Piatt County, Illinois - The whole text, 1917 (part 9 of 26)

FALLOWS, (Rt. Rev.) Samuel^ Bishop of Reformed Protestant Episcopal Church, was bom at Pendleton, near Manchester, England, Dec. 18, 1885; removed with his parents to Wisconsin in 1848, and graduated from the State University there in 1859, during a part of his university course serving as pastor of a Methodist Episcopal church at Madison; was next Vice-President of Gainesville University till 1861, when he was ordained to the Methodist ministry and became pastor of a church at Oshkosh. The following year he was appointed Chaplain of the Thirtysecond Wisconsin Volunteers, but later assisted in organizing the Fortieth Wisconsin, of which he became Colonel, in 1865 being brevetted Brigadier-General. On his return to civil life he became a pastor in Milwaukee; was appointed State Superintendent of Public Instruction for Wisconsin to fill a vacancy, in 1871, and was twice re-elected. In 1874 he was elected President of the Illinois Wesleyan University at Bloomington, IlL, remaining two years; in 1875 united with the Reformed Episcopal Church, soon after became Rector of St. Paul's Church in Chicago, and was elected a Bishop in 1876, also assuming the editorship of "The Appeal,*' the organ of the church. He served as Regent of the University of Wisconsin (1864-74), and for several years has been one of the Trustees of the Illinois State Reform School at Pontiac. He is the author of two or three volumes, one of them being a '*Supplementary Dictionary,** published in 1884. Bishop Fallows has had supervision of Reformed Episcopal Church work in the West and Northwest for several years ; has also served as Chaplain ' of the Grand Army of the Republic for the Department of lUinois and of the Loyal Legion, and was Chairman of the General Committee of the Educational Congress during the Weald's Columbian Exposition of 1808.

FARINA, a town of Fayette Coimty, on the Chicago Division of the Illinois Central Railroad, 29 miles northeast of Centralia. Agriculture and fruit-growing constitute the chief business of the section; the town has one newspaper. Population (1890), 618; (1900), 693; (1910), 774.

FARMER CITY, a city of De Witt County, 25 miles southeast of Bloomington, at the jimction of the Springfield division of the Illinois Central and the Peoria division of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railways. It is a trading center for a rich agricultural and stockraising district, especially noted for rearing finely bred horses. The city has banks, one newspaper, churches of four denominations and good schools, including a high school. Population (1890), 1,367; (1900), 1,664; (1910), 1,603.

FARMERS' INSTITUTE, an organization created by an act, approved June 24, 1895, designed to encourage practical education among farmers, and to assist in developing the agricultural resources of the State. Its membership consists of three delegates from each county in the State, elected annually by the Farmers' Institute in such coimty. Its affairs are managed by a Board of Directors constituted as follows: The Superintendent of Public Instruction, the

Professor of Agrioulture in the University of Illinois, and the Presidents of the State Board of Agriculture, Dairymen's Association and Horticultural Society, ez-officio, with one member from each Congressional District, chosen by the delegates from the district at the annual meeting of the organization. Annual meetings (between Oct. 1 and March 1) are required to be held, which shaU continue in session for not less than three days. The topics for discussion are the cultivation of crops, the care and breeding of domestic animals, dairy husbandry, horticulture, farm drainage, improvement of highways and general farm management. The reports of the annual meetings are printed by the State and 20,000 copies are placed at the disposal of the Institute for free distribution. Suitable quarters for the officers of the orgamzation are provided in the State capitol.

FABMINGTON, a city and raibx)ad center in Fulton Coimty, 12 miles north of Canton and 22 miles west of Peoria. Coal is extensively mined here; there are also brick and tile factories, a foundry, one steam flour-mill, and two cigar manufactories. It is a large shipping-point for grain and live-stock. The town has two banks and two newspapers, five churches and a graded school. Pop. (1890), 1,375; (1910), 2,421.

FARNSWORTH, Elon John, soldier, was bom at Green Oak, Livingston Coimty, Mich., in 1887. After completing a course in the public schools, he entered the University of Michigan, but left college at the end of his freshman year (1858) to serve in the Quartermaster's department of the army in the Utah expedition. At the expiration of his term of service he became a buffalo hunter and a carrier of mails between the haunts of civilization and the then newly-discovered mines at Pike's Peak. Returning to Illinois, he was commissioned (1861) Assistant Quartermaster of the Eighth Illinois Cavalry, of which his imcle was Colonel. (See Famsworth, John Franklin.) He soon rose to a captaincy, distinguishing himself in the battles of the Peninsula. In May, 1868, he was appointed aid-de-camp to General Pleasanton, and, on June 29, 1868, was made a Brigadier-General. Four days later he was killed, while gallantly leading a charge at Gettysburg.

FARNSWORTH, John Franklin, soldier and former Congressman, was bom at Eaton, Canada East, March 27, 1820; removed to Michigan in 1884, and later to Illinois, settling in Kane County, where he practiced law for many years, making his home at St. Charles. He was elected to Congress in 1856, and re-elected in 1858. In

September of 1861, he was commissioned Colonel of the flighth Illinois Cavalry Volimteers, and was brevetted Brigadier-General in November, 1862, but resigned, March 4, 1863, to take his seat in Congress to which he had been elected the November previous, by successive re-elections serving from 1868 to 1878. The latter years of his life were spent in Washington, where he died, July 14, 1897.

FAR WELL, Charles Benjamin, merchant and United States Senator, was bom at Painted Post, N. Y., July 1, 1823; removed to Illinois in 1888, and, for six years, was employed in surveying and farming. In 1844 he engaged in the real estate business and in banking, at Chicago. He was elected Coimty Clerk in 1853, and re-elected in 1857. Later he entered into commerce, becoming a partner with his brother, John Villiers, in the firm of J. V. Farwell & Co. He was a member of the State Board of Equalization in 1867; Chairman of the Board of Supervisors of Cook Coimty in 1868 ; and National Bank Examiner in 1869. In 1870 he was elected to Congress as a Republican, was re-elected in 1872, but was defeated in 1874, after a contest for the seat which was carried into the House at Washington. Again, in 1880, he was returned to Congress, making three full terms in that body. He also served for several years as Chairman of the Republican State Central Committee. After the death of Qen. John A. Logan he was (1887) elected United States Senator, his term expiring March 3, 1891. Mr. Farwell gave attention during the latter years of his life to the mercantile business of J. V. Farwell & Co. Died Sept. 23, 1903.

FARWELL, John Tilllers, merchant, was bom at Campbelltown, Steuben Coimty, N. Y., July 29, 1825, the son of a farmer; received a commonschool education and, in 1888, removed with his father's family to Ogle Coimty, 111. Here he attended Mount Morris Seminary for a time, but, in 1845, came to Chicago without capital and secured employment in the City Clerk's office, then became a book-keeper in the dry- goods establishment of Hamilton & White, and, still later, with EEamilton & Day. Having thus received his bent towards a mercantile career, he soon after entered the concern of Wadsworth & Phelps as a clerk, at a salary of $600 a year, but was admitted to a partnership in 1850, the title of the firm becoming Cooley, Farwell & Co., in 1860. About this time Marshall Field and Levi Z. Leiter became associated with the concern and received their mercantile training under the supervision of Mr. Farwell. In 1865 the title of the firm became J. Y. Farwell & Co., but, in 1891, the firm was incorporated under the name of The J. V. Farwell Company, his brother, Charles B. Farwell, being a member. The subject of this sketch has long been a prominent factor in religious circles, a leading spirit of the Young Men's Christian Association, and served as President of the Chicago Branch of the United States Christian Commission during the Civil War. Politically he was a Republican, serving as Presidential Elector at the time of President Lincoln's second election in 1864; also served by appointment of President Grant, in 1869, on the Board of TndJAn Commissioners. He was a member of the syndicate which erected the Texas State Capitol, at Austin, in that State; was also, for a number of years, Vice-President and Treasurer of the J. V. Farwell Company, and President of the Colorado Consolidated Land and Water Company. He was also prominent in the organization of the Chicago Public Library, and a member of the Union League, the Chicago Historical Society and the Art Institute. Died Aug. 20, 1908.

FABWELL, William Washington, jurist, was bom at Morrisville, Madison Coimty, N. Y., Jan. 5, 1817, of old Puritan, ancestry ; graduated from Hamilton College in 1837, and was admitted to the bar at Rochester, N. Y., in 1841. In 1848 he removed to Chicago, but the following year went to California, returning to his birthplace in 1850. In 1854 he again settled at Chicago and soon secured a prominent position at the bar. In 1871 he was elected Circuit Court Judge for Cook County, and, in 1878, re-elected for a term of six years. During this period he sat chiefly upon the chancery side of the court, and, for a time, presided as Chief Justice. At the close of his second term he was a candidate for re-election as a Republican, but was defeated with the remainder of the ticket. In 1880 he was chosen Professor of Equity Jurisprudence in the Union College of Law (now the Northwestern University Law School), serving imtil June, "1898, when he resigned. Died, in Chicago, April 80, 1894.

PAYETTE COUNTY, situated about 60 miles south of the geographical center of the State; was organized in 1821, and named for the French General La Fayette. It has an area of 720 square miles; population (1900), 28,065. The soil is fertile and a rich vein of bituminous coal underlies the county. Agriculture, fruit-growing and mining are the chief industries. The old, historic "Cumberland Road,*' the trail for all west-boimd emigrants, crossed the county at an early date. Perry ville was the first coimty-seat, but this town is now extinct. Vandalia, the present seat of county government (population, 2,974), stands upon a succession of hills upon the west bank of the Kaskaskia. From 1820 to 1839 it was the State Capital. Besides Vandalia the chief towns are Ramsey, noted for its railroad ties and timber, and St. Elmo. Pop. (1910), 28,078.

Feeble-Minded Children, Asylum

FEEBLE-MINDED CHILDREN, ASYLUM FOR. This institution, originally established as a sort of appendage to the Illinois Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, was started at Jacksonville, in 1865, as an ''experimental school, for the instruction of idiots and feeble-minded children.*' Its success having been assured, the school was placed upon an independent basis in 1871, and, in 1875, a site at Lincoln, Logan County, covering forty acres, was donated, and the erection of buildings begun. The original plan provided for a center building, with wings and a rear extension, to cost $124,775. Besides a main or administration building, the institution embraces a school building and custodial hall, a hospital and industrial workshop, and, during the past year, a chapel has been added. It has control of 890 acres, of which 400 are leased for farming purposes, the rental going to the benefit of the institution. The remainder is used for the purposes of the institution as farm land, gardens or pasture, about ninety acres being occupied by the institution buildings. The capacity of the institution is about 700 inmates, with many applications constantly on file for the admission of others for whom there is no room.

FEEHAN, Patrick A., D^D., Archbishop of the Roman Catholic archdiocese of Chicago, and Metropolitan of Illinois, was bom at Tipperary, Ireland, Aug. 29, 1829, and educated at Maynooth College. He emigrated to the United States in 1852, settling at St. Louis, and was at once appointed President of the Seminary of Carondelet. Later he was made pastor of the Church of the Immaculate Conception at St. Louis, where he achieved marked distinction. In 1865 he was consecrated Bishop of Nashville, managing the affairs of the diocese with great ability. In 1880 Chicago was raised to an archiepiscopal see, with Suffragan Bishops at Alton and Peoria, and Bishop Feehan was consecrated its first Archbishop. His administration was conservative, yet eflScient, and the archdiocese greatly prosj^red under his rule. Died July 12, 1902.

FELL, Jesse W«, lawyer and real-estate operator, was bom in Chester County, Pa., about 1808; started west on foot in 1828, and, after spending some years at Steubenville, Ohio, came to Dela> van, m, in 1833, and the next year located at Bloomington, being the first lawyer in that new town. Later he became a^ent for school lands and the State Bank, but failed financially in 1837, and returned to practice; resided several years at Payson, Adams County, but returning Uy Bloomington in 1855, was instrumental in securing the location of the Chicago & Alton Railroad through that town, and was one of the founders of the towns of Clinton, Pontiac, Lexington and £1 Paso. He was an intimate personal and political friend of Abraham Lincoln, and it was to him Mr. Lincoln addressed his celebrated personal biography ; in the campaign of 1860 he served as Secretary of the Republican State Central Committee, and, in 1862, was appointed by Mr. Lincoln a Paymaster in the regular army, serving some two years. Mr. Fell was also a zealous friend of the cause of industrial education, and bore an important part in securing the location of the State Normal University at Normal, of which city he was the founder. Died, at Bloomington, Jan. 25, 1887.

FERGUS) Robert, early printer, was bom in Glasgow, Scotland, August 4, 1815; learned the printer's trade in his native city, assisting in his youth in putting in type some of Walter Scott's productions and other works which now rank among English classics. In 1839 he came to America, soon after locating in Chicago, where with various partners, he pursued the business of a job printer continuously some fifty years - being the veteran printer of Chicago. He was killed by being run over by a railroad train at Evanston, July 23, 1897. The establishment of which he was so long the head is continued by his sons.

FERRT, Elisha Peyre, politician, bom in Monroe, Mich., August 9, 1825; was educated in his native town and admitted to the bar at Fort Wayne, Ind., in 1845; removed to Waukegan, 111., the following year, served as Postmaster and, in 1856, was candidate on the Republican ticket for Presidential Elector; was elected Mayor of Waukegai) in 1859, a member of the State Constitutional Convention of 1862, State Bank Commissioner in 1861-63, Assistant Adjutant-General on the staff of Governor Yates during the war, and a delegate to the Republican National Convention of 1864. After the war he served as direct-tax Commissioner for Tennessee; in 1869 was appointed Surveyor-General of Washington

Territory and, in 1872 and '76, Territorial Governor. On the admission of Washington as a State, in 1889, he was elected the first Gk>vemor. Died, at Seattle, Wash., Oct. 14, 1895.

FEYRE RITER, a small stream which rises in Southern Wisconsin and enters the Mississippi in Jo Daviess County, six miles below Galena, which stands upon its banks. It is navigable for steamboats between Gralena and its mouth. The name originally given to it by early French explorers was **Feve" (the French name for "Bean"), which has since been corrupted into its present form.

FICKLINy Orlando B., lawyer and politician, was bom in Kentucky, Deo. 16, 1808, and admitted to the bar at Mount Carmel, Wabash Coimty, 111., in March, 1830. In 1834 he was elected to the lower house of the Ninth General Assembly. Alter serving a term as State*B Attorney for Wabash County, in 1837 he removed to Charleston, Coles County, where, in 1838, and again in '42, he was elected to the Legislature, as he was for the last time in 1878. He was four times elected to Congress, serving from 1848 to '49, and from 1851 to '53; was Presidential Elector in 1856, and candidate for the same position on the Democratic ticket for the State-at-large in 1884; was also a delegate to the Democratic National Conventions of 1856 and '60., He was a member of the Ck)nstitutional Convention of 1862. Died, at Charleston, May 5, 1886.

FIELD, Alexander Pope, early legislator and Secretary of State, came to Illinois about the time of its admission into the Union, locating in Union Coimty, which he represented in the Third, Fifth and Sixth General Assemblies. In the first of these he was a prominent factor in the ejection of Representative Hansen of Pike County and the seating of Shaw in his place, which enabled the advocates of slavery to secure the passage of a resolution submitting to the people the question of calling a State Constitutional Convention. In 1828 he was appointed Secretary of State by Governor Edwards, remaining in office under Governors Reynolds and Duncan and through half the term of Governor Carlin, though the latter attempted to secure his removal in 1838 by the appointment of John A. McClernand - the courts, however, declaring against the latter. In November, 1840, the Gk>vemor's act was made effective by the confirmation, by the Senate, of Stephen A. Douglas as Secretary in place of Field. Douglas held the office only to the following February, when he resigned to take a place on the Supreme bench and Lyman Trumbull was appointed to succeed him. Field (who had become a Whig) was appointed by President Harrison, in 1841, Secretary of Wisconsin Territory, later removed to St. Louis and finally to New Orleans, where he was at the beginning of the late war. In December, 1863, he presented himself as a member of the Thirty-eighth Congress for Louisiana, but was refused his seat, though claiming in an eloquent speech to have been a loyal man. Died, in New Orleans Aug. 20, 1876. Mr. Field was a nephew of Judge Nathaniel Pope, for over thirty years on the bench of the United States District Court.

FIELDy Eugene^ journalist, humorist and poet, was bom in St. Louis, Mo., Sept. 2, 1850. Left an OTphan at an early age, he was reared by a relative at Amherst, Mass., and received a portion of his literary training at Monson and Williamstown in that State, completing his course at the State University of Missouri. After an extended tour through Europe in 1872-73, he began his journalistic career at St. Louis, Mo., as a reporter on "The Evening Journal," later becoming its city editor. During the next ten years he was successively connected with newspapers at St. Joseph, Ho., St. Louis, Kansas City, and at Denver, Colo., at the last named city being managing editor of **The Tribune." In 1883 he removed to Chicago, becoming a special writer for "The Chicago News," his particular department for several years being a pimgent, witty column with the caption, "Sharps and Flats." He wrote considerable prose fiction and much poetry, among the latter being successful translations of several of Horace^s Odes. As a poet, however, he was beet known through his short poems relating to childhood and home, which strongly appealed to the popular heart. Died, in Chicago, deeply mourned by a large circle of admirers, Nov. 4, 18W.

FIELD^ Marslially merchant and capitalist, was bom in Conway, Mass., in 1835, and grew up on a farm, receiving a common school and academic education. At the age of 17 he entered upon a mercantile career as clerk in a dry-goods store at Pittsfield, Mass., but, in 1856, came to Chicago and secured employment with Messrs. Cooley, Wadsworth & Co. ; in 1860 was admitted into partnership, the firm becoming Cooley, Farwell So Co., and still later, Farwell, Field & Co. The last named firm was dissolved and that of Field, Palmer & Leiter organized in 1865. Mr. Palmer having retired in 1867, the firm was continued under the name of Field, Leiter & Co., until 1881, when Mr. Leiter retired, the concern being since known as Marshall Field & Co. The growth of the business of this great establishment is shown by the fact that, whereas its sales amoimted before the fire to some $12,000,000 annually, in 1895 they aggregated $40,000,000. Mr. Field's business career has been remarkable for its success in a city famous for its successful business men and the vastness of their commercial operations. He has been a generous and discriminating patron of important public enterprises, some of his more conspicuous donations being the gift of a tract of land valued at $300,000 and $100,000 in cash, to the Chicago University, and $1,000,000 to the endowment of the Field Columbian Museum, as a sequel to the World's Columbian Exposition. The latter, chiefiy through the munificence of Mr. Field, promises to become one of the leading institutions of its kind in the United States. Besides his mercantile interests, Mr. Field had extensive interests in various financial and manufacturing enterprises. Died in New York Jan. 16, 1906, leaving an estate valued at more than « $100,000,000, the largest single bequest in his will being $8,000,000 to the Field Museum.

FIFEB^ Joseph W., bom at Stanton, Va., Oct. 28, 1840; in 1857 he accompanied his father (who was a stone-mason) to McLean County, 111., and worked at the manufacture and laying of brick. At the outbreak of the Civil War he enlisted as a private in the Thirty-third niinois Infsuitry, and was dangerously wounded at the assault on Jackson, Miss. , in 1863. On the healing of his wound, disregarding the advice of family and friends, he rejoined his regiment. At the close of the war, when about 25 years of age, he entered the Wesleyan University at Bloomington, where, by dint of hard work and frugality, while supporting himself in part by manual labor, he secured a diploma in 1868. He at once began the study of law, and, soon after his admission, entered upon a practice which subsequently proved both successful and lucrative. He was elected Corporation Counsel of Bloomington in 1871 and State's Attorney for McLean Coimty in 1872, holding the latter office, through re-election, until 1880, when he was chosen State Senator, serving in the Thirtysecond and Thirty-third General Assemblies. In 1888 he was nominated and elected Governor on the Republican ticket, but, in 1892, was defeated by John P. Altgeld, the Democratic nominee, though running in advance of the national and the rest of the State ticket.

under private tutors. At the age of 16 he entered the profession of journalism, and, in 1864, coming to America, soon after enlisted, serving for 100 days during the Civil War, in the Ninety-ninth New York Volunteers. Subsequently, having removed to Chicago, he was connected with ''The Chicago Times** as a special correspondent from 1876 to 1881, and, in 1882, established "The Citizen,*' a weekly newspc^per devoted to the Irish- American interest, which he continued to publish. In 1882 he was elected, as an Independent Democrat, to represent the Second Illinois District in the Forty -eighth Congreea, but, running as an Independent Republican for re-election in 1884, was defeated by Frank Lawler, Democrat. In 1887 he was appointed Oil Inspector of Chicago, but after 1889, held no public office, giving his attention to editorial work on his paper. Died June 10, 1908.

FISHER^ (Dr.) George^ pioneer physician and legislator, was probably a native of Virginia, from which State he appears to have come to Kaskaskia previous to 1800. He became very prominent during the Territorial period; was appointed by William Henry Harrison, then Governor of Indiana Territory, the first Sheriff of Randolph County after its organization in 1801 ; was elected from that county to the Indiana Territorial House of Representatives in 1805, and afterwards promoted to the Territorial Council; was also Representative in the First and Third Legislatures of Illinois Territory (1812 and '16), serving as Speaker of each. He was a Delegate to the Constitutional Convention of 1818, but died [on his farm near Kaskaskia in 1820. Dr. Fisher participated in the organization of the first Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons in Illinois at Kaskaskia, in 1806, and was elected one of its officers.

FISHERIES. The fisheries of Illinois center chiefly at Chicago, the catch being taken from Lake Michigan, and including salmon trout, white fish (the latter species including a lake herring), wall-eyed pike, three kinds of bass, three varieties of sucker, carp and sturgeon. The "fishing fleet** of Lake Michigan, properly so called, (according to the census of 1890) consisted of forty -seven steamers and one schooner, of which only one - a steamer of twenty-six tons burthen - was credited to Illinois. The same report showed a capital of $36,105 invested in land, buildings, wharves, vessels, boats and apparatus. In addition to the ''flshing fleet*' mentioned, nearly 1,100 sail-boats and other varieties of craft are employed in the industry.

sailing from ports between Chicago and Mackinac, of which, in 1890, Illinois furnished 94, or about nine per cent. All sorts of apparatus are used, but the principal are gill, fyke and pound nets, and seines. The total value of these minor Illinois craft, with their equipment, for 1890, was nearly $18,000, the catch aggregating 722.880 pounds, valued at between $24,000 and $25,000. Of this draught, the entire quantity was either sold fresh in Chicago and adjacent markets, or shipped, either in ice or frozen. The Mississippi and its tributaries yield walleyed pike, pike perch, buffalo fish, sturgeon, paddle fish, and other species available for food.

TTlELLSy George W*, exCk>ngre6sman, was bom on a farm near Willow Hill, 111. , July 4, 1854. His early education was obtained in the common ' schools, and he learned the trade of a printer at Mount CarmeL While employed at the case he found time to study law, and was admitted to the bar in 1875. In 1876 he was elected State*8 Attorney for Jasper County, and re-elected in 1880. He was prominent in Democratic politics, and, in 1888, was elected on the ticket of that party to represent the Sixteenth Illinois District in Congress. He was re-elected in 1890 and again in 1892, but, in 1894, was defeated by his Republican opponent.

FITHIAN, (Dr.) William^ pioneer physician, was bom in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1800; built the first houses in Springfield and Urbana in that State; in 1822 began the study of medicine at Urbana; later practiced two years at Mechanicsburgh, and four years at Urbana, as partner of his preceptor; in 1880 came west, locating at Danville, Vermilion County, where he became a large land-owner; in 1882 served with the Vermilion County militia in the Black Hawk War, and, in 1834, was elected Representative in the Ninth (General Assembly, the first of which Abraham Lincoln was a member; afterwards served two terms in the State Senate from the Danville District (1888-46). Dr. Fithian was active in promoting the railroad interests of Danville, giving the right of way for railroad purposes through a large body of land belonging to him, in Vermilion Coimty. He was also a member of various medical associations, and, during his later years, was the oldest practicing physician in the State. Died, in Danville, IlL, April 5, 1890.

FLAGOy Gershom^ pioneer, was bom in Richmond, Vt., in 1792, came west in 1816, settling in Madison County, 111., in 1818, where he was known as an enterprising farmer and a prominent and infiuential citizen. Originally a Whig, he became a zealous Republican on the organization of that party, dying in 1857. - WiUard (Flagg), son of the preceding, was bom in Madison County, RL, Sept 16, 1829, spent his early life on his father's farm and in the common schools; from 1844 to '50 was a pupil in the celebrated high school of Edward Wyman in St. Louis, finally graduating with honors at Yale College, in 1854. During his college course he took a number of literary prizes, and, in his senior year, served as one of the editors of ''The Yale Literary Magazine." Returning to Ulinois after gra4uation, he took charge of his father's farm, engaged extensively in fruit-culture and stock-raising, being the first to introduce the Devon breed of cattle in Madison County in 1859. He was a member of the Republican State Central Committee in 1860 ; in 1862, by appointment of Gk)v. T'ates, became Enrolling OfScer for Madison County ; served as Collector of Internal Revenue for the Twelfth District, 1864-69, and, in 1868, was elected to the State Senate for a term of four years, and, during the last session of his term (1872), took a prominent part in the revision of the school law; was appointed a member of the first Board of Trustees of the Lidustrial University (now the University of Rlinois) at Champaign, and reappointed in 1875. Mr. Flagg was also prominent in agricultural and horticultural organizations, serving as Secretary of the State Horticultural Society from 1861 to '69, when he became its President. He was one of the originators of the "farmers' movement," served for some time as President of "The State Farmers' Association," wrote voluminously, and delivered addresses in various States on agricultural and horticultural topics, and, in 1875, was elected President of the National Agricultural Congress. In his later years he was a recognized leader in the Granger movement. Died, at Mora, Madison County, 111., April 5, 1878.

FLEMING) Robert K., pioneer printer, was bom in Erie County, Pa., learned the printers' trade in Pittsburg, cmd, coming west while quite young, worked at his trade in St. Louis, finally removing to Kaskaskia, where he was placed in control of the office of **The Republican Advocate," which had been established in 1823, by Elias Kent Kane. The publication of 'The Advocate" having been suspended, he revived it in May, 1825, under the name of ''The Kaskaskia Recorder," but soon removed it to VandaUa (then the State capital), and, in 1827, began the publication of "The Illinois Corrector," at Edwardsville. Two years later he returned to Kaskaskia and resinned the publication of "The Recorder," but, in 1833, was induced to remove his office to Belleville, where he commenced the publication of "The St. Clair Gazette," foUowed by "The St. Clair Mercury," both of which had a brief existence. About 1843 he returned to the newspaper business as publisher of "The Belleville Advocate," which he continued for a nxmiber of years. He died, at Belleville, in 1874, leaving two sons who have been prominently identified with the history of journalism in Southern Illinois, at Belleville and elsewhere.

FLETCHER, Job, pioneer and early legislator, was bom in Virginia, in 1798, removed to Sanga> mon County, 111., in 1819; was elected Represent* ative in 1826, and, in 1834, to the State Senate, serving in the latter body six years. He was one of the famous "Long Nine" which represented Sangamon Coimty in the Tenth General Assembly. Mr. Fletcher was again a member of the House in 1844-45. Died, in Sangamon County, in 1872.

FLORA, a city in Harter Township, Clay County, on the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad, 95 miles east of St. Louis, and 108 miles south-southeast of Springfield; has barrel factory, flouring mills, cold storage and ice plant, three fruit-working factories, two banks, six churches and a weekly newspaper. Population (1890), 1.695; (1900), 2,311; (1910), 2,704.

FLOWER, George, early English colonist, was bom in Hertfordshire, England, about 1780; came to the United States in 1817, and was associated with Morris Birkbeck in founding the "English Settlement" at Albion, Edwards County, IlL Being in affluent circumstances, he built an elegant mansion and stocked an extensive farm with blooded animals from England and other parts of Europe, but met with reverses which dissipated his wealth. In common with Mr. Birkbeck, he was one of the determined opponents of the attempt to establish slavery in Illinois in 1824, and did much to defeat that measiu-e. He and his wife died on the same day (Jan. 15, 1862), while on a visit to a daughter at Grayville, IlL A book written by him - "BKstory of the English Settlement in Edwards County, 111." - and published in 1882, is a valuable contribution to the early history of that portion of the Stata - Edward Fordhams (Flower), son of the preceding, was bom in England, Jan. 31, 1805, but came with his father to Illinois in early life; later he returned to England and spent nearly half a century at Stratford-on-Avon, where ho was four times chosen Mayor of that borough and entertained many visitors from the United States to Shakespeare's birthplace. Died, March 26,1888.

FOBESy Philena, educator, bom in Onondaga Coimty, N. Y., Sept. 10, 1811; was educated at Albany and at Cortland Seminary, Rochester, N. Y. ; in 1888 became a teacher in Monticello Female Seminary, then newly established at Gtodfrey, lU., under Rev. Theron Baldwin, Principal. On the retirement of Mr., Baldwin in 1848, Miss Fobes succeeded to the principalship, remaining until 1866, when she retired. For some years she resided at Rochester, N. Y., and New Haven, Conn., but, in 1886, she removed to Philadelphia, where she afterwards made her home, notwithstanding her advanced age, maintaining a lively interest in educational and benevolent enterprises. Miss Fobes died at Philadelphia, Nov. 8, 1898, and was buried at New Haven, Conn.

FOLJET, Thomas^ Roman Catholic Bishop, bom in Baltimore, Md., in 1828; was ordained a priest in 1846, and, two years later, was appointed Chancellor of the Diocese, being made Vicar>General in 1867. He was nominated Coadjutor Bishop of the Chicago Diocese in 1869 (Bishop Duggan having become insane), and, in 1870, was consecrated Bishop. His administration of diocesan work was prudent and eminently successful. As a man and citizen he won the respect of all creeds and classes alike, the State Legislature adopting resolutions of respect and regret upon learning of his death, which occurred at Baltimore, in 1879.

FORBES^ Stephen Tan Rensselaer, pioneer teacher, was bom at Windham, Vt., July 26, 1797; in his youth acquired a knowledge of surveying, and, having removed to Newburg (now South Cleveland), Ohio, began teaching. In 1829 he came west to Chicago, and having joined a surveying party, went to Louisiana, returning in the following year to Chicago, which then contained only three white families outside of Fort Dearborn. Having been joined by his wife, he took up his abode in what was called the "sutler's house" connected with Fort Dearborn; was appointed one of the first Justices of the Peace, and opened the first school ever taught in Chicago, all but three of his pupils being either half-breeds or Indians. In 1882 he was elected, as a Whig, the first Sheriff of Cook County; later preempted 160 acres of land where Riverside now stands, subsequently becoming owner of some 1,800 acres, much of which he sold, about

1858, to Dr. W. B. Egan at $20 per acre. In 1849, having been seized with the ''gold fever,'* Mr. Forbes joined in the overland migration to California, but, not being successful, returned two years later by way of the Isthmus, and, having sold his possessions in Cook Coimty, took up his abode at Newburg, Ohio, and resumed his occupation as a surveyor. About 1878 he again returned to Chicago, but survived only a short time, dying Feb. 17, 1879.

FORDy Thomas^ early lawyer, jurist and Oovemor, was bom in Uniontown, Pa., and, in boyhood, accompanied his mother (then a widow) to Missouri, in 1804. The family soon after located in Monroe Coimty, 111. Largely through the efforts and aid of his half-brother, (George Forquer, he obtained a professional education, became a successful lawyer, and, early in life, entered the field of politics. He served as a Judge of the Circuit Court for the northern part of the State from 1885 to 1887, and was again commissioned a Circuit Judge for the (Galena circuit in 1889; in 1841 was elevated to the bench of the State Supreme Court, but resigned the following year to accept the nomination of his party (the Democratic) for Governor. He was regarded as upright in his general policy, but he had a number of embarrassing questions to deal with during his administration, one of these being the Mormon troubles, in which he failed to receive the support of his own party. He was author of a valuable "History of Illinois," (published posthumously). He died, at Peoria, in greatly reduced circumstances, Nov. 8, 1850. The State Legislature of 1895 took steps to erect a monument over his grave.

FORD COUNTY, lies northeast of Springfield, was organized in 1859, being cut off from Vermilion. It is shaped like an inverted '*T," and has an area of 580 square miles; population (1910), 17,096. The first County Judge was David Patton, and David Davis (afterwards of the United States Supreme Court) presided over the first Circuit Court. The surface of the county is level and the soil fertile, consisting of a loam from one to five feet in depth. There Is little timber, nor is there any out-cropping of stone. The coimty is named in honor of (Jovemor Ford. The countyseat is Pazton, which had a population, in 1890, of 2, 187. Gibson City is a railroad center, and has a population of 1,800.

FORMAN, (Col.) Ferris, lawyer and soldier, was bom in Tioga County, N. Y., August 36, 1811 ; graduated at Union College in 1882, studied law and was admitted to the bar in New York in

1885, and in the United States Supreme Court in 1836; the latter year came west and settled at Vandalia, IlL, where he began practice; in 1844 was elected to the State Senate for the district oomposed of Fayette, Effingham, Clay and Richland Counties, serving two years; before the expiration of his term (1846) enlisted for the Mexican War, and was commissioned Colonel of the Third Regiment Illinois Volunteers, and, after participating in a number of the most important engagements of the campaign, was mustered out at New Orleans, in May, 1847. Retaming from the Mexican War, he brought with him and presented to the State of Illinois a six-pound cannon, which had been captured by Illinois troops on the battlefield of CerrO Oordo, and is now in the State Arsenal at Springfield. In 1848 Colonel Forman was chosen Presidential Elector for the State-at-large on the Democratic ticket; in 1849 went to California, where he prao- ^oed his profession until 1858, meanwhile serving as Postmaster of Sacramento City by appointment of President Pierce, and later as Secretary of State during the administration of Gk>v. John B. Weller (1858-60); in 1861 officiated, by appointment of the California Legislature, as Conmiissioner on the part of the State in fixing the boundary between California and the Territory of Utah. After the discharge of this duty, he was offered the colonelcy of the Fourth California Volunteer Infantry, which he accepted, serving about twenty months, when he resigned. In 1866 he resumed his residence at Vandalia, and served as a Delegate for Fayette and Effingham Coimties in the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, also for several years thereafter held the office of State's Attorney for Fayette County. Later he returned to California, and, at the latest date, was a resident of Stockton, in that State. Died Feb. 11, 1901.

FORMAN^ William S.^ ex-Congressman, was bom at Natchez, Miss., Jan. 20, 1847. When he was four years old, his father's family removed to Tllinois, settling in Washington Coimty, where he has lived ever since. By profession he is a lawyer, and he takes a deep interest in politics, locid. State and National. He represented his Senatorial District in the State Senate in the Thirty-fourth and Thirty-fifth General Assemblies, and, in 1888, was elected, as a Democrat, to represent the Eighteenth Illinois District in the Fifty-first Congress, being re-elected in 1890, and again in *92, but was defeated in 1894 for renomination by John J. Higgins, who was defeated at the election of the same year by Everett J. Murphy. In 1896 Mr. Forman was candidate of the "Gold Democracy" for Governor of Illinois, receiving 8,100 votes.

FOBi^UEB, George, early State officer, was bom near Brownsville, Pa., in 1794 - was the sofi of a Revolutionary soldier, and older half-brother of Grov. Thomas Ford. He settled, with his mother (then a widow), at New Design, 111., in 1804. After learning, and, for several years, following the carpenter's trade at St. Louis, he returned to Illinois and purchased the tract whereon Waterloo now stands. Subsequently he projected the town of Bridge water, on the Mississippi. For a time he was a partner in trade of Daniel P. Cook. Being imsuccessful in business, he took up the study of law, in which he attained marked success. In 18^ he was elected to represent Monroe County in the House of Representatives, but resigned in January of the following year to accept the position of Secretary of State, to which he was appointed by Grovemor Coles, as successor to Morris Birkbeck, whom the Senate had refused to confirm. One g^imd for the friendship between him and Coles, no doubt, was the fact that they had been united in their opposition to the scheme to make Illinois a slave State. In 1828 he was a candidate for Congress, l^ut was defeated by Joseph Dimcan, afterwards Governor. At the close of the year he resigned the office of Secretary of State, but, a few weeks later (January, 1829), he was elected by the Legislature Attorney-General. This position he held imtil January, 1888, when he resigned, having, as it appears, at the previous election, been chosen State Senator from Sangamon County, serving in the Eighth and Ninth General Assemblies. Before the close of his term as Senator (1835), he received the appointment of Reg^ter of the Land Office at Springfield, which appears to have been the last office held by him, as he died, at Cincinnati, in 1837. Mr. Forquer was a man of recognized ability and infiuence, an eloquent orator and capable writer, but. in common with some of the ablest lawyers of that time, seems to have been much embarrassed by the smallness of his income, in spite of his ability and the fact that he was almost continually in office.

FORREST, a village in Livingston County, at the intersection of the Toledo, Peoria & Western and the Wabash Railways, 75 miles east of Peoria and 16 miles southeast of Pontiac. Considerable grain is shipped from this point to the Chicago market. The village has several churches and a gradedschooL Population (1900), 952; (1910), 967.

FORREST, Joseph K. C, journalist, was bom in Cork, Ireland, Nov. 26, 1820; came to Chicago in 1840, soon after securing employment as a writer on **The Evening Journal," and, later on, *^The Gem of the Prairies," the predecessor of **The Tribune,'* being associated with the latter at the date of its establishment, in Jime, 1847. During the early years of his residence in Chicago, Mr. Forrest spent some time as a teacher. On retiring from "The Tribime," he became the associate of John Wentworth in the management of "The Chicago Democrat," a relation which was broken- up by the consolidation of the latter with "The Tribime," in 1861. He then became the Springfield correspondent of "The Tribime," also holding a position on the staff of Governor Yates, and still later represented "The St. Louis Democrat" and "Chicago Times," as Washington correspondent ; assisted in foimding "The Chicago Republican" (now "Inter Ocean"), in 1865, and, some years later, became a leading writer upon the same. He served one term as Clerk of the city of Chicago, but, in his later years, and up to the period of his death, was a leading contributor to the columns of "The Chicago Evening News" over the signatures of "An Old Timer" and "Now or Never." Died, in Chicago. June 28, 1896.

FORRESTON, a village in Ogle County, the terminus of the Chicago and Iowa branch of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, and point of intersection of the Illinois Central and the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railways; 107 miles west by north from Chicago, and 12 miles south of Freeport ; founded in 1854, incorporated by special charter in 1868, and, under the general law, in 1888. Farming and stock-raising are the principal industries. The village has a bank, water-works, electric light plant, creamery, village hall, seven churches, a graded school, and a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 1,047; (1910), 870.

FORSTTHE^ Albert P., ex-Congressman, was bom at New Richmond, Ohio, May 24, 1830; received his early education in the common schools, and at Asbury University. He was reared upon a farm and followed farming as his life-work. During the War of the Rebellion he served in the Union army as Lieutenant. In politics he early became an ardent Nationalist, and was chosen President of the Illinois State Grange of the Patrons of Industry, in December, 1875, and again in January, 1878. In 1878 he was elected to Congress as a Nationalist, but, in 1880, though receiving the nominations of the combined Republican and Greenback parties, was defeated by Samuel W. Moulton, Democrat.

FORT, Oreenbury L., soldier and Congressman, was bom in Ohio, Oct. 17, 1825, and, in 1884, removed with his parents to Illinois. In 1850 he was elected Sheriff of Putnam County ; in 1852, Clerk of the Circuit Court, and, having meanwhile been admitted to the bar at Lacon, became Coimty Judge in 1857, serving imtil 1861. In April of the latter year he enlisted under the first call for troops, by re-enlistments serving till March 24, 1866. Beginning as Quartermaster of his regiment, he served as Chief Quartermaster of the Fifteenth Army Corps on the "March to the Sea," and was mustered out with the rank of Colonel and Brevet Brigadier-General On his return from the field, he was elected to the State Senate, serving in the Twenty-fifth and Twentysixth General Assemblies, and, from 1873 to 1881, as Representative in Congress. He died, at Lacon, June 13, 1888.

FORT GHARTRES, a strong fortification erected by the French in 1718, on the American Bottom, 16 miles northwest from Kaskaskia. The soil on which it stood was alluvial, and the limestone of which its walls were built was quarried from an adjacent bluff. In form it was an irregular quadrangle, surrounded on three sides by a wall two feet two inches thick, and on the fourth by a ravine, which, during the springtime, was full of water. During the period of French ascendency in Illinois, Fort Chartres was the seat of government. About four miles east soon sprang up the village of Prairie du Rocher (or Rock Prairie). (See Prairie du Rocher,) At the outbreak of the French and Indian War (1756), the original fortification was repaired and virtually rebuilt. Its cost at that time is estimated to have amoimted to 1,000,000 French crowns. After the occupation of Illinois by the British, Fort Chartres still remained the seat of government imtil 1772, when one side of the fortification was washed away by a freshet, and headquarters were transferred to Kaskaskia. The first common law court ever held in the Mississippi Valley was established here, in 1768, by the order of Colonel Wilkins of the English army. The ruins of the old fort, situated in the northwest comer of Randolph County, once constituted an object of no little interest to antiquarians, but the site has disappeared during the past generation by the encroachments of the Mississippi.

FORT DEARBORN, the name of a United States military post, established at the mouth of the Chid^o River in 1803 or 1804, on a tract of land six miles square conveyed by the Indians in the treaty of Greenville, concluded by General Wayne in '1795. It originally consisted of two block houses located at opposite angles (northwest and southeast) of a strong wooden stockade, with the Commandant's quarters on the east side of the quadrangle, soldiers' barracks on the south, officers' barracks on the west, and magazine, contractor's (sutler's) store and general storehouse on the north - all the buildings being constructed of logs, and all, except the block-houses, being entirely within the enclosure. Its armament consisted of three light pieces of artillery. Its builder and first commander was Capt. John Whistler, a native of Ireland who had surrendered with Biurgoyne, at Saratoga,, N. Y., and who subsequently became an American citizen, and served with distinction throughout the War of 1812. He was succeeded, in 1810, by Capt. Nathan Heald. As early as 1806 the Indians aroimd the fort manifestied signs of disquietude, Tecumseh, a few years later, heading an open armed revolt. In 1810 a council of Pottawatomies, Ottawas and Chippewas yras held at St. Joseph, Mich., at which it was decided not to join the confederacy proposed by Chief Tecumseh. In 1811 hostilities were precipitated by an attack upon the United States troops under Gen. William Henry Harrison at Tippecanoe. In April, 1812, hostile bands of Winnebagos appeared in the vicinity of Fort Dearborn, terrifying the settlers by their atrocities. Many of the whites sought refuge within the stockade. Within two months after the declaration of war against England, in 1812, orders were issued for the evacuation of Fort Dearborn and the transfer of the garrison to Detroit. The garrison at that time numbered about 70, including officers, a large number of the troops being ill. Almost simultaneously with the order for evacuation appeared bands of Indians clamoring for a distribution of the goods, to which they claimed they were entitled imder treaty stipulations. Knowing that he had but about forty men able to fight and that his march would be sadly hindered by the care of about a dozen women and twenty children, the commandant hesitated. The Pottawatomiee, through whose coimtry he would have to pass, had always been friendly, and he waited. Within six days a force of 500 or 600 savage warriors had assembled aroiuid the fort. Among the leaders were the Pottawatomie chiefs. Black Partridge, Winnemeg and Topen^be. Of these, Winnemeg was friendly. It was he who had brought (General Hull's orders to evacuate, and, as the crisis grew more and more dangerous, he offered sound advice. He urged instantaneous departure before the Indians had time to agree upon a line of action. But Captain Heald decided to distribute the stores among the savages, and thereby secure from them a friendly escort to Fort Wayne. To this the aborigines readily assented, believing that thereby all the whisl^ and ammunition which they knew to be within the enclosure, would fall into their hands. Meanwhile Capt. WiUiam Wells, Indian Agent at Fort Wayne, had arrived at Fort Dearborn with a friendly force of Miamis to act as an escort. He convinced Captain Heald that it would be the height of folly to give the Indians liquor and gunpowder. Accordingly the commandant emptied the former into the lake and destroyed the latter. This was the signal for war. Black Partridge claimed he could no longer restrain his young braves, and at a council of the aborigines it was resolved to massacre the garrison and settlers. On the fifteenth of August the gates of the fort were opened and the evacuation began. A band of Pottawatomies accompanied the whites under the guise of a friendly escort. They soon deserted and, within a mile and a half from the fort; began the sickening scene of carnage known as the 'Tort Dearborn Massacre." Nearly 500 Indians peu-ticipated, their loss being less than twenty. The Miami escort fled at the first exchange of shots. With but four exceptions the wounded white prisoners were dispatched with savage ferocity and promptitude. Those not wounded were scattered among various tribes. The next day the fort with its stockade was burned. In 1816 (after the treaty of St. Louis) the fort was rebuilt upon a more elaborate scale. The second Fort Dearborn contained, besides barracks and officers' quarters, a magazine and provision-store, was enclosed by a square stockade, and protected by bastions at two of its angles. It was again evacuated in 1823 and re-garrisoned in 1828. The troops were once more withdrawn in 1881, to return the following year during the Black EEawk War. The final evacuation occurred in 1886.

FOBT ^X^Ef situated on the eastern bluffs-of the Kaskaskia River, opposite the village of Kaskaskia. It was erected and occupied by the British in 1772. It was bidlt of heavy, square timbers and oblong in shape, its dimensions being 290x251 feet. On the night of July 4, 1778, it was captured by a detachment of American troops commanded by CoL George Rogers Clark, wh<? held a commission from Virginia. The soldiers, with Simon Kenton at their head, were secretly admitted to the fort by a Pennsylvanian who happened to be within, and the commandant, Rocheblave, was surprised in bed, while sleeping with his wife by his side.

FOET JEFFERSON. I. A fort erected by CoL George Rogers Clark, under instructions from the Gk)vemor of Virginia, at the Iron Banks on the east bank of the Mississippi, below the mouth of the Ohio River. He promised lands to all adult, able-bodied white males who would emigrate thither and settle, either with or without their families. Many accepted the offer, and a considerable colony was established there. Toward the close of the Revolutionary War, Virginia being unable longer to sustain the garrison, the colony was scattered, many families going to Kaskaskia. IL A fort in the Miami valley, erected by Governor St. Clair and Greneral Butler, in October, 1791. Within thirty miles of the post St. Clair's army, which had been badly weakened through desertions, was cut to pieces by the enemy, and the fortification was abandoned.

PORT MASSAC, an early French fortification, erected about 1711 on the Ohio River, 40 miles from its mouth, in what is now Massac Coimty. It was the first fortification (except Fort St. Louis) in the '^Illinois Country,*' antedating Fort Chartres by several years. The origin of the name is uncertain. The best authorities are of the opinion that it was so called in honor of the engineer who superintended its construction ; by others it has been traced to the name of the French Minister of Marine; others assert that it is a corruption of the word ' 'Massacre,*' a name given to the locality because of the massacre there of a large number of French soldiers by the Indians. The Virginians sometimes spoke of it as the "Cherokee fort." It was garrisoned by the French imtil after the evacuation of the coimtry under the terms of the Treaty of Paris. It later became a sort of depot for American settlers, a few families constantly residing within and aroimd the fortification. At a very early day a military road was laid out from the fort to Kaskaskia, the trees alongside being utilized as milestones, the number of miles being cut with irons and painted red. After the close of the Revolutionary War, the United States Grovemment strengthened and garrisoned the fort by way of defense against inroads by the Spaniards. With the cession of Louisiana to the United States, in 1808, the fort was evacuated and never re-garrisoned. According to the ** American State Papers," during the period of the French

FORT a British fortification, erected in 1769, on the Wabash River a short distance below Vincennes. It was a stockade, with bastions and a few pieces of cannon. In 1778 it fell into the hands of the Americans, and was for a time conmianded by Captain Helm, with a garrison of a few Americans and Illinois French. In December, 1778, Helm and one private alone occupied the fort and surrendered to Hamilton, British Governor of Detroit, who led a force into the country around Vincennes.

FORT' SHERIDAN, United States Military Post, in Lake County, on the Milwaukee Division of the Chicago & Northwestern Railway, 24 miles north of Chicago. Highwood, adjacent on the south, has a population (1910) of 1,219.

FORT ST. LOUIS, a French fortification on a rock (widely known as** 'Starved Rock"), which consists of an isolated cliff on the south side of the Illinois River nearly opposite Utica, in La Salle Coimty. Its height is between 130 and 140 feet, and its nearly round summit contains an area of about three-fourths of an acre. The side facing the river is nearly perpendicular and, in natural advantages, it is well-nigh impregnable. Here, in the fall of 1682, La Salle and Tonty began the erection of a fort, consisting of earthworks, palisades, store-houses and a block house, which also served as a dwelling and trading post. A windlass drew water from the river, and two small brass cannon, moimted on a parapet, comprised the armament. It was solemnly dedicated by Father Membre, and soon became a gathering place for the siurroimding tribes, especially the Illinois. But Frontenac having been succeeded as Governor of New France by De la Barre, who was unfriendly to La Salle, the latter was displaced as Commandant at Fort St. Louis, while plots were laid to secure his downfall by cutting off his supplies and inciting the Iroquois to attack him. La Salle left the fort in 1683, to return to France, and, in 1702, it was abandoned as a military post, though it continued to be a trading post imtil 1718, when it was raided by the Indians and burned. (See La Salle. )

FORTIFICATIONS, PREHISTORIC, aosely related in interest to the works of the moimdbuilders in Illinois - ^though, probably, owing their origin to another era and an entirely different race - are those works which bear evidence of having been constructed for purposes of defense at some period anterior to the arrival of white men in the country. While there are no works in Illinois so elaborate in construction as those to which have been given the names of **Fort Ancient'^ on the Maumee in Ohio, **Fort Azatlan*' on the Wabash in Indiana, and "Fort Aztalan^' on Rock River in Southern Wisconsin, there are a number whose form of construction shows that they must have been intended for warlike purposes, and that they were formidable of their kind and for the period in which they were constructed. It is a somewhat curious fact that, while La Salle County is the seat of the first fortification constructed by the French in Illinois that can be said to have had a sort of permanent character ( see Fort St, Louis and Starved Rock), it is also the site of a larger number of prehistoric fortifications, whose remains are in such a state of preservation as to be clearly discernible, than any other section of the State of equal area. One of the most formidable of these fortifications is on the east side of Fox River, opposite the mouth of Indian Creek and some six miles northeast of Ottawa. This occupies a position of decided natural strength, and is surrounded by three lines of ciroumvallation, showing evidefnce of considerable engineering skilL From the size of the trees within this work and other evidences, its age has been estimated at not less than 1,200 years. On the present site of the town of Marseilles, at the rapids of the Illinois, seven miles east of Ottawa, another work of considerable strength existed. It is also said that the American Fur Company had an earthwork here for the protection of its trading station, erected about 1816 or '18. and consequently belonging to the present century. Besides Fort St. Louis on Starved Rock, the outline of another fort, or outwork, whose era has not been positively determined, about half a mile south of the former, has been traced in recent times. Do Baugis, sent by (Governor La Barre, of Canada, to succeed Tonty at Fort St. Louis, is said to have erected a fort on Buffalo Rock, on the opposite side of the river from Fort St. Louis, which belonged practically to the same era as the latter. - There are two points in Southern Illinois where the aborigines had constructed fortifications to which the name **Stone Fort'* has been given. One of these is a hill overlooking the Saline River in the southern part of Saline County, where there is a wall or breastwork five feet in height enclosing an area of less than an acre in extent. The other is on the west side of

Lusk's Creek, in Pope County, where a breastwork has been constructed by loosely piHng up the stones across a ridge, or tongue of land, with vertical sides and surrounded by a bend of the creek. Water is easily obtainable from the creek below the fortified ridp:e. - ^The remains of an old Indian fortification were found by early settlers of McLean County, at a point called "Old Town Timber," about 1822 to 1825. It was believed then that it had been occupied by the Indians during the War of 1812. The story of the Indians was, that it was burned by General Harrison in 1812; though this is improbable in view of the absence of any historical mention of the fact. Judge H. W. Beckwith, who examined its site in 1880, is of the opinion that its history goes back as far as 1752, and that it was erected by the Indians as a defense against the French at Kaskaskia. There was also a tradition that there had been a French mission at this point. - One of the most interesting stories of early fortifications in the State, is that of Dr. V. A. Boyer, an old citizen of Chicago, in a paper contributed to the Chicago Historical Society. Although the work alluded to by him was evidently constructed after the arrival of the French in the country, the exact period to which it belongs is in doubt. According to Dr. Boyer, it was on an elevated ridge of timber land in Palos Township, in the western part of Cook County. He says: "I first saw it in 1888, and since then have visited it in company with other persons, some of whom are still living. I feel sure that it was not built during the Sac War from its appearance. ... It seems probable that it was the work of French traders or explorers, as there were trees a century old growing in its environs. It was evidently the work of an enlightened people, skilled in the science of warfare. ... As a strategic point it most completely commanded the surrounding country and the crossing of the swamp or *Sag'. " Is it improbable that this was the fort occupied by Colonel Durantye in 1695? The remains of a small fort, supposed to have been a French trading post, were found by the pioneer settlers of LAke County, where the present city of Waukegan stands, giving to that place its first name of "Little Fort." .This structure was seen in 1825 by Col. William S. Hamilton (a son of Alexander Hamilton, first Secretary of the Treasury), who had served in the session of the General Assembly of that year as a Representative from Sangamon County, and was then on his way to Green Bay, and the remains of the pickets or palisades were visible as late as 1835. While the date of its erection is unknown, it probably belonged to the latter part of the eighteenth century. There is also a tradition that a fort or trading post, erected by a Frenchman named Garay (or Guarie) stood on the North Branch of the Chicago River prior to the erection of the first Fort Dearborn in 1803.

FOSS, Georgre Edmund, lawyer and Congressman, was bom in Franklin County, Vt., July 2, 1863; graduated from Harvard University, in 1885; attended the Columbia Law School and School of Political Science in New York City, finally graduating from the Union College of Law in Chicago, in 1889, when he was admitted to the bar and began practice. He never held any political office until elected as a Republican to the Fifty -fourth Congress (1894), from the Seventh Illinois District, receiving a majority of more than 8,000 votes over his Democratic and Populist competitors. In 1896 he was again the candidate of his party, and was re-elected by a majority of over 20.000, as he was a third time, in 1898, by more than 12,000 majority. In the Fifty-fifth Congress Mr. Foss was a member of the Committees on Naval Affairs and Expenditures in the Department of Agriculture.

FOSTER^ (Dr.) John Herbert, physician and educator, was bom of Quaker ancestry at Hillsborough, N. H., March 8, 1796. His early years were spent on his father's farm, but at the age of 16 he entered an academy at Meriden, N. H., and, three years later, began teaching with an older brother at Schoharie, N. Y. Having spent some sixteen years teaching and practicing medicine at various places in his native State, in 1832 he came west, first locating in Morgan County, 111. While there he took part in the Black Hawk War, serving as a Surgeon. Before the close of the year he was compelled to come to Chicago to look after the estate of a brother who was an officer in the army and had been killed by an insubordinate soldier at Green Bay. Having thus fallen heir to a considerable amount of real estate, which, in subsequent years, largely appreciated in value, he became identified with early Chicago and ultimately one of the largest real-estate owners of his time in the city. He was an active promoter of education during this period, serving on both City and State Boards. His death occurred, May 18, 1874, in consequence of injuries sustained by being thrown from a vehicle in which he was riding nine days previous.

FOSTER, John Welis^ author and scientist, was bom at Brim field, Mass., in 1815, and educated at Wesleyan University, Conn ; later studied law and was admitted to the bar in Ohio, but soon turned his attention to scientific pursuits, being employed for several years in the geological survey of Ohio, during which he investigated the coal-beds of the State. Having incidentally devoted considerable attention to the study of metallurgy, he was employed about 1844 by mining capitalists to make the first systematic survey of the Lake Superior copper region, upon which, in conjunction with J. D. Whitney, he made a report which was published in two volumes in 1850-51. Returning to Massachusetts, he participated in the organization of the ''American Party" theroy though we find him soon after breaking with it on the slavery question. In 1855 he was a candidate for Congress in the Springfield (Mass.) District, but was beaten by a small majority. In 1858 he removed to Chicago and, for some time, was Land Commissioner of the Illinois Central Railroad. The latter years of his life were devoted chiefly to archsBologioal researches and writings, also serving for some years as Professor of Natural History in the (old) University of Chicago. Hip works include "The Mississippi Valley ; its Physical Greography, Mineral Resources," etc. (Chicago, 1869); '^Mineral Wealth and Railroad Development," (New York, 1872) ; ^^Prehistoric Races of the United States," (Cliicago, 1873), besides contributions to nulher-* ous scientific periodicals. He was a member of several scientific associations and, in 1869, President of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He died in Hyde Park, now a part of Chicago, June 29, 1878.

FOUKE, Philip B., lawyer and Congressman, was bom at Kaskaskia. 111., Jan. 28, 1818; was chiefly self-educated and began his career as a clerk, afterwards acting as a civil engineer ; about 1841-42 was associated with the publication of **The Belleville Advocate," later studied law, and, after being admitted to the bar, served as Prosecuting Attorney, being re-elected to that office in 1856. Previous to this, however, he had been elected to the lower branch of the Seventeenth General Assembly (1850), and, in 1858, was elected as a Democrat to the Thirty -sixth Congress and re-elected two years later. While still in Congress he assisted in organizing the Thirtieth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, of which he was commissioned Colonel, but resigned on account of ill- health soon after the battle of Shiloh. After leaving the army he removed to New Orleans, where he was appointed Public Administrator and practiced law for some time. He then took up the prosecution of the cotton-claims against the Mexican (Government, in which he was engaged some seven years, finally removing to Washington City and making several trips to Europe in the int^erest of these suits. He won his cases, but died soon after a decision in his favor, largely in consequence of overtaxing his brain in their prosecution. His death occurred in Washington, Oct. 8, 1876, when he was buried in the Congressional Cemetery, President Grant and a number of Senators and Congressmen acting as pall-bearers at his f uneraL

FOWLER, Climrles Henry, Methodist Episcopal Bishop, bom in Burford, Conn., August 11, 1837; was partially educated at Rock River Seminary, Mount Morris, finally graduating at Genesee College, N. Y., in 1850. He then began the study of law in Chicago, but, changing his purpose, entered Garrett Biblical Institute, at Evanston, graduating in 1861. Having been admitted to the Rock River Methodist Episcopal Conference he was appointed successively to Chicago churches till 1872; then became President of the Northwestern University, holding this office four years, when he was elected to the editorship of *'The Christian Advocate" of New York. In 1884 he was elected and ordained Bishop. His residence was in San Francisco, his labors being devoted laigely to the Pacific States. Died Mar. 20, 1908.

FOX BITER (of Illinois) - caUed Pishtaka by the Indians - rises in Waukesha County, Wis., and, after running southward through Kenosha and Racine Counties in that State, passes into Illinois. It intersects McHenry and Kane Coimties and runs southward to the city of Aurora, below which point it flows southwestward, until it empties into the Illinois River at Ottawa. Its length is estimated at 220 miles. The chief towns on its banks are Elgin, Aurora and Ottawa. It affords abundant water power.

FRANCIS, Simeon, pioneer journalist, was bom at Wethersfield, Conn., May 14, 1796, learned the printer's trade at New Haven, and, in connection with a partner, published a paper at Buffalo, N. Y. In consequence of the excitement growing out of the abduction of Morgan in 1828, (being a Mason) he was compelled to suspend, and, coming to Illinois in the fall of 1881, commenced the publication of "The Sangamo" (now **The Illinois State") "Journal" at Springfield, continuing his connection therewith until 1855, when he sold out to Messrs. Bailhache & Baker. Abraham Lincoln was his close friend and often wrote editorials for his paper. Mr. Francis was active in the organization of the State Agricultural Society (1858), serving as its Recording Secretary for several years. In 1859 he moved to Portland, Ore., where he published **The Oregon Farmer," and served as Ihresident of the Oregon State Agricultural Society; in 1861 was appointed by President Lincoln, Paymaster in the regular army, serving until 1870, when he retired on half -pay. Died, at Portland, Ore., Oct. 25, 1872. - Allen (Francis), brother of the preceding, was born at Wethersfield, Conn., April 14, 1815; in 1834, joined his brother at Springfield, 111., and became a partner in the publication of **The Journal" until its sale, in 1855. In 1861 he was appointed United States Consul at Victoria, B. C, serving until 1871, when he engaged in the fur trade. Later he was United States Consul at Port Stanley, Can., dying there, about 1887. - Josiah (Francis), cousin of the preceding, bom at Wethersfield, Conn,, Jan. 17, 1804; was early connected with "The Springfield Journal"; in 1886 engaged in merchandising at Athens, Menard County ; returning to Springfield, was elected to the Legislature in 1840, and served one term as Mayor of Springfield. Died in 1867.

FRANKLIN, a village of Morgan County, on the Jacksonville & St. Louis Railroad, 12 miles southeast of Jacksonville. The place has brick and tile works, a newspaper and two banks; the surrounding country is agricultural. Pop. (1890), 578; (1900), 687; (1910), 696.

FRANKLIN COUNTY, located in the southcentral part of the State ; was organized in 1818, and has an area of 430 square miles. Population (1900), 19.675. The county is well timbered and is drained by the Big Muddy River. The soil is fertile and the products include cereals, potatoes, sorghum, wool, pork and fruit. The county -seat is Benton, with a population (1890) of 939. The coimty contains no large towns, although large, well-cultivated farms are numerous. The earliest white settlers came from Kentucky and Tennessee, and the hereditary traditions of generous, southwestern hospitality are preserved among the residents of to-day. Pop. (1910), 25,943.

FRANKLIN GROVE, a town of Lee County, on Council Bluffs Division of the Chicago & Northwestern Railway, 88 miles west of Chicago. Grain, poultry, and live-stock are shipped from here. It has banks, water-works, high school, and a weekly paper. Population (1890), 786; (1900), 681; (1910), 572.

FRAZIER, Robert, a native of Kentucky, who came to Southern Illinois at an early day and served as State Senator from Edwards Coimty, in the Second and Third General Assemblies, in the latter being an opponent of the scheme to make Illinois a slave State. He was a farmer by occupation and, at the time he was a member of the Legislature, resided in what afterwards became Wabash County. Subsequently he removed to Edwards County, near Albion, where he died. **Frazier's Prairie," in Edwards County, was named for him.

FBEEMAN, Norman L., lawyer and Supreme Court Reporter, was born in Caledonia, Livingston County, N. Y., May 9, 1823; in 1831 accompanied his widowed mother to Ann Arbor, Mich., removing six years afterward to Detroit; was educated at Cleveland and Ohio University, taught school at Lesington, Ky., while studying law, and was admitted to the bar in 1846; removed to Shawneetown, 111., in 1851, was admitted to the Illinois bar and practiced some eight years. He then began farming in Marion County, Mo., but, in 1862, returned to Shawneetown and, in 1868, was appointed Reporter of Decisions by the Supreme Court of Illinois, serving until his death, which occurred at Springfield near the beginning of his sixth term in office, August 23, 1894.

FREE MASONS^ the oldest secret fraternity in the State - known as the ** Ancient Order of Free and Accepted Masons** - ^the first Lodge being instituted at Kaskaskia, June, 3, 1896, with Gen. John Eklgar, Worshipful Master; Michael Jones, Senior Warden; James Galbraith, Junior Warden; William Arundel, Secretary; Robert Robinson, Senior Deacon. These are names of persons who were, without exception, prominent in the early history of Illinois. A Grand Lodge was organized at Vandalia in 1822, with Gov. Shadrach Bond as first Grand Master, but the organization of the Grand Lodge, as it now exists, took place at Jacksonville in 1840. The nimiber of Lodges constituting the Grand Lodge of Illinois in 1840 was six, with 157 members ; the nimiber of Lodges within the same jurisdiction in 1895 was 713, with a membership of 50,727, of which 47,335 resided in Illinois. The dues for 1895 were $37,834.50; the contributions to members, their widows and orphans, $25,038.41; to nonmembers, $6,306.38, and to the Illinois Masonic Orphans' Home. $1,315.80. - Apollo Commandery No. 1 of Knights Templar - ^the pioneer organization of its kind in this or any neighboring State - was organized in Chicago, May 20, 1845, and the Grand Commandery of the order in Illinois in 1857, with James V. Z. Blaney, Grand Conmiander. In 1895 it was made up of sixtyfive subordinate commanderies, with a total membership of 9,355, and dues amounting to $7,75475. The principal officers in 1895-96 were Henry Hunter Montgomery, Grand Commander; John Henry Witbeck, Grand Treasurer, and Gilbert W. Barnard, Grand Recorder. - The Springfield Chapter of Royal Arch-Masons was organized in Springfield. Sept. 17, 1841, and the Royal Arch Chapter of the State at Jacksonville, April 9, 1850, the nine existing Chapters being formally chartered Oct. 14. of the same year. The number of subordinate Chapters, in 1895, was 186, with a total membership of 16,414. - The Grand Council of Royal and Select Masters, in 18H embraced 82 subordinate Councils, with a membership of 2.318.

FBEEPORT, a city and railway center, the county-seat of Stephenson County, 121 miles west of Chicago ; has good water-power frum the Pecatonica River, with several manufacturing establishments, the output including carriages, wagon-wheels, wind-mills, coffee-mills, organs, piano-stools, leather, mineral paint, foundry products; has three daily and weekly papers. The Illinois Central Railroad has shops here and the city has a Government postoffice building. Pop. (1890), 10,189; (1900), 13,258; (1910), 17,567. -

FBEEPORT COLLEOE^an institution at Freeport, 111., incorporated in 1895; is co-educational; had a faculty of six instructors in 1896, with 116 pupils.

FREER, Lemuel CoTell PalBe, early lawyer, was bom in Dutchess County, N. Y., Sept. 18, 1815; came to Chicago in 1836, studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1840; was a zealous anti-slavery man and an active supporter of the Government during the War of the Rebellion; for many years was President of the Board of Trustees of Rush Medical College. Died, in Chicago. April 14, 1892.

FRENCH, Aagastas ninth Governor of Illinois (1846-52), was bom in New Hampshire, August 2, 1808. After coming to Illinois, he became a resident of Crawford County, and a lawyer by profession. He was a member of the Tenth and Eleventh General Assemblies, and Receiver, for a time, of the Land Office at Palestine. He served as Presidential Elector in 1844, was elected to the office of Groverrior as a Democrat in 1846 by a majority of nearly 17,000 over two competitors, and was the unanimous choice of his party for a second term in 1848. His adminis- tration was free from scandals. He was appointed Bank Commissioner by Grovemor Matteson, and later accepted the chair of Law in McKendree College at Lebanon. In 1858 he was the nominee of the Douglas wing of the Democratic party for State Superintendent of Public Instruction, ex-Gov. John Reynolds being the candidate of the Buchanan branch of the party. Both were defeated. His last public service was as a member from St. Clair County of the Constitutional Convention of 1862. Died, at Lebanon, Sept. 4, 1864.

FBENCH AND IXDUN WAR. The first premonition of this struggle in the West was given in 1698, when two English vessels entered the mouth of the Mississippi, to take possession of the French Territory of Louisiana, which then included what afterward became the State of Illinois. This expedition, however, returned without result. Great Britain was anxious to have a colorable pretext for attempting to evict the French, and began negotiation of treaties with the Indian tribes as early as 1724, expecting thereby to fortify her original claim, which was based on the right of prior discovery. The numerous shif tings of the political kaleidoscope in Europe prevented any further steps in this direction on the part of England imtil 174840, when the Ohio Land Company received a royal grant of 500,000 acres along the Ohio River, with exclusive trading privileges. The Company proceeded to explore and survey and, about 1752, established a trading post on Loramie Creek, 47 miles north of Dayton. The French foresaw that hostilities were probable, and advanced their posts as far east as the Allegheny River. Complaints by the Ohio Company induced an ineffectual remonstrance on the part of Virginia. Among the ambassadors sent to the French by the Governor of Virginia was George Washington, who thus, in early manhood, became identified with Illinois history. His report was of such a nature as to induce the erection of counter fortifications by the British, one of which (at the junction of the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers) was seized and occupied by the French before its completion. Then ensued a series of engagements which, while not involving large forces of men, were fraught with grave consequences, and in which the French were generally successful. In 1755 occurred "Braddock's defeat" in an expedition to recover Fort Duquesne (where Pittsburg now stands), which had been captured by the French the previous year, and the Grovemment of Great Britain determined to redouble its efforts. The final result was the termination of French domination in the Ohio Valley. Later came the downfall of French ascendency in Canada as the result of the battle of Quebec ; but the vanquished yet hoped to be able to retain Louisiana and Illinois. But France was forced to indemnify Spain for the loss of Florida, which it did by the cession of all of Louisiana lying west of the Mississippi (including the city of New Orleans), and this virtually ended French hopes in Illinois. The last military post in North America to be garrisoned by French troops was Fort Chartres, in Illinois Territory, where St. Ange remained in command until its evacuation was demanded by the English.

FREXCUeOYERNORSOP ILLINOIS. French Governors began to be appointed by the Company of the Indies (which see) in 1722, the * Illinois Country" having previously been treated as a dependency of Canada. The first Governor ( or '^commandant'') was Pierre Duque de Boisbriant. who was commandant for only three years, when he was sunmioned to New Orleans (1725) to succeed de Bienville as (Governor of Louisiana. Capt. du Tisne was in command for a short time after his departure, but was succeeded by another Captain in the royal army, whose name is variously spelled de Liette, de Lielte, De Siette and Delietto. He was followed in turn by St. Ange (the father of St. Ange de Bellerive), who died in 1742. In 1732 the Company of the Indies surrendered its charter to the crown, and the Governors of the Illinois Country were thereafter appointed directly by royal authority. Under the earlier Governors justice had been administered under the civil law; with the change in the method of appointment the code known as the ''Common Law of Paris'' came into effect, although not rigidly enforced because found in many particulars to be ill-suited to the needs of a new coimtry. The first of the Royal Governors was Pierre d' Artaguiette, who was appointed in 1734, but was captured while engaged in an expedition against the Chickasaws, in 1736, and burned at the stake. (See D' Artaguiette.) He was followed by Alphonse de la Buissoniere, who was succeeded, in 1740, by Capt. Benoist de St. Claire. In 1742 he gave way to the Chevalier Bertel or Berthet, but was reinstated about 1748. The last of the French Governors of the "Illinois Country" was Louis St. Ange de Bellerive, who retired to St. Louis, after turning over the command to Captain Stirling, the English officer sent to supersede him, in 1765. (St. Ange de Bellerive died, Dec. 27, 1774.) The administration of the French commandants, while firm, was usually conserva- tive and benevolent. Local self-government was encouraged as far as practicable, and, while the Governors' power over commerce was virtually imrestricted, they interfered but little with the ordinary life of the people.

FREW^ Calvin Uamlll, lawyer and State Senator, was bom in Cleveland, Ohio, educated at Finley (Ohio) High School, Beaver (Pa.) Academy and Vermilion Institute at Hayesville, Ohio. ; in 1862 was Principal of the High School at Ealida, Ohio, where he began the study of law, which he continued the next two years with Messrs. Strain & Kidder, at Monmouth, 111., meanwhile acting as Principal of a high school at Young America; in 1865 removed to Paxton, Ford Coimty, which has since been his home, and the same year was admitted to the bar by the Supreme Court of Illinois. Mr. Frew served as Assistant Superintendent of Schools for Ford Ck)unty (1865-68) ; in 1868 was elected Representative in the Twenty -sixth Oeneral Assembly, re-elected in 1870, and again in '78. While practicing law he has been connected with some of the most important cases before the courts in that section of the State, and his fidelity and skill in their management are testified by members of the bar, as well as Judges upon the bench. Of late years he has devoted his attention to breeding trotting horses, 'with a view to the improvement of his health but not with the intention of permanently abandoning his profession.

FRY) Jacobs pioneer and soldier, was bom in Fayette County, Ky., Sept. 20, 1799; learned the trade of a carpenter and came to Illinois in 1819, working first at Alton, but, in 1820, took up his residence near the present town of Carrollton, in which he built the first house. Greene County was not organized until two years later, and this border settlement was, at that time, the extreme northern white settlement in Illinois. He served as Constable and Deputy Sheriff (simultaneously) for six years, and was then elected Sheriff, being five times re-elected. He served through the Black Hawk War (first as Lieutenant-Colonel and afterwards as Colonel), having in his regiment Abraham Lincoln, O. &. Browning, John Wood (afterwards Governor) and Robert Anderson, of Fort Sumter fame. In 1837 he was appointed Commissioner of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, and re-appointed in 1889 and *41, later becoming Acting Commissioner, with authority to settle up the business of the former commission, which was that year legislated out of oflSce. He was afterwards appointed Canal Trustee by Governor Ford, and, in 1847, retired from connection with canal management. In 1850 he went to California, where he engaged in mining and trade for three years, meanwhile serving one term in the State Senate. In 1857 he was appointed Collector of the Port at Chicago by President Buchanan, but was removed in 1859 because of hi;^ friendship for Senator Douglas. In 1860 he returned to Greene County ; in 1861, in spite of his advanced age, was commissioned Colonel of the Sixty-first Illinois Volunteers, and later participated in numerous engagements (among them the battle of Shiloh), was captured by Forrest, and ultimately compelled to resign because of impaired health and failing eyesight, finally becoming totally blind. He died, Jime 27, 1881, and was buried in Oak Ridge Cemetery, near Springfield. Two of Colonel Fry's sons achieved distinction during the Civil War. - James Barnet (Fry), son of the preceding, was bom at Carrollton, lU.. Feb. 22, 1827; graduated at West Point Military Academy, in 1847, and was assigned to artillery service; after a short experience as Assistant Instructor, joined his regiment, the Third United States Artillery, in Mexico, remaining there through 1847-48. Later, he was employed on frontier and garrison duty, and again as Instructor in 1853-54, and as Adjutant of the Academy during 1854-59; became Assistant Adjutant-General, March 16, 1861, then served as Chief of Staff to General McDowell and General Buell (1861-62), taking part in the battles of Bull Rim, Shiloh and Corinth, and in the campaign in Kentucky; was made Provost-Marshal-General of the United States, in March, 1863, and conducted the drafts of that year, receiving the rank of Brigadier-General, April 21, 1864. He continued in this office imtil August 30, 1866, during which time he put in the army 1,120,621 men, arrested 76,562 deserters, collected $26,3B6,316.78 and made an exact enrollment of the National forces. After the war he served as Adjutant- General with the rank of Colonel, till June 1, 1881, when he was retired at his own request. Besides his various official reports, he published a **Sketch of the Adjutant-General's Department, United States Army, from 1775 to 1875, '' and "History and Legal Effects of Brevets in the Armies of Great Britain and the United States, from their origin in 1692 to the Present Time," (1877). Died, in Newport, R. I., July 11, 1894. - William M. (Pry), another son, was Provost Marshal of the North Illinois District during the Civil War, and rendered valuable service. to the Government.

Conn., Sept. H 1822; studied law at Warsaw, N. Y., was admitted to practice, in 1846 came to Belvidere, Boone County. UL, and, after practicing there some years, was elected Circuit Judge in 1861. A few months afterward he was induced to accept the office of Adjutant-Greneral by appointment of Covemor Yates, entering upon the duties of the office in November, 1861. At first it was understood that his acceptance was only temporary, so that he did not formally resign his place upon the bench until July, 1862. He continued to discharge the duties of Adjutant- General until January, 1865, when, having been elected Representative in the General Assembly, he was succeeded in the Adjutant-General's office by General Isham N. Haynie. He served as Speaker of the House during the following session, and as State Senator from 1867 to 1873 - in the Twenty-fifth, Twenty-sixth and Twentyseventh General Assemblies. He was also elected a Republican Presidential Elector in 1860, and again in 1876. After retiring from office, General Fuller devoted his attention to the practice of his profession and looking after a large private business at Belvidere. Died Dec. 6, 1901.

FULLER^ Cluurles E.^ lawyer and legislator, was bom at Flora, Boone County, 111., March 31, 1849; attended the district school until 12 years of age, and, between 1861 and '67, served as clerk in stores at Belvidere and Cherry Valley. He then spent a couple of years in the book business in Iowa, when (1869) he began the study of law with Hon. Jesse S. Hildrup, at Belvidere, and was admitted to the bar in 1870. Since then Mr. Fuller has practiced his profession at Belvidere, was Corporation Attorney for that city in 1875-76, the latter year being elected State's Attorney for Boone County. From 1879 to 1891 he served continuously in the Legislature, first as State Senator in the Thirty-first and Thirtysecond General Assemblies, then as a member of the House for three sessions, in 1888 being returned to the Senate, where he served the next two sessions. Mr. Fuller established a high reputation in the Legislature as a debater, and was the candidate of his party (the Republican) for Speaker of the House in 1885. He was also a delegate to the Rep. Natl. Convention of 1884. In 1897 he was elected Judge of the Circuit Court, and since 1903 (except 1913 to 1915) has represented the Twelfth District in Congress.

FULLER) MelTille Weston, eighth Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court, was bom at Augusta, Maine, Feb. 11, 1888, graduated from Bowdoin College in 1868, was admitted to the bar in 1855, and became City Attorney of his native city, but resign^ed and removed to Chicago the following year. Through his mother's family he traces his descent back to the Pilgrims of the Mayflower. His literary and legal attainments are of a high order. In politics he has always been a strong Democrat. He served as a Delegate to the Constitutional Convention of 1863 and as a member of the Legislature in 1868, after that time devoting his attention to the practice of his profession in Chicago. In 1888 President Cleveland appointed him Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, since which time he had resided at Washington, although still claiming a residence in Chicago, where he had considerable property interests. Died July 4, 1910.

FULLEBTON, Alexander N., pioneer settler and lawyer, bom in Chester, Vt., in 1804, was educated at Middlebury College and Litchfield Law School, and, coming to Chicago in 1888, finally engaged in real-estate and mercantile business, in which he was very successful. His name has been given to one of the avenues of Chicago, as well as associated with one of the prominent business blocks. He was one of the original members of the Second Presbyterian Church of that city. Died, Sept. 29, 1880.

FULTON, a city and railway center in Whiteside County, 185 miles west of Chicago, located on the Mississippi River and the Chicago & Northwestern, the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, and the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railways. It was formerly the terminus of a line of steamers which annually brought millions of bushels of grain down the Mississippi from Minnesota, Wisconsin and Illinois, returning with merchandise, agricultural implements, etc., but this river trade gradually died out, having been usurped by the various railroads. Fulton has extensive factories for the making of stoves, besides some important lumber industries. The Northern Illinois College is located here. Population (1890), 2,099; (1900), 2,685; (1910), 2,174.

FULTON COUNTY, situated west of and bordering on the Illinois River; was originally a part of Pike County, but separately organized in 1823 - named for Robert Fulton. It has an area of 864 square miles with a population (1910) of 49,549. The soil is rich, well watered and wooded. Drainage is effected by the Illinois and Spoon Rivers (the former constituting its eastern boundary) and by Copperas Creek. Lewistown became the county-seat immediately after county organization, and so remains to the present time (1899) The surface of the county at a distance from the river is generally flat, although along the Illinois there are bluffs rising to the height of 125 feet. The soil is rich, and underlying it are rich, workable seams of coal. A thin seam of oannel coal has been mined near Avon, with a contiguous vein of fire-clay. Some of the earliest settlers were Messrs. Craig and Savage, who, in 1818, built a saw mill on Otter Creek; Ossian M. Ross and Stephen Dewey, who laid off Lewistown on his own land in 1822. The first hotel in the entire military tract was opened at Lewistown by Truman Phelps, in 1827. A flat-boat ferry across the Illinois was established at Havana, in 1828. The principal towns are Canton ( pop. 6, 564), Lewistown (2,166). Farmington (1,375). and Vermont (1.158).

FULTON COUNTY NARROW-GAUGE RAILWA¥, a line extending from the west bank of the Illinois River, opposite Havana, to Galesburg, 61 miles. It is a single-track, narrow-gauge (8-foot) road, although the excavations and embankments are being widened to accommodate a track of standard gauge. The grades are few, and, as a rule, are light, although, in one instance, the gradient is eighty-four feet to the mile. There are more than 19 miles of curves, the maximum being sixteen degrees. The rails are of iron, thirty-five pounds to the yard, road not ballasted. Capital stock outstanding (1805), $636,794; bonded debt, $484,000; miscellaneous obligations, $462,362; total capitalization. $1,583,- 156. The line from Havana to Fairview (31 miles) was chartered in 1 878 and opened in 1880 and the extension from Fairview to Galesburg chartered in 1881 and opened in 1882.