouri. The next five years he spent in teaching in the "Bonhommie Bottom" on the Missouri River. During th,is period he published, anon3rmously, in *'The St. Charles Missourian," a temperance allegory entitled "The Venomous Worm" (or "The Worm of the Still"), which gained a wide popularity and was early recognized by the compilers of school-readers as a sort of classic. Leaving this locality he taught a year in St. Louis, when he removed to Vandalia (then the capital of Illinois), after which he spent two years teaching in the Seminary at Upper Alton, which afterwards became Shurtleff College. In 1828 he removed to Greene County, locating at a point near the Illinois River to which he gave the name of Bluftdale. Here he was licensed as a Baptist preacher, officiating in this capacity only occasionally, while pursuing his calling as a teacher or writer for the press, to which he was an almost constant contributor during the last twenty-five years of his life. About 1837 or 1838 he was editor of a paper called "The Backwoodsman" at Grafton - then a part of Greene County, but now in Jersey Coimty - to which he afterwards continued to be a contributor some time longer, and, in 1841-43, was editor of "The Advertiser, ' at Louisville, Ky. He was also, for several years. Principal of the Spring Hill Academy in East Feliciana Parish, La., meanwhile serving for a portion of the time as Superintendent of Public Schools. He was the author of a number of stories and sketches, some of which went through several editions, and, at the time of his death, had in preparation a history of "The Black Hawk War," "Evidences of Christianity" and a "History of Illinois." He was an accomplished linguist, being able to read with fluency Greek, Latin, French, Spanish and Italian, besides having considerable familiarity with several other modern languages. In 1862 he received from the University of Chicago the degree of LL.D. Died, Jan. 2, 1863, and was buried on the old homestead at Bluffdale.

RUSSELL^ Martin J.^ politician and journalist, bom in Chicago, Dec. 20, 1845. He was a nephew of CoL James A. Mulligan (see Mulligan, James A.) and served with credit as Adjutant- General on the staff of the latter in the Civil War. In 1870 he became a reporter on "The Chicago Evening Post," and was advanced to the position of city editor. Subsequently he was connected with "The Times," and "The Telegram" ; was also a member of the Board of Education of Hyde Park before the annexation of that village to Chicago, and has been one of the South Park Commissioners of the city last named. After the purchase of "The Chicago Times" by Carter H. Harrison he remained for a time on the editorial staff. In 1894 President Cleveland appointed him Collector of the Port of Chicago. At the expiration of his term of office he resimied editorial work as editor-in-chief of "The Chronicle," the organ of the Democratic party in Chicago. Died Jime 25, 1900.

1820; studied law in Troy and removed to Illinois, settling at Edwardsville, and finally at Alton; was a Republican candidate for Presidential Elector in 1856, and, in 1860, a member of the National Republican Conyention at Chicago, which nominated Mr. Lincoln for the Presidency. In September, 1862, he was commissioned Colonel of the Ninety-seventh Illinois Volunteers, and participated in the capture of Port Gibson and in the operations about Vicksburg - also leading in the attack on Arkansas Post, and subsequently serving in Louisiana, but died as the result of fatigue and exposure in the service, June 20, 1864. one week before his promotion to the rank of Brigadier-GeneraL - Reaben C. (Rutherford), brother of the preceding, was bom at Troy, N. Y., Sept. 29, 1823, but grew up in Vermont and New Hampshire ; received a degree in law when quite young, but afterwards fitted himself as a lecturer on physiology and hygiene, upon which he lectured extensively in Michigan, Illinois and other States after coming west in 1849. During 1854-55, in co-operation with Prof. J. B. Turner and others, he canvassed and lectured extensively throughout Illinois in support of the movement which resulted in the donation of public lands, by Congress, for the establishment of *' Industrial Colleges'' in the several States. The establishment of the University of Illinois, at Champaign, was the outgrowth of this movement. In 1856 he located at Quincy, where he resided some thirty years; in 1861, served for several months as the first Commissary of Subsistence at Cairo; was later associated with the State Quartermaster's Department, finally entering the secret service of the War Dei)artment, in which he remained until 1867, retiring with the rank of brevet Brigadier- General. In 1886, General Rutherford removed to New York City, where he died, June 24, 1895. - (ileorge T« (Rutherford), another brother, was bom at Rutland, Vt., 1830; was first admitted to the bar, but afterwards took charge of the construction of telegraph lines in some of the Southem States; at the beginning of the Civil War became Assistant Quartermaster-Greneral of the State of Illinois, at Springfield, under ex-Grov. John Wood, but subsequently entered the Quartermaster's service of the General Government in Washington, retiring after the war with the rank of Brigadier-General. He then returned to Qiiincy, 111., where he resided until 1872, when he engaged in manufacturing business at Northampton, Mass. , but finally removed to California for the benefit of his failing health. Died, at St. Helena, Cal, August 28, 1872.

RUTLAND, a village of La Salle County, on the Illinois C/entral Railroad. 25 miles south of La Salle; has a bank, five churches, school, and a newspaper, with coal mines in the vicinity. Pop. (1890), 509; (1900), 893; (1910), 754.

RUTLEDOE^ (Rev.) William J., clergyman. Arm/ Chaplain, bom in Augusta County, Va., June 24, 1820; was converted at the age of 12 years and, at 21, became a member of the Illinois Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, serving various churches in the central and westem parts of the State - also acting, for a time, as Agent of the Illinois Conference Female College at Jacksonville. From 1891 to 1863 he was Chaplain of the Fourteenth Regiment Illinois Volunteers. Returning from the war, he served as pastor of churches at Jacksonville, Bloomington, Quincy, Rushville, Springfield, Griggsville and other points; from 1881 to '84 was Chaplain of the Illinois State Penitentiary at Joliet. Mr. Rutledge was one of the founders of the Grand Army of the Republic, and served for many years as Chaplain of the order for the Department of Illinois. In connection with the ministry, he has occupied a supernumerary relation since 1885. Died in Jacksonville, April 14, 1900.

RUTZ, Edward, State Treasurer, was bom in a village in the Duchy of Baden, Germany, May 5, 1829; came to America in 1848, locating on a farm in St. Clair County, 111. ; went to California in 1857, and, early in 1861, enlisted in the Third United States Artillery at San Francisco, serving with the Army of the Potomac until his discharge in 1864, and taking part in every battle in which his command was engaged. After his return in 1865, he located in St. Clair County, and was elected County Surveyor, served three consecutive terms as County Treasurer, and was elected State Treasurer three times - 1872, '76 and '80. About 1892 he removed to California, where he resided until his death, May 28, 1905.

RTAN, Edward 0., early editor and jurist, born at Newcastle House, County Meath, Ireland. Nov. 18, 1810; was educated for the priesthood, but turned his attention to law, and, in 1880, came to New York and engaged in teaching while prosecuting his legal studies; in 1836 removed to Chicago, where he was admitted to the bar and was, for a time, associated in practice with Hugh T. Dickey. In April, 1840, Mr. Ryan assimied the editorship of a weekly paper in Chicago called "The Illinois Tribune," which he conducted for over a year, and which is remembered chiefly on account of its bitter assaults on Judge John Pearson of Danville, who had aroased the hostility of some members of the Chicago bar by his rulings upon the bench. About 1842 Ryan removed to Milwaukee, Wis., where he was, for a time, a partner of Matthew H. Carpenter (afterwards United States Senator), and was connected with a number of celebrated trials before the courts of that State, including the Barstow-Bashford case, which ended with Bashford becoming the first Republican Grovemor of Wisconsin. In 1874 he was appointed Chief Justice of Wisconsin, serving until his death, which occurred at Madison, Oct. 19, 1880. He was a- strong partisan, and, during the Civil War, was an intense opponent of the war policy of the Qovemment. In spite of infirmities of temper, he appears to have been a man of much learning and recognized legal ability.

BYAN^ James^ Roman Catholic Bishop, born in Ireland in 1848 and emigrated to America in childhood; was educated for the priesthood in Kentucky, and, after ordination, was made a professor in St. Joseph*s Seminary, at Bardstown, Ky. ' In 1878 he removed to Illinois, attaching himself to the diocese of Peoria, and having charge of parishes at Wataga and Danville. In 1881 he became rector of the Ottawa parish, within the episcopal jurisdiction of the Archbishop of Chicago. In 1888 he was made Bishop of the see of Alton, the prior incimibent (Bishop Baltes) having died in 1886.

SACS AND FOXES^ two confederated Indian tribes, who were among the most warlike and powerful of the aborigines of the Illinois Country. The Foxes called themselves the Musk-wah-hakee, a name compounded of two words, signifying "those of red earth." The French called them Ou-ta-ga-mies, that being their spelling of the name given them by other tribes, the meaning of which was **Foxes," and which was bestowed upon them because their totem (or armorial device, as it may be called) was a fox: They seem to liave been driven westward from the northern shore of Lake Ontario, by way of Niagara and Mackinac, to the region around Green Bay, Wis. - Concerning their allied brethren, the Sacs, less is known. The name is variously spelled in the Indian dialects - Ou-sa-kies, Sauks, etc. - and the term Sacs is unquestionably an abbreviated corruption. Black Hawk belonged to this tribe. The Foxes and Sacs formed a confederation according to aboriginal tradition, on what is now known as the Sslo River, near Green Bay, but the date of the alliance cannot be determined. The origin of the Sacs is equally uncertain. Black Hawk claimed that his tribe originally dwelt around Quebec, but, as to the authenticity of this claim, historical authoriti^ differ widely. Subsequent to 1670 the history of the allied tribes is tolerably well defined. Their characteristics, location and habits are described at some length by Father Allouez, who visited them in 1666-67. He says that they were numerous and warlike, but depicts them as "penurious, avaricious, thievish and quarrelsome.'* That they were cordially detested by their neighbors is certain, and Judge James Hall calls them "the Ishmaelites of the lakes. " They were unfriendly to the French, who attached to themselves other tribes, and, through the aid of the latter, had well-nigh exterminated them, when the Sacs and Foxes sued for peace, which was granted on terms most humiliating to the vanquished. By 1718, however, they were virtually in possession of the region around Rock River in Illinois, and, four years later, through the aid of the Mascoutinsand Kickapoos, they had expelled the Illinois, driving the last of that ill-fated tribe across the Illinois River. They abstained from taking part in the border wars that marked the close of the Revolutionary War, and therefore did not participate in the treaty of Greenville in 1795. At that date, according to Judge Hall, they claimed the country as far west as Coimcil Bluffs, Iowa, and as far north as Prairie du Chien. They offered to co-operate with the United States Government in the War of 1812, but this offer was declined, and a portion of the tribe, imder the leadership of Black Hawk, enlisted on the side of the British. The Black Hawk War proved their political ruin. By the treaty of Rock Island they ceded vast tracts of land, including ft large part of the eastern half of Iowa and a large body of land east of the Mississippi. (See Blade Hawk War; Indian Treaties.) In 1842 the Grovemment divided the nation into two bands, removing both to reservations in the farther West. One was located on the Osage River and the other on 'the south side of the Nee-ma-ha River, near the northwest comer of Kansas. From these reservations, there is little doubt, many of them have silently emigrated toward the Rocky Mountains, where the hoe might be laid aside for the rifle, the net and the spear of the hunter. A few years ago a part of these confederated tribes were located in the eastern part of Oklahoma.

SAILOR SPBINOS.a village and health resort in Clay County, 5 miles north of Clay City, has an acade my and a local paper. Population ( 1900), 419; (1910), 388.

SALEM, an inoorporated oitj, the oountj-seat of Marion County, on the Baltimore & Ohio Southw^tem. the Chicago & Eastern Illinois and the Illinois Southern Railroads, 71 miles east of St. Louis, and 16 miles northeast of Centralia; in agricultural and coal district. A leading industry is the culture, evaporation and shipment of fruit. The city has flour-mills, machine shops, creamery, two banks and three weekly newspapers. Pop. (1900), 1,642; (1910), 2,669.

SALINE COUNTY, a southeastern county, organized in 1847, having an area of 396 square miles. It derives its name from the salt springs which are found in every part of the county. The northern portion is rolling and yields an abundance of coal of a quality suitable for smithing. The bottoms are swampy, but heavily timbered) and saw-mills abound. Oak, hickory, sweet gum, mulberry, locust and sassafras are the prevailing varieties. Fruit and tobacco are extensively cultivated. The climate is mild and humid, and the vegetation varied. The soil of the low lands is rich, and, when drained, makes excellent farming lands. In some localities a good gray sandstone, soft enough to be worked, is quarried, and millstone grit is frequently found. In the southern half of the county are the Eagle Mountains, a line of hills havings an altitude of some 450 to 500 feet above the level of the Mississippi at Cairo, and believed by geologists to ^ have been a part of the upheaval that gave birth to the Ozark Mountains in Missouri and Arkansas. The highest land in the county is 864 feet above sea-leveL Tradition says that these hills are rich in silver ore, but it has not been found in paying quantities. Springs strongly impregnated with sulphur are found on the slop<^ The coimty-seat was originally located at Kaleigh, which was platted in 1848. but it was subsequently removed to Harrisburg, which was laid out in 1859. Population of the county (1890), 19,342; (1900), 21,685; (1910), 30,204.

SALINE BITER, a stream formed by the confluence of two branches, both of which flow through portions of Saline County, uniting in Oallatin County. The North Fork rises in Hamilton County and runs nearly south, while the South Fork drains part of Williamson CJounty, and runs east through Saline. The river (which is little more than a creek), thus formed, runs southeast, entering the Ohio ten miles below Shawneetown.

SALT MANUFACTURE. There is evidence going to show that the saline springs, in Gallatin County, were utilized by the aboriginal inhabitants in the making of salt, long before the advent of white settlers. There have been discovered, at various points, what appear to be the remains of evaporating kettles, composed of hardened clay and pounded shells, varying in diameter from three to four feet. In 1812, with a view to encouraging the manufacture of salt from these springs, Congress granted to Illinois the use of 86 square miles, the fee still remaining in the United States. These lands were leased by the State to private parties, but the income derived from them was comparatively small and frequently difficult of collection. The workmen were mostly slaves from Kentucky and Tennessee, who are especially referred to in Article VI., Section 2, of the Ck>nstituti(Hi of 1818. The salt, made brought $5 per 100 poimds, and was shipped in keel- boats to various points on the Ohio, Mississippi, Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers, while many purchasers came hundreds of miles on horseback and carried it away on pack animals, In 1827, the State treasury being empty and the General Assembly having decided to erect a penitentiary at Alton, Congress was petitioned to donate these lands to the State in fee, and permission was granted **to sell 80,000 acres of the Ohio Salines in Gallatin County, and apply the proceeds to such purposes as the Legislature might by law direct.'* The sale was made, onehalf of the proceeds set apart for the building of the penitentiary, and one-half to the improvement of roads and rivers in the eastern part of the State. The manufacture of salt was carried on, however - for a time by lessees and subsequently by owners - imtil 1878, about which time it was abandoned, chiefly because it had ceased to be profitable on aocoimt of competition with other districts possessing superior fttcilities. Some salt was manufactured in Vermilion County about 1824. The manufacture has been successfully carried on in recent years, from the product of artesian wells, at St. John, in Perry County.

SANDOYAL, a village of Marion Coimty, at the crossing of the western branch of the Illinois Central Riilroad, and the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern, 6 miles north of Centralia. Tlie town has coal mines and some manufactures, with banks and one newspaper. Population (1890), 834; (1900), 1,258; (1910), 1,563.

SANDSTONE. Tlie quantity of sandstone quarried in Illinois is comparatively insignificant, its value being less than one-fifth of one per cent of the value of the output of the entire country. In 1890 the State ranked twenty -fifth in the list of States producing this mineral, the total value of the stone quarried being but $17,896, representing 141,605 cubic feet, taken fi-om ten quarries, which employed fortj-siz hands, and had an aggregate capital invested of $49,400.

SANDWICH, a city in De Kalb County, incorporated in 1873, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 58 miles southwest of Chicaga Tlie principal industries are the manufacture of agricultural implements, hay -presses, corn-shellers, pumps and wind-mills. Sandwich has two oi more banks, two weekly and one semi-weekly papers. Pop. (1890), 2,516; (1900), 2,520; (1910), 2,557.

SANGAMON COUNTY, a central county, organized under act of June 80, 1821, from parts of Bond and Madison (bounties, and embracing the present ooimties of Sangamon, Cass, Menard, Mason, Tazewell, Logan, and parts of Morgan, McLean, Woodford, Marshall and Putnam. It was named for the river flowing through it. Though reduoed in area somewhat, four years later, it extended to the Illinois River, but was reduced to its present limits by the setting apart of Menard, Logan and Dane (now Christian) Counties, in 1889. Henry Funderburk is believed to have been the first white settler, arriving there in 1817 and locating in what is now Ck>tton Hill Township, being followed, the next year, by William Drennan, Joseph Dodds, James McCk>y, Robert Pulliam and others. John Kelly located on the present site of the city of Springfield in 1818, and was there at the time of the selection of that place as the temporary seat of justice in 1821. Other settlements were made at Auburn, Island Grove, and elsewhere, and population began to flow in rapidly. Renmants of the Pottawatomie and Kickapoo Indians were still there, but soon moved north or west. County organization was effected in 1821, the first Board of County Commissioners being composed of William Drennan, Zachariah Peter and Samuel Lee. John Reynolds (afterwards Gk>vemor) held the first term of Circuit Court, with John Taylor, Sheriff; Henry Starr, Prosecuting Attorney, and Charles R. Matheny, Circuit Clerk. A United States Land Office was established at Springfield in 1828, with Pascal P. Enos as Receiver, the first sale of lands taking place the same year. The soil of Sangamon County is exuberantly fertile, with rich imderlying deposits of bituminous coal, which is mined in large quanti|;ies. The chief towns are Springfield, Auburn, Riverton, Illiopolis and Pleasant Plaina The area of the county is 875 square miles. Pop. (1880), 52,894; (1890), 61,195; (1900), 71,593; (1910), 91,024.

SANGAMON BIYEB, formed by the union of the North and South Forks, of which the former is the longer, or main branch. The North Fork rises in the northern part of Champaign County, whence it runs southwest to the city of Decatur, thence westward through Sangamon County, forming the north boundary of Christian County, and emptying into the Illinois River about 9 miles above Beardstown. The Sangamon is nearly 240 miles long, including the North Fork. The South Fork flows through Christian County, and joins the North Fork about 6 miles east of Springfield. In the early history of the State the Sangamon was regarded as a navigable stream, and its improvement was one of the measures advocated by Abraham Lincoln in 1832, when he was for the fii^ time a candidate (though unsuccessfully) for the Legislature. In the spring of 1882 a small steamer from Cincinnati, called the ' 'Talisman," ascended the river to a point near Springfield. The event was celebrated with great rejoicing by the people, but the vessel encountered so much difficulty in getting out of the river that the experiment was never repeated.

SANGER, Lorenzo P.^ railway and canal contractor, was bom at Littleton, N. H., March 2, 1809; brought in childhood to Livingston Coimty, N. Y., where his father became a contractor on the Erie Canal, the son also being employed upon the same work. The latter subsequently became a contractor on the Pennsylvania Canal on his own account, being known as *'the boy contractor. ' * Then, after a brief experience in mercantile business, and a year spent in the construction of a canal in Indiana, in 1886 he came to Illinois, and soon after became an extensive contractor on the Illinois & Michigan Canal, having charge of rock excavation at Lockport. He was also connected with the Rock River improvement scheme, and interested in a line of stages between Chicago and Oalena, which, having been consolidated with the line managed by the firm of Fink & Walker, finally became the Northwestern Stage Company, extending its operations throughout Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa and Missouri - Mr. Sanger having charge of the Western Division, for a time, with headquarters at St. Louis. In 1851 he became the head of the firm of Sanger, Camp & Co., contractors for the construction of the Western (or Illinois) Division of the Ohio & Mississippi (now the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern) Railway, upon which he was employed for seyeral years. Other works with which he was connected were the North Missouri Railroad and the construction of the State Penitentiary at Joliet, as member of the firm of Sanger & Casey, for a time, also lessees of convict labor. In 1862 Mr. Sanger received from Yates, by request of President Lincoln, a commission as Colonel, and was assigned to staff duty in Kentucky and Tennessee. After the war he became largely interested in stone quarries adjacent to Joliet ; also had an extensive contract, from the City of Chicago, for deepening the Illinois & Michigan Canal. Died, at Oakland, Cal., March 23, 1875, whither he had gone for the benefit of his health. - James Toung (Sanger), brother of the preceding, was bom at Sutton, Vt., March 14, 1814; in boyhood spent some time in a large mercantile establishment at Pittsburg, Pa.,. later being associated with his father and elder brother in contracts on the Erie Canal and similar works in Pennsylvania, Ohio and Indiana. At the age of 22 he came with his father's family to St. Joseph, Mich., where they established a large supply store, and engaged in bridge-building and similar enterprises. At a later period, in connection with his father and his brother, L. P. Sanger, he was prominently connected with the construction of the Illinois & Michigan Canal - the aqueduct at Ottawa and the locks at Peru being constructed by them. About 1850 the Construction Company, of which he and his brother, L. P. Sanger, were leading members, imdertook the construction of the Ohio & Mississippi (now Baltimore & Ohio Southwestem) Railroad, from St. Louis to Vincennes, Ind., and were prominently identified with other railroad enterprises in Southern Illinois, Missouri and California. Died, July 8, 1867, when consummating arrangements for the performance of a large contract on the UniOn Pacific Railroad.

SAUOANASH, the Indian name of a half-breed known as Capt. BiUy Caldwell, the son of a British officer and a Pottawatomie woman, bom in Canada about 1780; received an education from the Jesuits at Detroit, and was able to speak and write English and French, besides several Indian dialects; was a friend of Tecumeeh's and, during the latter part of his life, a devoted friend of the whites. He took up his residence in Chicago about 1820, and, in 1826,* a Justice of the Peace, while nominally a subject of Great Britain and a Chief of the Ottawas and Pottawatomies. In 1828 the Government, in consideration of his services, built for him the first frame house ever erected in Chicago, which he occupied imtil his departure with his tribe for Council Bluffs in 1886. By a treaty, made Jan. 2, 1880, reservations were granted by the Gk>vemment to Sauganash, Shabona and other friendly Indians (see Shabona), and 1,240 acres on the North Branch of Chicago River set apart for Caldwell, which he sold before leaving the coimtry. Died, at Council Bluffs, Iowa, Sept. 28, 1841.

SATAGE, George S. F., D.Ji^ clergyman, was bom at Cromwell, Conn., Jan. 29, 1817; graduated at Yale College in 1844; studied theology at Andover and New Haven, graduating in 1847; was ordained a home missionary the same year and spent twelve years as pastor at St. Charles, 111., for tonr years being corresponding editor of "The Prairie Herald" and "The Congregational Herald." For ten years he was in the service of the American Tract Society, and, during the Civil War, was engaged in sanitary and religious work in the army. In 1870 he was appointed Western Secretary of the Congregational Publisliing Society, remaining two years, after which he became Financial Secretary of the Chicago Theological Seminary. He has also been a Director of the institution since 1854, a Trustee of Beloit College since 1850, and, for several years, editor and publisher of "The Congregational Review.'*

SAVANNA, a city in Carroll County, situated on the Mississippi River and the Chicago, Burlington & Northern and the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railways; is 10 miles west of Mount Carroll and about 20 miles north of Clinton, Iowa. It is an important shipping-point and contains several manufactories of machinery, lumber, fiour, etc. It has two State banks, a public library, churches, two graded schools, township high school, and two daily and weekly newspapers. Pop. (1900), 3,325; (1910), 3,691.

SATBROOK, a village of McLean County, on the Lake Erie & Western Railroad, 26 miles east of Bloomington; district agricultural; county fairs held here; the town has two banks and one newspaper. Pop. (1900), 879; (1910), 805.

SCATES, Walter Bennett, jurist and soldier, was bom at South Boston, Halifax County, Va., Jan. 18, 1808; was taken in infancy to Hopkins* ville, Ky., where he resided imtil 1831; having meanwhile learned the printer*s trade at Nashville and studied law at Louisville. In 1831 he removed to Frankfort, Franklin County, HI., where, for a time, he was County Surveyor. In 1886, having been appointed Attorney-General, he removed to Yandalia, then the seat of government, but resigned at the close of the same year to accept the judgeship of the Third Judicial Circuit, and took up his residence at Shawneetown. In 1841 he was one of five new Judges added to the Supreme Court bench, the others being Sidney Breese, Stephen A. Douglas, Thomas Ford and Samuel H. Treat. In that year he removed to Mount Vernon, Jefferson County, and, in January, 1847, resigned his seat upon the bench to resume practice. The same year he was a member of the Constitutional Convention and Chairman of the Committee on Judiciary. In June, 1854, he again took a seat upon the Supreme Court bench, being chosen to succeed Lyman Trumbull, but resigned in May, 1857, and resumed practice in Chicago. In 1863 he volunteered in defense of the Union, received a Major^s commission and was assigned to duty on the staff of Ceneral McClemand ; was made. Assistant Ad jutant-Qeneral and mustered out in January, 1866. In July, 1866, President Johnson appointed him Collector of Customs at Cliicago, which position he filled until July 1, 1869, when he was removed by President Grant, during the same period, being ex-officio custodian of United States funds, the office of Assistant Treasurer not having been then created. Died, at Evanston, Oct. 26. 1886.

SGAMMON, Jonathan Tonngy lawyer and banker, was bom at Whitefield, Maine, July 27, 1812; after graduating at WaterviUe (now Colby) University in 1831, he studied law and was admitted to the bar at Hallowell, in 1835 removing to Chicago, where he spent the remainder of his lif<9. After a year spent as deputy in the office of the Circuit Clerk of Cook County, during which he prepared a revision of the Illinois statutes, he was appointed attorney for the State Bank of Illinois in 1837, and, in 1839, became reporter of the Supreme Court, which office he held until 1845. In the meantime, he was associated with several prominent lawyers, his first legal firm being that of Scammon, McCagg & Puller, which was continued up to the fire of 1871. A large operator in real estate and identified with many enterprises of a public or benevolent character, his most important financial venture was in connection with the Chicago Marine & Fire Insurance Company, which conducted an extensive banking business for many years, and of which he was the President and leading spirit. As a citizen he was progressive, public-spirited and liberal. He was one of the main promoters and organizers of the old Galena & Chicago Union Railway, the first railroad to run west from Lake Michigan ; was also prominently identified with the founding of the Chicago public school system, a Trustee of the (old) Chicago University, and one of the foxmders of the Chicaj?o Historical Society, of the Chicago Academy of Sciences and the Chicago Astronomical Society - being the first President of the latter body. He erected, at a cost of 180,000, the Fort Dearborn Observatory, in which he caused to be placed the most powerful telescope which had at that time been brought to the West. He also maintained the observatory at his own expense. He -was the pioneer of Swedenborgianism in Chicago, and, in politics, a staunch Whig, and, later, an ardent Republican. In 1844 he was one of the founders of *The Chicago American," a paper designed to advance the candidacy of Henry Clay for the Presidency; and, in 1872, when "The Chicago Tribune" espoused the Liberal Republican cause, he started "The Inter-Ocean" as a Republican organ, being, for some time, its sole proprietor and editor-inchief. He was one of the first to encourage the adoption of the homeopathic system of medicine in Chicago, and was prominently connected with the founding of the Hahnemann Medical College and the Hahnemann Hospital, being a Trustee in both for many years. As a member of the General Assembly he secured the passage of many important measures, among them being legislation looking toward the bettering of the currency and the banking system. He accumulated a large fortune, but lost most of it by the fire of 1871 and the panic of 1873. Died, in Chicago, March 17, 1890.

SG ARRITT9 Nathan, pioneer, was bom in Connecticut, came to Eldwardsville, III, in 1820, and, in 1821, located in Scarritt's Prairie, Madison County. His sons afterward became infiuential in business and Methodist church circles. Died, Dec. 12. 1847.

SCENERY, NATURAL. Notwithstanding the uniformity of surface which characterizes a country containing no mountain ranges, but which is made up largely of natural prairies, there are a number of localities in Illinois where scenery of a picturesque, and even bold and rugged character, may be found. One of the most striking of these features is produced by a spur or low range of hills from^the Qzark Mountains of Missouri, projected across the southern part of the State from the vicinity of Grand

Tower in Jackson County, through the northern part of Union, and through portions of Williamson, Johnson, Saline, Pope and Hardin Counties. Grand Tower, the initial point in the western part of the State, is an isolated cliff of limestone, standing out in the channel of the Mississippi ' and forming an island nearly 100 feet above lowwater level. It has been a conspicuous landmark for navigators ever since the discovery of the Mississippi * 'Fountain Bluff," a few miles above Grand Tower, is another conspicuous point immediately on the river bank, formed by some isolated hills about three miles long by a mile and a half wide, which have withstood the forces that excavated the valley now occupied by the Mississippi. About half a mile from the lower end of this hill, with a low valley between them, is a smaller eminence known as the ''Devil's Bake Oven." The main chain of bluffs, known as the "Back Bone," is about five miles from the river, and rises to a height of nearly 700 feet above low-tide in the Gulf of Mexico, or more than 400 feet above the level of the river at Cairo. "Bald Knob" is a very prominent inland bluff promontory near Alta Pass on the line of the Mobile & Ohio Hailroad, in the northern part of Union County, with an elevation above tidewater of 985 feet. The highest point in this range of hills is reached in the northeastern part of Pope County - the elevation at that point (as ascertained by Prof. Rolfe of the State University at Champaign) being 1,046 feet. - There is some striking scenery in the neighborhood of Grafton between Alton and the mouth of the Illinois, as well as some distance up the latter stream - though the landscape along the middle section of the Illinois is generally monotonous or only gently undulating, except At Peoria and a few other points, where bluffs rise to a considerable height. On the Upper Illinois, beginning at Peru, the scenery again becomes picturesque, including the celebrated "Starved Rock," the site of La Salle's Fort St. Louis (which see). This rook' rises to a perpendicular height of about 125 feet from the surface of the river at the ordinary stage. On the opposite side of the river, about four miles below Ottawa, is "Buffalo Rock." an isolated ridge of rock about two miles long by forty to sixty rods wide, evidently once an island at a period when the Illinois River occupied the whole valley. Additional interest is given to both these localities by their association with e^ly history. Deer Park, on the Vermilion River - some two miles from where it empties into the Illinois, just below "Starved

Rock" - is a peculiar grotto-like formation, caused by a ravine which enters the Vermilion at this point. Ascending this ravine from its mouth, for a quarter of a mile, between almost perpendicular walls, the road terminates abruptly at a dome-like overhanging rock which widens at this point to about 150 feet in diameter at the base, with a height of about 75 feet. A clear spring of water gushes from the base of the cliff, and, at certain seasons of the year, a beautiul water-fall pours from the cliffs into a little lake at the bottom of the chasm. There is much other striking scenery higher up, on both the Illinois and Fox Rivers. - A point which arrested the attention of the earliest explorers in this region was Mount Joliet, near the city of that name. It is first mentioned by St. Cosme in 1608, and has been variously known as Monjolly, Mont Jolie, Moimt Juliet, and Mount Joliet. It had an elevation, in early times, of about 80 feet with a level top 1,800 by 225 feet. Prof. O. H. MarshaU, in "The American Antiquarian," expresses the opinion that, originally, it was an island in the river, which, at a remote period, swept down the valley of the Des Plaines. Mount Joliet was a favorite rallying point of Illinois Indians, who were accustomed to hold their coimcils at its base. - The scenery along Rock River is not striking from its boldness, but it attracted the attention of early explorers by the picturesque beauty of its groves, undulating plains and sheets of water. The highest and most abrupt elevations are met with in Jo Daviess County, near the Wisconsin State line. Pilot Knob, a natural moimd about three miles south of Galena and two miles from the Mississippi, has been a landmark well known to tourists and river men ever since the Upper Mississippi began to be navigated. Towering above the surrounding bluffs, it reaches an altitude of some 430 feet above the ordinary level of Fever River. A chain of some lialf dozen of these mounds extends some four or five miles in a northeasterly direction from Pilot Knob, Waddel's and Jackson's Mounds being conspicuous among them. There are also some castellated rocks around the city of Galena which are very striking. Charles Mound, belonging to the system already referred to, is believed to be the highest elevation in the State. It stands near the Wiscdhsin State line, and, according to Prof. Rolfe, has an altitude of 814 feet above the Illinois Central Railroad at Scales' Mound Station, and, 1,257 feet above the Gulf of Mexico.