Piatt County, Illinois - The whole text, 1917 (part 18 of 26)

LEYERETT, Washington and Warren, educators and twin-brothers, whose careers were strikingly similar; born at Brookline, Mass.. Dec. 19, 1805, and passed their boyhood on a farm ; in 1827 began a preparatory course of study under an elder brother at Roxbury, Mass., entered Brown University as freshmen, the next year, and graduated in 1832. Warren, being in bad health, spent the following winter in South Carolina, afterwards engaging in teaching, for a time, and in study in Newton Theological Seminary, while Washington served as tutor two years in his Alma Mater and in Columbian College in Washington, D. C, then took a course at Newton, graduating there in 1836. The same year he accepted the chair of Mathematics in Shurtleff College at Upper Alton, remaining, with slight interruption, imtil 1868. Warren, after suffering from hemorrhage of the lungs, eame west in the fall of 1837, and, after teaching for a few months at Greenville, Bond Coimty, in 1839 joined his brother at Shurtleff College as Principal of the preparatory department, subsequently being advanced to the chair of Ancient Languages, which he continued to occupy until June, 1868, when he retired in the same year with his brother. After resigning he established himself in the book business, which was continued until his death, Nov. 8, 1872. Washington, the surviving brother, continued to be a member of the Board of Trustees of Shurtleff College, and to discharge the duties of Librarian and Treasurer of the institution. Died, Dec. 18, 1889.

LEWIS INSTITUTE, an educational institution based upon a bequest of Allen C. Lewis, in the city of Chicago, established in 1895. It maintains departments in law. the classics, preparatory studies and manual training, and owns property valued at $1,600,000, with funds and endowment amounting to $1,100,000. No report is made of the number of pupils.

LEWIS9 John H., ex-Congressman, was born in Tompkins County, N. Y., July 21, 1830. When six years old he accompanied his parents to Knox County, IlL, where he attended the public schools, read law, and was admitted to the bar in 1860. The same year he was elected Clerk of the Circuit Court of Knox County. In 1874 he was elected to the lower house of the General Assembly, and, in 1880, was the successful Repub* lican candidate for Congress from the old Ninth District In 1882, he was a candidate for reelection from the same district (then the Tenth), but was defeated by Nicholas E. Worthington, ' his Democratic opponent.

LEWISTOWN, the county-seat of Fulton Coimty, located on two lines of railway, fifty miles southwest of Peoria and sixty miles northwest of Springfield. It contains flour and sawmills, carriage and wagon, can-making, duplex-scales and evener factories; is in a farming, live-stock and coal-mining district; has several churches, one daily and three weekly newspapers, also excellent public schools. Pop. (1900), 2,604; (1910), 2,312.

LEXINGTON, a city in McLean County, on the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 110 miles south of Chicago and 16 miles northeast of Blooming^ton. The surrounding region is agricultural and stockraising* and the town has a floiurishing trade in horses and other live-stock. Tile is manufactured here, and the town has two banks, five churches, a high school and one weekly paper. Pop. (1890), 1,187; (1900), 1,416; (1910), 1,318.

LIBERTTYILLE, a village of Lake County, on the main line of the Chicago <& Madison Division of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway, 35 miles north-northwest of Chicago. The region is agricultural and dairying. The town has some manufactures, two banks and a weekly paper. Pop. (1890), 550; (1900), 864; (1910), 1,724.

LIBRARIES. (Statistical. ) - A report of the Commissioner of Education for 1895-96, on the subject of "Public, Society and School Libraries in the United States, *' presents some approximate statistics of libraries in the several States, based upon the reports of librarians, so far as they could be obtained in reply to inquiries sent out from the Bureau of Education in Washington. As shown by the statistical tables embodied in this report, there were 848 libraries in Illinois reporting 800 volumes and over, of which 184 belonged to the smallest class noted.or those containing less than 1,000 volumes. The remaining 214 were divided into the following classes:

A general classification of libraries of 1,000 volumes and over, as to character, divides them into, General. 91; School, 36; College, 42; College Society, 7; Law, 3; Theological, 7; State, 2; Asylum and Reformatory, 4; Young Men's CHiristiao Association, 2; Scientific. 6; Historical, 3; Society, 8; Medical, Odd Fellows and Social, 1 each. The total number of volumes belonging to the class of 1,000 volumes and over was 1,822,580 with 447,168 pamphlets; and, of the class between 800 and 1, 000 volumes, 66, 992 - making a grand total of 1,889,572 volumes. The library belonging to {he largest (or 300,000) class, is that of the University of Chicago, reporting 305,000 volumes, with 180.000 pamphlets, while the Chicago Public Library and the Newberry Library belong to the second class, reporting, respectively, 217,065 volumes with 42,000 pamphlets, and 135,244 volumes and 35,654 pamphlets. (The report of the Chicago Public Library for 1898 shows a total, for that year, of 235,385 volumes and 44,069 pamphlets.)

As to sources of support or method of administration, 42 of the class reporting 1,000 volumes and over, are supported by taxation ; 27, by appropriations by State, County or City; 20, from endowment fiinds; 54, from membership fees and dues; 16, from book-rents; 26, from donations, leaving 53 to be supported from sources not stated. The total income of 131 reporting on this subject is $787,262; the aggregate endowment of 17 of this class is $2,283,197, and the value of buildings belonging to 36 is estimated at $2,981,- 575. Of the 214 libraries reporting 1.000 volumes and over. 88 are free. 28 are reference, and 158 are both circulating and reference.

The free public libraries in the State containing 3,000 volumes and over, in 1896, amounted to 89. The following list includes those of this class containing 10.000 volumes and over:

The John Oerar Library (a scientific reference library) - established in the City of Chicago in 1894, on the basis of a bequest of the late John Crerar, estimated as amounting to fully $3,000,- 000 - is rapidly adding to its resources, having, in the four years of its history, acquired over 40,000 volumes. With its princely endowment* it is destmed, in the course of a few years, to be reckoned one of the leading libraries of its class in the United States; as it is one of the most modem and carefully selected.

The Newberry and Chicago Historical Society Libraries fill an important place for reference purposes, especially on historical subjects. A tardy beginning has been made in building up a State Historical Library in Springfield; but, owing to the indifference of the Legislature and the meager support it has received, the State which was, for nearly a hundred years, the theater of the most important events in the development of the Mississippi Valley, has, as yet, scarcely accomplished anything worthy of its name in collecting and preserving the records of its own history.

In point of historical origin, next to the Illinois State Library, which dates from the admission of the State into the Union in 1818, the oldest library in the State is that of the McCormick Theological Seminary, which is set down as having had its origin in 1825, though this occurred in another State. The early State College Libraries follow next in chronological order: Shurtleff Collie, at Upper Alton, 1827 ; Illinois College, at Jacksonville, 1829; McKendree College, at Lebanon, 1834; Bockford College, 1849; Lombard University, at Gralesburg, 1852. In most cases, however, these are simply the dates of the establishment of the institution, or the period at which instruction began to be given in the school which finally developed into the college.

The school library is constantly becoming a more important factor in the liberal education of the youth of the State. Adding to this the **Illinois Pupils' Reading Circle," organized by the State Teachers* Association some ten years ago, but still in the experimental stage, and the system of "traveling libraries," set on foot at a later period, there is a constant tendency to enlarge the range of popular reading and bring the public library, in some of its various forms, within the reach of a larger class.

The Free Pubuc Library Law op Illinois. - The following history and analysis of the Free Public Library Law of Illinois is contributed, for the "Historical Encyclopedia," by E. S. Willcox, Librarian of the Peoria Public Library:

The Library Law passed by the Legislature of Illinois in 1872 was the first broadly planned, comprehensive and complete Free PudUc Library Law placed on the statute book of any State in the Union. It is true, New Hampshire, in 1849, and Massachusetts, in 1851, had taken stepNS in this direction, with three or four brief sections of laws, permissive in their character rather than directive, but lacking the vitalizing Qualities of our Illinois law, in that they provided no sufficiently specific working method - no sailing directions - for starting and administering such free public libraries. They seem to have had no influence on subsequent library legislation, while, to quote the language of Mr. Fletcher in his **Public Libraries m America," *^the wisdom of the Illinois law, in this regard, is probably the reason why it has been so widely copied in other States."

By this law of 1872 Illinois placed herself at the head of her sister States in encouraging the spread of general intelligence among the people; but it is also a record to be eoually proud oi, that, within less than five years after her admission to the Union, Dec. 8, 1818 - that is. at the first session of her Third Qeneral Assembly - a general Act was passed and approved, Jan. 31, 1828, entitled : ^' An act to incorporate such persons as may associate for the purpose of procuring and erecting public libraries in this State," with the following preamble*

State, by associating for procuring and erecting public libraries; and. whereas, It is of the utmost Imponance to the public that the sources of Information should be multilibraries; and. whereas, It is of the utmost Impori^ce to the public that the sources of Information should be multiplied, and institutions for that purpose encouraged and promoted: Sec. 1. Be It enacted," etc.

Then follow ten sections, covering five and a half pages of the published laws of that session, giving explicit directions as to the organizing and maintaining of such Associations, with provisions as enlightened and liberal as we could ask for to-day. The libraries contemplated in this act are, of course, subscription libraries, the only kind known at that time, free public libraries supported by taxation not havmg come into vogue in that early day.

It is the one vivifying Quality of the Illinois law of 1872, that it showea how to start a free public library, how to manage it when started and how to provide it with the necessanr funds. It furnished a full and minute set of sailing directions for the ship it launched, and, moreover, was not loaded down with useless limitations.

With a few exceptions - notably the Boston Public Library, working imder a special charter, and an occasional endowed library, like the Astor Library - ^all public libraries in those days were subscription libraries, like the great Mercantile Libraries of New York, St. Louis and Cincinnati, with dues of from $3 to $10 from each member per year. With dues at $4 a year, our Peoria Mercantile Library, at its best, never had over 286 members in any one year. Compare this with our present public membership of 6,500, and it will be seen that some kind of a free public library law was needed. That was the conclusion I, as one of the Directors of the Peoria Mercantile Library, came to in 1869. We had tried every expedient for years, in the way of lect\ire courses, concerts, spelling matches, **Dnimmer Boy of Shiloh," and begging, to increase our membership and revenue. So far, and no farther, seemed to be the rule with all subscription libraries. They did not reach the masses who needed them most. And, for this manifest rea- son: the necessary cost of annual dues stood in the way; the women and young people who wanted something to read, who thirsted for knowledge, and who are the principal patrons of the free public library to-day, did not hold the family purse-strings; while the men, who did hold the purse-strings, did not particularly care for books.

It was my experience, derived as a Director in the Peoria Mercantile Library when it was still a small, struggling subscription library, that suggested the need of a State law authorizing cities and towns to tax themselves for the support of public libraries, as they already did for the support of public schools. When, in 1870, I submitted the plan to some of my friends, they pronounced it Quixotic - the people would never consent to pay taxes for libraries. To which I replied, that, until sometime in the *50*s, we had no free public schools in this State.

I then drew up the form of a law, substantially as it now stands; and, after submitting it to Justin Winsor, then of the Boston Public Library ; William F. Poole, then in Cincinnati, and Wilfiam T. Harris, then in St. Louis, I placed it in the hands of my friend, Mr. Samuel Caldwell, in December, 1870, who took it with him to Springfield, promising to do what he could to get it through ttie Legislature, of which he was a member from Peoria. The bill was introduced by Mr. Caldwell, March 23. 1871, as House bill No. 563, and as House bill No. 563 it finally received the Governor's signature and became a law, March 7, 1872.

I. The power of initiative in starting a free public library lies in the City Council, and not in an appeal to the voters of the city at a general election.

It is a weak point in the English public libraries act that this initiative is left to the electors or voters of a city, and, in several London and provincial districts, the proposed law has been repeatedly voted down by the very people it was most calculated to benefit, from fear of a little extra taxation.

We can trust to the public spirit of our city authorities, supported by an intelligent public sentiment, to provide for the library needs. A mandatory law, requiring the levying of a certain fixed percentage of the city's total assessment, might invite extravagance, as it has in several instances where a mandatory law is in force.

This is to be interpreted that Public Library Boards are separate and distinct departments of the city administration; and experience has shown that they are as capable and honest in handling money as School Boards or City Councils.

V. The members of the Board are appointed by the Mayor, subject to the approval of the City CoHuciU from the citizens at large with reference to their jit ness for such office.

VI. An annual report is to be made by the Board to the City Council, stating the condition of their trust on the first day of June of each year.

This, with slight modifications adapting it to vill^es, towns and townships, is, in substance, the Free Public Library Law of Illinois. Under its beneficent operation flourishing free public libraries have b^en established in the principal cities and towns of our State - slowly, at first, but, of late years, more rapidly as their usefulness has become apparent.

No argument is now needed to show the importance - the imperative necessity - of the widest possible diffusion of intelligence among the people of a free State. Knowledge and ignorance - the one means civilization, the other, barbarism. Give a man the tast« for good books and the means of ^tifying it, and you can hardly fail of making him a better, happier man and a wiser citizen. You place him in contact with the best society in every period of history ; you set before him nobler examples to imitate and safer paths to follow.

We have no way of foretelling how many and how great benefits will accrue to society and the State, in the future, from the comparatively modem introduction of the free pubhc library into our educational system; but when some youthful Abraham Lincoln, poring over JSsop's Fables, Weems' Life of Washington and a United States History, by the flickering light of a pineknot in a log-cabin, rises at length to be the nope and bulwark of a nation, then we learn what the world may owe to a taste for books. In the general spr^kd of intelligence through our free schools, our free press and our free libraries, lies our only hope that our free American institutions shall not decay and perish from the earth.

Lieutenant-Goyericobs Of Illinois

The office of Lieutenant-Gk)vemor, created by the Constitution of 1818, has been retained in each of the subsequent Constitutions, being elective by the people at the same time with that of Gk>Temor. The following is a list of the Lieutenant- Gk>vernors of the State, from the date of its admission into the Union to the present time (1899), with the date and length of each thcumbent's term: Pierre Menard, 1818-22; Adolphus Frederick Hubbard, 182226; William Kinney, 1826-30; Zadoc Casey, 1830-33; William Lee D. Ewing (succeeded to the office as President of the Senate), 1833-34; Alexander M. Jenkins, 1834-36; William H. Davidson (as President of the Senate), 1836-38; Stinson H. Anderson, 1838-42; John Moore, 1842-46; Joseph B. Wells, 1846-49; William McMurtry, 1849-53; Gustavus Koemer, 1853-57; John Wood, 1857-60; Thomas A. Marshall (as President of the Senate), Jan. 7-14, 1861 ; Francis A. Hoffman. 1861-65; William Bross, 1865-69; John Dougherty, 1869-73: John L.

LIMESTONE. Illinois ranks next to Pennsyl- Tania in its output of limestone, the United States Census Report for 1890 giving the number of quarries as 104, and the total value of the product as $2,190,604. In the value of stone used for building purposes Illinois far exceeds any other State, the greater proportion of the output in Pennsylvania being suitable only for flux. Next to its employment as building stone, Illinois limestone is chiefly used for street-work, a small percentage being used for flux, and still less for bridge-work, and but little for burning into lime. The quarries in this State employ 3,388 hands, and represent a capital of $3,316,616, in the latter particular also ranking next to Pennsylvania. The quarries are foimd in various parts of the State, but the most productive and most valuable are in the northern section.

LINCOLN, an incorporated city, ejxd countyseat of Logan County, at the intersection of the Chicago & Alton, the Champaign and Havana and the Peoria, Decatur and Evansville Divisions of the Illinois Central Railroad; is 28 miles northeast of Springfield, and 157 miles southwest of Chicago. The surroimding country is devoted to agriculture, stock-raising and coal-mining. Considerable manufacturing is carried on, among the products being flour, brick and drain tile. The city has water- works, fire department, gas and electric lighting plant, telephone system, machine shops, eighteen churches, good schools, three national banks, a public library, electric street railway, and two daily and two weekly papers. Besides common schools, it is the seat of Lincoln University (a Cumberland Presbyterian institution, foxmded in 1865). The Odd Fellows' Orphans' Home and the Illinois (State) Asyliun for Feeble- Minded Children are also located here, the inmates of the latter numbering some 1,500. Pop. (1890), 6,725; (1900), 8,962; (1910), 10,892.

LINCOLN, Abraham, sixteenth President of the United States, was bom in Hardin County, Ky., Feb. 12, 1809, of Quaker-English descent, his grandfather having emigrated from Virginia to Kentucky about 1780, where he was killed by the Indians in 1784. Thomas Lincoln, the father of Abraham, settled in Indiana in 1816, and removed to Macon County in 1880. Abraham was the issue of his father's first marriage, his mother^s maiden name being Nancy Hanks. The early occupations of the future President were varied. He served at different times as farm-laborer; flatboatman, country salesman, merchant, surveyor, lawyer, State legislator, Congressman and President. In 1833 he enlisted for the Black Hawk War, and was chosen Captain of his company was an unsuccessful candidate for the Legislature the same year, but elected two years later About this time he turned his attention to the study of law, was admitted to the bar in 1886, and, one year later, began practice at Springfield. By successive re-elections he served in the House imtil 1842, when he declined a re-election. In 1838, and again in 1840, he was the Whig candidate for Speaker of the House, on both occasions being defeated by William L. D. Ewing. In 1841 he was an applicant to President William Henry Harrison for the position of Commissioner of the General Land Office, the appointment going to Justin Butterfield. His next official position was that of Representative in the Thirtieth Congress (1847-49). From that time he gave his attention to his profession until 1855, when he was a leading candidate for the United States Senate in opposition to the principles of the Nebraska Bill, but failed of election, Lyman Trumbull being chosen. In 1856, he took a leading part in the organization of the Republican party at Bloomington, and, in 1858, was formally nominated by the Republican State Convention for the United States Senate, later engaging in a joint debate with Senator Douglas on party issues, during which they delivered speeches at seven different cities of the State. Although he again failed to - secure the prize of an election, owing to the character of the legislative apportionment then in force, which gave a majority of the Senators and Representatives to a Democratic minority of the voters, his burning, incisive utterances on the subject of slavery attracted the attention of the whole coimtry, and prepared the way for the future triumph of the Republican party. Previous to this he had been four times (1840, '44, '52, and '56) on the ticket of his party as candidate for Presidential Elector. In 1860, he was the nominee of the Republican party for the Presidency and was chosen by a decisive majority in the Electoral College, though receiving a minority of the aggregate popular vote. Unquestionably his candidacy was aided by internal dissensions in the Democratic party. His election and his inauguration (on March 4, 1861) were made a pretext for secession, and he met the issue with promptitude and fimmess, tempered with kindness and moderation towards the secessionists. He was re-elected to the Presidency in 1864, the vote in the Electoral College standing 212 for Lincoln to 21 for his opponent, Oen. Oeorge B. McClellan. The history of Mr. Lincoln's life in the Presidential chair is the history of the whole coimtry during its most dramatic period. Next to his success in restoring the authority of the Government over the whole Union, history wiU, no doubt, record his issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation of January, 1868, as the most important and far-reaching act of his administration. And yet to this act, which has embalmed his memory in the hearts of the lovers of freedom and hun^n justice in all ages and in aU lands, the world over, is due his death at the hands of the assassin, J. Wilkes Booth, in Washington City, April 16, 1865, as the result of an assault made upon him in Ford's Theater the evening previous - his death occurring one week after the fall of Richmond and the surrender of Lee's army - just as peace, with the restoration of the Union, was assured. A period of- National mourning ensued, and he was accorded the honor of a National funeral, his remains being finally laid to rest in a mausoleum in Springfield. His profound sympathy with every class of sufferers during the War of the Rebellion ; his forbearance in the treatment of enemies; his sagacity in giving direction to public sentiment at home and in dealing with international questions abroad; his courage in preiwiring the way for the removal of slavery - ^the bone of contention between the warring sections - have given him a place in the affections of the people beside that of Washington himself, and won for him the respect and admiration of all civilized nations.

LINCOLN^ Robert Todd, lawyer, member of the Cabinet and Foreign Minister, the son of Abraham Lincoln, was bom in Springfield, IlL, August 1, 1843, and educated in the home schools and at Harvard University, graduating from the latter in 1864. During the last few months of the Civil War, he served on the staff of General Grant with the rank of Captain. After the war he studied law and, on his admission to the bar, settled in Chicago, finally becoming a member of the firm of Lincoln & Isham. In 1880, he was chosen a Presidential Elector on the Republican ticket, and, in March following, appointed Secretary of War by President Garfield, serving to the close of the term. In 1889 he became Minister to England by appointment of President Harrison, gaining high distinction as a diplomatist. This was the last public office held by him. After the death of George M. Pullman he became Acting President of the Pullman Palace Car Company, later being formally elected to that office, which (1899) he still holds. Mr. Lincoln's name has been frequently mentioned in connection with the Republican nomination for the Presidency, but its use has not been encouraged by him.

LINCOLN AXD DOUGLAS DEBATE^ a name popularly given to a series of joint discussions between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas, held at different points in the State during the summer and autunm of 1858, while both were candidates for the position of United States Senator. The places and- dates of holding these discussions were as follows: At Ottawa, August 21; at Freeport, August 27; at Jonesboro, Sept. 15; at Charleston, Sept. 18; at Galesburg, Oct. 7; at Quincy, Oct. 13 ; at Alton, Oct. 15. Immense audiences gathered to hear these debates, which have become famous in the political history of the Nation, and the campaign was the most noted in the history of any State. It resulted in the securing by Douglas of a re-election to the Senate ; but his answers to the shrewdly-couched interrogatories of Lincoln I:;d to the alienation of his Southern following, the disruption of the Democratic party in 1860, and the defeat of his Presidential aspirations, with the placing of Mr. Lincoln prominently before the Nation as a sagacious political leader, and his final election to the Presidency.

LINCOLN UNITERSITT^an institution located at Lincoln, Logan County, 111., incorporated in 1865. It is co-educational, has a faculty of eleven instructors and, for 1896-8, reports 209 pupils - ninety-one male and 118 female. Instruction is given in the classics, the sciences, music, fine arts and preparatory studies. The institution has a library of 3,000 volumes, and reports funds and endowment amounting to $60,000, with property valued at $55,000.

lilNBEB, Usher F.^ lawyer and politician, was bom in Elizabethtown, Hardin County, Ky. (ten miles from the birthplace of Abraham Lincoln), March 20, 1809; came to Illinois in 1835, finally locating at Charleston, Coles Coimty ; after traveling the circuit a few months was elected Representative in the Tenth General Assembly (1836), but resigned before the close of the session to accept the office of Attorney-General, which he held less than a year and a half, when he resigned that also. Again, in 1846, he was elected to the Fifteenth G^eneral Assembly and re-elected to the

Sixteenth and Seventeenth, afterwards giving his attention to the practice of his profession. Mr. Linder, in his best days, was a fluent speaker with some elements of eloquence which gave him a wide popularity as a campaign orator. Originally a Whig, on the dissolution of that party he became a Democrat, and, in 1860, was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention at Charleston, S. C, and at Baltimore. During the last four years of his life he wrote a series of articles under the title of * 'Reminiscences of the Early Bench and Bar of Illinois,'' which was published in book form in 1876. Died in Chicago, June 5, 1876.

LDTEOAB^ David T., legislator, was bom in Ohio, Feb. 12, 1830; came to Spencer County, Ind., in 1840, and to Wayne Coimty, IlL, in 1858, afterward locating at Cairo, where he served as Postmaster during the Civil War; was a Republican Presidential Elector in 1872, but afterwards became a Democrat, and served as such in the lower branch of the General Assembly (1880^86). Died at Cairo, Feb. 2, 1886.

LEPPINCOTT, Charles E., State Auditor, was bom at Edwardsville, IlL, Jan. 26, 1825; attended Illinois College at Jacksonville, but did not graduate; in 1849 graduated from the St. Louis Medical College, and began the practice of medicine at Chandlerville, Cass County. In 1852 he went to Califomia, remaining there five years, taking an active part in the anti-slavery contest, and serving as State Senator (1858-55). In 1857, having returned to Illinois, he resumed practice at Chandlerville, and, in 1861, under authority of Governor Yates, recruited a company which was attached to the Thirty-third IllinoiB Infantry as Company K, and of which he was commissioned Captain, having declined the lieutenant-colonelcy. Within twelve months he became Colonel, and, on Sept. 16, 1865, was mustered out as brevet Brigadier-G^neraL In 1866 he reluctantly consented to lead the Republican forlorn hope as a candidate for Congress in the (then) Ninth Congressional District, largely reducing the Democratic majority. In 1867 he was elected Secretary of the State Senate, and the same year chosen Doorkeeper of the House of Representatives at Washington. In 1868 he was elected State Auditor, and re-elected in 1872 ; also served as Permanent Prefddent of the Republican State Convention of 1878. On the establishment of the Illinois Soldiers' and Sailors' Home at Quincy, he became its first Superintendent, assuming his duties in March, 1887, but died Sept. 13, following, as a result of injuries received from a runaway team while driving through the grounds of the institution a few days previous. - Emily Webster Chandler (Lippincott), wife of the preceding, was bom March 13, 1838, at Chandlerville, Cass County, m, the daughter of Dr. Charles Chandler, a prominent physician widely known in that section of the State ; was educated at Jacksonville Female Academy, and married, Dea 25, 1851, to Dr. (afterwards General) Charles E. Lippincott. Soon after the death of her husband, in September, 1887, Mrs. Lippincott, who had already endeared herself by her acts of kindness to the veterans in the Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, was appointed Matron of the institution, serving until her death. May 21, 1895. The respect in which she was held by the old soldiers, to whose comfort and necessities she had ministered in hospital and elsewhere, was shown in a most touching manner at the time of her death, and on the removal of her remains to be laid by the side of her husband, in Oak Ridge Cemetery at Springfield.

LIPPINCOTT, (Rev.) Thomas, early clergyman, was bom in Salem, N. J., in 1791; in 1817 started west, arriving in St. Louis in February, 1818; the same year established himself in mercantile business at Milton, then a place of some importance near Alton. This place proving unhealthy, he subsequently removed to Edwardsville, where he was for a time employed as clerk in the Land Office. He afterwards served as Secretary of the Senate (1822-23). That he was a man of education and high intelligence, as well as a strong opponent of slavery, is shown by his writings, in conjunction with Judge Samuel D. Lockwood, Gfeorge Churchill and others, in opposition to the scheme for securing the adoption of a pro-slavery Constitution in Illinois in 1824. In 1825 he purchased from Hooper Warren "The EdwardsviUe Spectator," which he edited for a year or more, but soon after entered the ministry of the Presbyterian Chiurch and became an infiuential factor in building up that denomination in Illinois. He was also partly instrumental in securing the location of Illinois College at Jacksonville. He died at Pana, IlL, April 18, 1869. Gen. Charles E. . Lippincott, State Auditor (1869-77), was a son of tlie subject of this sketch.

LIQUOR LAWS. In the early history of the State, the question of the regulation of the sale of intoxicants was virtually relegated to the control of the local authorities, who granted license, collected fees, and fixed the tariff of charges. As early as 1851, however, the General Assembly, with a view to mitigating what it was felt had become a growing evil, enetcted a law popularly known as the **quart law," which, it was hoped, would do away with the indiscriminate sale of liquor by the glass. The law failed to meet the expectation of its framers and supporters, and, in 1855, a prohibitory law was submitted to the electors, which was rejected at the polls. Since that date a general license system has prevailed, except in certain towns and cities where prohibitory ordinances were adopted. The regulations governing the traffic, therefore, have been widely variant in different localities. The Legislature, however, has always possessed the same constitutional power to regulate the sale of intoxicants, as aconite, henbane, strychnine, or other poisons. In 1S79 the Woman's Christian Temperance Union began the agitation of the license question from a new standpoint. In March of that year, a delegation of Illinois women, headed by Miss Frances K Willard, presented to the Legislature a monster petition, signed by 80,000 voters and 100,000 women, praying for the amendment of the State Constitution, so as to give females above the age of 21 the right to vote upon the granting of licenses in the localities of their residences. Miss Willard and Mrs. J. Ellen Foster, of Iowa, addressed the House in its favor, and Miss Willard spoke to the Senate on the same lines. The measure was defeated in thp House by a vote of fifty-five to fifty-three, and the Senate took no action. In 1881 the same bill was introduced anew, but again failed of passage. Nevertheless, persistent agitation was not without its results. In 1888 the Legislature enacted what is generally termed the "High License Law/' by the provisions of which a minimum license of $500 per annum was imposed for the sale of alcoholic drinks, and $150 for malt liquors, with the authority on the part of mimicipalities to impose a still higher rate by ordinance. This measure was made largely a partisan issue, the Republicans voting almost solidly for it, and the Democrats almost solidly opposing it. The bill was promptly signed by Governor Hamilton. The liquor laws of Illinois, therefore, at the present time are based upon local option, high license and local supervision. The criminal code of the State contains the customary provisions respecting the sale of stimulants to minors and other prohibited parties, or at forbidden times, but, in the larger cities, many of the provisions of the State law are rendered practically inoperative by the municipal ordinances, or absolutely nullified by the indifference or studied neglect of the local officials.

LITCHFIELD, the principal city of Montgomery County, on the C. C. C. & St. Louis, Wabash and the Illinois Central, C. B. & Q., and the Illinois Traction System, with three other short-line railways, 43 miles south of Springfield and 47 miles northeast of St. Louis. The surrounding country is fertile, undulating prairie, in which are found coal, oil and natural gas. A coal mine is operated within the corporate limits. Qrain is extensively raised and Litchfield has elevators, flouring mills, a can factory, etc. The output of the manufacturing establishments also includes foundry and machine shop products, brick and tile, gas lampsi brooms, ginger ale and cider. The city is lighted by both gas and electricity, and has a Holly water-works system, a public library and public parks, three banks, twelve churches, high and graded schools, and an Ursuline convent, a Catholic hospital, and one weekly and two daily newspapers. Population (1890), 6,811; (1900), 5,918; (1910), 5,971.

Litchfield, Carbolltoit A Western

LITCHFIELD, CARBOLLTOIT A WESTERN RAILROAD, a line which extends from Columbiana, on tlie Illinois River, to Barnett, 111., 51.5 miles; is of standard gauge, the track being laid with fifty-six pound steel rails. It was opened for business, in three different sections, from 1883 to 1887, and for three years was operated in connection with- the Jacksonville Southeastern Railway. In May, 1890, the latter was sold under foreclosure, and, in November, 1898, the Litchfield, CarroUton & Western reverted to the former owners. Six months later it passed into the hands of a receiver, by whom (up to 1898) it has since been operated. The general offices are at Carlinville.

LITTLE, George, merchant aa^ banker, was bom in Columbia, Pa., in 1808; came to Rushville. 111., in 1836, embarking in the mercantile business, which he prosecuted sixty years. In 1865 he established the Bank of Rushville, of which he was President, in these two branches of business amassing a large fortune. Died, March 5, 1896.

LITTLE TERMILIOX RIYER rises in Vermilion County, 111., and flows eastwardly into Indiana, emptying into the Wabash in Vermilion County, Ind.

LITTLE WARASH RIYER, rises in Effingham and Cimiberland Counties, flows east and south through Clay, Wayne and White, and enters the Wabash River about 8 miles above the mouth of the latter. Its estimated length is about 180 miles.

LITTLER^ DaTid T., lawyer and State Senator, was bom at Clifton, Greene County, Ohio, Feb. 7» 1836 ; was educated in the common schools in his native State and, at twenty-one, removed to Lincoln, IlL, where he worked at the carpenter's trade for two years, meanwhile studying law. He was admitted to the bar in 1860, soon after was elected a Justice of the Peace, and later appointed Master in Chancery. In 1866 he was appointed by President Johnson Collector of Internal Revenue for the Eighth District, but resigned in 1868, removing to Springfield the same year, where he entered into partnership with the late Henry S. Greene, Milton Hay being admitted to the firm soon after, the partnership continuing until 1881. In 1882 Mr. Littler was elected Representative in the Thirty-fourth General Assembly from Sangamon Coimty. was re-elected in 1886, and returned to the Senate in 1894 serving in the latter body four years. In both Houses Mr. Littler took a prominent part in legislation on the revenue question. Died June 23, 1002.

LIYERMORE, Mary Ashton, reformer and philanthropist, was bom (Mary Ashton Rice) in Boston, Mass., Dec. 19, 1821; taught for a time in a female seminary in Charlestown, and spent two years as a governess in Southern Virginia; later married Rev. Daniel P. Livermore, a Universalist minister, who held pastorates at various places in Massachusetts and -at Quincy, 111., becoming editor of "The New Covenant" at Chicago, in 1857. During this time Mrs. Livermore wrote much for denominational papers and in assisting her husband; in 1862 was appointed an agent, and traveled extensively in the interest of the United States Sanitary Commission, visiting hospitals and camps in the Mississippi Valley; also took a prominent part in the great Northwestern Sanitary Fair at Chicago in 1863. In her later years she labored and lectured extensively in the interest of woman suffrage and temperance, was also the author of several volumes, one entitled **Pen Pictures of Chicago" (1865). Her last home was in Boston. Died May 23, 1905.

LITINGSTON COUNTY, situated about midway between Chicago and Springfield. The surface is rolling toward the east, but is level in the west; area, 1,026 square miles; population (1900), 42,035, named for Edward Livingston. It was organized in 1837, the first Commissioners being Robert Breckenridge, Jonathan Moon and Daniel Rockwood. Pontiac was selected as the countyseat, the proprietors donating ample lands and $3,000 in cash for the erection of public buildings. Vermilion River and Indian Creek are the principal streams. Coal underlies the entire county, and shafts are in successful operation at various points. It is one of the chief agricultural counties of the State, the yield of oats and com being large. Stock-raising is also extensively carried on. The development of the county really dates from the openmg of the Chicago & Alton Railroad in 1854, since which date it has been crossed by numerous other lines. Pontiac, the countyseat, is situated on the Vermilion, is a railroad center and the site of the State Reform School Its population in 1890 was 2,784. D wight has attained a wide reputation as the seat of the parent "Keeley" Institute for the cure of the liquor habit. County population (1910), 40,465.

LOCKFORT, a village in Will Ounty, laid out in 1837 and incorporated in 1853: situated 88 miles southwest of Chicago, on the Des Plaines River, the Illinois & Michigan Canal, the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe and the Chicago k Alton Railroads. The surrounding region is agricultural; limestone is extensively quarried. Manufactures are flour, oatmeal, brass goods, paper and strawboard. It has ten churches, a public and high school, parochial schools, a bank, gas plant, electric car lines, and one weekly paper. The controlling works of the Chicago Drainage Canal and offices of the Illinois k Michigan Canal are located here. Population (1890), 2 449; (1900), 2,659; (1910), 2,556.

LOCKWOOD^ Samuel Drake^ jurist, was born at Poundridge, Westchester County, N. Y., August 2, 1789 ; left fatherless at the age of ten, after a few months at a private school in New Jersey, he went to live with an uncle (Francis Drake) at Waterford, N. Y., with whom he studied law, being admitted to the bar at Batavia, N. Y., in 1811. In 1818 he removed to Auburn, and later became Master in Chancery. In 1818 he descended the Ohio River upon a fiat-boat in company with William H. Brown, afterwards of Chicago, and walking across the country from Shawneetown, arrived at Kaskaskia in December, but finally settled at Carmi, where he remained a year. In 1821 he was elected Attorney-General of the State, but resigned the following year to accept the position of Secretary of State, to which he was appointed by Governor Coles, and which he filled only three months, when President Monroe made him Receiver of Public Moneys at Edwardsville. About the same time he was also appointed agent of the First Board of Canal Commissioners. The Legislature of 1824-25 elected him Judge of the Supreme Court, his service extending imtil the adoption

. of the Constitution of 1848, which he assisted in framing as a Delegate from Morgan Coimty. In 1851 he was made State Trustee of the Illinois Central Railroad, which office he held until his death. He was always an uncompromising antagonist of slavery and a leading supporter of Governor Coles in opposition to the plan to secure a pro-slavery Constitution in 1824 His personal and political integrity was recognized by all parties. From 1828 to 1853 Judge Lockwood was a citizen of Jacksonville, where he proved himself an efficient friend and patron of Illinois College, serving for over a quarter of a century as one of its Trustees, and was also influential in securing several of the State charitable institutions there. His later years were spent at Batavia, where he died, April 23, 1874, in the' 85th year of his age.

LODA, a village of Iroquois County, on the Chicago Division of the Illinois Central Railway, 4 miles north of Paxton. The region is agricultural, and the town has considerable local trade. It also has a bank and one weekly paper. Pop. (1890), 598; (1900), 668; (1910), 603.

LOOAIf, Cornelias Ambrose, physician and diplomatist, bom at Deerfield, Mass., August 6, 1836, the son of a dramatist of the same name ; was educated at Auburn Academy and served as Medical Superintendent of St. John's Hospital* Cincinnati, and, later, as Professor in the Hospital at Leavenworth, Kan. In 1873 he was appointed United States Minister to Chili, afterwards served as Minister to Guatemala, and again (1881) as Minister to Chili, remaining until 1883. He was for twelve years editor of **The Medical Herald," Leavenworth, Kan., and edited the works of his relative, G^n. John A. Logan (1886), besides contributing to foreign medical publications and publishing two or three volumes on medical and sanitary questions. Resides in Chicago.

LOGAN, John, physician and soldier, was born in Hamilton Coimty, Ohio, Dec. 30, 1809; at six years of age was taken to Missouri, his family settling near the Grand Tower among the Shawnee and Delaware Indians. He began business as clerk in a New Orleans commission house, but returning to Illinois in 1830, engaged in the blacksmith trade for two years; in 1831 enlisted in the Ninth Regiment Illinois Militia and took part in the Indian troubles of that year and the Black Hawk War of 1832. later being .Colonel of the Forty-fourth Regiment State Militia. At the close of the Black Hawk War he settled in Oarlinville, and having graduated in medicine, engaged in practice in that place until 1861. At the beginning of the war he raised a company for the Seventh Illinois Volunteers, but the quota being already full, it was not accepted. He was finally conamissioned Colonel of the Thirtysecond Illinois Volunteers, and reported to General Grant at Cairo, in January, 1862, a few weeks later taking part in the battles of Forts Henry and Donelson. Subsequently he had command of the Fourth Division of the Army of the Tennessee under General Hurlbut. His regiment lost heavily at the battle of Shiloh, he himself being severely wounded and compelled to leave the field. In December, 1864, he was discharged with the brevet rank of Brigadier-GeneraL In 1866 Colonel Logan was appointed by President Johnson United Stat^ Marshal for the Southern District of Illinois, serving tmtil 1870, when he resumed the practice of his profession at Carlinville. Originally a Democrat, he became a Republican on the organization of that party, serving as a delegate to the first Republican State Convention at Bloomington in 1856. He was a man of strong personal characteristics and an earnest patriot. Died at his home at CarlinviUe, August 24, 1885.

LOGAN, John Alexander, soldier and statesman, was bom at old Brownsville, the original county-seat of Jackson Coimty, IlL, Feb. 9, 1826, the son of Dr. John Logan, a native of Ireland and an early immigrant into Illinois, where he attained prominence as a public man. Yoxmg Logan volimteered as a private in the Mexican War, but was soon promoted to a lieutenancy, and afterwards became Quartermaster of his regiment. He was elected Clerk of Jackson County in 1849, but -resigned the office to prosecute his law studies. Having graduated from Louisville University in 1851, he entered into partnership with his uncle, Alexander M. Jenkins ; was elected to the Legislature as a Democrat in 1852, and again in 1856, having been Prosecuting Attorney in the interim. He was chosen a Presidential Elector on the Democratic ticket in 1856, was elected to Congress in 1858, and again in 1860, as a Douglas Democrat. During the special session of Congress in 1861, he left his seat, and foiight in the ranks at Bull Run. In September, 1861, he organized the Thirty-first Regiment Illinois Infantry, and was commissioned by Governor Yates its Colonel. EUs military career was brilliant, and he rapidly rose to be Major-General. President Johnson tendered him the mission to Mexico, which he declined. In 1866 he was elected as a Republican to Con- gress for the State-at-large, and acted as one of the managers in the impeachment trial of the President; was twice re-elected and, in 1871, was chosen United States Senator, as he was again in 1879. In 1884 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the Presidential nomination at the Republican Convention in Chicago, but was finally placed on the ticket for the Vice-Presidency with James G. Blaine, the ticket being defeated in November following. In 1885 he was again elected Senator, but died during his term at Washington, Dec. 26, 1886. General Logan was the author of "The Great Conspiracy" and of **The Volunteer Soldier of America." In 1897 an equestrian statue was erected to his memory on the Lake Front Park in Chicago.

LOG AK^ Stephen Trigg^ eminent Illinois jurist, was bom in Franklin County, Ky., Feb. 24, 1800; studied law at Glasgow, Ky., and was admitted to the bar before attaining his majority. After practicing in his native State some ten years, in 1832 he emigrated to Illinois, settling in Sangamon County, one year later opening an office at Springfield. In 1885 he was elevated to the bench of the First Judicial Circuit; resigned two years later, was re-oommissioned in 1839, but again resigned. In 1842, and again in 1844 and 1846, he was elected to the General Assembly; also served as a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1847. Between 1841 and 1844 he was a partner of Abraham Lincoln. In 1854 he was again chosen a member of the lower house of the Legislature, was a delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1860, and, in 1861, was commissioned by (Governor Yates to represent Illinois in the Peace Conference, which assembled in Washington.* Soon afterward he retired to private life. As an advocate his ability was widely recognized. Died at Spriilgfield, July 17, 1880.

LOGAN COUNTT, situated in the central part of the State, and having an area of about 620 square miles. Its surface is chiefly a level or moderately undulating prairie, with some high ridges, as at Elkhart. Its soil is extremely fertile and well drained by numerous creeks. Coalmining is successfully carried on. The other staple products are com, wheat, oats, hay, cattle and pork. Settlers began to locate in 1819-22, and the county was organized in 1839, being originally cut off from Sangamon. In 1840 a portion of Tazewell was added and, in 1845, a part of De Witt Coimty. It was named in honor of Dr. John Logan, father of Senator John A. Logan. PostviUe was the first coimty-seat, but,

LOMBARD, a village of Dupage County, on the Chicago Great Western and the Chicago & North Western Railways, 20 miles west of Chicago. Pop. (1900), 590; (1910), 883.

LOMBARD UNITERSITT, an institution at Galesburg under control of ^the Universalist denomination, founded in 1851. It has preparatory, collegiate and theological departments. The collegiate dejMrtment includes both classical and scientific courses, with a specially arranged course" of three years for young women, who constitute nearly half the number of students. The University has an endowment of $200,000, and owns additional property, real and personal, of the value of $100,000. In 1898 it reported a faculty of thirteen professors, with an attendance of 191 students.

LONDON MILLS, a village and railway station of Fulton County, on the Fulton Narrow Ghtuge ( and Iowa Central Railroads, 19 miles southeast of Galesburg. The district is agricultural; the town has banks and a weekly paper; fine brick clay is mmed. Pop. (1900), 528; (1910), 555.

LONG, Stephen Harriman, civil engineer, was bom in Hopkinton, N. H., Dec. 30, 1784; graduated at Dartmouth College in 1809, and, after teaching some years, entered the United States Army in December, 1814, as a Lieutenant in the Corps of Engineers, acting as Assistant Professor of Mathematics at West Point; in 1816 was transferred to the Topographical Engineers with the brevet rank of Major. From 1818 to 1828 he had charge of explorations between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains, and, in 1823-24, to the sources of the Mississippi. One of the highest peaks of the Rocky Mountains was named in his honor. Between 1827 and 1880 he was employed as a civil engineer on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, and from 1837 to 1840, as Engineerin-Chief of the Western & Atlantic Railroad, in Georgia, where he introduced a system of curves and a new kind of truss bridge afterwards generally adopted. On the organization of the Topographical Engineers as a sejMrate corps in 1888, he became Major of that body, and, in 1861, chief, with the rank of Colonel. An account of his first expedition to the Rocky Mountains (1819-20) by Dr. Edwin James, was published in 1823, and the following year appeared "Long's Expedition to the Source of St. Peter's River, Lake of the Woods, Etc." He was a member of the American Philosophical Society and the author of the first original treatise on railroad building ever published in this country, under the title of ''Railroad Manual'' (1829). During the latter days of his life his home was at Alton, 111. , where he died, Sept. 4, 1864. Though retired from active service in June, 1863, he continued in the discharge of important duties up to his death.

LONGENECKER, Joel M., lawyer, was bom in Crawford County. 111., June 12, 1847; before reaching his eighteenth year he enlisted in the Fifth Illinois Cavalry, serving until the close of the war. After attending the high school at Robinson and teaching for some time, he began the study of law and was admitted to the bar at Olney in 1870; served two years as City Attorney and four (1877-81) as Prosecuting Attorney, in the latter year removing to Chicago. Here, in 1884, he became the assistant of Luther Laflin Mills in the office of Prosecuting Attorney of Cook County, retaining that position with Mr. Mills' successor. Judge GrinnelL On the promotion of the latter to the bench, in 1886, Mr. Longenecker succeeded - to the office of Prosecuting Attorney, continuing in that position imtill892. While in this office he conducted a large number of important criminal cases, the most important, perhaps, being the trial of the murderers of Dr. Cronin, in which he gained a wide reputation for skill and ability as a prosecutor in criminal cases. Died Sept. 19, 1906.

LOOMIS^ (Rev.) Habbell, clergyman and educator, was bom in Colchester, Ck>nn., May 81, 1775; prepared for college in the common schools and at Plainfield Academy, in his native State, finally graduating at Union Ck)llege, N. Y., in 1799 - having supported himself during a considerable part of his educational course by manual labor and teaching. He subsequently studied theology, and, for twenty-four years, served as pastor of a Congregational church at Willington, Conn., meanwhile fitting a number of young men for college, including among them Dr. Jared Sparks, afterwards President of Harvard (Ik>llege and author of numerous historical works. About 1829 his views on the subject of baptism imderwent a change, resulting in his uniting himself with the Baptist Church. Coming to Illinois soon after, he spent some time at Kaskaskia and Edwardsville, and, in 1833, located at Upper Alton, where he became a prominent factor in laying the foundation of Shurtleff CJollege, first by the establishment of the Baptist Seminary, of which he was the Principal for several years, and later by assisting, in 1835, to secure the charter of the college in which the seminary was merged. His name stood first on the list of Trustees of the new institution, and, in proportion to his means, he was a liberal contributor to its support in the period of its infancy. The latter years of his life were spent among his books in literary and scientific pursuits. Died at Upper Alton, Dec. 15, 1872, at the advanced age of nearly 98 years. - A son of his - Pi^f. Elias Loomls - an eminent mathematician and naturalist, was the author of *'Loomis' Algebra" and other scientific text-books, in extensive use in the colleges of the country. He held professorships in various institutions at different times, the last being that of Natural Philosophy and Astronomy in Yale College, from 1860 up to his death in 1889.

LOBlMERy William, Member of Congress, was bom in Manchester, England, of Scotch parentage, April 27, 1861; came with his parents to America at five years of age, and, after spending some years in Michigan and Ohio, came to Chicago in 1870, where he entered a private school. Having lost his father by death at twelve years of age, he became an apprentice in the sign-painting business; was afterwards an employ^ on a street-railroad, finally engaging in the real-estate business and serving as an appointee of Mayor Boche and Mayor Washbume in the city water department.. In 1892 he was the Republican nominee for Clerk of the Superior Court, but was defeated. Two years later he was elected to the Fifty- fourth Ck>ngress from the Second Illinois District, and re-elected in 1896, as he was again in 1898. His plurality in 1896 amounted to 26,786 votes.

LOUISTILLE, the county-seat of C\bj Ojunty ; situated on the Little Wabash River and on the Springfield Division of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad. It is 100 miles southsoutheast of Springfield and 7 miles north of Flora; has a courthouse, three churches, a high school, a savings bank and one weekly newspaper. Pop. (1890), 637; (1900), 646; (1910), 670.

Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis

LOUISVILLE, EVANSVILLE & ST. LOUIS (Consolidated) RAILROAD. The length of this entire line is 358.55 miles, of which nearly 150 miles are operated in Illinois. It crosses the State from East St. Louis to Mount Carmel, on the Wabash River. Within Illinois the system uses a single track of standard gauge, laid with steel rails on white-oak ties. The grades are usually light, although, as the line leaves the Mississippi bottom, the gradient is about two per cent or 105.6 feet per mile. The total capitalization

(18d8) was $18,236,246, of which $4,247,009 was in stock and $10,568,350 in bonds. - (History.) The original corporation was organized in both Indiana and Illinois in 1869, and the Illinois section of ihe line opened from Mount Carmel to Albion (18 miles) 'in January, 1873. The Indiana division was sold under foreclosure in 1876 to the Louisville, New Albany & St. Louis Railway Company, while the Illinois division was reorganized in 1878 under the name of the St. Louis, Mount Carmel & New Albany Railroad. A few months later the two divisions were consolidated under the name of the former. In 1881 this line was again consolidated with the Evansville, Rockport & Eastern Railroad (of Indiana), taking the name of the Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis Railroad. In 1889, by a still further consolidation, it absorbed several short lines in Indiana and Illinois - those in the latter State being the Illinois & St. Louis Railroad and Coal ComjMny, the Belleville, Centralia & Eastern (projected from Belleville to Mount Vernon) and the Venice & Carondelet - the new organization assuming the present name - Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis (Consolidated) Railroad.

LOUISVILLE & NASHVILLE RAILROAD, a corporation operating an extensive system of railroads, chiefly south of the Ohio River and extending through Kentucky and Tennessee into Indiana. The portion of the line in Illinois (known as the St. Louis, Evansville & Nashville line) extends from East St. Louis to the Wabash River, in White County (133.64 miles), with branches from Belleville to OTallon (6.07 miles), and from McLeansboro to Shawneetown (40.7 miles) - total, 180.41 miles. The Illinois Division, though virtually owned by the operating line, is formally leased from the Southeast & St. Louis Railway Company, whose corporate existence is merely nominal. The latter company acquired title to the property after foreclosure in November, 1880, and leased it in perpetuity to the Louisville & Nashville Company. The total earnings and income of the leased line in Illinois, for 1898, were $1,052,789, and the total expenditures (including $47,198 taxes) were $657,125.

LOVEJOT, EUjah Parish, minister and antislavery journalist, was bom at Albion, Maine, Nov. 9, 1802 - the son of a Congregational minister. He graduated at Water\ille College in 1826, came west and taught school in St. Louis in 1827, and became editor of a Whig paper there in 1829. Later, he studied theology at Princeton and was licensed as a Presbyterian minister in 1833. Returning to St. Louis, he started *'The Observer" - a religious weekly, which condemned slave-holding. Threats of violence from the pro-slavery party induced him to remove his paper, presses, etc. , to Alton, in July, 1836. Three times within twelve months his plant was destroyed by a mob. A fourth press having been procured, a number of his friends agreed to protect it from destruction in the warehouse where it was stored. On the evening of Nov. 7, 1837, a mob, having assembled about the building, sent one of their number to the roof to set it on fire. Love joy, with two of his friends, stepped outside to reconnoiter, when he was shot down by parties in ambush, breathing his last a few minutes later. His death did much to strengthen the anti-slavery sentiment north of Mason and Dixon's line. His party regarded him as a martyr, and his death was made the text for many impassioned and effective appeals in opposition to an institution which employed mobocracy and murder in its efforts to suppress free discussion. (See Alton Riots.)

LOVE JOY, Owen, clergyman and Congressman, was bom at Albion, Maine, Jan. 6, 1811. Being ' the son of a clergyman of small means, he was thrown upon his own resources, but secured a collegiate education, graduating at Bowdoin College. In 1836 he removed to ^ton. 111., joining his brother, Elijah Parish Lovejoy, who was conducting an anti-slavery and religious journal there, and whose assassination by a pro-slavery mob he witnessed the following year. (See Alton Riots and Eli/ah P, Lovejoy.) This tragedy induced him to devote his life to a crusade against slavery. Having previously begun the study of theology, he was ordained to the ministry and officiated for several years as pastor of a Congregational church at Princeton. In 1847 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the Constitutional Convention on the *' Liberty" ticket, but. in 1854, was elected to the Legislature upon that issue, and earnestly supported Abraham Lincoln for United States Senator. Upon his election to the Legislature he resigned his pastorate at Princeton, his congregation presenting him with a solid silver service in token of their esteem. In 1856 he was elected a Representative in Congress by a majority of 7,000, and was re-elected for three successive terms. As an orator he had few equals in the State, while his courage in the support of his principles was indomitable. In the campaigns of 1856, *58 and '60 he rendered valuable service to the Republican party, as he

LOYINGTON, a village of Moultrie County, on the Terre Haute-Peoria branch of the Vandalia Line and the Bement & Altamont Division of the Wabash Railway, 28 miles southeast of Decatur. The town ships grain and live-stock, has a bank, a newspaper, water-works, electric lights and telephone. Pop. (1900), 815; (1910), 1,011.

LUDIiAM^ (Dr.) Reuben^ physician and author, was bom at Camden, N. J., Oct. 11, 1881, the son of Dr. Jacob Watson Ludlam, an eminent physician who, in his later years, became a resident of Evanston, IlL The younger Ludlam, having taken a course in an academy at Bridgeton, N. J., at sixteen years of age entered upon the study of medicine with his father, followed by a course of lectures at the University of Pennsylvania, where he graduated, in 1852. Having removed to Chicago the following year, he soon after began an investigation of the homoeopathic 83rstem of medicine, which resulted in its adoption, and, a few years later, had acquired such prominence that, in 1850, he was appointed Pro- ^ fessor of Physiology and Pathology in the newly established Hahnemann Medical College in the city of Chicago, with which he continued to be connected for nearly forty years. Besides serving as Secretary of* the institution at its inception, he had, as early as 1854, taken a position as one of the editors of 'The Chicago Homoeopath," later being editorially associated with '*The North American Journal of Homoeopathy,** published in New York City, and **The United States Medical and Surgical Journal' of Chicago. He also served as President of numerous medical associations, and, in 1877, was appointed by (Jovemor 'Cullom a member of the State Board of Health, serving, by two subsequent reappointments, for a period of fifteen years. In addition to his labors as a lecturer and practitioner, Dr. Ludlam was one of the most prolific authors on professional lines in the city of Chicago, besides numerous monographs on special topics, having produced a "Course of Clinical Lectures on Diphtheria" (1863); "Clinical and Didactic Lectures on the Diseases of Women" (1871), and a translation from the French of "Lectures on Clinical Medicine'* (1880). The second work mentioned is recognized as a valuable text-book, and has passed through seven or eight editions. A few years after his first connection with the Hahnemann Medical College, Dr. Ludlam became Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and, on the death of President C. S. Smith, was chosen President of the institution. Died suddenly from Iieart disease, while preparing to perform a surgical operation on a patient in the Hahnemann Medical College, April 29, 1899.

LUNDT^ Be^Jamin^ early anti-slavery journalist, was bom in New Jersey of Quaker parentage; at 19 worked as a saddler at Wheeling, Va., where he first gained a practical knowledge of the institution of slavery; later carried on business at Mount Pleasant and St. Clairsville, 0., where, in 1815, he organized an anti-slavery association tmder the name of the "Union Humane Society," also contributing anti-slavery articles to "The Philanthropist," a paper published at Mount Pleasant. Removing to St. Louis, in 1819, he took a deep interest in the contest over the admission of Missouri as a slave State. Again at Mount Pleasant, in 1821, he began the issue of "The Genius of Universal Emancipation, " a monthly, which he soon removed to Jonesborough, Tenn., and finally to Baltimore in 1824. when it became a weekly. Mr. Lundy's trend towards colonization is shown in the tact that he made two visits (1825 and 1829) to Hayti, with a view to promoting the colonization of emancipated slaves in that island. Visiting the East in 1828, he made the acquaintance of William Lloyd Garrison, who became a convert to his views and a firm ally. The following winter he was assaulted by a slave-dealer in Baltimore and nearly killed; soon after removed his paper to Washington and, later, to Philadelphia, where it took the name of "The National Enquirer," being finally merged into "The Pennsylvania Freeman." In 1838 his property was burned by the pro-slavery mob which fired Pennsylvania Hall, and, in the following winter, he removed to Lowell, La Salle Co., 111., with a view to reviving his paper there, but the design was frustrated by his early death* which occurred August 22, 1889. The paper, however, was revived by Zebina Eastman under the name of "The Genius of Liberty," but was removed to Chicago, in 1842, and issued under the name of "The Western Citizen," (See Eastman^ Zebina,)

LUNT^ Orrington^ capitalist and philanthropist, was born in Bowdoinham, Maine, Dec. 24, 1815; came to Chicago in 1842, and engaged in the grain commission business, becoming a member of the Board of Trade at its organization. Later, he became interested in real estate operations, fire and life insurance and in railway enterprises, being one of the early promoters of the Chicago & Galena Union, now a part of the

Chicago & Northwestern Railroad. He also took an active part in municipal affairs, and, during the War, was an efficient member of the ''War Finance Committee.'* A liberal patron of all moral and benevolent enterprises, as shown bj his codperation with the ''Relief and Aid Society'* after the fire of 1871, and his generous benefootions to the Young Men's Christian Association and feeble churches, his most efficient service was rendered to the cause of education as represented in the Northwestern University, of which he was a Trustee from its organization, and much of the time an executive officer. To his noble benefaction the institution owes its splendid library building, erected some years ago at a cost of $100,000. In the future history of Chicago, Mr. Lunt's name will stand beside that of J. Young Scammon, Walter L. Newberry, John Crerar, and others of its most liberal benefactors. Died, at his home in Evanston, April 5, 1807.

LUSE^ John T«, pioneer, was bom in South Carolina, Nov. 7, 1784; brought to Kentucky in 1791 by his father (James Lusk), who established a ferry across the Ohio, opposite the present town 'of (jk>lconda, in Pope County, III. Lusk's Creek, which empties into the Ohio in that vicinity, took its name from this family. In 1805 the subject of this sketch came to Madison County, HI., and settled near E^lwardsville. During the War of 1812-14 he was engaged in the service as a "Ranger." When Edwardsville began its growth, he moved into the town and erected a house of hewn logs, a story and a half high and containing three rooms, which became the first hotel in the town and a place of considerable historical note. Mr. Lusk held, at different periods, the positions of Deputy Circuit Clerk, County Clerk, Recorder and Postmaster, dying, Deo. 22, 1857.

LUTHEBANSy The. While this sect in Illinois, as elsewhere, is divided into many branches, it is a unit in accepting the Bible as the only infallible rule of faith, in the use of Luther's small Catechism in instruction of the young, in the practice of infant baptism and confirmation at an early age, and in acceptance of the Augsburg Confession. Services are conducted, in various sections of the country, in not less than twelve different languages. The number of Lutheran ministers in Illinois exceeds 400, who preach in the English, German, Danish, Swedish, Finnish and Hungarian tongues. The churches over which they preside recognize allegiance to eight distinct ecclesiastical bodies, denominated synods, as follows: The Northern, Southem, Central and Wartburg Synods of the General Synod; the Illinois-Missouri District of the Synodical Conference; the Synod for the Norwegian Evangelical Church; the Swedish- Augustana, and the Indiana Synod of the General CounciL To illustrate the large proportion of the foreign element in this denomination, reference may be made to the fact that, of sixty-three Lutheran churches in Chicago, only four use the English language. Of the remainder, thirtyseven make use of the German, ten Swedish, nine Norwegian and three Danish. The whole nimiber of communicants in the State, in 189(2, was estimated at 90,000. The General Synod sustains a German Theological Seminary in Chicago. (See also Religious Denominations, name given to a class of . State indebtedness incurred in the year 1841, through the hypothecation, by John D.Whiteside (then Fund Commissioner of the State of Illinois), witli Messrs. Macalister & Stebbins, brokers of New York City, of 804 interest-bearing bonds of $1,000 each, payable in 1865, upon which the said Macalister & Stebbins advanced to the State $261,560.83. This was done with the understanding that the firm would make further advances sufficient to increase the aggregate to forty per cent of the faoe value of the bonds, but upon which no further advances were actually made. In addition to these, there were deposited with the same firm, within the next few months, with a like understanding, internal improvement bonds and State scrip amounting to $109,215.44 - making the aggregate of State securities in their hands $91d,« 215.44, upon which the State had received only the amount already named - ^being 28.64 per cent of the face value of such indebtedness. Attempts having been made by the holders of these bonds (with whom they had been hypothecated by Macalister & Stebbins), to secure settlement on their par face value, the matter became^'the subject of repeated legislative acts, the most important of which were passed in 1847 and 1849 - both reciting, in their respective preambles, the history of the transaction. The last of these provided for the issue to Macalister & Stebbins of new bonds, payable in 1865, for the amount of principal and interest of the sum actually advanced and found to be due, conditioned upon the surrender, by them, of the original bonds and other evideDoes of indebtedneds received by them in 1841. This the actual holders refused to accept, and brought the case before the Supreme Court in an effort to compel the Governor (who was then ex-offldo Fund Commissioner) to recognize the full face of their claim. This the Supreme Court refused to do, on the ground that, the executive being a co-ordinate branch of the Government, they had no authority over his official acts. In 1850 a partial refimding of these bonds, to the amoimt of $114,000, was obtained from Governor Bissell, who, being an invalid, was probably but imperfectly acquainted with their history and previous legislation on the subject. Representations made to him led to a suspension of the proceeding, and, as the bonds were not transferable except on the books of the Funding Agency in the office of the State Auditor, they were U'eated as iUegal and void, and were ultimately surrendered by the holders on the basis originally fixed, without loss to the State. In 1865 an additional act was passed reqmring the presentation, for payment, of the portion of the original bonds still outstanding, on pain of forfeiture, and this was finally done.

JUJiCK, Alonzo W.^ legislator, was bom at Moretown, Vt., in 1822; at 16 years of age settled at Kalamazoo, Mich., later began the study of medicine and graduated at Laporte, Ind., in 1844. Then, having removed to Elankakee, III, he adopted the practice of law; in 1858 was elected Bepresentative, and, in 1860 and '64, to the Senate, serving through five continuous sessions (1858-68). In 1862 he assisted in organizing the Seventy-sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, of which he was commissioned Colonel, but resigned, in January following, to take his seat in the Senate. Colonel Mack, who was a zealous friend of Governor Yates, was one of the leading spirits in the establishment of ''The Chicago Republican, " in May, 1865, and was its business manager the first year of its publication, but disagreeing with the editor, Charles A. Dana, both finally retired. Colonel Mack then resumed the practice of law in Chicago, dying there, Jan. 4, 1871.

MACKINAW, the first county-seat of Tazewell County, at intersection of two railroad lines, 18 miles southeast of Peoria. The district is agricultural and stock-raising. There are manufactories of farm implements, pressed brick, harness, wagons and carriages, also a State bank and a - weekly paper. Pop. (1900), 859; (1910), 725.

1857, to Chicago, where he graduated from the High School and spent some time in the Chicago University; in 1878 became a reporter on **The Chicago Inter Ocean;" two years later accompanied an exploring expedition to the Black Hills and, in 1875-76, represented that paper with General Crook in the campaign against the Sioux After an extended tour in Europe, he assumed charge of the "Curiosity Shop" department of "The Inter Ocean," served on the Cook County Board of Education and as a Director of the Chi cago Public Library, besides eight years in the General Assembly - 1885-89 in the House and 1889- 93 in the Senate. In January, 1896, Mr. MacMillan was appointed Clerk of the United States District Court at Chicago. He has been a Trustee of Illinois College since 1886, and, in 1885, received the honorary degree of A.M. from that institution.

MACOMB, the county-seat of McDonough County, situated on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 59 miles northeast of Quincy, 89 miles southwest of Gaiesburg. The principal manufactures are sewer-pipes, drain-tile, pottery, and school-desk castings. The city has interurban electric car line, banks, nine churches, high school and three daily and weekly papers; is the seat of the Western Illinois -State Normal School, Preparatory School and Business College. Pop. (1890), 4,052; (1900), 5,375; (1910), 5,774.

MACON 9 a village in Macon County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 10 miles south by west of Decatur. Macon County is one of the most fertile in the com belt, and the city is an important shipping-point for com. It has wagon and cigar factories, four churches, a graded school, and a weekly paper. Pop. (1900), 705; (1910), 683.

MACON COUNTY, situated near the geographical center of the State. The census of 1910 gave its area as 580 square miles, and its population, 54,186. It was oiganized in 1829, and named for Nathaniel Macon, a revolutionary soldier and statesman. The surface is chiefly level prairie, although in parts there is a fair growth of timber. The county is well drained by the Sangamon River and its tributaries. The soil is that high grade of fertility which one might expect in the corn belt of the central portion of the State. Besides corn, oats, rye and barley are extensively cultivated, while potatoes, sorghum and wool are among the products. Decatur is the county-seat and principal city in the heart of a rich agricultural region. Maroa, in the northern part of the county, enjoys considerable local trade.

of 50,685 in 1910. The word Macoupin is of Indian derivation, signifying "white potato." The county, originally a part of Madison, and later of Greene, was separately organized in 1829, under the supervision of Seth Hodges, William Wilcox and Theodorus Davis. The first court house (of logs) was erected in 18d0. It contained but two rooms, and in pleasant weather juries were wont to retire to a convenient grove to deliberate upon their findings. The surface of the county is level, with narrow belts of timber following the course of the streams. The soil is fertile, and both com and wheat are extensively raised While agriculture is the chief industry in the south, stock-raising is successfully carried on in the north. Carlinville is the coimty-seat and Bunker Hill, Stanton, Yirden and Girard the other principal towns.

MAC TEAGH^ Franklin, merchant, lawyer and politician, was bom on a farm in Chester County, Pa., graduated from Yale University in 1862, and, two years later, from Columbia Law School, New York. He was soon compelled to abandon practice on account of ill-health, and removed to Chicago, in September, 1865, where he embarked in business as a wholesale grocer. In 1874 he was chosen President of the Yolunteer Citizens' Association, which inaugurated many important municipal reforms. He was thereafter repeatedly urged to accept other offices, among them the mayorality, but persistently refused until 1894, when he accepted a nomination for United States Senator by a State Convention of the Democratic Party. He made a thorough canvass of the State, but the Republicans having gained control of the Legislature, he was defeated. At present (1911) Mr. MacVeagh occupies the office of Secretary of the Treasury, in Washington, to which he was appointed by Pres.Taft in 1909.

MADISON COUNTY, situated in the southwest division of the State, and bordering on the Mississippi River. Its area is about 740 square miles. The surface of the county is hilly along the Mississippi bluffs, but generally either level or only slightly imdulating in the interior. The ''American Bottom" occupies a strip of country along the western border, four to six miles wide, as far north as Alton, and is exceptionally fertile. The ooimty was organized in 1812, being the first county set off from St. Clair County after the organization of Illinois Territory, in 1809, and the third within the Territory. It was named in honor of James Madison, then President of the United States. At that time it embraced substantially the whole of the northern part of the

State, but its limits were steadily reduced by excisions until 1843. The soil is fertile, com, wheat, oats, hay, and potatoes being raised and exported in large quantities. Coal seams imderlie the soil, and carboniferous limestone crops out in the neighborhood of Alton. American settlers began first to arrive about 1800, the Judys, Gillhams and Whitesides being among the first, generally locating in the American Bottom, and laying the foundation for the present county. In the early history of the State, Madison County was the home of a large number of prominent men who exerted a large influence in shaping its destiny. Among these were Governor £>lwards. Governor Coles, Judge Samuel D. Lockwood, and many more whose names are intimately interwoven with State history. The coimty-seat is at Edwardsville, and Alton is the principal city. Ponulation of the county 0910), ^9,847.

MAGRUBER^ Benjamin B.^ Justice of the Supreme Court, was bom near Natchez, Miss., Sept. 27, 1838; graduated from Yale College in 1856, and, for three years thereafter, engaged in teaching in his father^s private academy at Baton Rouge, La., and in reading law. In 1859 he graduated from the law department of the University of Louisiana, and the same year opened an office at Memphis, Tenn. At the outbreak of the Civil War, his sympathies being strongly in favor of the Union, he came North, and, after visiting relatives at New Haven, Conn., settled at Chicago, in June, 1861. While ever radically loyal, he refrained from enlisting or taking part in political discussions during the war, many members of his immediate family being in the Confederate service. He soon achieved and easily maintained a high standing at the Chicago bar; in 1868 was appointed Master in Chancery of the Superior Court of Cook County, and, in 1885, was elected to succeed Judge T. Lyle Dickey on the bench of the Supreme Court, being re-elected for a full term of nine years in 1888, and again in 1897. He was Chief Justice in 1891-92. Died April 21, 1910.

MABISON, a village and station in the western part of Madison County, opposite the city of St. Louis, and at the junction of several lines of railroad with the St. Louis Bridge Terminal; has rolling mills, foundries and other manufacturing enterprises; is also an important shipping point for river transportation; has two weekly papers. Pop. (1910), 6,046.

MALTBT, Jasper A., soldier, was bom in Ashtabula County, Ohio, Nov. 8, 1826, served as a private in the Mexican War and was severely wounded at Chapultepec. After his discharge he established himself in the mercantile business at Galena, 111. ; in 1861 entered the volunteer service as Lieutenant-Colonel of the Forty-fifth Illinois Infantry, was wounded at Fort Donelson, promoted Colonel in November, 1862, and wounded a second time at Vicksburg; commissioned Brigadier-(}eneral in August, 1868; served through the subsequent campaigns of the Army of the Tennessee, and was mustered out, January, 1866. Later, he was appointed by the commander of the district Mayor of Vicksburg. dying in that office, Deo. 12, 1867.

MASAITDA) a village of Jackson County on the Illinois Central Raiboad, 49 miles north of Cairo at South Pass, a spur of the Ozark Moimtains; is in a rich fruit-growing region; has a bank and a weekly paper. Pop. (1900), 528; (1910), 400.

HAN lERE^ George, early Chicago lawyer and jurist, bom of Huguenot descent, at New London, Conn., in 1817. Bereft of his father in 1881, his mother removed to New York City, where he began the study of law, occasionally contributing to **The New York Mirror," then one of the leading literary periodicals of the country. In 1885 he removed to Chicago, where he completed his professional studies and was admitted to the bar in 1889. His first office was a deputyship in the Circuit Clerk's office; later» he was appointed Master in Chancery, and served one term as Alderman and two terms as City Attorney. While fiUing the latter office he codified the municipal ordinances. In 1855 he was elected Judge of the Circuit Court and re-elected in 1861 without opposition. Before the expiration of his second term he died, May 21, 186a He held the office of School Commissioner from 1844 to 1852, during which time, largely through his efforts, the school system was remodeled and the impaired school fund placed in a satisfactory condition. He was one of the organizers of the Union Defense Committee in 1861, a member of the first Board of Regents of the (old) Chicago University, and prominently connected with several societies of a semi-public character. He was a polished writer and was, for a time, in editorial control of **The Chicago Democrat."

M ANNy James R«, lawyer and Congressman, was born on a farm near Bloomington, 111., Oct. 20, 1856, whence his father moved to Iroquois County in 1867; graduated at the University of Illinois in 1876 and at the Union College of Law in Chicago, in 1881, after which he established himself in practice in Chicago, finally becoming the head of the law firm of Mann, Hayes & Miller ; in 1888 was elected Attorney of the village of Hyde Park and, after the annexation of that municipality to the city of Chicago, in 1892 was elected Alderman of the Thirty-second Ward, and reelected in 1894, while in the City Council becoming one of its most prominent members; in 1894, served as Temporary Chairman of the Republican State Convention at Peoria, and, in 1895, as Chairman of the Cook County Republican Convention. In 1896 he was elected, as a Republican, to the Fiftyfifth Congress, receiving a plurality of 28,459 over the Free Silver Democratic candidate, and 26,907 majority over alL In 1898 he was a candidate for re-election,and was again successful, by over 17,000 plurality, on a largely reduced vote. Other positions held by Mr. Mann, previous to his election to Congress, include those of Master in Chancery of the Superior Court of Cook Coimty and Oeneral Attorney of the South Park Commissioners of the city of Chicago.

MANN^ Orrln L«, lawyer and soldier, was bom in Oeauga County, Ohio., and, in his youth, removed to the vicinity of Ann Arbor, Mich., where he learned the blacksmith trade, but, being compelled to abandon it on account of an injury, in 1851 began study with the late Dr. Hinman, then in charge of the Wesleyan Female College, at Albion, Mich. Dr. Hinman having, two years later, become President of the Northwestern University, at Evanston, Mr. Mann accompanied his preceptor to Chicago, continuing his studies for a time, but later engaging in teaching; in 1856 entered the University of Michigan, but left in his junior year. In 1860 he took part in the campaign which resulted in the election of Lincoln ; early in the following spring had made arrangements to engage in the lumbertrade in Chicago, but abandoned this purpose at the firing on Fort Sumter; then assisted in organizing the Thirty-ninth Regiment Illinois Volunteers (the '* Yates Phalanx"), which having been accepted after considerable delay, he was chosen Major. The regiment was first assigned to duty in guarding the Baltimore ft Ohio Railroad, but afterwards took part in the first battle of Winchester and in operations in North and South Carolina. Having previously been commissioned Lieutenant-Colonel, Major Mann was now assigned to court-martial duty at Newborn and Hilton Head. Later, he partici* pated in the siege of Forts Wagner and Gregg, winning a brevet Brigadier-Grenerakhip for meritorious service. The Thirty-ninth, having ''veteranized" in 1864, was again sent east, and being assigned to the command of Qea. B. F. Butler, took part in the battle of Bermuda

Hundreds, where Colonel Mann was seriously wounded; necessitating a stay of several months in hospital. Returning to duty, he was assigned to the staff of General Ord, and later served as Provost Marshal of the District of Virginia, with headquarters at Norfolk, being finally mustered out in December, 1865. After the war he engi^ged in the real estate and loan business, but, in 1866, was appointed Collector of Internal Revenue for the Chicago District, serving until 1868, when he was succeeded by General Corse. Other positions held by him were* Representative in the Twenty-ninth General Assembly (1874-76), Coroner of Cook County (1878-80), and Sheriff (1880-82). General Mann was mjured by a fall, some years since, inducing partial paralysis. Died Dec. 13, 1908.

MANH IITG^ Joel^ first Secretary of the Illinois & Michigan Canal Ck)Qunis8ioner8, was bom in 1798, graduated at Union College, N. Y., in 1818, and came to Southern Dlinois at an early day, residing for a time at Brownsville, Jackson County, where he held the office of County- Clerk. In 1886 he was practicing law, when he was appointed Secretary of the first Board of Commissioners of the Dlinois & Michigan Canal, remaining in office until 1845. He continued to reside at Lockport, Will CJounty, imtil near the close of his life, when he removed to Joliet, dying there, Jan. 8, 1869.

MANNIXG9 JnliuB, lawyer, was bom in Canada, near Chateaugay, N. Y., but passed his earlier years chiefly in the State of New York, completing his education at Middlebury College, Vt. ; in 1889 came to KnoxviUe, IlL, where he served one term as County Judge and two terms (1842-46) as Representative in the General Assembly. He was also a Democratic Presidential Elector in 1848. In 1858 he removed to Peoria, where he was elected, in 1861, a Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention of the following year. Died, at Enoxville, July 4, 1862.

MANSFIELD, a village of Piatt County, at the intersection of the Peoria Division of the C. C. C. & St. L. and the Chicago Division of the Wabash Railways. It is in the heart of a rich agricultural region; has two grain elevators, eleotrio lights, churches and schools, three banks and one newspaper. Pop. (1900), 708; (1910), 681.

MAKTEKO^ a village of Kankakee County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 47 miles south of Chicago; a shipping point for grain, livestock, small fruits and dairy products; has one newspaper. Population (1880), 682; (1890), 627; (1900), 932; (1910), 1,229.

MAQUON^a village of Knox County, on the Peoria Division of the Chicago, Burlington & (Juincy Railway, 16 miles southeast of Gsdeeburg. The region is agriculturaL The town has banks and a weekly paper. Population (1880), 548; (1890), 501; (1900), 475; (1910), 472.

MARCT, (Dr.) Oliver, educator, was bom in Coleraine, Mass., Feb. 18, 1820; received his early education in the grammar schools of his native town, graduating, in 1842, from the Wesleyan University at Middletown, CJonn. He early manifested a deep interest in the natural sciences and became a teacher in an academy at Wilbraham, Mass., where he remained until 1862, meanwhile making numerous trips for geologic investigation One of these was made in 1849, overland, to Puget Sound, for the purpose of securing data for maps of the Pacific Coast, and settling disputed questions as to the geologic formation of the Rocky Mountains. During this trip he visited San Francisco, making maps of the mountain regions for the use of the Government. In 1862 he was called to the professorship of Natural History in the Northwestern University, at Evanston, remaining there until his death. The institution was then in its infancy, and he taught mathematics in connection with his other duties. From 1890 he was Dean of the faculty. He received the degee of LL.D. from the University of Chicago in 1876. Died, at Evanston, March 19, 1899.

MAREDOSIA (MARAIS de OGEE), a peculiar depression (or slough) in the southwestern part of Whiteside County, connecting the Mississippi and Rock Rivers, through which, in times of fireshets, the former sometimes discharges a part of its waters into the latter. On the other hand, when Rock River is relatively higher, it sometimes discharges through the same channel into the Mississippi. Its general course is north and south. - Cat-Tall Sloughy a similar depression, runs nearly parallel with the Maredosia, at a distance of five or six miles from the latter. The highest point in the Maredosia above low water in the Mississippi is thirteen feet, and that in the Cat-Tail Slough is twenty-six feet. Each is believed, at some time, to have served as a channel for the Mississippi.

HARENGO9 a city of McHenry County, settled in 1835. incorporated as a town in 1857 and, as a city, in 1893 ; lies 68 miles northwest of Chicago, on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad. It is in the heart of a dairying and fruit-growing district; has a foundry, stove works, condensed milk plant, canning factory, water^works, elec-

MARINE) a village of Madison County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 27 miles northeast of St. Louis. Several of its earliest settlers were sea captains from the East, from whom the "Marine Settlement'' obtained its name; has one newspaper. Pop. (1900), 666; (1910), 685.

MARION, the county-seat of Williamson County, 172 miles southeast of SpringfteM. on the Illinois Central and Chicago & Eastern Illinois Railroads: in agricultural and coal region; has ootton and woolen mills, electric cars, waterworks, ice and cold-storage plant, pressed brick factory, churches, a graded school, one daily and two weekly papers. Pop. (1900), 2,510; (1910), 7,093.

MARION COUNTY, located near the center of the southern half of the State, with an area of 576 square miles; was organised in 1823, and, by the census of 1910, had a population of 35,094. About half the county is prairie, the chief products being tobacco, wool and fruit. The remainder is timbered land. It is watered by the tributaries of the Kaskaskia and Little Wabash Rivers. The bottom lands have a heavy growth of choice timber, and a deep, rich soiL A large portion of the county is underlaid with a thin vein of coal, and the rocks all belong to the upper ooal measures. Sandstone and building sand are also abundant. Ample shipping facilities are afforded by the Illinois Central and theBaltimore & Ohio (S,W.) Railroads. Salem is the county-seat, but Centralia is the largest and most important town, being a railroad junction and center of an extensive fruit-trade. Sandoval is a thriving town at the junction of the Illinois Central and the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroads.

MARISSl, a village of St. Clair County, on the St Louis & Cairo Short Line Railroad, 89 miles southeast of St. Louis. It is in a farming and mining district; has two bankn, a newspaper and a magasine. Pop. (1900), 1,086; (1910), 2,004.

MIROA9 a city in Macon County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 18 miles north of Decatur and 81 miles south of Bloomington. The city has three elevators, an agricultural implement factory, water-works system, electric light plant, telephone service, two banks, one newspaper, three churches and a graded school. Population (1890), 1,164; (1900), 1,213; (1910), 1,160.

MARQUETTE, (Father) Jacques, a French missionary and explorer, bom at Laon, France, in 1687. He Itecame a Jesuit at the age of 17, and, twelve years later (1666). was ordained a priest.