Piatt County, Illinois - The whole text, 1917 (part 15 of 26)

1870, it furnished the key-note for much of the legislation since had on the subject. The celebrated "Lake Front Bill," conveying to the city of Chicago and the Illinois Central Railroad the title of the State to certain lands included in what was known as the "Lake Front Park," was passed, and although vetoed by the Governor, was re-enacted over his veto. This act was finally repealed by the Legislature of 1878, and after many years of litigation, the rights claimed under it by the Illinois Central Railroad Company have been recently declared void by the Supreme Court of the United States. The Fifteenth Amendment of the National Constitution, prohibiting the denial of the right of suffrage to * 'citizens of the United States .... on account of race, color or previous condition of servitude," was ratified by a strictly party vote in each House, on March 5.

The first step toward the erection of a new State Capitol at Springfield had been taken in an appropriation of $450,000, at the session of 1867, the total cost being limited to $8,000,000. A second appropriation of $650,000 was made at the session of 1869. The Constitution of 1870 limited the cost to $8,500,000, but an act passed by the Legislature of 1888, making a final appropriation of $531,712 for completing and furnishing the building, was ratified by the people in 1884. The original cost of the building and its fumituxe exceeded $4,000,000. (See State Houses, )

The State Convention for framing a new Constitution met at Springfield, Dea 13, 1869. It consisted of eighty-five members - forty-four Republicans and forty-one Democrats. A number classed as Republicans, however, were elected as ^^Independents" and co-operated with the Democrats in the organization. Charles Hitchcock was elected President. The Convention terminated its labors. May 13, 1870; the Constitution was ratified by vote of the people, July 2, and went into effect, August 8, 1870. A special provision establishing the principle of *' minority representation" in the election of Representatives in the General Assembly, was adopted by a smaller vote than the main instrument. A leading feature of the latter was the general restriction upon special legislation and the enumeration of a large variety of subjects to be provided for under general law& It laid the basis of our present railroad and warehouse laws; declared the inviolability of the Illinois Central Railroad tax; prohibited the sale or lease of the Illinois & Michigan Canal without a vote of the people; prohibited municipalities from becoming subscribers to the stock of any railroad or private corporation; limited the rate of taxation and amount of indebtedness to be incurred ; required the enactment of laws for the protection of miners, eta The restriction in the old Constitution against the re-election of a (Governor as his own immediate successor was removed, but placed upon the office of State Treasurer. The Legislature consists of 204 members - 51 Senators and 153 Representatives - one Senator and three Representatives being chosen from each district. (See ConstitutioncU Convention of 1869-70; also Constitution of 1870. )

At the election of 1870, General Logan was reelected Congressman-at-large by 24,672 majority; Gen. E. N. Bates, Treasurer, and Newton Bateman, State Superintendent of Public Instruction.

spent more time in legislation than anj other in the history of the State - a fact to be accounted for, in part, bj the Chicago Fire and the extensive revision of the laws required in consequence of the adoption of the new Constitution. Besides the regular session, there were two special, or called, sessions and an adjourned session, covering, in all, a period of 292 day& This Leg^islature adopted the system of '*State control" in the management of the labor and discipline of the convicts of the State penitentiary, which was strongly urged by Governor Palmer in a special message. General Logan having been elected United States Senator at this session, Gen. John L. Beveridge was elected to the vacant position of Congressman -at-large at a special election held Oct. 4.

Chicago Fire of 1871.~The calamitous fire at Chicago; Oct. 8-9, 1871, though belonging rather to local than to general State history, excited the profound sympathy, not only of the people of the State and the Nation, but of the civilized world. The area burned over, including streets, covered 2,124 acres, with 18,500 buildings out of 18,000, leaving 92,000 persons homeless. The loss of Iffe is estimated at 250, and of property at $187,927,000. Governor Palmer called the Legislature together in special session to act upon the emergency, Oct. 18, but as the State was precluded from affording direct aid, the plan was adopted of reimbursing the city for the amount it had expended in the enlargement of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, amounting to 92,955,840. The unfortunate shooting of a citizen by a cadet in a regiment of United States troops organized for guard duty, led to some controversy between Palmer, on one side, and the Mayor of Chicago and the military authorities, including President Grant, on the other; but the general verdict was, that, while nice distinctions between civil and military authority may not have been observed, the service rendered by the military, in a great emergency, was of the highest value and was prompted by the best intentions; (See Fire of 1871 under title Chicago.)

Political Campaign op 1872. - The political campaign of 1872 in Illinois resulted in much confusion and a partial reorganization of parties. Dissatisfied with the administration of President Grant, a number of the State officers (including Governor Palmer) and other prominent Republicans of the State, joined in what was called the * 'Liberal Republican** movement, and supported Horace Greeley for the Presidency. Ex-Gov- ^mor Oglesby again became the standard-bearer of the Republicans for Governor, with (Ten. John L. Beveridge for Lieutenant-Governor. At the November election, the Grant and Wilson (Republican) Electors in Illinois received 241,944 votes, to 184,988 for Greeley, and 8,188 for 0*Conor. The plurality for Oglesby, for Governor, was 40,690.

Governor Oglesby^s second administration was of brief duration. Within a week after his inauguration he was nominated by a legislative caucus of his party for United States Senator to succeed Judge Trumbull, and was elected, receiving an aggregate of 117 votes in the two Houses against 78 for Trumbull, who was supported by the party .whose candidates he had defeated at three previous elections. (See Oglesby, Richard J, ) Lieutenant-Governor Beveridge thus became Governor, filling out the unexpired term of his chief. EUs administration was high-minded, clean and honorable. (See Beveridge, John L.)

Rbpubuoan Rbyebsb of 1874. - The election of 1874 resulted in the first serious reverse the Republican party had experienced in Illinois since 1862. Although Thomas S. Ridgway, the Republican candidate for State Treasurer, was elected by a plurality of nearly 85,000, by a combination of the opposition, S. M. Etter (Fusion) was at the same time elected State Superintendent, while the Fusionists secured a majority in each House of the General Assembly. After a protracted contest, E. M. Haines - who had been a Democrat, a Republican, and had been elected to this Leg^islature as an '^Independent" - was elected Speaker of the House over Shelby M. Cullom, and A. A. Glenn (Democrat) was chosen President of the Senate, thus becoming ex-officio Lieutenant-Governor. The session which followed - especially in the House - was one of the most turbulent and disorderly in the history of the State, coming to a termination, April 15, after having enacted very few laws of any importance. (See Twenty-ninth Oeneral Assembly.)

Campaion of 1876. - Shelby M. Cullom was the candidate of the Republican party for Governor in 1876, with Rutherford B. Hayes heading the National ticket. The excitement which attended the campaign, the closeness of the vote between the two Presidential candidates - Hayes and Tilden - and the determination of the result through the medium of an Electoral Commission, are fresh in the memory of the present generation. In Illinois the Republican plurality for President was 19,681, but owing to the combination of the Democratic and Greenback vote on Lewis Steward for Governor, the majority for

Board Of Trade Building. Chicago

Cullom was reduced to 6,798. The other State officers elected were: Andrew Shuman, Lieutenant-Oovemor; George H. Harlow, Secretary of State; Thomas B. Needles, Auditor; Edward Rutz, Treasurer, and James K. Eklsall, Attomey- GeneraL Each of these had pluralities exceeding 20.000, except Needles, who, having a single competitor, had a smaller majority than Cullom. The new State House was occupied for the first time by the State officers and the Legislature chosen at this time. Although the Republicans had a majority in the House, the Independents held the ** balance of power" in joint session of the General Assembly. After a stubborn and protracted struggle in the effort to choose a United States Senator to succeed Senator John A. Logan, David Davis, of Bloomington, was elected on the fortieth ballot. He had been a Whig and a warm personal friend of Lincoln, by whom he was appointed Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States in 1862. His election to the United States Senate by the Democrats and Independents led to his retirement from the Supreme bench, thus preventing his appointment on the Electoral Commission of 1877 - a circumstance which, in the opinion of many, may have had an iniportant bearing upon the decision of that tribunaL In the latter part of his term he served as President pro tempore of the Senate, and more frequently acted with the Republicans than with their opponents. He supported Blaine and Logan for President and Vice-President, in 1884. (See Davis, David.)

Stkikb op 1877. - The extensive railroad strike, in July, 1877, caused widespread demoralization of business, especially in the railroad centers of the State and throughout the country generally. The newly -organized National Guard was called out and rendered efficient service in restoring order. Governor CuUom's action in the premises was prompt, and has been generally conmiended as eminently wise and discreet.

Election op 1878. - Four sets of candidates were in the field for the offices of State Treasurer and Superintendent of Public Instruction in 1878 - ^Republican, Democratic, Greenback and Prohibition. The Republicans were successful, Gen. John C. Smith being elected Treasurer, and James P. Slade, Superintendent, by pluralities averaging about 85,000. The same party also elected eleven out of nineteen members of Congress, and, for the first time in six years, secured a majority in each branch of the General Assembly. At the session of this Legislature, in January following, John A. Logan was elected to the

United States Senate as successor to Gen. R. J. Oglesby, whose term expired in March following. CoL William A. James, of Lake County, served as Speaker of the House at this session. (See Smith, John Corson; Slade, James P.; a.]ao Thirty' first General Assembly. )

Campaign op 1880. - The political campaign of 1880 is memorable for the determined struggle made by the friends of General Grant to secure his nomination for the Presidency for a third term. The Republican State Convention, beginning at Springfield, May 19, lasted three days, ending in instructions in favor of General Grant by a vote of 399 to 285. These were nullified, however, by the action of the National Convention two weeks later. Governor Cullom was nominated for re-election ; John M. Hamilton for Lieutenant-Governor; Henry D. Dement for Secretary of State; Charles P. Swigert for Auditor; Edward Rutz (for a third term) for Treasurer, and James McCartney for Attorney-General. (See Dement, Henry D.; Swigert, Charles P.; Rutz, Edward, and McCartney, James.) Ex-Senator Trumbull headed the Democratic ticket as its candidate for (Jovemor, with General L. B. Parsons for Lieutenant-Governor.

The Republican National Convention met in Chicago, June 2. After thirty-six ballots, in which 306 delegates stood unwaveringly by General Grant, James A. Garfield, of Ohio, was nominated, with Chester A. Arthur, of New York, for Vice-President. Gen. Winfield Scott Hancock was the Democratic candidate and G^en. James B. Weaver, the Greenback nominee. In Illinois, 622,156 votes were cast, Garfield receiving a plurality of 40,716. The entire Republican State ticket was elected by nearly the same pluralities, and the Republicans again had decisive majorities in both branches of the Legislature.

No startling events occurred during Governor CuUom's second term. The State continued to increase in wealth, population and prosperity, and the heavy debt, by which it had been burdened thirty yeaijs before, was practically ** wiped out."

Election op 1882. - At the election of 1882, Gen. John C. Smith, who had been elected State Treasurer in 1878, was re-elected for a second term, over Alfred Orendorff, while Charles T. Strattan, the Republican candidate for State Superintendent of Public Instruction, was defeated by Henry Raab. The Republicans again had a majority in each House of the G^eneral Assembly, amounting to twelve on joint ballot. Loren C. Collins was elected Speaker of the

House. In the election of United States Senator, which occurred at this session, Governor Cullom was chosen as the successor to David Davis, Gen. John M. Palmer receiving the Democratic vote. Lieut. -Gov. John M, Hamilton thus became Governor, nearly in the middle of his term. (See Cullom, Shelby M.; Hamilton^ John M,; Collins^ Loren C, and Raab, Henry.)

The "Harper Hi^h License Law,'* enacted by the Thirty-third General Assembly (1883), has become one of the permanent features of the Illinois statutes for the control of the liquor traffic, and has been more or less closely copied in other States.

Political Campaign op 1884. - In 1884, Gen. R. J. Oglesby again became the choice of the Republican party for Governor, receiving at Peoria the conspicuous compliment of a nomination for a third term, by acclamation. Carter H. Harrison was the candidate of the Democrats. The Republican National Convention was again held in Chicago, meeting June 3, 1884 ; Gen. John A. Logan was the choice of the Illinois Republicans for President, and was put in nomination in the Convention by Senator Cullom. The choice of the Convention, however, fell upon James G. Blaine, on the fourth ballot, his leading competitor being President Arthur. Logan was then nominated for Vice-President by acclamation.

At the election in November the Republican party met its first reverse on the National battlefield since 1856, Grover Cleveland and Thomas A. Hendricks, the Democratic candidates, being elected President and Vice-President by the narrow margin of less than 1,200 votes in the State of New York. The result was in doubt for several days, and the excitement throughout the country was scarcely less intense than it had been in the close election of 1876. The Greenback and Prohibition parties both had tickets in Illinois, polling a total of nearly 23,000 votes. The plurality in the State for Blaine was 25,118. The Republican State officers elected were Richard J. Oglesby, Governor; John C! Smith, Lieutenant-Governor; Henry D. Dement, Secretary of State; Charles P. Swigert, Auditor; Jacob Gross, State Treasurer; and George Hunt, Attorney- General - receiving pluralities ranging from 14,- 000 to 25,000. Both Dement and Swigert were elected for a second time, while Gross and Hunt were chosen for first terms. (See Gross, Jacob, and Hunt, George. )

Rudolph Brand (Democrat) as Senator in place of Henry W. Leman, in the Sixth Senatorial District of Cook County. The fraud was exposed and Joseph C. Mackin, one of its alleged perpetrators, was sentenced to the penitentiary for four years for perjury growing out of the investigation. A motive for this attempted fraud was found in the close vote in the Legislature for United States Senator - Senator Logan being a candidate for re-election, while the Legislature stood 102 Republicans to 100 Democrats and two Greenbackers on joint ballot. A tedious contest on the election of Speaker of the House finally resulted in the success of E. M. Haines. Pending the struggle over the Senatorship, two seats in the House and one in the Senate were rendered vacant by death - the deceased Senator and one of the Representatives being Democrats, and the other Representative a Republican. The special election for Senator resulted in filling the vacancy with a new member of the same political faith as his predecessor; but both vacancies in the House were filled by Republicans. The gain of a Republican member in place of a Democrat in the House was brought about by the election of Captain William H. Weaver Representative from the Thirty-fourth District (composed of Mason, Menard, Cass and Schuyler Counties) over the Democratic candidate, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Representative J. Henry Shaw, Democrat. This was accomplished by what is called a ''still hunt'* on the part of the Republicans, in which the Democrats, being taken by surprise, suffered a defeat. It furnished the sensation not only of the session, but of special elections generally, especially as every county in the District was strongly Democratic. This gave the Republicans a majority in each House, and the re-election of Logan followed, though not until two months had been consumed in the contest. (See Logan, John A,)

Oolesby's Third Term. - The only disturbing events during Governor Oglesby 's third term were strikes among the quarrymen at Joliet and Lemont, in May, 1885; by the railroad switchmen at East St. Louis, in April, 1886, and among the employes at the Union Stock- Yards, in November of the same year. In each case troops were called out and order finally restored, but not until several persons had been killed in the two former, and both strikers and employers had lost heavily in the interruption of business.

In the Thirty-fifth General Assembly, which met January, 1887, the Republicans had a majority in each House, and Charles B. Farwell was elected to the United States Senate in place of .Gen. John A. Logan, deceased. (See Farwell, Charles B,)

FiPER Elected Governor. - The political campaign of 1888 was a spirited one, though less bitter than the one of four years previous. Ex- Senator Joseph W. Fifer, of McLean County, and Ex-Grov. John M. Palmer were pitted against each other as opposing candidates for Governor. (See Pifer, Joseph W. ) Prohibition and Labor tickets were also in the field The Republican National Convention was again held in Chicago, June 2(^25, resulting in the nomination of Benjamin Harrison for President, on the eighth ballot. The delegates from Illinois, with two or three exceptions, voted steadily for Judge Walter Q. Gresham. (See Oresham, Walter Q.) Grover Cleveland headed the Democratic ticket as a candidate for re-election. At the November election, 747,688 votes were cast in Illinois, giving the Republican Electors a plurality of 22,104. Fifer's plurality over Palmer was 12,547, and that of the remainder of the Republican State ticket, still larger. Those elected were Lyman B. Ray, Lieutenant-Governor; Isaac N. Pearson, Secretary of State; Gen. Charles W. Pavey, Auditor; Charles Becker, Treasurer, and George Hunt, Attorney-General. (See Ray, Lyman B.; Pearson^ Isaac N,; Pavey, Charles W; and Becker, Charles.) The Republicans secured twenty-six majority on joint ballot in the Legislature - the largest since 1881. Among the acts of the Legislature of 1889 were the re-election of Senator Cullom to the United States Senate, practically w.f thout a contest ; the revision of the compulsory education law, and the enactment of the Chicago drainage law. At a special session held In July, 1890, the first steps in the preliminary legislation looking to the holding of the World's Columbian Exposition of 1898 in the city of Chicago, were taken. (See Worlds Columbian Exposition.)

Republican Defeat op 1890. - The campaign of 1890 resulted in a defeat for the Republicans on both the State and Legislative tickets. Edward S. Wilson was elected Treasurer by a plurality of 9,847 and Prof. Henry Raab, who had been Superintendent of Public Instruction between 1883 and 1887, was elected for a second term by 34,042. Though lacking two of an absolute majority on joint ballot in the Legislature, the Democrats were able, with the aid of two members belonging to the Farmers* Alliance, after a prolonged and exciting contest, to elect Elx-Gov. John M. Palmer United States Senator, as successor to C. B. Farwell. The election took place on March 11, resulting, on the 154th ballot, in 103 votes for Palmer to 100 for Cicero J. Lindley (Republican) and one for A. J. Streeter. (See Palmer, John M. ) Elections of 1892. - At the elections of 1892 the Republicans of Illinois sustained their first defeat on both State and National issues since 1856. The Democratic State Convention was held at Springfield, April 27, and that of the Republicans on May 4. The Democrats put in nomination John P. Altgeld for Governor; Joseph B. Gill for Lieutenant-Grovemor ; William H. Hinrichsen for Secretary of State ; Rufus N. Ramsay for State Treasurer; David Gore for Auditor; Maurice T. Moloney for Attorney-General, with John C. Black and Andrew J. Himter for Congressmen-at-large and three candidates for Trustees of the University of Illinois. The candidates on the Republican ticket were: For Governor, Joseph W. Fifer; Lieutenant-Governor, Lyman B. Ray ; Secretary of State, Isaac N. Pearson; Auditor, Charles W. Pavey; Attorney-General, George W. Prince; State Treasurer, Henry L. Hertz ; Congressmen-at-large, George S. Willits and Richard Yates, with three University Trustees. The first four were all incumbents nominated to succeed themselves. The Republican National Convention held its session at Minneapolis June 7-10, nominating President Harrison for re-election, while that of the Democrats met in Chicago, on June ' 21, remaining in session until June 24, for the third time choosing, as its standard-bearer, Grover Cleveland, with Adlai T. Stevenson, of Bloomington, IlL, as his runningmate for Vice-President. The Prohibition and People's Party also had complete National and State tickets in the field. The State campaign was conducted with great vigor on both sides, the Democrats, under the leadership of Altgeld, making an especially bitter contest upon some features of the compulsory school law, and gaining many votes from the ranks of the German-Republicans. The result in the State showed a plurality for Cleveland of 26,993 votes out of a total 878,646 - the combined Prohibition and People's Party vote amounting to 48,077. The votes for the respective heads of the State tickets were: Altgeld (Dem.), 425,498; Fifer (Rep.), 402,659; Link (Pro.), 25,628 ;Bamet (Peo.), 20, 108 - plurality for Altgeld, 22,808. The vote for Fifer was the high- est given to any Republican candidate on either the National or the State ticket, leading that of President Harrison by nearly 8,400, while the vote for Altgeld, though falling behind that of Cleveland, led the votes of all his associates on the Democratic State ticket with the single exception of Ramsay, the Democratic Candidate for Treasurer. Of the twenty-two Representatives in Congress from the State chosen at this time, eleven were Republicans and eleven Democrats, including among the latter the two Congressmen from the State-at-large. The Thirty-eighth General Assembly stood twenty-nine Democrats to twenty-two Republicans in the Senate, and seventy-eight Democrats to seventy -five Republicans in the House.

The administration of Gk>vemor Fifer - ^the last in a long and unbroken line imder Republican Governors - closed with the financial and industrial interests of the State in a prosperous condition, the State out of debt with an ample surplus in its treasury. Fifer was the first private soldier of the Civil War to be elected to the (Governorship, though the result of the next two elections have shown that he was not to be the last - both of his successors belonging to the same class. Governor Altgeld was the first foreign-bom citizen of the State to be elected Governor, though the State has had four Lieutenant-Grovemors of foreign birth, viz. : Pierre Menard, a French Canadian ; John Moore, an Englishman, and Gustavus Koemer and Francis A. Hoffman, both Germans.

Altgeld's Administration. - The Thirtyeighth General Assembly began its session, Jem. 4, 1898, the Democrats having a majority in each House. (See Thirty^ighth GenercU Assembly.) The inauguration of the State officers occurred on January 10. The most important events connected with Governor Altgeld's administration were the World's Columbian Exposition of 1898, and the strike of railway employes in 1894. Both of these have been treated in detail under their proper heads. (See Worlds Columbian Exposition, and Labor Troubles.) A serious disaster befell the State in the destruction by fire, on the night of Jan. 8, 1895, of a portion of the buildings connected with the Southern Hospital for the Insane at Anna, involving a loss to the State of nearly $200,000, and subjecting the inmates and officers of the institution to great risk and no small amount of suffering, although no lives were lost. The Thirty-ninth General Assembly, which met a few days after the fire, made an appropriation of $171,970 for the restoration of the buildings destroyed, and work was begun immediately.

The defalcation of Charles W. Spalding. Treasurer of the University of Illinois, which came to light near the close of Governor Altgeld's term, involved the State in heavy loss (the exact amount of which is not even yet fully known), and operated unfortunately for the credit of the retiring administration, in view of the adoption of a policy which made the Governor more directly responsible for the management of the State institutions than that pursued by most of his predecessors. The Governor's course in connection with the strike of 1894 was also severely criticised in some quarters, especially as it brought him in opposition to the policy of the National administration, and exposed him to the charge of sympathizing with the strikers at a time when they were regarded as acting in open violation of law.

Election of 1894. - The election of 1894 showed as surprising a reaction against the Democratic party, as that of 1892 had been in an opposite direction. The two State offices to be vacated this year - State Treasurer and State Superintendent of Public Instruction - were filled by the election of Republicans by unprecedented majorities. The plurality for Henry Wulff for State Treasurer, was 133,427, and that in favor of Samuel M. Inglis for State Superintendent of Public Instruction, scarcely 10,000 less. Of twenty -two Representatives in Congress, all but two returned as elected were Republicans, and these two were unseated as the result of contests. The Legislature stood thirty-three Republicans to eighteen Democrats in the Senate, and eighty -eight Republicans to sixty-one Democrats in the House.

One of the most important acts of the Thirtyninth General Assembly, at the following session, was the enactment of a law fixing the compensation of members of the General Assembly at $1,000 for each regular session, with five dollars per day and mileage for called, or extra, sessions. This Legislature also passed acts making appropriations for the erection of buildings for the use of the State Fair, which had been permanently located at Springfield; for the establishment of two additional hospitals for the . insane, one near Rock Island and the other (for incurables) near Peoria; for the Northern and Eastern Illinois Normal Schools, and for a Soldiers' Widows' Home at Wilmington.

Permanent Location op the State Fair. - In consequence of the absorption of public attention^^specially among the industrial and manufacturing classes - by the World's Columbian Exposition, the holding of the Annual Fair of the Illinois State Board of Agriculture for 1898 ' omitted for the first time since the Civil War. The initial steps were taken hy the Board at its annual meeting in Springfield, in January of that year, looking to the permanent location of the Fair; and, at a meeting of the Board held in Chicago, in October following, formal specifications were adopted prescribing the conditions to be met in securing the prize. These were sent to cities intending to compete for the location as the basis of proposals to be submitted by them. Responses were reoeiyed from the cities of Bloomington, Decatur, Peoria and Springfield, at the annual meeting in January, 1894, with the result that, on the eighth ballot, the bid of Springfield was accepted and the Fair permanently located at that place by a vote of eleven for Springfield to ten divided between five other points. The Springfield proposal provided for conveyance to the State Board of Agriculture of 155 acres of land - embracing the old Sangamon County Fair Grounds inmiediately north of the city - besides a cash contribution of $50,000 voted by the Sangamon County Board of Supervisors for the erection of permanent buildings. Other contributions increased the estimated value of the donations from Sangamon County (including the lan^ to $189,800, not including the pledge of the city of Springfield to pave two streets to the gates of the Fair Grounds and furnish water free, besides an agreement on the part of the electric light company to furnish light for two years free of charge. The construction of buildings was begun the same year, and the first Fair held on the site in September following. Additional buildings have been erected and other improvements introduced each year, until the grounds are now regarded as among the best equipped for exhibition purposes in the United States. In the meantime, the increasing success of the Fair from year to year has demonstrated the wisdom of the action taken by the Board of Agriculture in the matter of location.

Campaion op 1896. - The political campaign of 1896 was one of almost unprecedented activity in Illinois, as well as remarkable for the variety and character of the issues involved and the number of party candidates in the field. As usual, the Democratic and the Republican parties -were the chief factors in the contest, although there was a wide diversity of sentiment in each, which tended to the introduction of new issues and the organization of parties on new lines. The Republicans took the lead in organizing for the canvass, holding their State Convention at Springfield on April 29 and 80, while the Democrats followed, at Peoria, on June 28. The former ' put in nomination John R. Tanner for Governor: William A. Northcott for Lieutenant-Governor j James A. Rose for Secretary of State; James B. McCuUough for Auditor; Henry L. Hertz for Treasurer, and Edward C. Akin for Attorney- General, with Mary Turner Carriel, Thomas J. Smyth and Francis M. McKay for University Trustees. The ticket put in nomination by the Democracy for State ofScers embraced John P. Altgeld for re-election to the Grovemorship; for Lieutenant-Governor, Monroe C. Crawford; Secretary of State, Finis E. Downing: Auditor, Andrew L. Maxwell; Attorney-General, George A. Trude, with three candidates for Trustees.

The National Republican Convention met at St. Louis on June 16, and, after a three days' session, put in nomination William McKinley, of Ohio, for President, and Garret A. Hobart, of New Jersey, for Vice-President; while their Democratic opponents, following a policy which had been maintained almost continuously by one or the other party since 1860, set in motion its party machinery in Chicago - holding its National Convention in that city, July 7-11, when, for the first time in the history of the nation, a native of Illinois was nominated for the Presidency in the person of William J. Bryan of Nebraska, with Arthur Sewall, a ship-builder of Maine, for the second place on the ticket. The main issues, as enunciated in the platforms of the respective parties, were industrial and financial, as shown by the prominence given to the tariff and monetary questions in each. This was the natural result of the business depression which had prevailed since 1898. While the Republican platform adhered to the traditional position of the party on the tariff issue, and declared in favor of maintaining the gold standard as the basis of the monetary system of the country, that of the Democracy took a new departure by declaring unreservedly for the **free and unlimited coinage of both silver and gold at the present legal ratio of 16 to 1;'' and this became the leading issue of the campaign. The fact that Thomas E. Watson, of Greorgia, who had been favored by the Populists as a candidate for Vice President, and was afterwards formally nominated by a convention of that party, with Mr. Bryan at its head, was ignored by the Chicago Convention, led to much friction between the Populist and Democratic wings of the party. At the same time a very considerable body - in infiuence and political prestige, if not in numbers - in the ranks of the old- line Democratic party, refused to accept the doctrine of the free-silver jection on the monetary question, and, adopting the name of '*Gold Democrats, " put in nomination a ticket composed of John M. Palmer, of Illinois, for President, and Simon B. Buckner, of Kentucky, for Vice-President. Besides these, the Prohibitionists, Nationalists, Socialist-Labor Party and **Middle-of-the-Road*' (or ' "straight-out") Populists, had more or less complete tickets in the field, making a total of seven sets of candidates appealing for the votes of the people on issues assumed to be of National importance.

The fact that the two great parties - Democratic and Republican - established their principal headquarters for the prosecution of the campaign in Chicago, had the effect to make that city and the State of Illinois the center of political activity for the nation. Demonstrations of an imposing character were held by both parties. At the November election the Republicans carried the day by a plurality, in Illinois, of 141,517 for their national ticket out of a total of 1,090,869 votes, while the leading candidates on the State ticket received the following pluralities: John R. Tanner (for Governor), 113,881; Northcott (for Lieutenant-Governor), 137,854; Rose (for Secretary of State), 136,611; McCuUough (for Auditor), 138,- 018; Hertz (for Treasurer), 116,064; Akin (for Attomey-Oeneral), 182,650. The Republicans also elected seventeen Representatives in Congress to three Democrats and two People's Party men. The total vote cast, in this campaign, for the "Oold Democratic" candidate for Governor was 8,100.

Gov. Tanner's Administration - The Fortieth -General Assembly met Jan. 6, 1897, consisting of eighty-eight Republicans to sixty-three Democrats and two Populists in the House, and thirtynine Republicans to eleven Democrats and one Populist in the Senate. The Republicans finally gained one member in each house by contests. Edward C. Curtis, of Kankakee County, was chosen Speaker of the House and Hendrick V. Fisher, of Henry County, President pro tem. of the Senate, with a full set of Republican officers in the subordinate positions. The inauguration of the newly elected State officers took place on the 11th, the inaugural address of Governor Tanner taking strong ground in favor of maintaining the issues indorsed by the people at the late election. On Jan. 20, William E. Mason, of Chicago, was elected United States Senator, as the successor of Senator Palmer, whose term was about to expire. Mr. Mason received the full Republican strength (125 votes) in the two Houses, to the 77 Democratic votes cast for John P. Altgeld. (See Fortieth General Assembly.)

Among the principal measures enacted by the Fortieth General Assembly at its regular session were: The **Torrens Land Title System," regulating the conveyance and registration of land titles (which see) ; the consolidation of the three Supreme Court Districts into one and locating the Supreme Court at Springfield, and the Allen Street-Railroad Law, empowering City Councils and other corporate authorities of cities to grant street railway franchises for a period of fifty years. On Dec. 7, 1897, the Legislature met in special session imder a call of the Governor, naming five subjects upon which legislation was suggested. Of these only two were acted upon affirmatively, viz. : a law prescribing the manner of conducting the election of delegates to nominating political conventions, and a new revenue law regulating the assessment and collection of taxes. The main feature of the latter act is the requirement that property shall be entered upon the books of the assessor at its cash value, subject to revision by a Board of Review, the basis of valuation for purposes of taxation being one-fifth of this amount.

The Spanish- American War. - The most notable event in the history of Illinois during the year 1898 was the Spanish- American War, and the part Illinois played in it. In this contest Illinoisans manifested the same eagerness to serve their country as did their fathers and fellow-citizens in the War of the Rebellion, a third of a century ago. The first call for volunteers was responded to with alacrity by the men composing the Illinois National Guard, seven regiments of infantry, from the First to Seventh inclusive, besides one regiment of Cavalry and one Battery of Artillery - in all about 9,000 men - being mustered in between May 7 and May 21. Although only one of these - ^the First, imder the command of Col. Henry L. Turner of Chicagosaw pvactical service in Cuba before the surrender at Santiago, others in camps of instruction in the South stood ready to respond to the demand for their service in the field. Under the second call for troops two other regiments - the Eighth and the Ninth - ^were organized and the former (composed of Afro- Americans officered by men of their own race) relieved the First Illinois on guard duty at Santiago after the surrender. A body of engineers from Company E of the Second United States Engineers, recniited in Chicago, were among the first to see service in Cuba, while many Illinoisans belonging to the Naval Reserve were assigned to duty on Uuited States war vessels, and rendered most valuable service in the naval engagements in Cuban watera The Third Begiment (Col. Fred. Bennitt) also took pjEtrt in the movement for the occupation of Porto Rico. The several regiments on their return for musterout, after the conclusion of terms of peace with Spain, received most enthusiastic ovations from their fellow-citizens at home. Besides the regiments mentioned, several Provisional Regiments were organized and stood ready to respond to the call of the Gk>vemment for their services had the emergency required. (See War, The Spanish American. )

Labor Disturbances. - The principal labor disturbances in the State, under Governor Tanner's administration, occurred during the coalminers* strike of 1897, and the lock-out at the Pana and Virden mines in 1898. The attempt, to introduce colored laborers from the South to operate these mines led to violence between the adherents of the "Miners' Union" and the mineowners and operators, and their employes, at these points, during which it was necessary to call out the National Guard, and a number of lives were sacrificed on both sides.

A flood in the Ohio, during the spring of 1898, caused the breaking of the levee at Shawneetown, HI., on the dd day of April, in consequence of which a large proportion of the city was flooded, many homes and business houses wrecked or greatly injured, and much other property destroyed. The most serious disaster, however, was the loss of some twenty-five lives,. for the most part of women and children who, being surprised in their homes, were unable to escape. Aid was promptly furnished by the State Government in the form of tents to shelter the. survivors and rations to feed them ; and contributions of money and provisions from the citizens of the State, collected by relief organizations during the next two or three months, were needed to moderate the 8u£fering. (See Inundations, Remarkable.)

Campaign op 1898. - The political campaign of 1898 was a quiet one, at least nominally conducted on the same general issues as that of 1896, although the gradual return of business prosperity had greatly modified the intensity of interest with which some of the economic questions of the preceding campaign had been regarded. The only State officers to be elected were a State- TreasxxTer, a Superintendent of Public Instruction, and three State University Trustees - ^the total vote cast for the former being 878,622 against 1,090,869 for President in 1896. Of the former, Floyd K. Whittemore (Republican candidate for State Treasurer) received 448,940 to 405,490 for

M. F. Dunlap (Democrat), with 24,192 divided between three other candidates; while Alfred Bayliss (Republican) received a plurality of 68,899 over his Democratic competitor, with 28,* 190 votes cast for three others. The Repubhcan candidates for University Trustees were, of course, elected. The Republicans lost heavily in their representation in Congress, though electing thirteen out of twenty -two members of the Fiftysixth Congress, leaving nine to their Democratic opponents, who were practically consolidated in this campaign with the Populists.

Forty-first General Assembly. - The Fortyfirst General Assembly met, Jan. 4, 1899, and adjourned, April 14, after a session of 101 days, with one exception (that of 1875), the shortest regular session in the history of the State Government since the adoption of the Constitution of 1870. The House of Representatives consisted of eighty-one Republicans to seventy -one Democrats and one Prohibitionist; and the Senate, of thirtyfour Republicans to sixteen Democrats and one Populist - giving a Republican majority on joint ballot of twenty -six. Of 176 bills which passed both Houses, received the approval of the (Governor and became laws, some of the more important were the following: Amending the State Arbitration Law by extending its scope and the general powers of the Board ; creating the office of State Architect at a salary of $5, 000 per annimi, to furnish plans and specifications for public buildings and supervise the construction and care of the same ; authorizing the consolidation of the territory of cities imder township organization, and consisting of five or more Congressional townships, into one township ; empowering each Justice of the Supreme Court to employ a private secretary at a salary of $2,000 per annum, to be paid by the State; amending the State Revenue Law of 1898; authorizing the establishment and maintenance of parental or truant schools; and empowering the State to establish Free Employment Offices, in the proportion of one to each city of 50,000 inhabitants, or three in cities of 1,000,000 and over. An act was also passed requiring the Secretary of State, when an amendment of the State Constitution is to be voted upon by the electors at any general eleor tion, to prepare a statement setting forth the provisions of the same and furnish copies thereof to each County Clerk, whose duty it is to have said copies published and posted at the places of voting for the information of voters. One of the most important acts of this Legislature was the repeal, by a practically unanimous vote, of the Street- railway Franchise Law of the previous session, the provisions of which, empowering City Councils to grant street-railway franchises extending over a period of fifty years, had been severely criticised by a portion of the press and excited intense hostility, especially in some of the larger cities of the State. Although in force nearly two years, not a single corporation had succeeded in obtaining a franchise under it.

A Retrospect and a Look into The Future. - The history of Illinois has been traced concisely and in outline from the earliest period to the present time. Previous to the visit of Joliet and Marquette, in 1673, as unknown as Central Africa, for a century it continued the hunting ground of savages and the home of wild animals common to the plains and forests of the Mississippi Valley. The region brought under the influence of civili* zation, such as then existed, comprised a small area, scarcely larger than two ordinarily sized counties of the present day. Thirteen years of nominal British control( 1765-78) saw little change, except the exodus of a part of the old French populatiQn, who preferred Spanish to British rule.

The period of development began with the occupation of Illinois by Clark in 1778. That saw the "Illinois County,** created for the government of the settlements northwest of the Ohio, expanded into five States, with an area of 250,000 square miles and a population, in 1890, of 13,500,000. In 1880 the population of the State equaled that of the Thirteen Colonies at the close of the Revolutlc^n. The eleventh State in the Union in this respect in 1850, in 1890 it had advanced to third rank. With its unsurpassed fertility of soil, its inexhaustible supplies of fuel for manufacturing purposes, its system of railroads, surpassing in extent that of any other State, there is little risk in predicting that the next forty years will see it advanced to second, if not first rank, in both wealth and population.

But if the development of Illinois on material lines has been marvelous, its contributions to the Nation in philanthropists and educators, soldiers and statesmen, have rendered it conspicuous. A long list of these might be mentioned, but two names from the ranks of Illinoisans have been, by common consent, assigned a higher place than all others, and have left a deeper impress upon the history of the Nation than any otiiers since the days of Washington. These are, Ulysses S. Grant, the Organizer of Victory for the Union arms and Conqueror of the Rebellion, and Abraham Lincoln, the Great Emancipator, the Preserver of the Republic, and its Martyred President.

Chronological Eecoed

1682. - liaSf lie and Tonty descend the Illinois and MIssLnsIppt Rivers to the mouth of the latter, and lake pobsessioa (April 9, 1682) in the name of the King of France.

1700. - Kaskaskia Indians remove from the Upper IlllDofs and locate near the mouth of the Kaskaskia River. French settlement established here the same year becomes the town of Kaskaskia and future capital of Illinois.

1778. - ' July 4 ) Ool. George Rogers Clark, at the head of an expedition organized under authority of Gov. Patrick Henry of Virginia, arrives at Kaskankia. The occupation of Illinois by the American troops follows.

1778. - Illinois County created by Act of the Virginia House of Delegates, for the government of the settlements northwest of the Ohio River.

1787. - Congress adopts the Ordinance of 1787, organizing the Northwest Territory, embmcing the present States of Ohio. Indiana, Illinois. Michigan and Wisconsin.

Index

This Index relates «zdiiily«l7 to mattOTembrftoed in tbs article under the title "Ullnots." Sabjects of general State taistofj will be found treated at length, under topical heads, la the body of the Encyclopedia.

Henry, Patrick, Indian Commissioner for Illinois Countnr; assists in planning Clark's expedition, 251; ex-offlclo Governor of territory northwest of the Ohio River

Dlinois, its rank In order of admission Into the Union, area and population. 241; Indian origin of the name: boundaries and area; geographical location; navigable streams, 242; topography, fauna and fiora, ^3; soil and climato. 243-44; contest for occupation, 244: part of Louisiana in 1721. 249; surrendered to the British in 1765, 251 ; under government of Virginia, 252: part of Indiana Territonr, 254; Territorial Government organised; Nlnlan Edwards appointed Governor, 255; admitted as a Stato. 258

La Salle, expedition to Illinois In 1679-80. 245; builds Fort Miami, near mouth of St. Joseph; disastorof FortCreve-Cceur; erection of Fort St. Loui8,246.

Lincoln, Abraham, Representative in the General Assembly, 263; elected to Congress, 266; unsuccessful candidate for the United States Senate; member of Bloomington Convention of 1856; *'House-divided-against-ltseir** speech, 369; elected President, 270: departure for Washington, 271; elected for a second term,278; assassination and funeral, 274.

Logaa. Gen. John A., prominent Union soldier, 272; CongreB8man-at-large.274-75; elected Unlt«^ States Senator. 276; Republican nominee for Vice-President; third election as Senator, 278.

Northwest Territory organized: Gen. Arthur St. Clair appointed Governor, 253; first Territorial Legislature; separated into Territories of Ohio and Indiana. 254.

Ogiesby, Richard J., soldier in Civil War, 271; elected Governor, 274; second election; chosen U. 8. Senator, 276; third election to governorship, 278.

Palmer, John M., member of Peace Conference of 1861, 271; elected Governor; prominent events of nis administration, 'iC75; unsuccessfnl Democratic candidato for Governor; elected U.S. Senator, 279; candidato for President, 282.

War of the Rebellion: some prominent Illinois actors; number of troops furnished by Illlu' tig : important battles participated in, 271 72; some officers who fell:, Grierson raid, 272.

TLESf El^ah) pioneer merohant, was bom in Kentucky, March 28, 1796; received the rudiments of an education in two winters' schooling, and began his business career by purchasing 100 head of yearling cattle upon which, after herding them three years in the valleys of Eastern Ken* tucky, he realized a profit of nearly $3,000. In 1818 he went to St. Louis, then a French village of 2,500 inhabitants, and, after spending three years as clerk in a frontier store at "Old Franklin," on the Missouri River, nearly opposite the present town of Boonville, in 1821 made a horseback tour through Central Illinois, finally locating at Springfield, which had just been selected by a board of Commissioners as the temporary county -seat of Sangamon Coimty. Here he soon brought a stock of goods by keel-boat from St. Louis and opened the first store in the new town. Two years later (1828), in conjunction with Pascal P. Enos, Daniel P. Cook and Thomas Cox, he entered a section of land comprised within the present area of the city of Springfield, which later became the permanent county-seat and finally the State capitaL Mr. lies became the first postmaster of Springfield, and, in 1826, was elected State Senator, served as Major in the Winnebago War (1827), enlisted as a private in the Black Hawk War (1831-82), but was soon advanced to the rank of Captain. In 1830 he sold his store to John Williams, who had been his clerk, and, in 1838-39, built the '^American House," which afterwards became the temporary stopping-place of many of Illinois* most famous statesmen. He invested largely in valuable farming lands, and, at his death, left a large estate. Died, Sept. 4, 1883.

ILLINOIS ASYLUM FOB INCURABLE INSANE^ an institution founded under an act of the (General Assembly, passed at the session of 1895, making an appropriation of $65,000 for the purchase of a site and the erection of buildings with capacity for the accommodation of 200 patients. The institution was located by the Trustees at Bartonville, a suburb of the city of Peoria, and the erection of buildings begun in 1896. Later these were found to be located on ground which had been undermined in excavating for coal, and their removal to a different location was undertaken in 1898. The institution is intended to relieve the other hospitals for the Insane by the reception of patients deemed incurable.

ILLINOIS AND MICHIGAN CANAL, a waterway connecting Lake Michigan with the Illinois River, and forming a connecting link in the water-route between the St. Lawrence and the

Gulf of Mexico. Its sunmiit level is about 680 feet above tide water. Its point of beginning is at the South Branch of the Chicago River, about five miles from the lake. Thence it fiows some eight miles to the valley of the Des Plaines, following the valley to the mouth of the Kankakee (forty-two miles), thence to its southwestern terminus at La Salle, the head of navigation on the Illinois. Between these points the canal has four feeders - ^the Calumet, Des Plaines, Du P&ge and Kankakee. It passes through Lockport, Joliet, Morris^ and Ottawa, receiving accessions from the waters of the Fox River at the latter point. The canal proper is 96 miles long, and it has five feeders whose agg^gate length is twenty-five miles, forty feet wide and four feet deep, with four aqueducts and seven dams. The difference in level between Lake Michigan and the Illinois River at La Salle is one hundred and forty-five feet. To permit the ascent of vessels, there are seventeen locks, ranging from three and one half to twelve and one-half feet in lift, their dimensions being 110x18 feet, and admitting the passage of boats carrying 150 tons. At Lockport, Joliet, Du Page, Ottawa and La Salle are large basins, three of which supply power to factories. To increase the water supply, rendered necessary by the high summit level, pumping works were erected at Bridgeport, having two thirty-eight foot independent wheels, each capable of delivering (through buckets of ten feet length or width) 15,000 cubic feet of water per minute. These pumping works were erected in 1848, at a cost of $15,000, and were in almost continuous use until 1870. It was soon foimd that these machines might be utilized for the benefit of Chicago, by forcing the sewage of the Chicago River to the summit level of the canal, and allowing its place to be filled by pure water from the lake. This pumping, however, cost a large sum, and to obviate this expense $2,955,340 was expended by Chicago in deepening the canal between 1865 and 1871, so that the sewage of the south division of the city might be carried through the canal to the Des Plaines. This sum was returned to the City by the State after the great fire of 1871. (As to further measures for carrying off Chicago sewage, see Cfhioago Drainage Canal.)

In connection with the canal three locks and dams have been biiilt on the Illinois River, - one at Henry, about twenty-eight miles below La Salle; one at the mouth of Copperas Creek, about sixty miles below Henry; and another at Lb Grange. The object of these works (the first two being practically an extension of the canal) is to furnish slack-water navigation throughout the year. The cost of that at Henry ($400,000) was defrayed by direct appropriation from the State treasury. Copperas Creek dam cost $410,881, of which amoimt the United States Government paid $62,360. The General GoYe];iiment also constructed a dam at La Grange and appropriated funds for the building of another at Kampsville Landing, with a view to making the river thoroughly navigable the year round. The beneficial results expected from these works have not been realized and their demolition is advocated.

History. - The early missionaries and furtraders first directed attention to the nearness of the waters of Lake Michigan and the Illinois. The project of the construction of a canal was made the subject of a report by Albert GkUlatin, Secretary of the Treasury in 1808, and, in 1811, a bill on the subject was introduced in Congress in connection with the Erie and other canal enterprises. In 1822 Congress granted the right of way across the public lands *'for the route of a canal connecting the Illinois River with the south bend of Lake Michigan," which was followed five years later by a grant of 800,000 acres of land to aid in its construction, which was to be undertaken by the State of Illinois. The earliest surveys contemplated a channel 100 miles long, and the original estimates of cost varied between $639,000 and $716,000. Later surveys and estimates (1888) placed the cost of a canal forty feet wide and four feet deep at $4,040,000. In 1886 another Board of Commissioners was created and surveys were made looking to the coiistruction of a waterway sixty feet wide at the surface, thirty-six feet at bottom, and six feet in depth. Work was begun in June of that year; was suspended in 1841; and renewed in 1846, when a canal loan of $1,000,000 was negotiated. The channel was opened for navigation in April, 1848, by which time the total outlay had reached $6,170,226. By 1871, Illinois had liquidated its entire indebt^iness on account of the canal and the latter reverted to the State. The total cost up to 1879 - including amoimt refunded to Chicago - was $9,518,881, while the sum returned to the State from earnings, sale of canal lands, etc., amounted to $8,819,731. In 1882 an offer was made to cede the canal to the United States upon condition that it should be enlarged and extended to the Mississippi, was repeated in 1887, but has been declined.

navigable water-way in course of construction (1899) by the GJeneral Gk>vemment, designed to connect the Upper Illinois with the Mississippi River. Its object is to furnish a continuous navigable water-channel from Lake Michigan, at or near Chicago, by way of the Illinois Sc Michigan Canal (or the Sanitary Drainage Canal) and the Illinois River, to the Mississippi at the mouth of Rock Riv^r, and finally to the Gulf of Mexico.

The Route. - The canal, at its eastern end, leaves the Illinois River one and three-fourths miles above the city of Hennepin, where the river makes the great bend to the south. Ascending the Bureau Creek valley, the route passes over the dividing ridge between the Illinois River and the Mississippi to Rock River at the mouth of Green River; thence by slack- water down Rock River, an^ aroimd the lower rapids in that stream at Milain, to the Mississippi. The estimated length of the main channel between its eastern and western termini is seventy-five miles - ^the distance* having been reduced by changes in the route after the first survey. To this is to be added a "feeder'* extending from the vicinity of Sheffield, on the summit-level (twenty-eight miles west of the starting point on the Illinob), north to Rock Falls on Rock River opposite the city of Sterling in Whiteside County, for the purpose of obtaining an adequate supply of water for the main canal on its highest leveL The length of this feeder is twenty-nine miles and, as its dimensions are the same as those of the main channel, it will be navigable for vessels of the same class as the latter. A dam to be constructed at Sterling, to turn water into the feeder, will furnish slack- water navigation on Rock River to Dixon, practically lengthening the entire route to that extent.

History. - ^The subject of such a work began to be actively agitated as early as 1871, and, imder authority of various acts of Congress, preliminary surveys began to be made by Government engineers that year. In 1890 detailed plans and estimates, based upon tl\ese preliminary surveys, were submitted to Congress in accordance with the river and harbor act of August, 1888. This report became the basis of an appropriation in the river and harbor act of Sept. 19, 1890, for carrying the work into practical execution Actual work was begun on the western end of thw canal in July, 1892, and at the eastern end in the spring of 1894. Since then it has been prosecuted as continuously as the appropriations made by Congress from year to year would permit. According to the report of Major Marshall, Chief of

Engineers in charge of the work, for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1898, the construction of the canal around the lower rapids of Rock River (four and one-half miles), with three locks, three swing bridges, two dams, besides various buildings, was completed and that portion of the canal opened to navigation on April 17. 1895. In the early part of 1899, the bulk of the excavation and masonry on the eastern section was practi< oally completed, the feeder line under contract, and five out of the eighteen bridges required to be constructed in place; and it was estimated that the whole line, with locks, bridges, culverts and aqueducts, will be completed within two years, at the farthest, by 1902.

Dimensions, Methods op Construction, Cost. ETC. - As already stated, the length of the main line is seventy-five miles, of which twenty -eight miles (the eastern section) is east of the junction of the feeder, and forty -seven miles (the western section) west of that point - making, with the twenty -nine miles of feeder, a total of one hundred and four miles, or seven miles longer than the Illinois & Michigan CanaL The rise from the Illinois River datum to the summit-level on the eastern section is accomplished by twenty-one locks with a lift of six to fourteen feet each, to reach an altitude of 196 feet; while the descent of ninety -three feet to the low- water level of the Mississippi on the western end is accomplished through ten locks, varying from six to fourteep feet each. The width of the canal, at the water surface, is eighty feet, with a depth below the surface-line of seven feet. The banks are riprapped with stone the entire length of the canal. The locks are one hundred and seventy feet long, between the quoins, by thirty -five feet in width, admitting the passage of vessels of one hundred and forty feet in length and thirty-two feet beam and each capable of carrying six himdred tons of freight.

The bulk of the masonry employed in the construction of locks, as well as abutments for bridges and aqueducts, is solid concrete manufactured in place, while the lock-gates and aqueducts proper are of steel - the use of these materials resulting in a large saving in the first cost as to the former, and securing greater solidity and permanence in all. The concrete work, already completed, is found to have withstood the effects of ice even more successfully than natural stone. The smaller culverts are of iron piping and the framework of all the bridges of steel. The earlier estimates placed the entire cost of construction of the canal, locks, bridges, buildings, etc., at $5,068,000 for the main channel and $1,858,000 for the Rock River feeder - a total of $6,926,000. This has been reduced, however, by changes in the route and unexpected saving in the material employed for masonry work. The total expenditure, as shown by official reports, up to June 80, 1898, was $1,748,905.13. The amount expended up to March 1, 1899, approximated $2,500,000, while the amount necessary to complete the work (exclusive of an imexpended balance) was estimated, in round numbers, at $8,500,000.

The completion of this work, it is estimated, will result in a saving of over 400 miles in water transportation between Chicago and the western terminus of the canaL In order to make the canal available to its full capacity between lake points and the Mississippi, the enlargement of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, both as to width and depth of channel, will be an indispensable necessity; and it is anticipated that an effort will be made to secure action in this direction by jbhe Illinois Legislature at its next session. Another expedient likely to receive strong support will be, to induce the Greneral Government to accept the tender of the Illinois & Michigan Canal and. by the enlargement of the latter through its whole length - or, from Lockport to the Illinois River at La Salle, with the utilization of the Chicago Drainage Canal - fiunish a national water-way between the lakes and the Gulf of Mexico of sufficient capacity to accommodate steamers and other vessels of at least 600 tons burthen.

ILLINOIS BAND, THE, an association consisting of seven young men, then students in Yale College, who, in the winter of 1828-29, entered into a mutual compact to devote their lives to the promotion of Christian education in the West, especially in Illinois. It was composed of Theron Baldwin, John F. Brooks, Mason Grosvenor, Elisha Jenney, William Kirby, Julian M. Sturtevant and Asa Turner. All of these came to Illinois at an early day, and one of the first results of their efforts was the founding of Illinois College at JacksonviUe, in 1829, with which all became associated as members of the first Board of Trustees, several of them so remaining to the close of their lives, while most of them were connected with the institution for a considerable period, either as members of the faculty or financial agents - Dr. Sturtevant having been President for thirty-two years and an instructor or professor fifty-six years. (See Balditnn, Theron; Brooks, John F.; and Sturtevant, Jidian M.)

ILLINOIS CENTRAL RAILROAD^ a corporation controlling the principal line of railroad extending through the entire length of the State from north to south, besides numerous side branches acquired by lease during the past few years. The main lines are made up of three general diyisions, extending from Chicago to Cairo, IlL (864.73 miles); from Centralia to Dubuque, Iowa, (840.77 miles), and from Cairo to New Orleans, La. (547.79 miles) - making a total of 1,253.29 miles of main line, of which 705.5 miles are in Illinois. Besides this the company controls, through lease and stock ownership, a large number of lateral branches which are operated by the company, making the total mileage officially reported up to June 80, 1898. 8,180.31 miles. - (History.) The Illinois Central Raibx>ad is not only one of the lines earliest projected in the history of the State, but has been most intimately connected with its development. The project of a road starting from the mouth of the Ohio and extending northward through the State is said to have been suggested by Lieut. -Gov. Alexander M. Jenkins as early as 1882; was advocated by the late Judge Sidney Breese and others in 1885 under the name of the Wabash & Mississippi Railroad, and took the form of a charter granted by the Legislature in January, 1886, to the first '^Illinois Central Railroad Company,'* to construct a road from Cairo to a point near the southern terminus of the Illinois & Michigan Canal. Nothing was done imder this act, although an organization was effected, with Governor Jenkins as President of the Company. The Company surrendered its charter the next year and the work was undertaken by the State, under the internal improvement act of 1887, and considerable money expended without completing any portion of the line. The State having abandoned the enterprise, the Legislature, in 1848, incorporated the "Great Western Railway Company*' under what came to be known as tho --Holbrook charter," to be organized under the auspices of the Cairo City Sc Canal Company, the line to connect the termini named in the charter of 1886, via Vandalia, Shelbyville, Decatur and Bloomington. Considerable money was expended under this charter, but the scheme again failed of completion, and the act was repealed in 1845. A charter under the same name, with some modification as to organization, was renewed in 1849. - In January, 1850, Senator Douglas introduced a bill in the United States Senate making a grant to the State of Illinois of alternate sections of land along the line of a proposed road extending from Cairo to Dunleith in the northwest comer of the State, with a branch to Chicago, which bill passed the Senate in May of the same year and the House in September, and became the basis of the Illinois Central Railroad Company as it exists to- day. Previous to the passage of this act. however, the Cairo City Sc Canal Company had been induced to execute a full surrender to the State of its rights and privileges under the **Holbrook charter." This was followed in February, 1851, by the act of the Legislature incorporating the Illinois Central Railroad Company, and assigning thereto (under specified conditions) the grant of lands received from the General Government. This grant covered alternate sections within six miles of the line, or the equivalent thereof (when such lands were not vacant), to be placed on lands within fifteen miles of the line. The number of acres thus assigned to the Company was 2,595,000, (about 8,840 acres per mile), which were conveyed to Trustees as security for the performance of the work. An engineering party, organized at Chicago, May 21, 1851, began the ppeliminary survey of the Chicago branch, and before the end of the year the whole line was surveyed and staked out The first contract for grading was let on March 15, 1852, being for thai; portion between Chicago and Kensington (then known as Calumet), 14 miles. This was opened for traffic, May 24, 1852, and over it the Michigan Central, which had been in course of construction from the east, obtained trackage rights to enter Chicago. Later, contracts were let for other sections, some of them in June, and the last on Oct. 14, 1852. In May, 1858, the section from La Salle to Bloomington (61 miles) was completed and opened for business, a temporary bridge being constructed over the Illinois near La Salle, and cars hauled to the top of the bluff with chains and cable by means of a stationary engine. In July, 1854, the Chicago Division was put in operation to Urbana, 128 miles; the main line from Cairo to La Salle (801 miles), completed Jan. 8, 1855, and the line from La Salle to Dunleith (now East Dubuque), 146.78 miles, on Jime 12, 1855 - the entire road J705.5 miles) being completed, Sept. 27, 1856. - (Financial Statement.) The share capital of the road was originally fixed at $17,000,000. but previous to 1869 it had been increased to 125,500,000. and during 1873-74 to $29,000,000. The present capitalization (1898) is $163,352,593, of which $52,500,000^ is in stock, $52,680,925 in bonds, and $51,367,000 in miscel* laneous obligations. The total cost of the road in Illinois, as shown hj a report made in 1889, was $85,110,609. By the terms of its charter the corporation is exempt from taxation, but in lieu thereof is required to pay into the State treasury, semi-annually, seven per cent upon the gross earnings of the line in Illinois. The sum thus paid into the State treasury from Oct. 81, 1856, when the first payment of $29,751.59 was made, up to and including Oct. 81, 1898, aggregated $17,815,193.34. The last payment (October, 1898), amounted to $884,527.01. The largest payment in the history of the road was that of October, 1898, amounting, for the preceding six months, to $450,176.84 The net income of the main line in Illinois, for the year ending June 80, 1898, was $12,299,021, and the total expenditures within the State $12,881,161. - (Leased Lines) The first addition to the Illinois Central System was made in 1867 in the acquisition, by lease, of the Dubuque & Sioux City Railroad, extending from Dubuque to Sioux Falls, Iowa. Since then it has extended its Iowa connections, by the construction of new lines and the acquisition or extension of others. The most important addition to the line outside of the State of Illinois was an arrangement effected, in 1872, with the New Orleans, Jackson & Great Northern, and the Mississippi Central Railroads - with which it previously had traffic connections - giving it control of a line from Jackson, Tenn., to New Orleans, La. At first, connection was had between the Illinois Central at Cairo and the Southern Divisions of the system, by means of transfer steamers, but subsequently the gap was filled in and the through line opened to traffic in December, 1878. In 1874 the New Orleans, Jackson & Great Northern and the Mississippi Central roads were consolidated under the title of the New Orleans, St. Louis & Chicago Railroad, but the new corporation defaulted on its interest in 1876. The Illinois Central, which was the owner of a majority of the bonds of the constituent lines which went to ma^e up the New Orleans, St. Louis & Chicago Railroad, then acquired ownership of the whole line by foreclosure proceedings in 1877, and it was reorganized, on Jan. 1, 1878, under the name of the Chicago, St. Louis & New Orleans Railroad, and placed in charge of one of the Vice-Presidents of the Illinois Central Company. - (I llinois Branches. ) The more important branches of the Illinois Central within the State include: (1) The Springfield Division from Chicago to Springfield (111.47 miles), chartered in 1867, and opened in 1871 as the*Gilman, Clinton & Springfield Railroad ; passed into the hands of a receiver in 1878, sold under foreclosure in 1876, and leased, in 1878i for fifty years, to the Illinois Central Railroad: (2) The Rantoul Division from Leroy to the Indiana State line (66.21 miles in Illinois), chartered in 1876 as the Havana, Rantoul & Eastern Railroad, built as a narrow-gauge line and operated in 1881 ; afterwards changed to standard-gauge, and controlled by the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific until May, 1884, when it passed into the hands of a receiver; in December of the same year taken in charge by the bondholders; in 1885 again placed in the hands of a receiver, and, in October, 1886, sold to the Illinois Central: (3) The Chicago. Havana & Western Railroad, from Havana to Champaign, with a branch from Whiteheath to Decatur (total, 131.62 miles), constructed as the western extension of the Indianapolis, Bloomington & Western, and opened in 1873; sold under foreclosure in 1879 and organized as the Champaign, Havana & Western; in 1880 purchased by the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific; in 1884 taken possession of by the mortgage trustees and, in September, 1886, sold under foreclosure to the Illinois Central Railroad: (4) The Freeport Division, from Chicago by way of Freeport to Madison, Wis. (140 miles in Illinois), constructed under a charter granted to the Chicago, Madison & Northern Railroad (which see), opened for traffic in 1888, and transferred to the Illinois Central Railroad Company in January, 1889: (5) The Kankakee & Southwestern (181.26 miles), constructed from Kankakee to Bloomington under the charters of the Kankakee Sc Western and the Kankakee & Southwestern Railroculs; acquired by the Illinois Central in 1878, begun in 1880, and extended to Bloomington in 1888; and (6) The St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute (which see imder its old name). Other Illinois branch lines of less importance embrace the Blue Island ; the Chicago & Texas; the Mound City; the South Chicago; the St. Louis, Belleville & Southern, and the St. Charles Air-Line, which furnishes an entrance to the City of Chicago over an elevated track. The total length of these lUinoifl branches in 1898 was 919.72 miles, with the main lines making the total mileage of the company within the State 1, 624. 22 miles. For several years up to 1895 the Illinois Central had a connection with St. Louis over the line of the Terre Haute & Indianapolis from Effingham, but this is now secured by way of the Springfield Division and the main line to Pana, whence its trains pass over the old Indianapolis & St. Louis - now the Cleveland, Cinciunati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway. Between June 80, 1897 and April 80, 1898, branch lines in the Southern States (chiefiy in Kentucky and Tennessee), to the extent of 670 miles, were added to the Illinois Central System. The Cairo Bridge, constructed across the Ohio River near its mouth, at a cost of $8,000,000. for the purpose of connecting the Northern and Southern Divisions of the Illinois Central System, and one of the most stupendous structures of its kind in the .world, belongs wholly to the Illinois Central Railroad Company. (See Cairo Bridge.)

ILLINOIS college; an institution of learning at Jacksonville, 111., which was the first to graduate a collegiate class in the history of the State. It had its origin in a movement inaugurated about 1827 or 1828 to secure the location, at some point in Illinois, of a seminary or college which would give the youth of the State the opportunity of acquiring a higher education. Some of the most influential factors in this movement were already citizens of Jacksonville, or contemplated becoming such. In January, 1828, th« outline of a plan for such an institution was drawn up by Rev. John M. Ellis, a home missionary of the Presbyterian Church, and Hon. Samuel D. Lockwood, then a Justice of the Supreme Court of the State, as a basis for soliciting subscriptions for the organization of a stock-company to carry the enterprise into execution. The plan, as then proposed, contemplated provision for a department of female education, at least until a separate institution could be furnished - which, if not a forerunner of the co-educational system now so much in vogue, at least foreshadowed the establishment of the Jacksonville Female Seminary, which soon followed the founding of the college. A few months after these preliminary steps were taken, Mr. Ellis was brought into communication with a group of yoimg men at Yale College (see **IUinois Band'^) who had entered into a compact to devote their lives to the cause of educational and missionary work in the West, and out of the imion of these two forces, soon afterwards effected, g^w Illinois College. The organization of the "Illinois'' or **Yale Band," was formally consummated in February, 1829, and before the close of the year a fund of $10,000 for the purpose of laying the foundation of the proposed institution in Illinois had been pledged by friends of education in the East, a beginning had been made in the erection of buildings on the present site of Illinois College at Jacksonville, and, in December of the same year, the work of instruction of a preparatory class had been begun by Rev. Julian M. Sturtevant, who had taken the place of **avantoourier" of the movement. A year later (1831) Bev. Edward Beecher, the oldest son of the indefatigable Lyman Beecher, and brother of Henry Ward - already then well known as a leader in the ranks of those opposed to slavery - had become identified with the new enterprise and assumed the position of its first President. Such was the prejudice against ** Yankees" in Illinois at that time, and the jealousy of theological influence in education, that it was not until 1835 that the friends of the institution were able to secure a charter from the Legislature. An ineffectual attempt had been made in 1830, and when it was finally granted, it was in the form of an "omnibus bill" including three other institutions, but with restrictions as to the amount of real estate that might be held, and prohibiting the organization of theological departments, both of which were subsequently repealed. (See Early CoU leges.) The same year the college graduated its first class, consisting of two members - Richard Yates, afterwards War Governor and United States Senator, and Rev. Jonathan Spillman, the composer of ' *Sweet Af ton. ' ' Limited as was this first output of alumni, it was politically and morally strong. In 1843 a medical department was established, but it was abandoned five years later for want of adequate support. Dr. Beecher retired from the Presidency in 1844, when he was succeeded by Dr. Sturtevant, who continued in that capacity imtil 1876 (thirty -two years), when he became Professor Ehneritus, remaining until 1885 - his connection with the institution covering a period of fifty-six years. Others who have occupied the position of President include Rufus C. Crampton (acting), 1876-82; Rev. Edward A. Tanner, 1882-92; and Dr. John E. Bradley, the incumbent from 1892 to 1899. Among the earliest and infiuential friends of the institution, besides Judge Lockwood already mentioned, may be enumerated such niunes as Qov. Joseph Dimcan, Thomas Mather, Winthrop S. Oilman, Frederick Collins and William H. Brown (of Chicago), all of whom were members of the early Board of Trustees. It was found necessary to maintain a preparatory department for many years to fit pupils for the college classes proper, and, in 1866, Whipple Academy was established and provided with a separate building for this purpose. The standard of admission to the college course has been gradually advanced, keeping abreast, in this respect, of other American colleges. At present the institution has a faculty of 15 members and an endowment of some 1150,000, with a library (1898) numbering over 15,000 volumes and property valued at ^60,000. Degrees are conferred in both classical and scientific oourses in the college proper. The list of alumni embraces some 750 names, including many who have been prominent in State and National affairs.

ILLINOIS COUNTY, the name given to the first civil organization of the territory northwest of the Ohio River, after its conquest by Col. George Rogers Clark in 1778. This was done by act of the Virginia House of Delegates, passed in October of the same year, which, among other things, provided as follows: **The citizens of the commonwealth of Virginia, who are already settled, or shall hereafter settle, on the western side of the Ohio, shall be included in a distinct county which shall be called Illinois County; and the Governor of this commonwealth, with the advice of the Council, may appoint a County-Lieutenant or Commandant-in-chief of the county during pleasure, who shall take the oath of fidelity to this commonwealth and the oath of office according to the form of their own religion. And all civil offices to which the inhabitants have been accustomed, necessary for the preservation of the peace and the administration of justice, shall be chosen by a majority of the citizens of their respective districts, to be convened for that purpose by the County-Lieutenant or Commandant, or his deputy, and shall be commissioned by said' County-Lieutenant." As the Commonwealth of Virginia, by virtue of Colonel Clark's conquest, then claimed jurisdiction over the entire region west of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi, Illinois Coimty nominally embraced the territory comprised within the limits of the present States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin, though the settlements were limited to the vicinity of Kaskaskia, Vincennes (in the present State of Indiana) and Detroit. Col. John Todd, of Kentucky, was appointed by Gov. Patrick Henry, the first Lieutenant-Commandant imder this act, holding office two years. Out of Illinois County were subsequently organized the following counties by **order" of Gov. Arthur St. Clair, after his assiunption of the duties of Governor, following the passage, by Congress, of the Ordinance of 1787, creating the Northwest Territory,

County embracing the west, with Cincinnati (originally called "Losantiville," near old Fort Washington) as the coimty-seat. St. Clair, the third county organized out of this territory, at first had virtually three county -seats, but divisions and jealousies among the people and officials in reference to the place of deposit for the records, resulted in the issue, five years later, of an order . creating the new ooimty of Randolph, the second in the "Illinois Country"- - these (St. Clair and Randolph) constituting the two counties into which it was divided at the date of organization of Illinois Territory. Out of these events grew the title of **Mother of Ck)unties'* given to Illinois County as the original of all the counties in the five States northwest of the Ohio, while St. Clair County inherited the title as to the State of Illinois. (See Illinais: also St Clair, Arthur, and Todd, (Col) John,)

ILUNOIS FEMALE COLLEGE^ a flourishing institution for the education of women, located at Jacksonville and incorporated in 1847. While essentially unsectarian in teaching, it is controlled by the Methodist Episcopal denomination. Its first charter was granted to the '^Illinois Conference Female Academy*' in 1847, but four years later the charter was amended and the name changed to the present cognomen. The cost of building and meager support in early years brought on bankruptcy. The friends of the institution rallied to its support, however, and the purchasers at the foreclosure sale (all of whom were friends of Methodist education) donated the property to what was technically a new institution. A second charter was obtained from the State in 1868, and the restrictions imposed upon the grant were such as to prevent alienation of title, by either conveyance or mortgage. While the college has only a small endowment fund (82,000) it owns W.OOO worth of real property, besides |9,000 invested in apparatus and library. Preparatory and collegiate departments are maintained, both classical and scientific courses being established in the latter. Iqstruction is also given in fine arts, elocution and music. The faculty (1898) numbers 15, and there are about 170 students.

ILLINOIS INDIANS, a confederation belonging to the Algonquin family and embracing five tribes, viz.: the Cahokias, Kaskaskias, Mitchagamies, Peorias and Jamaroas. They early occu- pied Illinois, with adjacent portions of Iowa, WisooDsin and Missouri. The name is derived from Illini, **man,*' the Indian plural **ek** being clianged by the French to **ois." They were intensely warlike, being almost constantly in conflict with the Winnebagoes, the Iroquois, Sioux and other tribes. They were migratory and depended for subsistence largely on the siunmer and winter hunts. They dwelt in rudely constructed cabins, each accommodating about eight families. They were always faithful allies of the French, whom they heartily welcomed in 1678. French missionaries labored earnestly among them - ^notably Fathers Marquette, Allouez and Gravier - who reduced their language to grammatical rules. Their most distinguished Chief was Chicagou, who was sent to France, where he was welcomed with the honors accorded to a foreign prince. In their wars with the Foxes, from 1712 to 1719, they suffered severely, their numbers being reduced to 8,000 souls. The assassination of Pontiac by a Kaskaskian in 1765, was avenged by the lake tribes in a war of extermination. After taking part with the Miamis in a war against the United States, they participated in the treaties of Greenville and Vincennes, and were gradually removed farther and farther toward the West, the small remnant of about 175 being at present (1896) on the Quapaw reservation in Indian Territory. (See also Cdhohias; Foxes; Iroquois; Kaskaskias; Mitchagamies; Peorias; Tamaroas; and Winnebagoes.)

ILUNOIS INSTITUTION FOE THE EDUCATION OF THE BLIND, located at Jacksonville. The institution had its inception in a school for the blind, opened in that town in 1847, by Samuel Bacon, who was himself blind. The State Institution was created by act of the Legisbiture, passed Jan. 18, 1849, which was introduced by Richard Tates, then a Representative, and was first opened in a rented house, early in 1850, under the temporary supervision of Mr. Bacon. Soon afterward twenty-two acres of ground were purchased in the eastern part of the city and the erection of permanent buildings commenced. By January, 1854, they were rea<ly for use, but fifteen years later were destroyed by fire. Work on a new building was begun without unnecessary delay and the same was completed by 1874. Numerous additions of wings and shops have since been made, and the institution, in its buildings and appointments, is now one of the most complete in the coimtry. Instruction (as far as practicable) is given in rudimentary English branches, and in such mechanical trades and

ILLINOIS MASONIC ORPHANS' HOME^ an institution established in the city of Chicago under the auspices of the Masonic Fraternity of Illinois, for the purpose of furnishing a home for the destitute children of deceased members of the Order. The total receipts of the institution, during the year 1895, were $29,204.98, and the expenditures, $27,258.70. The number of beneficiaries in the Home, Dec. 31, 1895, was 61. The Institution owns real estate valued at $75,000.

ILLINOIS RITER, the most important stream within the State ; has a length of about 500 miles, of which about 245 are navigable. It is formed by the junction of the Kankakee and Des Plaines Rivers at a point in Grundy County, some 45 miles southwest of Chicago. Its course is west, then southwest, and finally south, until it empties into the Mississippi about 20 miles north of the mouth of the Missouri. The Illinois & Michigan Canal connects its waters with Lake Michigan. Marquette and Joliet ascended the stream in 1673 and were probably its first white visitants. Later (1679-82) it was explored by La Salle, Tonty, Hennepin and others.

ILLINOIS SANITARY COMMISSION, a voluntary organization formed pursuant to a suggestion of Governor Yates, shortly after the battle of Fort Donelson (1862). Its object was the relief of soldiers in actual service, whether on the march, in camp, or in hospitals. State Agents were appointed for the distribution of relief, for which purpose large sums were collected and distributed. The work of the Commission was later formally recognized by the Legislature in the enactment of a law authorizing the Governor to appoint * 'Military State Agents,'* who should receive compensation from the State treasury. Many of these ''agents'* were selected from the ranks of the workers in the Sanitary Commission, and a great impetus was thereby imparted to its voluntary work. Auxiliary associations were formed all over the State, and funds were readily obtained, a considerable proportion of which was derived from "Sanitary Fairs.**

Illinois School Of Agriculture And

ILLINOIS SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE AND MANUAL TRAINING FOR BOYS, an institution for the training of dependent boys, organized under the act of March 28, 1895, which was in effect a re-enaotment of the statute approved in 1888 and amended in 1885. Its legally defined object is to provide a home and proper training for such boys as may be committed to its charge. Commitments are made by the County Courts of Cook and contiguous counties. The school is located at Glenwood, in the county of Cook, and was first opened for the reception of inmates in <1888. Its revenues are derived, in part, from volimtary contributions, and in part from payments by the counties sending boys to the institution, which payments are fixed by law at ten dollars per month for each boy, during the time he is actually an inmate. In 1898 nearly one-half of the entire income came from the former source, but the surplus remaining in the treasury at the end of any fiscal year is never large. The school is under the inspectional control of the State Commissioners of Public Charities, as though it were an institution founded and maintained by the State. The educational curriculum closely follows that of the ordinary granunar schools, pupils being trained in eight grades, substantially along the lines established in the public schools. In addition, a military drill is taught, with a view to developing physical strength, command of limbs, and a graceful, manly carriage. Since the Home was organized there have been deceived (down to 1899), 2,338 boys. The industrial training given the inmates is both agricultural and mechanical, - the institution owning a good, fairly-sized farm, and operating well equipped industrial shops for the education of pupils. A fair proportion of the boys devote themselves to learning trades, and not a few develop into excellent workmen. One of the purposes of the school is to secure homes for those thought likely to prove creditable members of respectable households. During the eleven years of its existence nearly 2,200 boys have been placed in homes, and usually with the most satisfactory results. The legal safeguards thrown around the ward are of a comprehensive and binding sort, so far as regards the parties who take the children for either adoption or apprenticeship - the welfare of the ward always being the object primarily aimed at. Adoption is preferred to institutional life by the administration, and the result usually justifies their judgment. Many of the pupils are returned to their families or friends, after a mild course of correctional treatment. The system of government adopted is analogous to that of the "cottage plan'* employed in many reformatory institutions throughout the t)ountry. An ''administration building*' stands in the center of a group of structures, each of which has its own individual name: - Clancy Hall, Wallace, Plymouth, Beecher, Pope, Windsor, Lincoln, Sunnyside and Sheridan. While never a suppliant for benefactions, the Home has always attracted the attention of philanthropists who are interested in the care of society's waifs. The average annual niunber of inmates is about 275.

IIXINOIS WESLEYAN UNITEESITY, the leading educational institution of the Methodist Church in Illinois, south of Chicago; incorporated in 1853 and located at Bloomington. It is co-educational, has a faculty of 34 instructors, and reports 1,106 students in 1896 - 458 male and 648 female. Besides the usual literary and scientific departments, instruction is given in theology, music and oratory. It also has preparatory and business courses. It has a library of 6,000 voltunes and reports funds and endowment aggregating $187,999, and property to the value of $380,999.

Illinois & Southern Iowa Railroad Illinois & St. Louis Railroad & Goal

ILIJOFOLIS^a village in Sangamon County, on the Wabash Railway, 20 miles east of Springfield. It occupies a position nearly in the geographical center of the State and is in the heart of what is generally termed the com belt of Central Illinois. It has banks, several churches, a graded school and one newspaper. Population (1890), 689; (1900), 744; (1910), 849.

INDIAN TREATIES. The various treaties made by the General Qovemment with the Indians, which affected Illinois, may be sununarized as follows : Treaty of Greenville, August 3, 1795 - ceded 11,808,409 acres of land for the sum of $210,000; negotiated by Gen. Anthony Wayne with the Delawares, Ottawas, Miamis, Wyandots, Shawnees, Pottawatomies, Chippewas, Kaskaskias, Kickapoos, Piankeshaws and Eel River Indians: First Treaty of Fort Wayne, June 7, 1808 - ceded 2,038,400 acres in consideration of $4,000; negotiated by Governor Harrison with the Delawares, Kickapoos, Miamis, Pottawato- mies, and Shawnees: First Treaty of Yincennes, August 13. 1803 - ceded 8,911,850 acres for $12,000; negotiated by Governor Harrison with the Caho- Idas, Kaskaskias and Mitchagamies. First Treaty of St. Louis, Nov. 3, 1804 - ceded 14,803,520 acres in consideration of $22,234; negotiated by Gk>vemor Harrison with the Sacs and Foxes: Second Treaty of Vincennes, Dec. 80, 1805 - ceded 2,676,150 acres for $4, 100 ; negotiated by Oovemor Harrison with the Piankeshaws: Second Treaty of Fort Wayne, Sept. 80, 1809 - ceded 2,900,000 acres; negotiated by Governor Harrison with the Delawares. Eel River, Miamis, Pottawatomies and Weas: Third Treaty of Vincennes, Dec. 9, 1809 - ceded 138,240 acres for $27,000; negotiated by Governor Harrison with the Kickapoos: Second Treaty of St. Louis, Aug. 24, 1816 - ceded 1,418,400 acres in consideration of $12,000; negotiated by Governor Edwards, William Clark and A. Chouteau with the Chippewas, Ottawas and Pottawatomies: Treaty of Edwardsville, Sept. 80. 1818 - ceded 6,865,280 acres for $6,400; negotiated by Governor Edwards and A. Chouteau with the Illinois and Peorias: Treaty of St. Mary's, Oct. 2, 1818 - ceded 11,000,000 acres for $88,000; negotiated by Gen. Lewis Cass and others with the Weas: Treaty of Fort Harrison, Aug. 30, 1819 - negotiated by Benjamin Parke with the Kickapoos of the Vermilion, ceding 3,173,120 acres for $23,000: Treaty of St. Joseph, Sept. 20, 1828 - ceded 990,720 acres in consideration of $189,795; negotiated by Lewis Cass and Pierre Menard with the Pottawatomies: Treaty of Prairie du Chien, Jan. 2, 1830 - ceded 4,160,000 acres for $390,601; n^otiated by Pierre Menard and others with the Chippewas, Ottawas and Pottawatomies: First Treaty of Chicago, Oct. 20, 1832 - ceded 1,536,000 acres for $460,348; negotiated with the Pottawatomies of the Prairie: Treaty of Tippecanoe, Oct. 27, 1832 - by it the Pottawatomies of Lidiana ceded 737,000 acres, in consideration of $406,121 : Second Treaty of Chicago, Sept. 26, 1833 - by it the Chippewas, Ottawas and Pottawatomies ceded 5,104,960 acres for $7,624,289: Treaties of Fort Armstrong and Prairie du Chien, negotiated 1829 and *32 - by which the Winnebagoes ceded 10,346,000 acres in exchange for $5,195,252: Second Treaty of St. Louis, Oct. 27, 1882 - the Kaskaskias and Peorias ceding 1,900 acres in consideration of $155,780. (See also Chreentnlle, Treaty of ,)