Piatt County, Illinois - The whole text, 1917 (part 1 of 26)

Preface

Why publish this book? There should be many and strong reasons to warrant such an undertaking Are there such reasons? What considerations are weighty enough to have induced the publishers to make this venture? And what special claims has Illinois to such a distinction? These are reasonable and inevitable inquiries, and it is fitting they should receive attention.

In the first place, good State Histories are of great importance and value, and there is abundant and cheering evidence of an increasing popular interest in them. . This is true of all such works, whatever States may be their subjects; and it is conspicuously true of Illinois, for the following, among many other reasons: Because of its great prominence in the early history of the West as the seat of the first settlements of Europeans northwest of the Ohio River - ^the unique character of its early civilization, due to or resulting from its early French population brought in contact with the aborigines - ^its political, military, and educational prominence - ^its steadfast loyalty and patriotism - ^the marvelous development of itg vast resources - ^the niunber of distinguished statesmen, generals, and jurists whom it has furnished to the Government, and its grand record in the exciting and perilous conflicts on the Slavery question.

This is the magnificent Commonwealth, the setting forth of whose history, in all of its essential departments and features, seemed to warrant the bringing out of another volume devoted to that end. Its material has been gathered from every available source, and most carefully examined and sifted before acceptance. Especial care has been taken in collecting material of a biographical character ; facts and incidents in the personal history of men identified with the life of the State in its Territorial and later periods. This material has been gathered from a great variety of sources widely scattered, and much of it quite inaccessible to the ordinary inquirer. The encyclopedic form of the work favors conciseness and compactness, and was adopted with a view to condensing the largest amount of information within the smallest practicable space.

And so the Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois was conceived and planned in the belief that it was needed; that no other book filled the place it was designed to occupy, or furnished the amount, variety and scope of information touching the infancy and later life of Illinois, that would be found in its pages. In that belief, and in furtherance of those ends, the book has been constructed and its topics selected and written. Simplicity, perspicuity, conciseness and accuracy have been the dominant aims and rules of its editors and writers. The supreme mission of the book is to record, fairly and truthfully, historical facts; facts of the earlier and later history of the State, and drawn from the almost innumerable sources connected with that history; facts of interest to the great body of our people, as well as to scholars, officials, and other special classes; a book convenient for reference in the school, the office, and the home. Hence, no attempt at fine writing, no labored, irrelevant and long-drawn accounts of matters, persons or things, which really need but a few plain words for their adequate elucidation, will be found in its pages. On the other hand, perspicuity and fitting development are never intentionally sacrificed to mere conciseness and brevity. Whenever a subject, from its natiu'e, demands a more elaborate treatment - and there are many of this character - ^it is handled accordingly.

- As a rule, the method pursued is the separate and topical, rather than the chronological, as being more satisfactory and convenient for reference. That is, each topic is considered separately and exhaustively, instead of being blended, chronologically, with others. To pass from subject to subject, in the mere arbitrary order of time, is to sacrifice simplicity and order to complexity and confusion.

Absolute freedom from error or defect in all cases, in handling so many thousands of items, is not claimed, and could not reasonably be expected of any finite intelligence; since, in complicated cases, some element may possibly elude its sharpest scrutiny. But ev6ry statement of fact, made herein without qualification, is believed to be strictly correct, and the statistics of the volume, as a whole, are submitted to its readers with entire confidence.

Considerable space is also devoted to biographical sketches of persons deemed worthy of mention, for their close relations to the State in some of its varied interests, political, governmental, financial, social, religious, educational, industrial, commercial, economical, military, judicial or otherwise; or for their supposed personal deservings in other respects. It is believed that the extensive recognition of such individuals, by the publishers, will not be disapproved or regretted by the public; that personal biography has an honored, useful and legitimate place in such a history of Illinois as this volume aims to be, and that the omission of such a department would seriously detract from the completeness and value of the book. Perhaps no more delicate and difficult task has confronted the editors and publishers than the selection of names for this part of the work.

While it is believed that no unworthy name has a place in the list, it is freely admitted that there may be many others, equally or possibly even more worthy, whose names do not appear, partly for lack of definite and adequate information, and partly because it was not deemed best to materially increase the space devoted to this class of topics.

And so, with cordial thanks to the publishers for the risks they have so cheerfully assmned in this enterprise, for their business energy, integrity, and determination, and their uniform kindness and courtesy ; to the many who have so generously and helpfully promoted the success of the work, by their contributions of valuable information, interesting reminiscences, and rare incidents; to Mr. Paul Selby, the very able associate editor, to whom especial honor and credit are due for his most efficient intelligent and scholarly services; to Hon. Harvey B. Hurd, Walter B. Wines, and to all others who have, by word or act, encouraged us in this enterprise - ^with grateful recognition of all these friends and helpers, the Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois, with its thousands of topics and many thousands of details, items and incidents, is now respectfully submitted to the good people of the State, for whom it has been prepared, in the earnest hope and confident belief that it will be found instruct ve, convenient and useful for the purposes for which it was designed.

Pdslic Ubrary Prefatory Statement

Since the bulk of the matter contained in this volume was practically completed and ready for the pr&s, Dr. Newton Bateman, who occupied the relation to it of editor-in-chief, has passed beyond the sphere of mortal existence. In placing the work before the public, it therefore devolves upon the undersigned to make this last prefatory statement.

As explained by Dr. Bateman in his preface, the object had in view in the preparation of a "Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois" has been to present, in compact and concise form, the leading facts of Territorial and State history, from the arrival of the earliest French explorers in Illinois to the present time. This has included an outline history of the State under the title, "Illinois," supplemented by special articles relating to various crises and eras in State history; changes in form of government and administration; the history of Constitutional Conventions and Legislative Assemblies; the various wars in which Illinoisans have taken part, with a summary of the principal events in the history of individual military organizations engaged in the Civil War of 1861-65, and the War of 1898 with Spain; lists of State officers. United States Senators and Members of Congress, with the terms of each; the organization and development of political divisions; the establishment of charitable and educational institutions; the growth of public improvements and other enterprises which have marked the progress of the State; natural features and resources; the history of early newspt^rs, and the growth of religious denominations, together with general statistical information and unusual or extraordinary occurrences of a local or general State character - all arranged under topical l^eads, and convenient for ready reference by all seeking information on these subjects, whether in the family, in the office of the professional or business jnan, in the teacher's study and the school-room, or in the public library.

While' individual or collected biographies of the public men of Illinois have not been wholly lacking or few in number - and those already in existence have a present and constantly increasing value - ^they have been limited, for the most part, to special localities and particular periods or classes. Rich as the annals of Illinois are in the records and character of its distinguished citizens who, by their services in the public councils, upon the judicial bench and in the executive chair, in the forum and in the field, have reflected honor upon the State and the Nation, there has been hitherto no comprehensive attempt to gather together, in one volume, sketches of those who have been conspicuous in the creation and upbuilding of the State. The collection of material of this sort has been a task requiring patient and laborious research; and, while all may not have been achieved in this direction that was desirable, owing to the insufficiency or total absence of data relating to the lives of many men most prominent in public affairs during the period to which they belonged, it is still believed that what has been accomplished will be found of permanent value and be appreciated by those most deeply interested in this phase of State history.

The large number of topics treated has made brevity and conciseness an indispensable feature of the work; consequently there has been no attempt to indulge in graces of style or elaboration of narrative. The object has been to present, in simple language and concise form, facts of history of interest or value to those who may choose to consult its pages. Absolute inerrancy is not claimed for every detail of the work, but no pains has been spared, and every available authority consulted, to arrive at complete accuracy of statment.

In view of the important bearing which railroad enterprises have had upon the extraordinary development of the State within the past fifty years, considerable space has been given to this department, especially with reference to the older lines of railroad whose history has been intimately interwoven with that of the State, and its progress in wealth and population.

In addition to the acknowledgments made by Dr.* Bateman, it is but proper that I should express my personal obligations to the late Prof. Samuel M. Inglis, State Superintendent of Public Instruction, and his assistant. Prof. J. H. Freeman; to ex-Senator John M. Palmer, of Springfield; to the late Hon. Joseph Medill, editor of 'The Chicago Tribune" ; to the Hon. James B. Bradwell, of "The Chicago Legal News"; to Gen. Green B. Raum, Dr. Saniuel Willard, and Dr. Garrett Newkirk, of Chicago (the latter as author of the principal portions of the article on the "Underground Railroad") ; to the Librarians of the State Historical Library, the Chicago Historical Library, and the Chicago Public Library, for special and valuable aid rendered, as well as to a large circle of .correspondents in different parts of the State who have courteously responded to requests for information on special topics, and have thereby materially aided in securing whatever success may have been attained in the work.

In conclus'on, I cannot omit to pay this final tribute to the memory of my friend and associate, Dr. Bateman, whose death, at his home in Galesburg, elsewhere recorded, was deplored, not only by his associates in the Faculty of Knox College, his former pupils and immediate neighbors, but by a large circle of friends in all parts of the State.

Although his labors as editor of this volume had been substantially finished at the time of his death (and they included the reading and revision of every line of copy at that time prepared, comprising the larger proportion of the volume as it now goes into the hands of the public), the enthusiasm, zeal and kindly appreciation of the labor of others which he brought to the discharge of his duties, have been sadly missed in the last stages of preparation of thef work for the press. In the estimation of many who have held his scholarship and his splendid endowments of mind and character in the highest admiration, his connection with the work will be its strongest commendation and the surest evidence of its merit.

With myself, the most substantial satisfaction I have in dismissing the volume from my hands and submitting it to the judgment of the public, exists in the fact that, in its preparation, I have been associated with such a co-laborer - one whose abilities commanded universal respect, and whose genial, scholarly character and noble qualities of mind and heart won the love and confidence of all with whom he came in contact, and whom it had been my pnvilege to count as a friend from an early period in his long and useful career.

ABBOTT, (Lleat.-GoT.) Edward, a British officer, who was oommandant at Post Vincennes (called by the British, Fort Sackville) at the time Col. George Rogers Clark captured Kaskaskia in 1T78. Abbott's jurisdiction extended, at least nominally, over a part of the "Illinois Country . ' ' Ten days after the occupation of Kaskaskia, Colonel Clark, having learned that Abbott had gone to the British headquarters at Detroit, leaving the Post without any guard except that furnished by the inhabitants of the village, took advantage of his absence to send Pierre Gibault. the Catholic Vicar-General of Illinois, to win over the people to the American cause, which he did so successfully that they at once took the ofith of allegiance, and the American flag was run up over the fort. Although Fort Sackville afterwards fell into the hands of the British for a time, the manner of its occupatidn was as much of a surprise to the British as that of Kaskaskia itself, and contributed to the completeness of Clark's triumph, (See Clark, Col. Oeorge Rogers, also, Oibault, Pierre.) Governor Abbott seems to have been of a more humane character than the mass of British officers of his day, as he wrote a letter to General Carleton about this time, protesting strongly against the employment of Indians in carrying on warfare against the colonists on the frontier, on the ground of humanity, claiming that it was a detriment to the British cause, although he was overruled by his superior officer. Colonel Hamilton, in the steps soon after taken to recapture Vincennes.

ABINGDON, second city in size in Knox County, at the junction of the Iowa Central and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroads; 10 miles south of Galesburg, with which it is connected by electric car line; has city waterworks, electric light plant, wagon works, brick and tile works, sash, blind and swing factories, two banks.

three weekly papers, public library, fine high school building and two ward schools. Hedding College, a flourishing institution, under auspices of the M. E. Church, is located here. Population (1900), 2,022; (1910), 2,464.

ACCAULT, Michael (Ak-ko), French explorer and companion of La Salle, who came to the ''Illinois Country'* in 1780, and accompanied Hennepin when the latter descended the Illinois River to its mouth and then ascended the Mississippi to the vicinity of the present city of St. Paul, where they were captured by Sioux. They were rescued by Greysolon Dulhut (for whom the city of Duluth was named), and having discovered the Falls of St. Anthony, returned to Green Bay. (See Hennepin.)

ACKERMAN, WUliam K., RaUway President and flnancier, was bom in New York City, Jan. 29, 1832, of Knickerbocker and Revolutionary ancestry, his grandfather, Abraham D. Ackerman, having served as Captain of a company of the famous "Jersey Blues/' participating with ''Mad" Anthony Wayne in the storming of Stony Point during the Revolutionary War, while his father se^ed as Lieutenant of Artillery in the War of 1812. After receiving a high school education in New York, Mr. Ackerman engaged in mercantile business, but in 1852 became a clerk in the flnancial department of the Illinois Central Railroad. Coming to Chicago in the service of the Company in 1860, he successively fllled the positions of Secretary, Auditor and Treasurer, until July, 1876, when he was elected Vice-President and a year later promoted to the Presidency, voluntarily retiring from this position in August, 1888, though serving some time longer in the capacity of Vice-President. During the progress of the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago (1892-98) Mr. Ackerman served as Auditor of the Exposition, and was City Comptroller of Chicago under the administration of Mayor Hopkins

(1893-95). He was an active member of the Chicago Historical Society, and rendered valuable service to railroad history by the issue of two brochures on the "Early History of Illinois Railroads," and a " Historical Sketch of the Illinois Central Raihx)ad/' Died Feb. 7, 1905.

ADAMS, John, LL.D.9 educator and philanthropist, Vas born at Canterbury, Conn., Sept. 18, 1772; graduated at Yale College in 1795; taught for sereral years in his native place, in Plainfield, N. J., and at Colchester, Conn. In 1810 he becune Principal of Phillips Academy at Andover, Mass., remaining there twenty -three years. In addition to his educational duties he participated in the organization of several great charitable associations which attained national importance. On retiring from Phillips Academy in 1888, he removed to Jacksonville, HL, where, four years afterward, he became the third Principal of Jacksonville Female Academy, remaining six years. He then became Agent of the American Sunday School Union, in the course of the next few years founding several hundred Sunday Schools in different parts of the State. He received the degree of LL.D. from Yale College in 1854. Died in Jacksonville, April 24, 1868. The subject of this sketch was father of Dr. William Adams, for forty years a prominent Presbyterian clergyman of New York and for seven years (1873- 80) President of Union Theological Seminary.

ADAMS) John McGregor, manufacturer, was bom at Londonderry, N. H., March 11, 1884, the son of Rev. John R. Adams, who served as Chaplain of the Fifth Maine and One Hundred and Twenty- first New York Volunteers during the Civil War. Mr. Adams was educated at Qorham, Me., and Andover, Mass., after which, going to New York City, he engaged as clerk in a drygoods house at $150 a year. He next entered the office of Clark Sc Jessup, hardware manufacturers, and in 1858 came to Chicago to represent the house of Morris K. Jessup Sc Co. He thus became associated with the late John Crerar, the firm of Jessup & Co. being finally merged into that of Crerar, Adams & Co., which, with the Adams & Westlake Co^, have done a large business in the manufacture of railway supplies. After the death of Mr. Crerar, Mr. Adams became principal manager of the concern's vast manufacturing business. Died Sept. 18, 1904.

ADAMSy (Br.) Samnel, physician and educator, was bom at Bnmswick, Me., Dec. 19, 1806, and educated at Bowdoin College, where he graduated in both the departments of literature and of medicine. Then, having practiced as a physician several years, in 1838 he assumed tha chair of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry and Natural History in Illinois College at Jacksonville, 111. From 1848 to 1845 he was also Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics in the Medical Department of the same institution, and, during his connection with the College, gave instruction at different times in nearly every branch embraced in the college curriculum, including the French and German languages. Of uncompromising fimmessand invincible courage in his adherence to principle, he was a man of singular modesty, refinement and amiability in private life, winning the confidence and esteem of all with whom he came in contact, especially the students who came under his instruction. A profound and thorough scholar, be possessed a refined and exalted literary taste, which was illustrated in occasional contributions to scientific and literary periodicals. Ajnong productions of his pen on philosophic topics may be enumerated articles on "The Natural History of Man in his Scriptural Relations;" contributions to the "BibUcal Repository" (1844); "Auguste Comte and Positivism" ("New Englander," 1878), and "Herbert Spencer's Proposed Reconciliation between Religion and Science" ("New Englander," 1875). His connection with Illinois College continued until his death, April, 1877--a period of more than thirty-eight years. A monument to his memory has been erected through the grateful donations of his former pupils.

ADAMS) George ETerett, lawyer and ex-Congressman, bom at Eeene, N. H., June 18, 1840; was educated at Harvard College, and at Dane Law School, Cambridge, Mass., graduating at the former in 1860. E^ly in life he settled in Chicago, where, after some time spent as a teacher in the Chicago High School, he engaged in the practice of his profession. His first postwof public responsibility was that of State Senator, to which he was elected in 1880. In 1882 he was chosen, as a Republican, to represent the Fourth Illinois District in Congress, and re-elected in 1884, '86 and '88. In 1890 he was again a candidate, but was defeated by Walter C. Newberry. He is one of the Trustees of the Newberry Library.

ADAMS) JameSy pioneer lawyer, was bom in Hartford, Conn., Jan. 26, 1803; taken to Oswego County, N. Y., in 1809, and. in 1821, removed to Springfield, 111., being the first lawyer to locate in the future State capital. He enjoyed an extensive practice for the time; in 1823 was elected a Justice of the Peace, took part in the Winne-

Historical Encyclopedia Op Illinois

ADAMS COUNTY, an extreme westerly county of the State, situated about midway between its northern and sduthem extremities, and bounded on the west by the Mississippi River. It was organized in 1825 and named in honor of John Quincy Adams, the name of Quincy being given to the county seat. The United States Census of 1890 places its area at 880 sq. m. and its population at 61,888. The soil of the county is fertile and well watered, the surface diversified and hiUy, especially along the Mississippi bluffs, and its climate equable. The wealth of the county is largely derived from agriculture, although a large amount of manufacturing is carried on in Quincy. Pop. (1900), 67,058; (1910), 64,488.

ADDAMSy John Hny, legislator, was bom at Sinking Springs, Berks County, Pa., July 12, 1822; educated at Trappe and Upper Dublin, Pa., and learned the trade of a miller in his youth, which he followed in later life. In 1844, Mr. Addams came to Illinois, settling at Cedarville, Stephenson County, purchased a tract of land and built a saw and grist mill on Cedar Creek. In 1854 he was elected to the State Senate from Stephenson County, serving continuously in that body by successive re-elections until 1870 - first as a Whig and afterwards as a Republican. In 1865 he established the Second National Bank of Freeport, of which he continued to be the president until his death, August 17, 1881. - Miss Jane ( Addams), philanthropist, the founder of the '*Hull Hoase," Chicago, is a daughter of Mr. Addams.

ADDISON, village. Du Page County; seat of Evangelical Lutheran College, Normal School and Orphan Asylum ; has State Bank, stores and public school. Pop. (1900), 591; (1910), 579.

AD J UT ANTS-GENERAL. The office of Adjutant-General for the State of Illinois was first created by Act of the Legislature, Feb. 2, 1865. Previous to the War of the Rebellion the position was rather honorary than otherwise, its duties (except during the Black Hawk War) and its emoluments being alike unimportant. The incumbent was simply the Chief of the Governor's Staff. In 1861, the post became one of no small importance. Those who held the office during the Territorial i>eriod were; Elias Rector, Robert Morrison, Benjamin Stephenson and Wm. Alexander. After the admission of Illinois as a State up to the. beginning of the Civil War, the duties (which were almost wholly nominal) were discharged by Wm. Alexander, 1819-21; Elijah C. Berry, 1821-28; James W. Berry, 1828-39; Moses

K. Anderson, 1839-57; Thomas S. Mather, 1858-61. Colonel Mather having resigned to enter active service, Judge A. C. Fuller filled the office \mtil January 1, 1865. The first appointee, under the act of 1865, was Isham N. Haynie, who held office until his death in 1869. The Legislature of 1869, taking into consideration that all the Illinois volunteers had been mustered out, and that the duties of the Adjutant-General had been materially lessened, reduced the proportions of the department and curtailed the appropriation for its support. Since the adoption of the military code of 1877, the Adjutant-General's office has occupied a more important and conspicuous position among the departments of the State government. The following is a list of those who have held office since General Haynie, with the date and duration of their respective terms of office: Hubert Dilger, 1869-73; Edwin L. Higgins, 1873-75; Hiram Hilliard, 1875-81; Isaac H. ElUot, 1881-84, Joseph W. Vance, 1884-91; Jasper N. Reece, 1891-93; Albert Orendorff, 1893-96, C C. Hilton, 1896-97; Jasper N. Reece, 1897-1902 (deceased); James B. Smith, 1902-03; Thomas W. Scott, 1903-09 (deceased); Frank S. Dickson (acting), 1909 - .

AGRICULTURE. Illinois ranks high as an agricultural State. A large area in the eastern portion of the State, because of the absence of timber, was called by the early settlers "the Grand Prairie." Upon and along a low ridge beginning in Jackson County and running across the State is the prolific fruit-growing district of Southern Illinois. The bottom lands extending from Cairo to the mouth of the Illinois River are of a fertility seemingly inexhaustible. The central portion of the State is best adapted to corn, and the southern and southwestern to the cultivation of winter wheat. Nearly three-fourths of the entire State - some 42,000 square miles - is upland prairie, well suited to the raising of cereals. In 1909 Illinois surpassed all other States in the production of oats and com, the former amounting to 159,064,000 bushels (from 4,346,000 acres, value $60,441,000), and the latter to 369,770,000 bushels (from 10,300,000 acres, value $192,280,- 000), Iowa being second in both of these lines. In wheat raising Illinois ranked eighth, the total amounting to 1,810,000 acres and 31,- 494,000 bushels, value $32,754,000. As a live-stock producing State for many years it held the highest rank, especially in horses and cattle, but while it is now surpassed by some of the younger grazing States, more attention proportionably is given in Illinois to breeding the higher classes of stock with great success.

AGRICULTURAL DEPARTMENT. The IIUnois State Agricultural Society organized in 1853 with James N. Brown, of Sangamon, first President; Simeon Francis, Recording Secretary, William Kennicott, Corresponding Secretary, and John Williams, Treasurer; by act of the Legislature, April 15, 1872, became The Illmois State Agricultiu'al Department. For forty years State Fairs were held annually (except two years during the Civil War), at different points, usually at the same place for two successive years. In January, 1894, the State Board decided to locate the Fair permanently on grounds just north of the city of Springfield, donated by the city and Sangamon County, and all Fairs have since been held there. These grounds, embracing an area of 156 acres, are supplied with substantial bmldings constructed of stone, brick, steel and glass, to which additions have been made every year, \mtil they are the most extensive and best equipped of their kind in the country, the increase in receipts and attendance, as well as exhibits of agricultural products, live stock, unplements and mechanic arts keeping pace with other improvements. The administrative Board consists of the President and a Vice President from each Congressional District (now 25 in number), chosen by delegates from the County Societies withm the respective districts, with a Secretary and a Treasurer, elected biennially but not members of the Board. It has ample office room in the State Capitol, where the records and a large library are kept, and liberal appropriations are made for its support. Nearly fifty volvunes of annual reports of Transactions of the Board (1911) have been published.

AKERSy Peter, B.B., Methodist Episcopal clergyman, bom of Presbyterian parentage, in Campbell County, Va., Sept. 1, 1790; was educated in the common schools, and, at the age of 16, began teaching, later pursuing a classical course in institutions of Virginia and North Carolina. Having removed to Kentucky, after a brief season spent in teaching at Mount Sterling in that State, he began the study of law and was admitted to the bar in 1817. Two years later he began the publication of a paper called "The Star," which was continued for a short time. In 1821 he was converted and joined the Methodist church, and a few months later began preaching. In 1832 he removed to Illinois, and, after a year spent in work as an evangelist, he assumed the Presidency of McEendree College at Lebanon, remaining during 1883-84; then established a "manual labor school" near Jacksonville, which he maintained for a few years. From 1837 to \ was spent as stationed minister or Presiding

Elder at Springfield, Quincy and Jacksonville. In the latter year he was again appointed to the Presidency of McEendree College, where he remained five years. He was then (1857) transferred to the Minnesota Conference, but a year later was compelled by declining health to assume a superannuated relation. Returning to Illinois about 1865, he served as Presiding Elder of the Jacksonville and Pleasant Plains Districts, but was again compelled to accept a superannuated relation, making Jacksonville his home, where he died, Feb. 21, 1886. While President of Mc- Eendree College, he published his work on "Biblical Chronology," to which he had devoted many previous years of his life, and which gave e-vidence of great learning and vast research. Dr. Akers was a man of profound convictions, extensive learning and great eloquence. As a pulpit orator and logician he probably had no superior in the State during the time of his most active service in the denomination to which he belonged.

AKIV^ Edward C.^ lawyer and Attomey-Qeneral, was bom in Will County, 111., in 1852, and educated in the public schools of Joliet and at Ann Arbor, Mich. For four years he was paying and receiving teller in the First National Bank of Joliet, but was admitted to the bar in 1878 and has continued in active practice since. In 1887 he entered upon his political career as the Republican candidate for City Attorney of Joliet, and was elected by a majority of over 700 votes, although the city was usually Democratic. The following year he was the candidate of his party for State's Attorney of Will County, and was again elected, leading the State and county ticjcet by 800 votes - being re-elected to the same office in 1892. In 1805 he was the Republican nominee for Mayor of Joliet, and, although opposed by a citizen's ticket headed by a Republican, was elected over his Democratic competitor by a decisive majority. His greatest popular triumph was in 1896, when, he was elected Attorney -Oeneral on the Republican State ticket by a plurality over his Democratic opponent of 132,248 and a majority over all competitors of 111,255. His legal abilities are recognized as of a very high order, while his i>ersonal popularity is indicated by his uniform success as a candidate, in the face, at times, of strong political majorities.

ALBANT^a village of Whiteside County, located on the Mississippi River and the Chicago. Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway (Rock Island branch). Pop. (1890), 611; (1900), 621; (1910), 618.

and Lotiisviile; seat of Southern Collegiate Institute; has plant for manufacture of vitrified shale paving brick, two newspapers, creamery, flouring mills, and is important shipping point for live stock; is in a rich fruit-growing district; has five churches and splendid public schools. Population (1900), 1,162; (1910); 1,281.

ALCOBBTy James Lask, was bom near Qoloonda, IlL, Nov. 4, 1816; early went South and held various offices in Kentucky and Mississippi, including member pf the. Legislature in each; was a member of the Mississippi State Conventions of 1851 and 1861, and by the latter appointed a Brigadier-Gteneral in the Confederate service, but refused a conunission by Jefferson Davis because his fidelity to the rebel cause was doubted. Ai the close of the war he was one of the first to accept the reconstruction policy; was elected United States Senator from Mississippi in 1865, but not admitted to his seat. In 1869 he was chosen (Governor as a Republican, and two years later elected United States Senator, serving imtil 1877. Died, Dec. 20, 1894.

ALBBICHy J. Frank) Congressman, was bom at Two Rivers, Wis., April 6, 1858, the son of William Aldrich, who afterwards became Congressman from Chicago; was brought to Chicago in 1861, attended the public schools and the Chicago University, and graduated from the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N. Y., in 1877, receiving the.degree of Civil Engineer. Later he engaged in the linseed oil business in Chicago. Becoming interested in politics, he was elected a member of the Board of Coimty Conmiissioners of Cook County, serving as President of that body during the reform period of '1887; was also a member of the County Board of Education and Chairman of the Chicago Citizens* Committee, appointed from the various clubs and commercial organizations of the city, to promote the formation of the Chicago Sanitary District. From May 1, 1891, to Jan. 1, 1893,. he was O>nmiissioner of Public Works for Chicago, when he resigned his office, having been elected (Nov., 1892) a member of the Fifty -third Congress, on the Republican ticket, from the First Congressional District; was re-elected in 1894, retiring at the clooe of the Fifty-fourth Congress. In 1898 he was appointed to a position in connection with the office of Comptroller of the Currency at Washing^n.

ALDRICH, William, merchant and Ck>ngre6sman, was bom at Greenfield, N. Y., Jan. 20, 1820. His early oonmion school training was supplemented by private tuition in higher branches of mathematics and in surveying, and by a term in an academy. Until he had reached the age of 26 years he was engaged in farming and teaching, but, in 1846, turned his attention to mercantile pursuits. In 1851 he removed to Wisconsin, where, in addition to merchandising, he engaged in the manufacture of furniture and woodenware, and where he also held several important offices, being Superintendent of Schools for three years, Chairman of the 0>unty Board of Supervisors one year, besides serving one term in the Legislature. In 1860 he removed to Chicago, where he embarked in the wholesale grocery business. In 1875 he was elected to the City Council, and, in 1876, chosen to represent his district (the First) in Congress, as a Republican, being re-elected in 1878, and again in 1880. Died in Fond du Lao, Wis., Dec. 8, 1885.

ALEDO, count y-seat of Mercer County; is in the midst of a rich farming and bituminous coal region; fruit-growing and stock-raising are also extensively carried on, and lirge quantities of these conmiodities are shipped here; has two newspapers and ample school facilities. Population (1890), 1,601; (1900), 2,081; (1910), 2,144.

ALEXANDER, John T., agriculturist and stock-grower, was bom in Western Virginia, Sept. 15, 1820; removed with his father, at six years of age, to Ohio, and to Illinois in 1848. Here he bought a tract of several thousand acres of land on the Wabash Railroad, 10 miles east of Jacksonville, which finally developed into one of the richest stock-farms in the Stat«. After the war he became the owner of the celebrated '*Sullivant farm,** comprising some 20,000 acres on the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railroad in Champaign County, to which he transferred his stock interests, and although overtaken by reverses, left a large estate. Died, August 22, 1876.

ALEXANDER, lUltoii TL.y pioneer, was bom in Elbert County, Ga., Jem. 23, 1796; eniigrated with his father, in 1804, to Tennessee, and, while still a boy, enlisted as a soldier in the War of 1812, serving imder the command of General Jackson until the capture of Pensacola, when he entered upon the campaign against the Seminoles in Florida. In 1823 he removed to Edgar County, 111., and engaged in mercantile and agricultural pursuits at Paris; serving also as Postmaster there some twenty-five years, and as Clerk of the County Commissioners' Court from 1826 to *37. In 1826 he was commissioned by Governor Coles. Colonel of the Nineteenth Regiment, Illinois State Militia; in 1830 was Aide-de-Camp to Governor Reynolds, and, inl882, took part in the Black

Hawk War as Brigadier-General of the Second Brigade, Illinois Volunteers. On the inception of the internal improTement scheme in 1887 he was elected by the Legislature a member of the first Board of Commissioners of Public Works, serving imtil the Board was abolished. Died, July 7, 1856. ALEXANDER, (Dr.) William M., pioneer, came to Southern Illinois previous to the organization of Union County (1818), and for some time, while practicing his profession as a physician, acted as agent of the proprietors of the town of America, which was located on the Ohio River, on the first high ground above its junction with the Mississippi. It became the first county -seat of Alexander Coimty, which was organized in

1819, and named in his honor. In 1820 we find him a Representative in the Second Oeneral Assembly from Pope County, and two yters later Representative from Alexander County, when he became Speaker of the House during the session of the Third General Assembly. Later, he removed to Kaskaskia, but finally went South, where he died, though the date and place of his death are imknown.

ALEXANDER COUBTTT, the extreme southern county of the State, being bounded on the west by the Mississipppi, and south and east by the Ohio and Cache rivers. Its area is about 220 square miles and its population, in 1890, was 16,- 568. The first American settlers were Tennesseeans named Bird, who occupied the delta and gave it the name of Bird's Point, which, at the date of the Civil War (1861-65), had been transferred to the Missouri shore opposite the mouth of the Ohio. Other early settlers were Clark, Kennedy and Philips (at Mounds), Conyer and Terrel (at America), and Humphreys (near Caledonia). In 1818 Shadrach Bond (afterwards Gk)vemor), John G. Comyges and others entered a claim for 1800 acres in the central and northern part of the county, and incorporated the **City and Bank of Cairo.'* The history of this enterprise is interesting. In 1818 (on Comyges' death) the land reverted to the Government ; but in 1835 Sidney Breese, David J. Baker and Miles A. Gilbert re-entered the forfeited bank tract and the title thereto became vested in the "Cairo City and Canal Company,*' which was chartered in 1837, and, by purchase, extended its holdings to 10,000 acres. The county was organized in 1819; the first countyseat being America, which was incorporated in order of the Roman Catholic Church. It originally opened in a small frame building, but a better edifice was erected in 1868, only to be destroyed in the great fire of 1871. The following year, through the aid of private benefactions and an appropriation of 918,000 from the Chicago Relief and Aid Society, a larger and better hospital was built. In 1888 an addition was made, increasing the accommodation to 150 beds. Only poor male patients are admitted, and these are received without reference to nationality or religion, and absolutely without charge. The present medical staff (1896) comprises fourteen physicians and surgeons. In 1895 the close approach of an intramural transit line having unfitted the building for hospital uses, the Northwestern Railway Company purchased the site and buildings for $250,000. The present location is Racine and Belden Avenues.

ALEXIS, in Mercer and Warren Counties, on the Rock Island & St. Louis Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway, 12 miles east of north -from Monmouth. It has manufactures of brick, drain-tile, pottery and agricultural implements; is also noted for its Clydesdale horses. Pop. (1890), 562; (1900), 915; (1910), 829.

ALOOBTQUINS/ a group of Indian tribes. Originally their territory extended from about latitude 87° to 58'' north, and from longitude 25"* east to 15** west of the meridian of Washington. Branches of the stock were foimd by Cartier in Canada, by Smith in Virginia, by the Puritans in New England and by Catholic missionaries in the great basin of the Mississippi. One of the principal of their five confederacies embraced the Illinois Indians, who were found within the State by the French when the latter discovered the coimtry in 1673. They were hereditary foes of the warlike Iroquois, by whom their territory was repeatedly invaded. Besides the Illinois, other tribes of the Algonquin family who originally dwelt within the present limits of Illinois, were the Foxes, Kickapoos, Miamis, Menominees, and Sacs. Although nomadic in their mode of life, and subsisting largely on the spoils of the chase, the Algonquins were to some extent tillers of the soil and ctdtivated large tracts of maize. Various dialects of their language have been reduced to grammatical rules, and Eliot's Indian Bible is published in their tongue. The entire Algonquin stock extant is estimated at about 95,000, of whom some 35,000 are within the United States.

Histokical Encyclopedia Of Illinois

infancy he was brought by his parents to Southem Illinois, where his father, Willis Allen, became a Judge and member of Congress. After reading law with his fkther and at the Louisville Law School, young Allen was admitted to the bar, settling at Metropolis and afterward (1858) at his old home, Marion, in Williamson County. In 1835 he was appointed United States District Attorney for Illinois, but resigned in 1859 and resumed private practice as partner of John A. Logan. The same year he was elected Circuit Judge to succeed his father, who had died, but he declined a re-election. He was a member of the Constitutional Conventions of 1862 and 1869, serving in both bodies on the Judicial Committee and as Chairman of the Committee on the Bill of Rights. From 1864 to 1888 he was a delegate to every National Democratic Convention, being chairman of the Illinois delegation in 1876. He has been four times a candidate for Congress, and twice elected, serving from 1862 to 1865. During this period he was an ardent opponent of the wai policy of the Government. In 1874-75, at the solicitation of Governor Beveridge, he undertook the prosecution of the leaders of a bloody ** vendetta** which had broken out' among his former neighbors in Williamson County, and, by his fearless and impartial efforts, brought the offenders to justice and assisted in restoring order. In 1886, Judge Allen removed to Springfield, and in 1887 was appointed by President Cleveland to succeed Judge Samuel H. Treat (deceased) as Judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Illinois. Died Jan. 26, 1901.

ALLENy WilllS) a native of Tennessee, who removed. to Williamson Coimty, 111., in 1829 and engaged in farming. In 1884 he was chosen Sheriff of Franklin County, in 1888 elected Representative in the Eleventh General Assembly, and, in 1844, became State Senator. In 1841, although not yet a licensed lawyer, he was chosen Prosecuting Attorney for the old Third District, and was shortly afterwsurd admitted to the bar. He was chosen Presidential Elector in 1844, a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1847, and served two terms in Congress (1851-55). On March 2, 1859, he was commissioned Judge of the Twenty-sixth Judicial Circuit, but died three months later. His son, William Joshua, succeeded him in the latter office.

ALLEBTON, Samnol Waters, stock-dealer and capitalist, was bom of Pilgrim ancestry in Dutchess County, N. Y., May 26, 1829. His youth was spent with his father on a farm in Tates County. N. Y., but about 1852 he engaged in the live-stock business in Central and Western New York. In 1856 he transferred his operations to Illinois, shipping stock from various points to New York City, finally locating in Chicago. He was one of the earliest projectors of the Chicago Stock- Yards, later securing control of the Pittsburg Stock- Yards, also becoming interested in yards at Baltimore, Philadelphia, Jersey City and Omaha. Mr. Allerton is one of the foimders and a Director of the First National Bank of Chicago, a Director and stockholder of the Chicago City Railway (the first cable line in that city), the owner of an extensive area of highly improved farming lands in Central Illinois, as also of large tracts in Nebraska and Wyoming, and of valuable and productive mining properties in the Black Hills. A zealous Republican in politics, he is a liberal supporter of the measures of that party, and, in 1893, was the unsuccessful Republican candidate for Mayor of Chicago in opposition to Carter H.' Harrison.

ALLOUEZ, Claude Jean, sometimes called **Th^ Apostle of the West," a Jestiit priest, was bom in France in 1620. He reached Quebec in 1658, and later explored the country around Lakes Superior and Michigan, establishing the mission of La Pointe, near where Ashland, Wis., now stands, in 1665, and St. Xavier, near Green Bay, in 1669. He learned from the Indians the existence and direction of the upper Mississippi, and was the first to communicate the information to the authorities at Montreal, which report was the primary cause of Joliet's expedition. He succeeded Marquette in charge of the mission at Kaskaskia, on the Illinois, in 1677, where he preached to eight tribes. From that date to 1690 he labored among the aborigines of Illinois and Wisconsin. Died at Fort St. Joseph, in 1690.

ALLTNy (Rev.) Robert, clergyman and educator, was bom at Ledyard, New London County, Conn., Jan. 25, 1817, being a direct descendant in the eighth generation of Captain Robert Allyn, who was one of the first settlers of New London. He grew up on a farm, receiving his early education in a country school, supplemented by access to a small public library, from which he acqtiired a good degree of familiarity with standard English writers. In 1837 he entered the Wesleyan University at Middletown, Conn., where he distinguished himself as a mathematician and took a high rank as a linguist and rhetorician, graduating in 1841. He immediately engaged as a teacher of mathematics in the Wesleyan Academy at Wilbraham, Mass., and, in 1846, was elected principal of the schoolt meanwhile (1843) becoming a licentiate of the Providence Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church. From 1848 to 1854 he served as Principal of the Providence Conference Seminary at East Greenwich, R. I., when he was appointed Commissioner of Public Schools of Rhode Island - also serving the same year as a Visitor to West Point Military Academy. Between 1857 and 1859 he filled the chair of Ancient Languages in the State University at Athens, Ohio, when he accepted the Presidency of the Wesleyan Female College at Cincinnati, four years later (1863) becoming President of McKendree College at Lebanon, 111., where he remained until 1874. That position he resided to accept the Presidency of the Southern Illinois Normal University at Carbondale, whence he retired in 1892. Died at Carbondale, Jan. 7, 1894

ALTAMONT) Effingham County, is intersecting point of the Yandalia, Chicago & Eastern Illinois, Baltimore & Ohio S. W., and Wabash Railroads, being midway and highest point between St. Louis and Terre Haute. Ind. ; was laid out in 1870. The town is in the center of a grain, fruitgrowing and stock-raising district ; has a bank, two grain elevators, flouring mill, tile works, a large creamery, wagon, furniture and other factories, besides churches, good schools and one newspaper. Population (1900), 1,335; (1910), 1,328.

ALTGELDy John Peter, ex-Judge and ex-Governor, was bom in Prussia in. 1848, and in boyhood accompanied his parents to America, the family settling in Ohio. At the age of 16 he enlisted in the One Hundred and Sixty-fourth Ohio Infantry, serving until the close of the war. His legal education was acquired at St. Louis and Savannah, Mo., and from 1874 to *78 he was Prosecuting Attorney for Andrew County in that State. In 1878 he removed to Chicago, where he devoted himself to professional work. In 1884 he led the Democratic forlorn hope as candidate for Congress in a strong Republican Congressional district, and in 1886 was elected to the bench of the Superior Court of Cook Coimty, but resigned in August, 1891. The Democratic State convention of 1892 nominated him for Oovemor, and he was elected the following November, being the first foreign-bom citizen to hold that office in the history of the State, and the first Democrat elected since 1852. In 1896 he was a prominent factor in the Democratic National Convention which nominated William J. Bryan for President, and was also a candidate for re-election as Governor, but was defeated by John R. Tanner, the Republican nominee. Died March 12, 1902.

ALTON) principal city in Madison Ck>unty and important commercial and manufacturing point on Mississippi River, 25 miles north of St. Louis; site was first occupied as a French trading-post about 1807. the town proper being laid out by Col. Rufus Easton in 1817; principal business houses are located in the valley along the river, while the residence portion occupies the blufifs overlooking the river, sometimes rising to the height of nearly 250 feet. The city has extensive glass works employing (1908) 4,000 hands, flouring mills, iron foundries, manufactories of agricultural implements, coal cars, rain ers' tools, shoes, tobacco, lime, etc., besides several banks, numerous churches, schools, and four newspapers, three of them daily. A monument to the memory of Elijah P Lovejoy, who fell while defending his press against a pro-slavery mob in 1887. was erected in Alton Cemetery, 1896-7, at a cost of $30,000, contributed by the State and citizens of Alton. Has 3 daily and 4 weekly papers. Pop. (1900). 14,210; (1910), 17,528.

ALTON PENITENTIARY. The earliest punishments imposed upon public offenders in Illinois were by public flogging or imprisonment for a short time in jails rudely constructed of logs, from which escape was not difficult for a prisoner of nerve, strength and mental resource. The inadequacy of such places of confinement was soon perceived, but popular antipathy to any increase of taxation prevented the adoption of any other policy until 1827. A grant of 40,000 acres of saline lands was made to the State by Congress, and a considerable portion of the money received from their sale was appropriated to the establishment of a State penitentiary at Alton. The sum set apart proved insufficient, and, in 1881, an additional appropriation of $10,000 was made from the State treasury. In 1833 the prison was ready to receive its first inmates. It was built of stone and had but twenty-four cells. Additions were made from time to time, but by 1857 the State determined upon btiilding a new penitentiary, which was located at Joliet (see Northern Penitentiary), and, in 1860. the last convicts were transferred thither from Alton. The Alton prison was conducted on what is known as **the Auburn plan'* - associated labor in silence by day and separate confinement by night. The management was in the hands of a ** lessee," who furnished supplies, employed guards and exercised the general powers of a warden under the supervision of a Commissioner appointed by the State, and who handled all the products of convict labor.

AM EOT, city in Lee County on Oreen River, at junction of lUiaois Central and C, B. & Q. Railroads, 95 miles south by west from Chicago; has artesian water with waterworks and fire protection, city park, two telephone systems, electric ligbts, railroad repaii* shops, two banks, two newrspapers, seven churches, graded and high schools; is on line of Northern Illinois Electric Ry. from De Kalb to Dixon; has extensive bridge and iron works. Pop. (1900), 1,826; (1910), 1,749.

AMES, Edward Raymond, Methodist Episcopal Bishc^, bom at Amesville, Athens County, Ohio, May 80, 1806; was educated at the Ohio State University, where he joined the M. E. Church. In 1828 he left college and became Principal of the Seminary at Lebanon, IlL, which afterwards became McKendxee College. While there he received a license to preach, and, after holding various charges and positions in the church, including membership in the Creneral Conference of 1840, '44 and '52, in the latter year was elected Bishop, serving imtil his death, which oocurred in Baltimore, April 25, 1879.

AHDERSON, Oalnsha, clergyman and educator, was bom at Bergen, N. Y., March 7, 1632; graduated at Rochester University in 1854 and at the Theological Seminary there in 1856; spent ten years in Baptist pastoral work at Janesville, Wis., and at St. Louis, and seven as Professor in Newton Theological Institute, Mass. From 1878 to '80 he preached in Brooklyn and Chicago: was then chosen President of the old Chicago University, remaining eight years, when he again became a pastor at Salem, Mass., but soon after assumed the Presidency of Denison University, Ohio. On the organization of the new Chicago University, he accepted the chair of Homiletics and Pastoral Theology, which he now holds

ANDERSOK, George A., lawyer and Congressman, was bom in Botetourt County, Va.. March 11, 1858. When two years old he was brought by bis parents to Hancock Coimty, 111 He received a collegiate education, and, after studying law at Lincoln, Neb., and at Sedalia, Mo., settled at Quincy. HI., where he began practice in 1880. In 1884 he was elected City Attorney on the

Democratic ticket, and re-elected in 1885 without opposition. The following year he was the successful candidate of his party for Congress, which was his last public service. Died at Quincy, Jan. 31, 1896.

ANDERSON^ James Q., legislator, was bom in Henderson County, HI., August 1, 1845; raised on a farm, and after receiving a common-school education, entered Monmouth College, but left early in the Civil War to enlist in the Twentieth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, in which he attained the rank of Second Lieutenant. After the war he served ten years as Sheriff of Henderson County, was elected Representative in the General Assembly in 1888, '90, '92 and '96, and served on the Republican ''steering committee" during the session of 1893. He also served as Sergeant-at- Arms of the Senate for the session of 1895, and was a delegate to the Republican National Convention of 1896. EEis home is at Decorra.

ANDERSON, Stinson H., Lieutenant-Governor, was bom in Sumner County, Tenn., in 1800; came to Jefferson County. IlL, in his youth, and, alMui early age, began to devote his attention to breeding fine stock; served in the Black Hawk War as a Lieutenant in 1832. and the same year was elected to the lower branch of the Eighth General Assembly, being reelected in 1884 In 1888 he was chosen Lieutenant-Governor on the ticket with Gov. Thomas Carlin, and soon after the close of his term entered the United States Army as Captain of Dragoons, in this capacity taking part in the Seminole War in Florida. Still later he served under President Polk as United States Marshal for Illinois, and also held the position of Warden of the State Penitentiary at Alton for several years. Died, September, 1857. - William B. (Anderson), son of the preceding, was born at Mount Vernon. 111., April 80, 1830; attended the common schools and later studied surveying, being elected Surveyor of Jefferson County, in 1851. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1858. but never practiced, preferring the more quiet life of a farmer. In 1856 he was elected to the lower house of the General Assembly and re-elected in 1858. In 1861 he entered the volimteer service as a private, was promoted through the grades of Captain and Lieutenant-Colonel to a Colonelcy, and, at the close of the war, was brevetted Brigadier-G^eneral. In 1888 he was a candidate for Presidential Elector on the Democratic ticket, was a member of the State Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, and, in 1871. was elected to the State Senate, to fill a vacancy. la 1874 he was elected to the For*^ fourth Congress on the Democratic ticket. In 1893 General Anderson was appointed by President Cleveland Pension Agent for Illinois, continuing in that position four years, when he retired to private life. Died August 28, 1901.

ANDBUS; Bey. Benben^ clergyman and educator, was bom at Rutland, Jefferson County, N. Y., Jan. 29, 1824; early came to Fulton County, 111., and spent three years (1844-47) as a student at Illinois College, Jacksonville, but graduated at McKendree College, Lebanon, in 1849; taught for a time at Greenfield, entered the Methodist ministry, and, in 1850, founded the Illinois Wesleyan University at Bloomington, of which he became a Professor; later re-entered the ministry and held charges at Beardstown, Decatur, Quincy, Springfield and Bloomington, meanwhile for a time being President of Illinois Conference Female College at Jacksonville, and temporary President of Quincy College. In 1867 he was transferred to the Indiana Conference and stationed at Evansville and Indianapolis; from 1872 to '75 was President of Indiana Asbury University at Greencastle. Died at Indianapolis, Jan. 17, 1887.

A^NAy a city in Union County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 86 miles from Cairo; is center of extensive fruit and vegetable-growing district, and largest sliipping-point for these commodities on the Illinois Central Railroad. It has an ice plant, pottery and lime manufactories, two banks and two newspapers. The Southern (III.) Hospital for the Insane is located here. Population (1890), 2,295; (1900), 2,618; (1910), 2,809.

ANTHOKY, Elliotty jurist, was bom of New England Quaker ancestry at Spafford, Onondaga County, N. Y., June 10, 1827; was related on the maternal side to the Chases and Phelps (distinguished lawyers) of Vermont. His early years were spent in labor on a farm, but after a course of preparatory study at Cortland Academy, in 1847 he entered the sophomore class in Hamilton College at Clinton, graduating with honors in 1850. The next year he began the study of law, at tiie same time giving instruction in an Academy at Clinton, where he had President Cleveland as one of his pupils. After admission to the bar at Oswego, in 1851, he removed West, stopping for a time at Sterling, 111., but the following year located in Chicago. Here he compiled "A Digest of Illinois Reports*' ; in 1858 was elected City Attorney, and, in 1868, became solicitor of the Galena & Chicago Union Railroad (now the Chicago & Northwestern). Judge Anthony served in two State Ck>iistitutional Conventions - those of 1862 and 1869.70--being chairman of the Committee on Executive Department and member of the Committee on Judiciary in the latter. He was delegate to the National Republican Convention of 1880, and was the same year elected a Judge of the Superior Court of Chicago, and was re-elected in 1886, retiring in 1892, after which he resumed the practice of his profession, being chiefly employed as consiilting counsel. Judge Anthony was one of the founders and incorporators of the Chicago Law Institute and a member of the first Board of Directors of the Chicago Public Library; also served as President of the State Bar Association (1894-95), and delivered several important historical addresses before that body. His other most important productions are volumes on "The Constitutional History of Illinois,*' "The Story of the Empire State'* and "Sanitation and Navigation." Near the close of his last term upon the bench, he spent several months in an extended tour through the principal countries of Europe. His death occurred, after a protracted illness, at his home at Evanston, Feb. 24, 1898.

ANTI-NEBRASKA EDITORIAL CONTENTION, a political body, which convened at Decatur, Feb. 22, 1856, pursuant to the suggestion of "The Morgan Journal,*' then a weekly paper published at Jacksonville, for the purpose of formulating a policy in opposition to the principles of the Kansas-Nebraska bill. Twelve editors were in attendance, as follows: Charles H. Ray of "The Chicago Tribime**; V. Y. Ralston of "The Quincy Whig"; O. P. Wharton of "The Rock Island Advertiser**; T. J. Pickett of "The Peoria Republican**; (George Schneider of "The Chicago Staats Zeitung** ; Charles Faxon of "The Princeton Post'*; A. N. Ford of "The Lacon Gazette** ; B. F. Shaw of "The Dixon Telegraph" ; E. C. Daugherty of "The Rookford Register'* ; E. W. BlaisdeU of "The Rockford Gazette*'; W. J. Usrey of "The Decatur Chronicle**; and Paul Selby of "The Jacksonville Journal. " Paul Selby was chosen Chairman and W. J. Usrey, Secretary. The convention adopted a platform and recommended the calling of a State convention at Bloomington on May 29, following, appointing the following State Central Committee to take the matter in charge: W. B. Ogden, Chicago; S. M. Church, Rockford; G. D. A. Parks, Joliet; T. J Pickett, Peoria; E. A. Dudley, Quincy; William H. Hemdon, Springfield; R. J. Oglesby, Decatur; Joseph Gillespie, Edwardsville; D. L. Phillips, Jonesboro; and Ira O. Wilkinson and Gustavus Koemer for the State-at-large. Abrar nam linooln was present and participated in the consultations of the committees. All of these served except Messrs. Ogden, Oglesby and Koerner, the two former declining on account of absence from the State. Ogden was succeeded hy the late Dr. John Evans, afterwards Territorial Governor of CJolorado, and Oglesby by CoL Isaac C. Pugh of Decatur. (See Bloomington Convention of 1866.)

APPLINGTON, (Maj.) Zenas, soldier, was bom in Broome County. N. Y., Dec. 24. 1815; in 1887 emigrated to Ogle County, IlL, where he followed successively the occujMktions of fkrmer, blacksmith, carpenter and merchant, finally becoming the founder of the town of Polo. Here he became wealthy, but lost much of his property in the financial revulsion of 1857. In 1858 he was elected to the State Senate, and, during the se^ion of 1859, was one of the members of that body appointed to investigate the "canal scrip fraud" (which see), and two years later was one of the earnest supporters of the Government in its preparation for the War of the Rebellion. The latter year he assisted in organizing the Seventh Illinois Cavalry, of which he was commissioned Major, being some time in command at Bird's Point, and later rendering important service to General Pope at New Madrid and Island No. 10. He was killed at Corinth, Miss., May 8, 1862, while obeying an order to charge upon a band of rebels concealed in a wood.

APPOBTIONMENT9 a mode of distribution of the coimties of the State into Districts for the election of members of the General Assembly and of Congress, which will be treated under separate heads:

Leoislatiyb. - ^The first legislative apportionment was provided for by the Constitution of 1818. That instrument vested the Legislature with power to divide the State as follows: To create districts for the election of Representatives not less than twenty -seven nor more than thirtysix in number, imtil the population of the State should amount to 100,000; and to create senatorial districts, in number not less than one-third nor more than one-half of the representative districts at the time of organization.

The schedule appended to the first Constitution contained the first legal apportionment of Senators and Representatives. The first fifteen ooanties were allowed fourteen Senators and twenty-nine Representatives. Each county formed a distinct legislative district for representation in the lower house, with the number of members for each varying from one to three; while Johnson and Franklin were combined in one Senatorial district, the other coimties being entitled to one Senator each. Later apportionments were made in 1821, '26, '81, '86, '41 and '47. Before an election was held under the last, however, the Constitution of 1848 went into effect, and considerable changes were effected in this regard. The nimiber of Senators was fixed at twenty-five and of Representatives at seventyfive, imtil the entire population should equal 1,000,000, when five members of the House were added and five additional members for each 500,- 000 increase in population until the whole number of Representatives reached 100. Thereafter the number was neither increased nor diminished, but apportioned among the several counties according to the number of white inhabitants. Should it be found necessary, a single district might be formed out of two or more counties.

The Constitution of 1848 established fifty-four Representative and twenty-five Senatorial districts. By the apportionment law of 1854, the number of the former was increased to fifty-eight, and, in''i861, to sixty-one. The number of Senatorial districts remained unchanged, but their geographical limits varied under each act, while the number of members from Representative districts varied according to population.

The Constitution of 1870 provided for an immediate reapportionment (subsequent to its adoption) by the Governor and Secretary of State upon the basis of the United States Census of 1870. Under the apportionment thus made, as prescribed by the schedule, the State was divided into twenty-five Senatorial districts (each electing two Senators) and ninety-seven Representative districts, with an aggregate of 177 members varying from one to ten for the several districts, according to population. This arrangement continued in force for only one Legislature - that chosen in 1870.

In 1872 this Legislature proceeded to reapportion the State in accordance with the principle of * 'minority representation," which had been submitted as an independent section of the Constitution and adopted on a separate vote. This provided for apportioning the State into fifty-one districts, each being entitled to one Senator and three Representatives. The ratio of representation in the lower house was ascertained by divid* ing the entire population by 153 and each county to be allowed one Representative, provided its population reached three-fifths of the ratio ; counties having a population equivalent to one and three-fifths times the ratio were entitled to two Representatives; while each county with a larger population was entitled to one additional Representative for each time the full ratio was repeated in the number of inhabitants. Apportionments were made on this principle in 1872, '82 and '93. Members of the lower house are elected biennially; Senators for four years, those in odd and even districts being chosen at each alternate legislative election. The election of Senators for the even (numbered) districts takes place at the same time with that of Governor and other State officers, and that for the odd districts at the intermediate periods.

Ck)NaRESSiONAL. - For the first fourteen years of the Staters history, Illinois constituted but one Congressional district. The census of 1830 showing sufficient population, the Legislature of 1831 (by act, approved Feb. 13) divided the State into three districts, the first election under this law being held on the first Monday in August, 1832. At that time Illinois comprised fifty-five coimties, which were apportioned among the districts as follows: First - Gallatin, Pope, Johnson, Alexander, Union, Jackson, Franklin, Perry, Randolph, Monroe, Washington, St. Clair, Clinton, Bond, Madison, Macoupin; Second - ^White, Hamilton, Jefferson, Wayne, Edwards, Wabash, Clay, Marion, Lawrence, Fayette, Montgomery, Shelby, Vermilion, Edgar, Coles, Clark, Crawford; Third - Greene, Morgan, Sangamon, Macon, TazeweU, McLean, Cook, Henry, La Salle, Putnam, Peoria, Knox, Jo Daviess, Mercer, McDonough, Warren, Fulton, Hancock, Pike, Schuyler, Adams, Calhoun.

The reapportionment following the census of 1840 was made by Act of March 1, 1843, and the first election of Representatives thereunder occurred on the first Monday of the following August. Forty-one new counties had been created (making ninety -six in all) and the number of districts was increased to seven as follows: First - Alexander, Union, Jackson, Monroe, Perry, Randolph, St. Clair, Bond, Washington, Madison; Second - Johnson, Pope, Hardin, Williamson, Gallatin, Franklin, White, Wayne, Hamilton, Wabash, Massac, Jefferson, Edwards, Marion; Third - Lawrence, Richland, Jasper, Fayette, Crawford, Effingham. Christian, Montgomery, Shelby, Moultrie, Coles, Clark, Clay, Edgar, Piatt, Macon, De Witt; Fourth - Lake,

The census of 1860 showed that Illinois was entitled to fourteen Representatives, but through an error the apportionment law of April 24, 1861, created only thirteen districts. This was com^ pensated for by providing for the election of one Congressman for the State*at- large. The districts were as follows: First - Cook, Lake; Second - McHenry, Boone, Winnebago, De Kalb, and Kane; Third - Jo Daviess, Stephenson, Whiteside, Carroll, Ogle, Lee; Fourth - Adams, Hancock, Warren, Mercer, Henderson, Rock Island; Fifth - Peoria, Knox, Stark, Marshall, Putnam, Bureau. Henry; Sixth - La Salle, Grundy, Kendall, Du Page, Will, Kankakee; Seventh - Macon, Piatt, Chamx)aign, Douglas, Moultrie. Cumberland, Vermilion, Coles, Edgar, Iroquois, Ford; Eighth - Sangamon, Logan, De Witt, Mc- Lean, Tazewell, Woodford, Livingston; Ninth - *

The next reapportionment was made July 1, 187d. The Act created nineteen districts, as follows: First - ^The first seven wards in Chicago and thirteen towns in Cook County, with the county of Du Page; Second - Wards Eighth to Fifteenth (inclusive) in Chicago; Third - Wards Sixteenth to Twentieth in Chicago, the remainder of Cook County, and Lake County; Fourth - Kane, De Kalb, McHenry, Boone, and Winnebago; Fifth - Jo Daviess, Stephenson, Carroll, Ogle, Whiteside; Sixth - Henry, Rock Island, Putnam, Bureau, Lee; Seventh - La Salle, Kendall, Grundy, Will; Eighth - Kankakee, Iroquois, Ford, Marshall, Livingston, Woodford; Ninth - Stark, Peoria, Knox, Fulton; Tenth - Mercer, Henderson, Warren, McDonough, Hancock, Schuyler; Eleventh - Adams, Brown, Calhoun, Greene, Pike, Jersey; Twelfth - Scott, Morgan, Menard, Sangamon, Cass, Christian ; Thirteenth- Mason, Tazewell, McLean, Logan, De Witt; Fourteenth - Macon, Piatt, Champaign, Douglas, Coles, Vermilion; Fifteenth - Edgar, Clark, Cumberland, Shelby, Moultrie, Effingham, Lawrence, Jasper, Crawford; Sixteenth - Montgomery, Fayette, Washing^n, Bond, Clinton, Marion, Clay; Seventeenth - Macoupin, Madison, St. Clair, Monroe; Eighteenth - Randolph, Perry, Jackson, Union, Johnson, Williamson, Alexander, Pope, Massac, Pulaski; Nineteenth - Richland. Wayne, Edwards, White, Wabash, Saline, Gallatin, Hardin, Jefferson, Franklin, Hamilton.

In 1882 (by Act of April 29) the number of districts was increased to twenty, and the boundaries determined as follows: First - Wards First to Fourth (inclusive) in Chicago and thirteen towns in Cook County; Second - Wards 6th to 7th and part of 8th in Chicago; Third - Wards 9th to 14th and part of 8th in Chicago; Fourth - ^The remainder of the City of Chicago and of the county of Cook; Fifth - Lake, McHenry, Boone, Kane, and DeKalb; Sixth - Winnebago, Stephenson. Jo Daviess, Ogle, and Carroll;

The census of 1890 showed the State to be entitled to twenty-two Representatives. No reapportionment, however, was made until June, 1893, two members from the State-at-large being elected in 1892. The existing twenty -two Congressional districts are as follows: The first seven districts comprise the coimties of Cook and Lake, the latter lying wholly in the Seventh district; Eighth - McHenry, De Kalb, Kane, Du Page, Kendall, Grundy; Ninth - Boone. Winnebago. Stephenson. Jo Daviess. Carroll, Ogle, Lee; Tenth-^Whiteside, Rock Island, Mercer. Henry, Stark, Knox ; Eleventh - Bureau, La Salle, Livingston, Woodford; Twelfth - Will, Kankakee, Iroquois, Vermilion; Thirteenth - Ford, Mc- Lean, DeWitt. Piatt. Champaign, Douglas; Fourteenth - Putnam, Marshall, Peoria, Fulton, Tazewell, Mason; Fifteenth - Henderson, Warren, Hancock, McDonough, Adams, Brown, Schuyler; Sixteenth - Cass, Morgan, Scott, Pike, Greene, Macoupin, Calhoim, Jersey; Seventeenth - Menard. Logan. Sangamon. Macon, Christian; Eighteenth - Madison, Montgomery, Bond. Fayette. Shelby, Moultrie; Nineteenth - Coles, Edgar. Clark, Cumberland. Effingham, Jasper. Crawford, Richland, Lawrence; Twentieth - Clay. Jefferson, Wayne, Hamilton. Edwards. Wabash. Franklin. White. Gallatin. Hardin; Twenty- first - Marion. Clinton, Washington, St. Clair. Monroe, Randolph, Perry; Twenty-second - Jackson, Union, Alexander, Pulaski, Johnson, Williamson. Saline, Pope, Massac. (See also Representatives in Congress. )

ABCHER, William B.^ pioneer, was bom in Warren County, Ohio, in 1792, and taken to Kentucky at an early day, where he remained until 1817, when his ffunily removed to Illinois, finally settling in what is now Clark County. Although pursuing the avocation of a farmer, he bec%me one of the most prominent and influential men in that part of the State. On the organization of Clark County in 1819, he was appointed the first County and Circuit Clerk, resigning the former office in 1820 and the latter in 1822. In 1824 he was elected to the lower branch of the Oeneral Assembly, and two years later to the State Senate, serving continuously in the latter eight years. He was thus a Senator on the breaking out of the Black Hawk War (1882), in which he served as a Captain of militia. In 1884 he was an unsuccessful candidate for Lieutenant-Governor; was appointed by Gk>vemor Duncan, in 1835, a tfiember of the first Board of Commissioners of che Illinois & Michigan Canal; in 1888 was returned a second time to the House of Representatives and re-elected in 1840 and '46 to the same body. Two years later (1848) he was again elected Circuit Clerk, remaining until 1852, and in 1864 was an Anti-Nebraska Whig candidate for Congress in opposition to Jame& C. Allen. Although Allen received the certificate of election. Archer contested his right to the seat, with the result that Congress declared the seat vacant and referred the question back to the people. In a new election held in August, 1856, Archer was defeated and Allen elected. He held no public office of importance after this date, but in 1856 was a delegate to the first Republican National Convention at Philadelphia, and in that body was an enthusiastic supporter of Abraham Lincoln, whose zealous friend and admirer he was, for the office of Vice-President. He was also one of the active promoters of various railroad enterprises m that section of the State, especially the old Chicago &, Yincennes Road, the first projected southward from the City of Chicago. His conoection with the Illinois So Michigan Canal was che means of giving his name to Archer Avenue, ft somewhat famous thoroughfare in Chicago. He was of tall stature and great energy of character, with a tendency to enthusiasm that communicated itself to others. A local history has said of him that "he did more for Clark County chan any man in his day or since,'* although ''no consideration, pecuniary or otherwise, was ever given him for his services." Colonel Archer was one of the foimders of Marshall, the county -seat of Clark County, Oovemor Duncan being associated with him in the ownership of the land on which the town was laid out. His death occurred in Clark County, August 9, 1870, at the age of 78 years.

ARCOLA) incorporated city in Douglas County, 158 miles south of Chicago, at junction of Illinois Central and Terre Haute branch Yandalia Railroad ; is center of largest brOom-corn producing region in the world; has city waterworks, with efficient volunteer fire department, electric lights, telephone system, grain elevators and broomcorn warehouses, two banks, two newspapers, nine churches, library building and excellent free school system. PopC (1900), 1,995; (1910), 2,100.

ABENZy Francis A., pioneer, was bom at Blankenberg, in the Province of the Rhein, Prussia, Oct. 81, 1800; obtained a good education and, while a young man, engaged in mercantile business in his native country. In 1827 he came to the United States and, after spending two years in Kentucky, in 1829 went to Gkdena, where he was engaged for a short time in the lead trade. He took an early opportunity to become naturalized, and coming to Beardstown a few months later, went into merchandising and real estate; also became a contractor for furnishing supplies to the State troops during the Black Hawk War, Beardstown being at the time a rendezvous and shipping point. In 1884 he began the publication of *'The Beardstown Chronicle and Illinois Bounty Land Register,'* and was the projector of the Beardstown & Sangamon Canal, extending from the Illinois River at Beardstown to Miller's Ferry on the Sangamon, for which he secured a special charter from the Legislature in 1886. He had a survey of the line made, but the hard times prevented the beginning of the work and it was finally abandoned. Retiring from the mercantile business in 1885, he located on a farm six miles southeast of Beardstown, but in 1889 removed to a tract of land near the Morgan County line which he had bought in 1888, and on which the present village of Arenzville now stands. This became the center of a thrifty agricultural community composed largely of Germans, among whom he exercised a large infiuence. Resuming the mercantile business here, he continued it until about 1858, when he sold out a considerable part of his possessions. An ardent Whig, he was elected as such to the lower branch of the Fourteenth General Assembly (1844) from Morgan County, and during the following session succeeded in securing the passage of an act by which a strip of territory three miles wide in the northern part of Morgan County, including the village or Arenzville, and which had been in dispute, was tranfiferred by vote of the citizens to Cass County. In 1852 Mr. Arenz visited his native land, by appointment of President Filbnore, as bearer of dispatches to the American legations at Berlin and Vienna. He was one of the founders of the Illinois State Agricultural Society of 1858, and served as the Vice-President for his district until his death, and was also the founder and President of the Cass County Agricultural Society. Died, April 2, 185^.

ARENZYILLE, a village of Cass County on the Rock Island-Beardstown Division of the C, B. & Q. Ry., about 10 miles south of Beardstown; first settlers German. Pop. (1910), 518.

ARLINOTON HEIGHTS (formerly Dunton), a village of Cook County, on the Chicago & Northwestern Railway, 22 miles northwest of Chicago; is in a dairsring district, has cheese and can factories, besides a sewing machine factory, hotels and churches, a graded school, a bank and one newspaper. Population (1880), 995; (1890), 1,424; (1900), 1,380; (1910), 1,943.

ABMOUR9 Philip Danforthy packer. Board of Trade operator and capitalist, was bom at Stockbridge, Madison County, N. Y., May 16, 1882. After receiving the benefits of such education as the village academy afforded, in 1852 he set out across the Plains to California, where he remained four years, achieving only moderate success as a miner. Returning east in 1856, he soon after embarked in the commission business in Milwaukee, continuing imtil 1868, when he formed a partnership with Mr. John Plankinton in the meat-packing business. Later, in conjunction with his brothers - H. O. Armour having already built up an extensive grain commission trade in Chicago - he organized the extensive packing and conmiission firm of Armour & Co., with branches in New York, Kansas City and Chicago, their headquarters being removed to the latter place from Milwaukee in 1875. Mr. Armour is a most industrious and methodical business man, giving as many hours to the superintendence of business details as the most industrious day-laborer, the result being seen in the creation of one of the most extensive and prosperous firms in the country. Mr. Armour^s practical benevolence has been demonstrated in a munificent manner by his establishment and endowment of the Armour Institute (a manual training school) in Chicago, at a cost of over $2,250,000, as an offshoot of the Armour 3Iission founded on the bequest of his deceased brother, Joseph F. Armour. Died Jan. 6, 1901.

ARMSTRONG) John Strawn^ pioneer, bom in Somerset County, Pa., May 29, 1810, the oldest of a family of nine sons; was taken by his parents in 1811 to Licking County, Ohio, where he spent his childhood and early youth. His father was a native of Ireland and his mother a sister of Jacob Strawn, afterwards a wealthy stock-grower and dealer in Morgan County. In 1829, John S. came to Tazewell County, 111., but two years later joined the rest of his family in Putnam (now Marshall) County, all finally removing to La Salle County, where they were among the earliest settlers. Here he settled on a farm in 1884, where he continued to reside over fifty years, when he located in the village of Sheridan, but early in 1897 went to reside with a daughter in Ottawa. He was a soldier in the Black Hawk War, has been a prominent and influential farmer, and, in the later years of his life, has been a leader in ''Granger** politics, being Master of his local ''Grange,** and also serving as Treasurer of the State Grange. --George Washington (Armstrong), brother of the preceding, was bom upon the farm of his parents, Joseph and Elsie (Strawn) Armstrong, in Licking Ck>unty, Ohio, Dec. 9, 1812; learned the trade of a weaver with his father (who was a woolen manufacturer), and at the age of 18 was in charge of the factory. Early in 1831 he came with his mother's family to Illinois, locating a few months later in La Salle County. In 1882 he served with his older brother as a soldier in the Black Hawk War, was identified with the early steps for the construction of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, finally becoming a contractor upon the section at Utica, where he resided several years. He then returned to the farm near the present village of Seneca, where he had located in 1883, and where (with the exception of his residence at Utica) he resided continuously over sixty-five years. In 1844 Mr. Armstrong was elected to the lower branch of the Fourteenth General Assembly, also served in the Constitutional Convention of 1847 and, in 1858, was the unsuccessful Democratic candidate for Congress in opposition to Owen Lovejoy. Re-entering the Legislature in 1860 as Representative from La Salle County, he served in that body until 1868, proving ono of its ablest and most influential members, as well as an accomplished parliamentarian. Mr. Armstrong was one of the original promoters of the Kankakee & Seneca Railroad. Died Jan. 29, 1902. - William E. (Armstrong), third brother of this family, was bom in Licking County, Ohio, Oct. 25, 1814; came to Illinois with the rest of the family in 1881, and resided in La Salle County until 1841, meanwhile serving two or three terms as Sheriff of the county. The latter year he was appointed one of the Commissioners to locate thecounty-seat of the newly -organized county of Qrundy, finally becoming one of the founders and the first permanent settler of the town of Grundy - slater called Morris, in honor of Hon. I. N. Morris, of Quincy, 111, at that time one of the Commissioners of the Illinois & Michigan CanaL Here Mr. Armstrong was again elected to the office of Sheriff, serving several terms. So extensive was his influence in Grundy County, that he was popularly known as "The Emperor of Grundy.'* Died, Nov. 1, I860. - Joel If. (Armstrong), a fourth brother, was bom in Licking County, Ohio, Jan. 6, 1817; emigrated in boyhood to La Salle County, 111. ; served . one term as Coimty Recorder, was member of the Board of Supervisors for a number of years and the first Postmaster of his town. Died, Dec. 8, 1871. - Perry A* (Armstrong), the seventh brother of this historic family, was bom near Newark, Licking County, Ohio, April 15, 1823, and came to La Salle County, 111., in 1881. His opportunities for acquiring an education in a new country were limited, but between work on the farm and service as a clerk of his brother George, aided by a short term in an academy and as a teacher in Kendall County, he managed to prepare himself for college, entering Illinois College at Jacksonville in 1848. Owing to failure of health, he was compelled to abandon his plan of obtaining a collegiate education and returned home at the end of his Freshman year, but continued his studies, meanwhile teaching district schools in the winter and working on his mother*s farm during the crop season, until 1845, when he located in Morris, Grundy County, opened a general store and was appointed Postmaster. He has been in public position of some sort ever since he reached his majority, including the offices of School Trustee, Postmaster, Justice of the Peace, Supervisor, County Clerk (two terms). Delegate to the Constitutional Convention of 1862, and two terms as Representative in the General Assembly (1862-64 and 1872-74). During his last session in the General Assembly he took a conspicuous part in the revision of the statutes under the Constitution of 1870, framing some of the most important laws on the statute book, while participating in the preparation of others. At an earlier date it fell to his lot to draw up the original charters of the Chicago & Rock Island, the Illinois Central, and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroads. He has also been prominent in Odd Fellow and Masonic circles, having been Grand Master of the first named order in the State and being the oldest 82d degree Mason in Illinois; was admitted to the State bar in 1864 and to that of the Supreme Court of the United States in 1868, and has been Master in Chancery for over twenty consecutive years. Mr. Armstrong has also found time to do some literary work, as shown by his history of "The Sauks and Black Hawk War," and a number of poems. He takes much pleasure in relating reminiscences of pioneer life in UUhois, one of which is the story of his first trip from Ottawa to Chicago, in December, 1831, when he accompanied his oldest brother (William K Armstrong) to Chicago with a sled and oxteam for salt to cure their mast-fed pork, the trip requiring ten days. His recollection is, that there were but three white families in Chicago at that time, but a large number of Indians mixed with half-breeds of French and Indian origin.

ARNOLD, IsaiEUS N*, lawyer and tk)ngre8sman, was bom near Cooperstown. N. Y., Nov. 80, 1813, being descended from one of the companions of Roger Williams. Thrown upon his own resources at an early age, he was largely **self-made." He read law at Cooperstown, and was admitted to the bar in 1885. The next year he removed to Chicago, was elected the first City Clerk in 1887, but resigned before the close of the year and was admitted to the bar of Illinois in 1841. He soon established a reputation as a lawyer, and served for three terms (the Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Twentieth) in the lower house of the Legislature. In 1844 he was a Presidential Elector on the Polk ticket, but the repeal of the Missouri Compromise, with the legislation regarding Kansas and Nebraska, logically forced him, as a freesoiler, into the ranks of the Republican party, by which he was sent to Congress from 1861 to 1865. While in Congress he prepared and delivered an exhaustive argument in support of the right of confiscation by the General Government. After the expiration of his last Congressional term, Mr. Arnold returned to Chicago, where he resided until his death, April 24, lfiH34. He was of scholarly instincts, fond of literature and an author of repute. Among his best known works are his **Life of Abraham Lincoln** and his *'Life of Benedict Arnold."

ARRINGTON^ Alfred W., clergyman, lawyer and author, was bom in Iredell County, N. C, September, 1810, being the son of a Whig member of Congress from that State. In 1829 he was reoeiyed on trial as a Methodist preacher and became a circuit-rider in Indiana; during 1882-88 'served as an itinerant in Missouri, gaining much celebrity by his eloquence. In 1884 he began the study of law, and having been admitted to the bar, practiced for several years in Arkansas, where he was sent to the Legislature, and, in 18^ was the Whig candidate for Presidential Elector. Later he removed to Texas, where he served as Judge for six years. In 1856 he removed to Madison, Wis., but a year later came to Chicago, where he attained distinction as a lawyer, dying in that city Dec. 81, 1867. He was an accomplished scholar and gifted writer, having written much for **The Democratic Review" and **The Southern Literary Messenger, *' over the signature of ''Charles Summerfield,'* and was author of an "Apostrophe to Water,** which he put in the mouth of an itinerant Methodist preacher, and which John B. Gough was accustomed to quote with great effect. A voltune of his poems with a memoir was published in Chicago in 1869.

ABBOWSMITH, a village of McLean Coimty, on the Lake Erie &, Western Railway, 20 miles east of Bloomington; is in an agricultural and stock region; has one newsjMiper. Population (1890), 420; (1900), 317; (1910), 366.

ARTHUR, village in Moultrie and Douglas Counties, at junction of Chicago <% Eastern Illinois and Terre Haute & Peoria Division Vandalia Line; is center of broom-corn belt; has two banks, a weekly newspaper. Population (1900), 858; (1910), 1,080.

ASAT, Edward G^ lawyer, was bom in Philadelphia, Sept. 17, 1825; was educated in private schools and entered the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal Church; later spent sometime in the Bouth, but in 1853 retired from the ministry and began the study of law, meantime devoting a part of his time to mercantile business in New York City. He was admitted to the bar in 1856, removing the same year to Chicago, where he built up a lucrative practice. He was a brilliant speaker and became eminent, especially as a criminal lawyer. Politically he was a zealous Democrat and was the chief attorney of Buckner S. Morris and others during their trial for conspiracy in connection with the Camp Douglas affair of November, 1864. During 1871*72 he made an extended trip to Europe, occupying some eighteen months, making a second visit in 1882. EUs later years were spent chiefly on a - farm in Ogle County. Died in Chicago, Nov. 24, 1898.

1810 ; came to Illinois in 1884, making the journey on horseback and finaDj^ locating in Quincy, where he soon after began the study of law with the Hon. O. H. Browning; was admitted to the bar in 1887, being for a time the partner of Col. Edward D. Baker, afterwards United States Senator from Oregon and finally killed at Ball's Bluff in 1862. In 1849 Mr. Asbury was aj^inted by President Taylor Reg^ister of the Quincy Land Office, and, in 1864-65, served by appointment of President Lincoln (who was his close personal friend) as Provost-Marshal of the Quincy district, thereby obtaining the title of * 'Captain,** by which he was widely known among his friends. Later he served for several years as Registrar in Bankruptcy at Quincy, which was his last official position. Originally a Kentucky Whig, Captain Asbury was one of the founders of the Republican party in Illinois, acting in cooperation with Abram Jonas, Archibald Williams, Nehemiah Bushnell, O. H. Browning and others of his immediate neighbors, and with Abraham Lincoln, with whom he was a frequent correspondent at that period. Messrs. Nicolay and Hay, in their Life of Lincoln, award him the credit of having suggested one of the famous questions propounded by Lincoln to Douglas which gave the latter so much trouble during the memorable debates of 1858. In 1886 Captain Asbury removed to Chicago, where he continued to reside until his death, Nov. 19, 1896.

ASHLAND, in Cass County, at the intersection of the Chicago & Alton and the Baltimore & Ohio South- Western Railroad, 21 miles westnorthwest of Springfield and 200 miles southwest of Giicago. It is in the midst of a rich agricultural region, and is an important shipping point for grain and stock. It has three banks, four churches, a weekly newspaper, and a high school. Coal is mined in the vicinity. Population (1910), 1,096.

ASHLETy a city of Washington County, at intersection of Illinois Central and Louisville & Nashville Railways, 62 miles east by southeast of St. Louis; is in an agricultural and fruitgrowing region; has some manufactures, electric light plant and excellent granitoiil sidewalks. Population (1890), 1,035; (1900), 953; (1910), 913.

ASHMOREy a village of Coles County, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, 9 miles east of Charleston ; has a newspaper and considerable local trade. Population (1890), 446; (1900), 487; (1910), 511.

ASPINWALL9 Homer F., farmer and legislator, was bom in Stephenson CJounty, IlL, Nov. 15, 1846, educated in the Freeport high school, and, in early life, spent two years in a wholesale notion store, later resuming the occupation of a farmer. After holding various local offices, including that of member of the Board of Supervisors of Stephenson County, in 1892 Mr. Aspinwall was elected to the State Senate and re-elected in 1896. Soon after the beginning of the Spanish- American War in 1898, he was appointed by President McKinley CJaptain and Assistant Quartermaster in the Volunteer Army, but before being assigned to duty accepted the Lieutenant-Ck)lonelcy of the Twelfth Illinois Provisional Regiment. When it became evident that the regiment would not be called into the service, he was assigned to the conmiand of the * 'Manitoba," a large transport steamer, which carried some 12,000 soldiers to Cuba and Porto Rico without a single accident. In view of the approaching session of the Forty-first (j^neral Assembly, it being apparent that the war was over, Mr. Aspinwall applied for a discharge, which was refused, a 20-days* leave of absence being granted instead. A discharge was finally granted about the middle of February, when he resumed his seat in the Senate. Mr. Aspinwall owns and operates a large farm near Freeport.

ASSUMPTION, a town in Christian County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 23 miles south by west from Deoatiir and 9 miles north of Pana. It is situated m a rich agricultural and coal mining district, and has two banks, five churches, two public schools and a high school, two weekly papers, and coal mines. Pop. (1910), 1,918.

ASTORIA, town in Fulton County, on Rock Island & St. Louis Division C, B. & Q. R. R.; has city waterworks, electric light plant, telephone exchange, three large grain elevators, pressed brick works; six churches, two banks, one weekly paper, city hall and park, and good schools; is in a coal region; has some manufacturing. Pop. (1890), 1,357; (1900), 1,684; (1910), 1,357.

ATCHISON, TOPEKA & SANTA Ffi BAILWAY COMPANY. This Company operates three subsidiary lines in Illinois - the Chicago, Santa F^ & California, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe in Chicago, and the Mississippi River Railroad & Toll Bridge, which are operated as a through line between Chicago and Kansas City, with a branch from Ancona to Pekin, III, having an aggregate operated mileage of 515 miles, of which 295 are in Illinois. The total earnings and income for the year ending June 30, 1895, were $1,298,600, while the operating expenses and fixed charges amounted to $2,860,706. The accumulated deficit on the whole line amounted, June 30, 1894, to more than $4,500,000. The total capitalization of the whole line in 1895 was $52,775,251. The parent road was chartered in 1859 under the name of the Atchison & Topeka Railroad; but in 1863 was changed to the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad. The construction of the main line wvd begun in 1859 and completed in 1873. The largest number of miles operated was in 1893, being 7,481.65. January 1, 1896, the road was reorganized under the name of The Atchison, Topeka & Santa F^ Railway Company (its present name), which succeeded by purchase under foreclosure (Deo. 10, 1895) to the property and franchises of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad Company. Its mileage, in 1895, was 6,481.65 miles. The executive and general officers of the system (1898) are: