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Walworth County, Wisconsin

114 topographic sheets cover 48 settlements here, and 50 properties are on the National Register of Historic Places.

Research this county

From the record

50 National Register listings published here · the county-history sources name 3 people · people the book names include History Of Walworth Count T. (Whitewater City, 1882) · General Early History (Linn Town, 1882) (machine-read).

Sources: the county history on the Internet Archive · the National Register database, National Park Service

Wisconsin within the United States
Walworth County within Wisconsin

What the record shows

  • 1,039 topographic sheet readings cover the county's settlements.
  • 50 properties here are on the National Register of Historic Places: 38 buildings, 7 districts, 4 structures and 1 site.
  • 10 of the 50 listings were added during the 1970s.
  • The Geographic Names Information System records 49 populated places in this county; 48 are covered by at least one topographic sheet.
  • 2 public-domain county histories, 1882 and 1912, supply 340,132 words of narrative reproduced here.

Places on the National Register

50

Every property in this county listed on the National Register of Historic Places, with the year it was listed and the federal nomination document.

Photograph PropertyType ListedReference
A. H. Allyn Housebuilding198585001950
John and Margaret Bell Housebuilding199494001154
Black Pointbuilding199494001147
Bonnie Braebuilding198686000614
George W. Borg Corporationbuilding2020100004953
Carl and Clara Bucholtz Farmsteadbuilding2018100003104
Buena Vista Housebuilding197878000143
Davidson Hallbuilding198787000443
Delavan Downtown Commercial Historic Districtdistrict201616000067
Delavan Post Officebuilding200000001260
Delavan Water Tower Park Historic Districtdistrict201616000068
Delavan's Vitrified Brick Streetstructure199696000234
Delavan's Vitrified Brick Streetstructure199696000234
Douglass-Stevenson Housebuilding198686000615
Downtown Darien Historic Districtdistrict201313000686
East Wing (Old Main)building198484000609
Edward Elderkin Housebuilding197474000132
Elkhorn Band Shellstructure201212000490
Elkhorn Municipal Buildingbuilding201212000491
Elkhorn Post Officebuilding200000001259
Grace and Pearl Historic Districtdistrict199393000810
Halverson Log Cabinbuilding198585000070
Heart Prairie Lutheran Churchbuilding197474000133
Heart Prairie Norwegian Methodist Episcopal Churchbuilding2023100008810
Horticultural Hallbuilding199999001220
A.P. Johnson Housebuilding198282000715
Fred B. Jones Estatebuilding197474000134
Horace Loomis Housebuilding197474000357
Main Street Historic Districtdistrict200201001453
Main Street Historic Districtdistrict198989002116
Maple Park Historic Districtdistrict200505000621
Metropolitan Blockbuilding199090000559
Meyerhofer Cobblestone Housebuilding198080000202
Oak Hill Cemeterysite2021100006406
Redwood Cottagebuilding198484003796
Reynolds-Weed Housebuilding198383003429
Riviera, Thebuilding198686000616
Sheboygan Light, Power and Railway Company Car #26structure200606001069
Smith and Meadows Store Buildingsbuilding199393000067
T. C. Smith Housebuilding198282001852
Israel Stowell Temperance Housebuilding197878000145
James Jesse Strang Housebuilding197474000135
Wandawega Innbuilding201515000341
Anson Warner Farmsteadbuilding199898001431
Joseph P. Webster Housebuilding197272000066
Whitewater Hotelbuilding201009001273
Whitewater Passenger Depotbuilding201313000376
Whitewater Post Officebuilding200000001256
Younglandsbuilding197979000116
Younglandsbuilding197979000116

Wildfire, 2010 to 2020

103 fires

Every wildfire the federal occurrence database records inside this county: 103 of them, burning about 309 acres. 2 started naturally and 11 were recorded as arson. Each settlement page carries the fires within five miles of it.

Reported cause Fires
Debris and open burning44
Missing data/not specified/undetermined38
Arson/incendiarism11
Equipment and vehicle use3
Smoking3
Natural2
Power generation/transmission/distribution1
Recreation and ceremony1

The five largest, by the area the report gives. One of them was set deliberately.

DateCause SizeReported by Name on the report
7 November 2020Missing data/not specified/undetermined60 acresWisconsin Department of Natural Resources476
1 April 2010Debris and open burning53 acresWisconsin Department of Natural Resourcesnot named
11 March 2012Arson/incendiarism46 acresWisconsin Department of Natural Resourcesnot named
18 March 2018Debris and open burning30 acresWisconsin Department of Natural Resources55
29 April 2018Debris and open burning15 acresWisconsin Department of Natural Resources172
15 June 2018Missing data/not specified/undetermined10 acresWisconsin Department of Natural Resources241
8 April 2019Missing data/not specified/undetermined10 acresWisconsin Department of Natural Resources153
7 April 2018Debris and open burning10 acresWisconsin Department of Natural Resources137

Every settlement page carries the fires within five miles of it - see the settlement index below.

Storms, 1955 to 2026

60 of 573 shown

The NOAA Storm Events Database holds 573 reports for this county, causing no deaths, 41 injuries and about $28,329,400 in recorded property damage. Each settlement page carries the reports that name it.

Kind of event Reports
Thunderstorm Wind325
Hail135
Tornado45
Lightning22
Flash Flood18
Flood12
Funnel Cloud8
Heavy Rain6
Strong Wind2

The most serious of them, by death, then injury, then recorded damage. The accounts are quoted exactly as the forecast office filed them.

WhenEvent Place namedHarm What the report says
July 1998Thunderstorm WindElkhorn12 hurt, $1,900,000no account filed
July 2003LightningEast Troy8 hurtno account filed
June 2000Flash FloodLake Geneva4 hurt, $350,000no account filed
June 1999LightningElkhorn3 hurtno account filed
June 1989Thunderstorm Windnot stated3 hurtno account filed
July 1998Thunderstorm WindLake Geneva2 hurt, $1,500,000no account filed
July 2003LightningEast Troy2 hurtno account filed
March 1966Tornado (F2)not stated1 hurt, $2,500,000no account filed
April 1955Tornado (F2)not stated1 hurt, $250,000no account filed
September 1961Tornado (F2)not stated1 hurt, $25,000no account filed
June 1999Thunderstorm WindDelavan1 hurt, $10,000no account filed
September 2005Thunderstorm WindWhitewater1 hurtPowerful thunderstorm winds toppled a tree, which fell onto a car, injuring one person.
September 1997LightningElkhorn1 hurtno account filed
July 1991Thunderstorm Windnot stated1 hurtno account filed
July 2017Flash FloodLa Grange$10,000,000Various road closures over the eastern half of Walworth County due to the flash flooding of creeks or the pooling of water in low spots after 3.50-8.00 inches of rain. Walworth County declared an emergency. Road closures near Springfield, Abells Corners, south and east of East Troy. Also, widespread flooding and road closures in and around Elkhorn after 3.26 inches of rain in an hour. The water flowed into some businesses and the Huber Dorm. Some cars were stranded in deep water. Residents of the Bud Motors Trailer Park in the Town of Lyons evacuated due to flooding from the White River. Also in Lyons, the Ore Creek flooded and destroyed a portion of the foundation of a home. Ten additional homes were flooded and there were extensive roadway washouts in the area.
November 2010Tornado (EF1)Walworth$1,000,000A tornado moved into extreme south-central Walworth County from Illinois about 5,100 feet west of the intersection of Alden Road and State Line Road, and quickly intensified to EF-1 rating. It moved northeast for over 5 miles before dissipating about 1,700 feet southeast of the intersection of County Road BB and Zenda Road. Five homes sustained damage, with two homes severely damaged. The tornado crossed CTH B where it dog-legs east of Swamp Angel Rd. Collectively, three sheds and two barns were damaged, with one of the barns flattened. Eight wooden power poles were also snapped, along with numerous trees and fences. On one farm, 4 cows, and several chickens and turkeys were killed by tornado debris. WeEnergy Utility reported about 4000 homes without electrical power in the county due to downed power-lines. The average path length was 60 yards in width. The EF1 estimated wind speed of 105 mph was based on DI 2(FR12) DOD 4. The loss estimate was produced by Walworth County Emergency Management. The exact start location is Lat 42.49507 Lon -88.56948. The exact end location is Lat 42.53464 Lon -88.47970.
June 2000Flash FloodWalworth$850,000no account filed
July 2011Thunderstorm WindTibbet$800,000Law enforcement officials reported trees and power lines down in a 5-mile wide swath from northeast of Tibbets to east of Elkhorn due to damaging thunderstorm wind gusts estimated at 60 knots (69 mph). Corn crops were also blown down by the damaging winds. Two county salt storage sheds off of County Highway NN in Elkhorn were also severely damaged by the thunderstorm gusts.Winds caused the paneling of one shed to collapse into the structure. The roof of the other shed was lifted from it's foundation, damaging electrical utilities attached to it and adjacent buildings before settling back down. Officials estimate it will cost $800,000 to repair the sheds. Trees also toppled over onto the Lauderdale Lakes Management district's community center on the corner of Sterlingworth Drive and U.S. Highway 12.
June 2008Flash FloodDelavan$525,600Heavy rains resulted in flash flooding across mostly the northeast part of Walworth County. Water depths on road surfaces reached 3 feet or more and there were gravel washouts. Soem roads were closed. Some farm fields remained flooded into early July. The breakdown for residential home losses were: 23 with minor damage (total of $183 thousand for home losses). There were no business losses. Crop losses were estimated at $4.254 million. Public sector damage was about $342.6 thousand. Some roads and bridges sustained damage.
March 2023Tornado (EF0)Sharon$400,000Tornado started near the Illinois state line and tracked northward toward Delavan Lake. A number of farm outbuildings had roofing panels lofted off of them and a subdivision south of Delavan Lake had a number of large trees toppled. Tornado appeared to end north of Lake Lawn Resort, which had some tree damage to it.
April 2026Tornado (EF1)Troy$392,000The tornado started northwest of County Road ES, west of Interstate 43, south of East Troy where it heavily damaged two barns. Corn stubble was noted to be deposited from the corn field to the west all along a path through a cemetery up to Interstate 43. Some tree damage was noted along Alpine Valley Golf Course. The tornado then moved along County Road D and caused additional damage to some barns and outbuildings along with numerous trees. The tornado ended somewhere south of County Road D and northwest of Valley View Road.
July 2000Flash FloodPell Lake$346,000no account filed
April 1996Thunderstorm WindSharon$300,000no account filed
July 2005Thunderstorm WindTibbet$250,000Downburst winds toppled numerous large trees in the area north and northeast of Tibbet around the Lauderdale Lakes. Twenty-five homes sustained tree damage, and some power lines were pulled down.
September 1997Thunderstorm WindSharon$250,000no account filed
June 1980Tornado (F2)not stated$250,000no account filed
July 1972Tornado (F1)not stated$250,000no account filed
September 1972Tornado (F2)not stated$250,000no account filed
June 1967Tornado (F1)not stated$250,000no account filed
April 1965Tornado (F1)not stated$250,000no account filed
April 1957Tornado (F2)not stated$250,000no account filed
June 2024Tornado (EF1)Delavan Arpt$150,000Tornado appeared to begin on the north end of Delavan Lake with some of the worst damage occurring in a subdivision northwest of Williams Bay where a number of houses lost portions or most of their roofs. Damage continued southeast through Lions Park and the Williams Bay Lakefront Park before ending over Geneva Lake.
June 2008Flash FloodWhitewater$150,000Heavy rains resulted in flash flooding across a good part of Walworth County. Water depths on road surfaces reached 3 feet or more and there were gravel washouts. State Highway 59 was closed in Whitewater. Some farm fields remained flooded into early July. The breakdown for residential home losses were: 10 with minor damage (total of about $50 thousand in damage). There were no business losses. Crop losses were estimated at $1 million. Public sector damage was about $100 thousand.
June 2008Thunderstorm WindEast Troy$150,000Powerful, hurricane-force thunderstorms winds knocked down many trees, power-lines, and an old silo. Additionally, part of a roof of a barn was ripped off, a concrete wall of a machine shed was blown in, and 2 semi tractor-trailers were blown over on Interstate-43. Peak wind gusts were estimated at 78 knots (90 mph), but this number could be 9 knots (10 mph) too low or too high.
August 2007Flash FloodWhitewater$150,000Several rounds of thunderstorms with heavy rains on top of a saturated ground resulted in scattered flash flood events across the entire county of Walworth. Fast-flowing water reached depths of 6 inches to 2 feet at the following locations: STH 11 just east of STH 89 (about 3N of Darien), Plank Road just northeast of Elkhorn, Highway 12 and Potter Road, CTH L near East Troy, and several roads around Richmond. Johnson Creek and Turtle Creek areas between Richmond and I-43 exceeded flood stage. At least a couple dozen homes had water damage to basement contents, or sewage backups. Two basement walls of a home in the Civil Town of Lafayette, or about 2 miles east-northeast of Elkhorn, collapsed. Some soil erosion and minor crop damage were noted in the county. A couple minor landslides occurred along the shoreline of Geneva Lake.||August, 2007, rainfall totals include: 12.83 in Genoa City, and 12.67 in Whitewater.
August 2007Flash FloodSharon$150,000Low-end flash flooding affected scattered parts of Walworth County. Areas affected were the city of Lake Geneva, the village of Sharon, the town of Lyons, and the Town of Spring Prairie. Overnight rainfall amounts on top of a nearly saturated ground ranged from around 3 inches over the southern parts of the county to 4 to 6 inches over the northern parts, based on WSR-88D doppler estimates. Water depths on some roads in low spots reached 2 to 4 feet, and significant soil erosion was noted in the surrounding countryside. At least 20 homes sustained minor flood damage to basement contents. Altogether, residential damage was estimated at $31,000. Gravel shoulder washouts on some roads will require an estimated $19,500 to repair. The Sharon Department of Public Works sewer pumps were damaged by flood waters, and repair costs are estimated at $6,200. No major crop losses were reported. At a location 4ENE East Troy, 5.83 was measured overnight.
August 1996Thunderstorm WindDarien$150,000no account filed
April 2026Tornado (EF1)Darien$133,000The tornado appeared to start north of School Section Rd and west of Old 89 Rd with mainly tree damage going to the east-northeast. The tornado then tracked along State Road 11 going east toward Delavan. About 4 farmsteads had damage to them, including one empty silo that was blown down from about halfway up. The tornado then continued east-southeast along Hwy 11 and ended near Redwood Ct on the west side of Delavan where it caused some tree damage.
April 2026Tornado (EF1)Richmond$124,000Multivortex tornado documented southwest of Richmond. Multiple sheds with sheet metal damage along County Highway M before entering Walworth County.
May 2024Tornado (EF1)Darien$100,000Brief tornado went through mainly rural lands, but did hit a horse barn where farmers were actively feeding their horses. No injuries occurred, but a door blew in and nearly hit one of the farm workers.
June 2024Tornado (EF1)Linton$100,000Tornado believed to have started east of the Abbey Springs Golf Course via eye witness accounts and tree damage in the area. Tornado went out over Geneva Lake and hit on the north side of the lake near Elgin Club Dr before going northeast and likely ending over Lake Como. Mainly widespread tree damage but some severe damage to a dock was documented on the north end of Geneva Lake. Plankings from the dock were thrown about 500 yards to the northeast from it's location with canopy material found scattered throughout the tree tops northeast of the location.
March 2023Tornado (EF0)Walworth$100,000Tornado damage path which damaged a barn and shed and also caused 16 power lines to be snapped.
March 2023Tornado (EF1)Sharon$100,000Tail end of the tornado that began in northern Illinois and tracked just to the southeast to northeast of Sharon. A few barns had roofing damage to them.
March 2023Tornado (EF0)Como$100,000Tornado damage started at the Geneva National Golf Club and went due north along Prairie Rd and County Rd H. The most substantial damage was to a storage facility which had a high volume of roofing material lofted about a mile north of the facility.
November 2020Thunderstorm WindFontana$100,000Widespread tree damage and power outages in the Village of Fontana-On-Geneva-Lake. Dozens of roads blocked by fallen trees. At least 14 homes sustained structural damage due to fallen trees. A roof blown off a home. A green house destroyed.
May 2017Thunderstorm WindWhitewater$100,000A considerable number of trees and limbs down in Whitewater. Some trees or limbs down on homes and vehicles. Roads were closed due to the large number of trees blocking the roads. No electricity into the next day with schools cancelled. A corn dryer on Howard Road was disconnected from its gas line, thereby causing a fire.
August 2015Tornado (EF1)Lake Geneva$100,000An EF1 tornado caused a sporadic path of damage. The most severe damage was significant roof damage to 4 buildings that were warehouse buildings and metal building systems. One of those buildings sustained a collapsed wall. There was minor damage to a mobile home and a barn. A couple large retail signs were destroyed. There were many trees uprooted and snapped.
May 2013Thunderstorm WindDelavan$100,000Law enforcement officials reported 20 buildings were damaged and around 40 trees and numerous power lines downed by a thunderstorm microburst with wind gusts estimated at 70 mph (61 knots) along a 2 mile-long, 1/4 to 1/2 mile-wide path through the City of Delavan.
July 2011Thunderstorm WindDelavan$100,000Local newspapers reported trees and power lines down in and around the town of Delavan due to damaging thunderstorm wind gusts estimated at 70 knots (80 mph). The severe wind gusts felled 40 trees and damaged roofs and gutters on buildings at Lake Lawn Resort on the northeast side of Delavan Lake.
January 2008Tornado (EF1)Pell Lake$100,000This tornado inflicted minor damage on 3 structures and moderate damage on 2 structures in the County of Walworth (homes/pole sheds/barn), and uprooted or damaged a couple dozen trees. It spun up very near a drainage ditch/creek just west of West Court/Center Drive which which branches west from CTH U. This tornado crossed into Kenosha County about 0.4 mile north of where CTH U in Walworth County crosses the county line and becomes CTH F in Walworth County. It contiuned for several miles in western Kenosha County. The average path width was about 50 yards in Walworth County. The winds were estimated at 93 mph (DI 1 - SBO, DOD 5). The specific starting location in Walworth County was 42.54884,-88.33343, and the ending location in Walworth County was 42.56342,-88.30533. Refer to the western Kensoha County tornado event to see a map plot of the entire tornado path.
April 2008LightningWhitewater$100,000Lightning struck a home and resulted in a fire that extensively damaged the roof and 2nd story.
July 2008Thunderstorm WindDarien$100,000Powerful thunderstorm wind gusts toppled several large trees and broke branches that brought down some power-lines. At least 6 homes sustained damage due to tree debris in the Walworth to Williams Bay area.
August 1998Flash FloodWhitewater$100,000no account filed
September 1997LightningWalworth$100,000no account filed
April 2026Tornado (EF1)Delavan$99,000Tornado appeared to begin along Turtle Creek west of Klug Rd and south of County Road M. The tornado destroyed an open facing barn shed along Klug Rd. It then tracked to the northeast and caused damage to 3 barns, a garage and a house along County Road P. It then continued to the northeast and crossed Dam Rd before ending near Turtle Creek again.
April 2026Tornado (EF1)Delavan Lake$83,000The tornado began west of Quinney Road and tracked to the southeast, hitting 4 barns as it tracked across farmland west of Elkhorn.
July 2015Tornado (EF1)Richmond$80,000A machine shed was completely destroyed. A roof of a modern pole barn was removed. Visible damage to a shed. A 2 by 4 lodged inside a vehicle with the windows blown out. Trees snapped and fields of corn partially blown over.
August 2013Thunderstorm WindDelavan$70,000A line of severe thunderstorms resulted in 6 trees downed, 52 large tree limbs down, 17 power lines down with some on fire.
May 2024Tornado (EF0)Walworth Big Foot Ar$60,000Tornado originated in northern Illinois and came across the border into Walworth county before ending south of Geneva Lake. Damage occurred to a couple of farm outbuildings.
March 2023Tornado (EF0)Richmond$50,000Several trees toppled and uprooted. Minor fascia damage. Sheet metal roof damage.

Mines and quarries

32 recorded

The Survey's mineral resources record lists 32 workings inside this county. 9 still produce and 23 are closed or unrecorded. Each settlement page carries the workings within five miles of it.

Commodity Workings
Sand and Gravel, Construction30
Stone1
Stone, Crushed/Broken1

The least common of them first, because a county's hundredth gravel pit says nothing its first ten did not.

Where SiteCommodity StatusRecorded
Draeger QuarryStone, Crushed/BrokenProducer
Own CrewsStoneUnknown
Ames PitSand and Gravel, ConstructionUnknown
Ames PitSand and Gravel, ConstructionProducer
Army Lake Sand DepositSand and Gravel, ConstructionOccurrence
Casey PitSand and Gravel, ConstructionPast Producer
Community PitSand and Gravel, ConstructionPast Producer
Devil's Hill PitSand and Gravel, ConstructionProducer
Harness PitSand and Gravel, ConstructionPast Producer
Home PitSand and Gravel, ConstructionProducer
Home PitSand and Gravel, ConstructionPast Producer
Hopkins PitSand and Gravel, ConstructionPast Producer
Hopkins PitSand and Gravel, ConstructionPast Producer
Jolliffe PitSand and Gravel, ConstructionUnknown
Koehl PitSand and Gravel, ConstructionUnknown
Mann Brothers, Inc.Sand and Gravel, ConstructionPast Producer
Mauritz PitSand and Gravel, ConstructionPast Producer
Mawhinney PitSand and Gravel, ConstructionUnknown
Meyers PitSand and Gravel, ConstructionUnknown
Nelson PitSand and Gravel, ConstructionPast Producer
O Malley PitSand and Gravel, ConstructionPast Producer
Paddock PitSand and Gravel, ConstructionProducer
Potter PitSand and Gravel, ConstructionProducer
Richmond PitSand and Gravel, ConstructionPast Producer
Ryan PitSand and Gravel, ConstructionProducer
S and W Dairy PitSand and Gravel, ConstructionPast Producer
Schutt PitSand and Gravel, ConstructionPast Producer
Stewart PitSand and Gravel, ConstructionPast Producer
Swoboda PitSand and Gravel, ConstructionPast Producer
Triebold PitSand and Gravel, ConstructionProducer
Triebold PitSand and Gravel, ConstructionPast Producer
Williams Bay PitSand and Gravel, ConstructionProducer

The townships, in 1912

340,132 words

History of Walworth County, Wisconsin .. devotes a chapter to each township: its boundaries and streams, who settled it and when, the mills, the schools and the churches. All 20 are reproduced here in full. Each row shows the township's own shape and where it lies in the county, drawn from the Census Bureau's boundary. Which settlements belong to which township is computed from that same boundary, not taken from the book.

The county's history books

435,163 words

2 books written about this county, cut here where the book itself is cut, at its printed chapters: 26 chapters in all. Every chapter is public domain, machine-read from the scan and reproduced complete. A chapter already given under one of the county's towns is not repeated in this list.

History of Walworth County, Wisconsin, Containing an Account of Its Settlement, Growth, Development and Resources...its War Record, Biographical Sketches, Portraits of Prominent Men and Early Settlers; the Whole Preceded by a History of Wisconsin...and an Abstract of Its Laws and Constitution.. (1882)

ChapterLength
Chapter 6172,156 words in 11 parts
Chapter 113,575 words
Chapter 237,299 words in 3 parts
Chapter with an unread heading (no. 4 of those read)42,123 words in 3 parts

History of Walworth County, Wisconsin .. (1912)

The people it describes

3 named

Everyone History of Walworth County, Wisconsin .. stops to write about, with the section that describes them. Among them are the men who founded the place and governed the Territory. Each name opens the passage itself, in the words of 1912.

Every populated place in the county

49

Named settlements recorded in the Geographic Names Information System, each with the topographic sheets covering it. Villages, hamlets and abandoned places alike. Each is shown with the nearest named watercourse or landform and the survey quadrangle it falls on.

The vanished settlements of Walworth County: the places named above that are no longer on the map.

Provenance

  • Topographic sheets. USGS Historical Topographic Map Collection, county index, measured from the bulk metadata.
  • Fire insurance maps. Library of Congress Sanborn collection, faceted to this county.
  • Photographs. Each place queried individually against the Library of Congress Prints and Photographs search.
  • Wildfire. Short, Karen C. 2022. Spatial wildfire occurrence data for the United States, 1992-2020 [FPA_FOD_20221014]. 6th Edition. Fort Collins, CO: Forest Service Research Data Archive. https://doi.org/10.2737/RDS-2013-0009.6 Collected with United States Government funding and usable without additional permissions or fees.
  • Mines and quarries. USGS Mineral Resources Data System (MRDS) https://mrdata.usgs.gov/mrds/ A work of the United States government, no copyright under 17 U.S.C. 105.
  • Storms. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, Storm Events Database https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/stormevents/ A work of the United States government, no copyright under 17 U.S.C. 105. Narratives are quoted verbatim from the National Weather Service report and are not edited or summarised.