Chicago City (part 16 of 57)

Mayor Harrison's annual message presented to the City Council Monday evening, October 4, 1886, represented the city to be in a most prosperous financial condition. It showed that the total bonded debt is $12,695,500, and the debt, minus water bonds and sinking funds, $8,434,034. The balance in the Treasury, January 1, was $1,758,121. The daily average water supply is 91,647,632 gallons ; expected capacity at the end of this year, 154,000,000 gallons. The rectipts of the water office for the year were $1,421,832, or $330,753 more than the expenses. The police department cost $1,079,374 for the year, the fire department $717,636, and the schools $2,062,808. The buildings annually erected average fifteen miles in frontage. The death rate of 18.76 per 1,000 is the lowest of any large city. There are eighteen patrol wagons, twenty police stations, five police courts, and 1,032 members of the force.

As showing the marvelous growth of Chicago, and the city's importance and prosperity it may be stated that from January 1, 1882, to January 1, 1886 - a period of four years - over 16,000 new buildings were erected, having a street frontage of 366,381 feet or 69 miles, and their cost was $91,914,815. There are 300 miles of paved streets; 500 miles of sewers; 3.000 miles of water pipes ; 1,000 miles of sidewalks ; 1 7,000 street lamps; and about 100 miles of street car service tracks. There are thirty-four bridges over the main river and branches, having a total length, with approaches, of over 25,000 feet, and a width of 1,000 feet, over which nearly 250 teams could drive abreast, making a line 1,250 miles in length. More than 3,500 teams pass over some of the principal bridges daily. The Rush street bridge is the largest iron swing bridge known, being 240 feet in length and 59 feet wide, and weighing 657 tons. There are twenty-five viaducts of equal width with the bridges, and more than 35,000 feet in length, some of which cost over half a million dollars apiece. Nearly one-fourth of all the steam railway mileage in the United States is in lines having termini in Chicago, the twenty roads centering here having a total mileage of 28,817 miles. Chicago is the great grain center of the world. There are twenty-seven public elevator warehouses located here, one of them having a capacity for 1,800,000 bushels of grain, and fifteen a capacity for more than a million bushels each, or a total capacity for 27,000,000 bushels. At the close of 1886 Chicago and suburbs in Cook county will have a population of 1,000,000 inhabitants.

Source changes here: from ... History of Chicago, Illinois, by Moses, John, published 1895; 480,730 words in this source stream.

At Urbana-Champaiqn

Theft, mutilation, and underlining of books are reasons for disciplinary action and may result In dismissal from the University. To renew call Telephone Center, 333-840O

The Press

Value of the press as history - Character of the American press - The newspapers' influence In developing Chicago - Destruction of the flies - Obstacles in the way of early papers - Paucity of news - The contrast between early and modern newspapers - Standard of journalism - Statistics of the Chicago press - Local centres of publication - To what extent newspapers are read in America - The Chicago Democrat - Early advertisers - John Wentworth - Jackson Hall - First city officers - The "American" - Contents of early papers - Criticism of Indian affairs - Captaiu Hunter's challenge - Early newspaper writers - The Chicago "American" - Its editor fined for contempt - The Stuarts - William W. Bracket! - Buckner S. Morris - The "Express" - The " Daily Journal" - Richard L. Wilson- - J. W. Norris - Andrew L, Shuman - W. K. Sullivan - " Illinois Tribune" - " Chicago Tribune " - J. K. C. Forrest - The " Gem of the Prairie " - The " Prairie Herald" - The "Democratic Press" - Early editors - Ray - Medill - Bross - White - Upton - Colbert - Wilkie - The " Staats Zeitung" - The "Deutsche Amerikaner " - Hesing - Raster - The "Times" - How originated - Wilbur F. Story- Subsequent owners and editors - Vicissitudes of a great journal - The "Inter-Ocean" - The "Frele Presse" - The"Daily News" - The"Evening Post" - The "Evening Mail" - The"Herald" - The"Evening Mail"(No. 2) - The "Daily Globe" - The "Abendpost" - The"Evening Post" - The " National Zeitung" - The " Tageblatt " - The " Daily Press " - The " Arbeiter Zeitung" - The " Religious Press" - The "Northwestern Baptist" - The "Better Covenant " - The "New Covenant " - The "Western Herald" - The "Watchman of the Prairies " - The " Northwestern Christian Advocate " - The "Advance" - The "Interior" - Other religious papers - Other secular weeklies - Defunct newspapers and periodicals - Biographical sketches - lohn Calhoun - John Wentworth - Joseph K. C. Forrest - R. L. Wilson - Charles L. Wilson - Andrew Shuman - John R. Wilson - William K. Sullivan - Elias S. Calkins - John L. Scripps - Charles H. Ray - Samuel J. Medill - James W. Sheahan - Alfred Cowles - William Bross - Joseph Medill - George P. Upton - Elias Cobbert - Lorenz Brentano - Robert W. Patterson, Jr. - Horace White - Herman Raster - Antone C. Hesing - Washington Hesing - Wilhelm Rapp - William Nye-^Emil Mannhardt - Wilbur F. Storey - Franc B. Wilkie - Andre Matteson - Carter H. Harrison - Martin J. Russell - J. Young Scammon - William Penn Nixon - Oliver W. Nixon - Frank W. Palmer - G. A. Pierce - William H. Busbey - Thomas C. MacMillan - Frank Gilbert - Melville E. Stone - Victor F. Lawson - Eugene Field - David Blakely - Oliver A. Willard - James W. Scott - Frank Hatton - Joseph R. Dunlop - Elisha H. Talbott - Horace R. Hobart - Edward Goodman - Rev. Justin A. Smith - William C. Gray - Arthur Edwards - Simeon Gilbert - Hooper Warren - Zebina Eastman - George Schneider - Benjamin F. Taylor - Charles A. Dana - John G. Nicolay - John F. Finerty S--74

Chapter Ii Education

Work of the founders - Territorial legislation - Past and present contrasted - Earliest Chicago schools - Development begins - The school section - First public schools - Select school for ladies - A case of discipline - A "lost township" - First free schools - Four eras - The city incorporated - First board of inspectors - The council's enlarged powers - School inspectors - School districts in 1840 - Powers of inspectors - First school building - Demand for increased accommodations - School buildings previous to the fire - Buildings destroyed in the fire of 1871 - Reconstruction - Exchange of school property - A first lease - School fund - Special funds - Benefactors of the schools - Text books - Superintendents of city schools - Number of teachers - Officers of the school board - Assistant superintendents - School agents - High schools - Free evening schools - Normal school - Deaf mute schools - Vocal music - German - Drawing - Manual training - Physical culture - School board organization - Superintendent's department - Statistics for 1892 - Tabular statement for a series of years - Ladies and the public schools - The "fads" - Flags on school buildings - Killing of Principal Hanford - Educational conventions - Col. R. J. Hamilton - William H. Brown - William H. Wells - Josiah L. Pickard - George Howland - Albert G. Lane - Rev. John C. Burroughs - John F. Eberhart - Universities - Northwestern University - Garrett Biblical Institute - Law schools - Divinity schools - Medical schools - Lake Forest University - Its various departments - Old Chicago University - New Chicago University - Chicago Theological Seminary - McCormick Theological Seminary - German Theological Seminary - Hahnemann Medical College - Chicago Homeopathic College - Bennett Medical College - College of Physicians and Surgeons - Chicago College of Pharmacy - Illinois Training School for Nurses - Kent Law School - Chicago Manual Training School - Armour Institute - Jewish Manual Training School - Parochial schools - County Normal School - Business colleges - Scientific and art - Private schools of all classes - Aggregate results - Art Institute 75-137

Chapter Iii Libraries And Authors

Chicago Lyceum - Mechanics' Institute - Young Men's Association - Chicago Literary Association - Young Men's Lyceum - Chicago Historical Society - Chicago Academy of Sciences - Young Men's Christian Association - Union Catholic Library Association - Chicago Athenaeum - Chicago Public Library - Library of University of Chicago - Newberry Library - Crerar Library - Chicago Law Institute - Chicago Authors - First book published - History of literature in Chicago 128-151

Chapter Iv Bench And Bab

Early Jurists - Courts at Fort Dearborn - Giles Spring - Richard Jones Hamilton - Richard M. Young - Isiac N. Arnold - James H. Collins - Justin Butterfleld - Henry W. Blodgett - Thorn-is Drummmd - Buckner 8. Morris - Alonzo Huntington - John Pearson - Murray F. Tuley - E. S. Williams - William W. Farwell - Henry Booth - Joseph E. Gary - Julius S. Grinnell - William P. Black - Ezra B. McCagg - E. C. Larned - James B. Bradwell - Lambert Tree - Corydon Beckwith - Francis H. Kales - John N. Jewett - Melville W. Fuller - Wirt Dexter - Daniel Goodwin, Jr. - Israel N. Stiles - Emory A. Storrs - Early practice - Nortkwesteru University Law School - A non-partisan judiciary - Competition at the Bar - Circuitriding - Evolution of the system of courts in Chicago - Institution of the Federal courts - Various brandies of litigation - List of courts, judges and court officers 152-189

Chapter Some Notable Trials

Common and statute law compared - Source of land titles - Fugitive slaves - Lake Front controversies - Title to accretions - Litigation over site of Lincoln Park - The anarchist trials - Sunday closing of the World's Fair - Testamentary Devises - Masses for the soul - Library endowments - Dealing in options - Falsification of election returns - Park litigation - Boodler trial-; - The Cro.iin case - The Prendergast trial 190-228

Chapter Vi

Hospital and Dispensary - Homeopathy at the World's Columbian Exposition - Mixed hospitals in Chicago - Homeopathic Dispensaries - Chicago Foundlings' Home - Other institutions under homeopathic control - Homeopathy following the great fire - World's Congress of homeopathic pUysicians - Early eclectic physicians - Bennett Medical College - Dr. H. D. Garrison - Dr. H. K. Whitford - Dr. H. W. Olin - Dr. Edgar Reading - Dr. Anson L. Clarke - Dr. Milton Jay - Dr. Wilson H. Davis - Dr. E. F. Buecking - Dr. John Tascher - Dr. J.

B. McFatrich - Dr. E. J. Farnum - Dr. N. A. Graves - World's Fair Congress - Bennett Free Dispensary - Eclectic Medical and Surgical Society - Physio-Medical Institute 224 - 292

Chapter Vii Church And Denominational History

Pioneer Chicago Baptists - Rev. Allen B. Freeman - First Baptist Society - Death of Mr. Freeman - Rev. Isaac T. Hinton - A new church built - Rev. C. B. Smith - Pastors of the First Church - Other Baptist societies - Sale of church property - New church for First Society - Rev. George

C. Lorimer - Rev. P. S. Henson - City Missions - Semi-Centennial Celebration - Second Baptist Church - Memorial Baptist Church - Western Avenue Baptist Church - First Englewood Baptist Church - Hyde Park Baptist Church - La Salle Avenue Baptist Church - Belden Avenue Baptist Church - Fernwood Baptist Church - Father Dablon - St. Cosm6 - Pinet and Bineteau - Other Catholic missionaries - Father Badin - Catholic population - First Catholic priest - St. Cyr's first mass - Sketch of St. Cyr - First Catholic church erected - Father O'Meara's pastorate - Removal of St. Mary's - The second St. Mary's Church - Bishop Quaiter - University of St. Mary's - Sisters of Mercy - Benevolent Emigrant Society - Bishop Quarter's work and death - Bishop Vander Velde - Bishop O'Regan - Diocesan administrators - Growth of Catholicity - Bishop Duggan - Religious orders - Loyalty of Bishop Duggan - Close of his episcopate - Father Halligan - Bishop Foley - Rt. Rev. John McMullen, D D. - Rebuilding of the cathedral - Archbishop Feehau - St. Mary's Church - St. Monica's Church - St. Patrick's Church - Very Rev. Thomas Dunne - Rev. P. J. Conway - Dean Terry - St. Joseph's Church - St. Peter's - Church of St. Francis d'Assisium - Cathedral of the Holy Name - St. Louis' Church - St. Michael's - St. James' (Catholic) - Church of the Holy Family - Father Arnold Damen - Father Smarius - St. Columbkill's Church - St. John's (Catholic) - St. Jarlath's Church - St. Malachy's - St. Elizabeth's - Early Organization of the Christian Church - First Christian Church - Early Swedenborgians - Chicago Society of the New Jerusalem - Origin of Congregationalism - Anti-slavery agitation - Disruption - Organization of First Congregational Church - First Chicago Congregationalists - Pastors of First Congregational Church - New England Congregational Church - Union Park Congregational Church - Leavitt Street Congregational Church - North Congregational Church - Pilgrim Congregational Church - South Congregational Church - Plymouth Congregational - Episcopal Diocese of Illinois - Bishop Chase - Bishop Whitehouse-Trial of Rev. Charles Edward Cheney - Diocesan Growth - Bishop William E. McLaren - Early Episcopalians in Chicago - First Episcopal service - Rev Isaac W. Hallam - St. James' (Episcopal) Church - Trinity (Episcopal) - Grace Church - Church of the Ascension - Calvary Church - Church of St. Philip the Evangelist - St. Alban's Church - Other Episcopal parishes - St. Paul's (Evangelical) Lutheran Church - Division and removal - Dr. Henry Wunder - Grace Lutheran Church - Second Church of the Evangelical Association - Wicker Park Lutheran Church - Scandinavian Evangelical Lutherans - First Norwegian Church - Rev. C. I. P. Peterson - Emanuel Evangelical Lutheran Church - First German St. Paul's Church - Trinity Evangelical United Church - The People's Church - Other independent churches- Early Jewish settlers - Zion Congregation - Other Jewish congregations - Early Methodist missions - Centenary Church - Grace (M. E.) Church - Park Avenue Methodist Cl -?h - South Park Avenue Church - Oakland (M. E.) Church - Ashland Avenue Germ , . E.) Church - Simpson Methodist Church - First Welsh Methodist - Other Methodist , ones- Second Presbyterian Church - Fullerton Avenue Presbyterian Church - Jeffersr .,* Presbyterian Church - Belden Avenue Presbyterian Church - Church of the Coven'-" . -first Presbyterian Church of Woodlawn Park - Other Presbyterian churches - Chrif'^'iciormed Episcopal Church - St. Paul's (Reformed Episcopal) Church - St. John's (Refr >-»ie\l ' Episcopal) Church - Other Reformed Episcopal churches - First Unitarian service - Zany Unitarian preachers- All Souls Unitarian Church - Other Unitarian churches- - mrch of the Redeemer - Third Universalist Church - Other Universalist churches 293-386

The Infirmary - Cook County Insan',^'' sylum - CortV County Hospital - Relief and Aid Society- Other charitable nrganizv :<..,»-~,ind institutions - Home for the Friendless - Old People's Home - German Old Pe' - - i. Home-Newsboys' and Bootblacks' Home - Foundlings' Home - the Hospitals -oecret and benevolent societies - The Free Masoi E - The Odd Fellows - The Grand Lof* - - Liber -lity of the order after the.great fire - IndtpiEdent Oidn cf Foresters -

American Legion of Honor - Ancient Order of United Workmen - Select Knights of America - Grand Army of the Republic - Improved Order of Red Men - Knights and Ladies of Honor - Mutual Aid Society - Independent Order o_f Red Men - Knights of Honor - Knights of Pythias - Loyal Legion - Order of Mutual Protection - Patriotic Order Sons of America - Royal Arcanum - Royal League - Sons of Veterans - United Ancient Order of Druids-t-Temperance societies 387-404

Chapter Ix

Industrial interests in early Chicago - Growth of iron manufactures - Jean Baptist Mirandeau - First government blacksmith - An exhorter and smith - First foundry in Chicago - The pioneer in the manufacture of steam engines - Inception of the manufacture of stoves - Steam boilers - The building of cars and locomotives - First locomotive works - First rail mill - Magnitude of iron industry in 1857 - First type foundry - Geographical position of Chicago and its effect upon manufactures - North Chicago rolling mills - First steel rail rolled in America - Statistics in relation to manufactures in Chicago in 1860 and 1870 - Panic of 1873 - Growth of the iron industry - Illinois Steel Company - Other iron and steel works - Norton Brothers' works - Iron foundries - Griffin Wheel and Foundry Company - Stove manufacturing - Cribben Sexton and Company - The Chicago Stove Works - The Kason and Davis Company - Mining machinery - Fraser and Chalmers - M. C. Bullock Manufacturing Company - The Crane Company - -Architectural Iron Works - Vierling McDowell and Company - Charles Kaestner and Company - Pig iron and coke - Locomotive and car builders - Railroad specialties - Bridge building works - Boiler and tank works - Steel ship-building - Miscellaneous manufactories - Western Electric Company - Adams and Westlake C.ompany - Bicycle manufactories - Agricultural impliments - McCormick Harvesting Machine Company-William Deering and Company's Harvesting Machine Works - Wagons and carriages - Peter Schuttler wagon works - Studebaker Bros. Manufacturing Company - Pullman Palace Car Company - Manufacture of furniture - Tanning - Boots and shoes - Saddlery - Soap - James S. Kirk and Company - Tin foil - Brass founders - Copper works - Pianos and organs - Lyon and Healy - Manufacture of brick - Packing boxes - Confectionery and baking trades - Marble - Rubber

The World'S Columbian Exposition

Origin of World's Fairs - History of World's Fairs - Centennial Exhibition - Paris Expositions of 1878 and 1889 - History of the World's Columbian Exposition - Action of Congress - First Directors - Appointment of National Commission - Action of the Legislature - Site of the Fair - Board of control - President Harrision's proclamation - Dedication of the buildings - Final preparations - Opening day - Department of Exhibition - Cost - The Manufactures Building described - Illinois State exhibit - Lagoons - Midway Plaisance - Exhibits - Fireworks - Attendance - Question of Sunday opening - Special days - Illinois day - Chicago day - Lost articles - Woman's Building - Children's day - Nursery - World's Congress Auxiliary - Parliament of Religions - The close - General and operating expenses - Did it pay? - Field Columbian Museum 464-498

Chapter Xii

Parks a benefit to a city - Early parks in Chicago - -Instinctive features in Chicago's parks - Boulevards - Lincoln Park - Statuary in Lincoln Parr, cawall and beach improvement- - Lincoln Park sanitarium - Park commissioners - West Side ' 'ks - Garfield Park - Humboldt Park - Douglas Park - Statistics relative to west sicte park?- -\Ve<-t Chicago park commissioners - South side parks - Washington Park - Floral display in W& ington Park - Midway Plaisance - Jackson Park - Statistics relative to south side parks - Lake£"ront Park- -Douglas Monument - Bridges - Early bridges and ferries - First iron bridge ^m'^e west - Adams street bridge described - -Tunnels - Building of Washington street tunnti - LaSalle street tunnel - Public buildings - First city hall - City hall of 1851 - City hall aM court house- County jail - Criminal court building - First post office - First governm11' building - Present government building - Monument in memory of George Buchanan Armstrong' 509-527

Chapter Xiii Intramural Transit

Effect of rapid transit upon the city's growth - Omnibuses - First horse cars - Inception of Chicago City Railway Company - Condition of the streets in 1859 - Street car tickets as currency - First cable road - Method of laying a cable track - The cable system described - The power plant - Cost of a cable road - Statistics relative to Chicago City Railway Company - South Side electric lines - Calumet Elertric Street Railway - West and South Town Street Railroad Company - Chicago General Railway Company - Englewood and Chicago Electric Street Railway Company - Grand Crossing and Windsor Park Street Railway Company - Elevated roads - The " Alley L" - Ad vantages of an alley route - North Chicago Railway Company - First Line on the north side -North Chicago Street Railway Company - Use of . the tunnel by cable roads - Chicago North Shore Street Railway Company - Northwestern Elevated Railroad Company - Chicago West Division Railway Company - West Chicago Street Railroad Company - Cable system on the west side - Power plant described - Statistics relative to West Chicago Street Railroad Company - Chicago Passenger Railway - Lake Street elevated road - Metropolitan West Side Elevated Railroad Company - Cicero and Proviso Street Railway Company - Cost of various kinds of street railways - Rapid transit facilities of the United States contrasted with those of other countries 528-548

Chapter Xiv Drainage Channel And Waterway

Purpose of the canal - Necessity for a better system of sewerage - Action of the legislature in 1855 - System advocated by E. S. Chesbrough - Results of the new system - National canal convention - The canal deepened - Effect of deepening the canals - Ogden-Wentworth ditch - Relief measures adopted - Investigation of Dr. John H. Rauch - Pumping works constructed - Action of the Citizens' Association of Chicago - Plans of A. J Matthewson - Further action of the Citizens' Association - City council authorizes the creation of a drainage commission - Action of the legislature - Appointment of a committee - Legislature passes an act to incorporate a sauitary district - Election of trustees - Preliminary action of the hoard - Several routes proposed - Cost of various canals - Work commenced - Description of the waterway - Method of working - Finances - Changes in the Board 549-584

Chapter Xv Amusements, Art, Clubs And Homes

Mankind likes amusement - Primitive amusement in Chicago - The circus - Minstrels - The drama - The first theatre - First appearance of Joseph Jefferson - Jobn B. Rice - Metropolitan Hall - North's National Amphitheatre - McVicker's first theatre - Bryan hall - Hooley's first theatre - The first museum - Crosby's Opera House - Pioneer concert troupe - Philharmonic Society - Jenny Lind - Appearance of Ole Bull and Adelina Patti - Frank Lumbard - Opera- First variety show - First theatre after the fire - Other theatres - Central Music Hall - May Musical Festival of 1882 - The Auditorium - The Apollo Club - Dime Museum - Libby Prison War Museum - Art in Chicago - Exhibition of paintings in the Exposition building - Collections in Chicago homes - Charles Hutchinson's gallery - C. T. Yerkes' collection - J. W. Ellsworth's collection - S. M. Nickerson's collection - Other patrons of art - Women as art patrons - Decorative Art Society - Chicago artists - Mural painters - Chicago Clubs - General Features of Clubs - Union League Club--Calumet Club - Apollo Club - Chicago Club - Columbus Club - Commercial Club - Iroquois Club - Lincoln Club - Marquette Club - Hermitage Club - Germania Mannerchor - Illinois Club - Lakeside Club - Union Club - Standard Club- -Sunset Club - Press Club - Illinois Woman's Press Association - Chicago Women's Club - Fortnightly Club - Friday Club - Woman's West End Club - Young Fortnightly Club - Amateur Musical Club - Sheridan Club - Washington Park Club - De Soto Club - Ashland Club- Argonaut Club - Fellowship Club - Other Social Clubs - Literary Clubs - Chicago Athletic Association - Hunting and Fishing Clubs - Chicago homes - Individuality of Chicago - Typical Chicago home - Foreigners in Chicago - Influence of the Exposition on Chicago - New England influence in Chicago homes - Absence of sectionalism 565-'590

Chapter Xvi Labor Troubles Of 1894

Jealousy between capital and labor - Railway labor unions in Chicago - American Railway Union - Cause of the labor troubles - American Railway Union and Pullman workmen - Meeting of General Managers - Resolutions passed by General Managers in regard to the Boycott - Interruption to travel begins - Railroads ask for police protection - Trains derailed - Distress in Chicago - The struggle continues - The National Government interferes - The aid of the sheriff invoked - Injunction granted by United States district court - Injunction is read to the mob - Government troops ordered to Chicago - Altercation between President Cleveland and Governor Altgeld - Militia called out - Conduct of the troops- Effect of the presence of the troops - Action of the labor unions - The backbone of the strike broken - Troops withdrawn - Indictments against executive board of the American Railway Union - Work resumed at Pullman - Conclusions drawn from the strike - Chauiicy M. Depew's statement 591-600

Addenda

Inter State Industrial Exposition - Railway Mall Service - Monument to George B. Armstrong- Chicago Post Office - Concessions at the World's Pair - Congress of Medico-Climatology - National Homoeopathic Medical College - Chicago Baptist Hospital - International Dispensary - Statistics relative to population 608-614 '

Chapter Xix Biographical

Introductory - John H. Foster, 617 - Rev. Jeremiah Porter, 618-First Presbyterian Church-A devoted pastor - John T. Temple, 624 - The "Temple" building - Early Baptists - Grant Goodrich, 626 - An early lawyer - Inception of Methodism - J. Young Scammon, 628 - Swedenborgianism - Beginning of the public school system - L. C. P. Freer, 632 - An Anti-slavery agitator - Charles C. P. Holden, 633 - The west side parks - Charles N. Holden, 636 - Mrs. Frances Woodbury Holden, 639 - A notable church woman - Baptist dissensions - Calvin De Wolf, 642 - Abolitionist journalism - A friend to the fugitive - Hugh T. Dickey, 643 - An able jurist - Dr. Edwin Judson, 645 - Pioneer dentistry - Henry Wischemeyer, 647 - William B. Herrick, 650 - Development of medical education - Henry Hobart Taylor, 651 - The Elgin Watch Company - Henry J. Willing, 652 - Growth of the Chicago dry goods trade - A non-partisan drainage commission - Jared Bassett, 654 - Voluntine C. Turner, 656 - Early intramural transit - Charles H. Quinlan, 658 - Early dentistry - First use of nitrous oxide - A successful career - Cyrus H. McCormick, 661 - A revolution in agriculture - A new theological school - Rev. Luther Stone, 664 - Inception of Baptist journalism - Albro E. Bishop, 667 - William Bross, 668 - First Chicago newspaper - A contrast in journalism - Early Illinois politics - Leander J. Mc- Cormick, 671 - His father and family - Robert McCormick as an inventor - The fiist reaper - A rehabilitated industry - Luther Haven, 674 - Hosroer A. Johnson, 675 - Rush Medical College - An eminent practitioner - Henry G. Miller, 678 - Elliott Anthony, 681 - Development of jurisprudence in Cook County - Reuben Ludlam, 686 - Rise and success of Homoe opathy - Charles G. Smith, 689 - A fondness for antiquarian lore - James M.

lumber trade - Leonard W. Volk, 699 - Struggles and triumphs of an artist - Lincoln and Douglas in marble - John A. Jameson, 701 - Benjamin F. Aytr, 704 - Patriotism of the Douglas democrats - Rollin S. Williamson, 706 - John G. Rogers, 708 - A flattering sobriquet - A rare judicial experience - William H. Byford, 711 - Medical specialists - Edward S. Isham, 714 - George M. Pullman, 716 - Inception and development of a great industry - Organization of an industrial community - William C. Goudy, 719 - A lawyer's shrewdness and its Results - Joshua C. Knickerbocker, 721 - Phenomenal success of a country boy - The founder of the probate System of Cook County - A genial companion and an upright judge - Samuel W. Allerton, 724 - Beginning of the Chicago live stock market - Dr. Charles Theodore Parkes, 725 - New discoveries in surgery - Treatment of gunshot wounds - John Crerar, 730 - Founding of a new library - Louis Wahl, 732 - Brick making in Chicago - Prison Reform - Lyman Trumbull , 734 - Traveling in 1837 - Eighteen Tears in the Senate - The period of reconstruction - Sidney Breese, 739 - Early jurisprudence in Illinois - The Black Hawk war - A commercial highway suggested - Varied public services - Land grants to railroads - Dr. Mary Harris Thompson, 741 - Medical education of women - Hospital for Women and Children - Women's Medical College established - John J. Herrick, 743 - Ouster of south town officials - Dr. Nicholas Senn, 745 - Achievements in Surgery - Medical literature - George R. Davis, 749 - Inception of the Columbian Exposition - A brilliant military career - Legislator and politician - Richard M. Hooley, 752 - Players and playhouses in the fifties - The drama in Chicago after the fire - Herman D. Cable, 755 - Cyrus H. McCormick, Jr., 756 - John Ira Bennett, 757 - A Swedish colony in Illinois - Collapse of the Great Western Telegraph Company - William Bristol Keep, 759 - Development of railroad corporation Law - A leading insurance case - Archbishop Patrick Feehan, 762 - Growth of Catholicism in Chicago - Alfred Ennis, 763 - Rare professional success - David Spencer Wefrg, 769 - Formation of the Chicago and Northern Pacific Railroad Company - The Wisconsin Central enters Chicago - Moses Purnell Handy, 771 - Brilliant journalism - Surrender of the "Virginia" - Department of Publicity and Promotion of the Columbian Exposition - Thomas Wetberill Palmer, 774 - Eminent public services - National Commissioners of the Columbian Exposition - John Tilghman Dickinson, 775 - Inter-State Military Encampment - Trans-Mexican Exposition - World's Columbian Exposition 615-777

Pine St. Drive and Sea Wall. Plymouth Congregational Church, Presbyterian Hospital, Residence of Orrin W. Potter, Residence of Patrick A. Feehan, Residence of Samuel E. Gross, Rice's Theatre,

By Paul Selby

A POPULAR English author and zealous champion of the liberty of the press, who has written history in a graphic and entertaining style, has said that "The only true history of a country is to be found in its newspapers." While it may be questioned by those who have been behind the scenes, whether this proposition of the brilliant Macaulay is to be accepted without qualification, and whether all that appears in the modern newspaper press purporting to be "history" can be safely regarded as such, it is no doubt true that, in a country where the press is intelligent and free, nearly all that is worthy of recognition as "true history" does get into the newspapers in some form, and it is the business of the sagacious and discriminating historian to gather his material for the construction of history from the newspapers of the period about which he writes. This is especially true of American communities where the press is both intelligent and free, and where its development has kept pace with the growth of the country in every element of material prosperity.

whole country, still more aptly will it apply to a great city which may justly be said to be a concentration, to a great extent, of the wealth, enterprise, progress and development of the country. Unparalleled as has been the growth of Chicago, its newspaper press can justly be said to have borne its full part in achieving all that has been accomplished. While there has, of course, been the usual proportion of unsuccessful ventures in the newspaper field in Chicago, as in other branches of business in a city passing through all the mutations of flood, and war, and fire, financial prosperity and disaster, the press has advanced step by step with other interests of the city,until, in respectof numbers, wealth, influence and resources, the newspapers of Chicago stand second only to those of one other city on the continent, and are already beginning to dispute for precedence the claims of New York itself.

Formidable as have been the obstacles which the press of Chicago has been compelled to overcome in reaching its present influential position, no more deplorable disaster has befallen it than the general and almost complete destruction of the files of most of the daily papers by the great fire of 1871. Other features of this disaster only served to stimulate to new enterprise and to the achievement of successes previously unthought of, as in other respects it prepared the way for rebuilding the city in new and more magnificent proportions ; but the loss by this event, in the wiping-out of so vast and valuable a repository of contemporaneous history, will be felt and deplored for generations to come, rendering all the more difficult the labor of preparing an adequate history of the city.

In the earlier years of Chicago's history, the absence of ready postal communication, no doubt, tended to retard the development of its newspaper press. This obstacle has now not only been overcome by the growth of its railroad system, but the extent and completeness of that system has assisted to secure for Chicago newspapers, the wide circulation and extended influence which they now possess. One of the most noteworthy innovations made by the daily press since the employment of stereotyped forms, the invention of the perfecting press and the utilization of telegraphic communication, has been the introduction of illustrations, and in this respect, Chicago papers stand in the front rank. Several of them maintain complete art departments under the direction of corps of skillful artists and engravers, and the class of illustrations furnished by them not unfrequently display a high order of merit. While it may be doubted whether the standard of true journalism has been elevated by this innovation, it has certainly contributed to increase the circulation of the papers adopting it.

the date of its compilation, 411 publications of all sorts issued periodically from the presses of the city of Chicago, including in the number different editions of the same publication issued from the same office. Since this Directory was compiled, three new dailies have been established (two with Sunday and one with semi-weekly editions), and at least one weekly discontinued in consequence of consolidation with another publication, making a total of 416. The fact that about one dozen different languages are employed in these publications, and that they present every phase of political and religious sentiment, from Prohibition to Anarchism on the one hand, and from Christian Science to the mysticism of Theosophy on the other, indicates the varied character of the population to whose wants and tastes they are designed to minister. They represent the various departments of law, theology, medicine, agriculture, commerce, finance, real estate, education, literature, music, the drama, society news, the mechanic and technic arts - as engineering, telegraphy, electricity, photography, etc. Of these 416 publications, existing previous to January 1, 1892, twenty-nine are published daily, fourteen being morning and fifteen evening issues. There are twelve Sunday papers, all but one being issued from offices which print morning editions on other days of the week, making an issue for each day of the week. Two offices issue both morning and evening editions. The other publications include 193 issued weekly, three semi-weekly, five bi-weekly, twenty semimonthly, 142 monthly, two bi-monthly, and nine quarterly.

As to language, they are classified as follows: 339 English; 4 printed in English and German; 31 German; 2 French; 2 Dutch, or the language of Holland; 6 Bohemian; 1 Italian; 6 Polish, and 25 Scandinavian (including Swedish, Norwegian and Danish) - about one-half of the latter being distinctively Swedish. Politically, there are 23 Kepublican or Independent-republican; 12 Democratic; 1 Prohibition; 3 Anti-Prohibition or liquor-dealers' organs; 2 Eights of Labor; 1 Anarchist, while 3 are devoted to the interests of the Afro- American race and over 50 are classed as "Independent." The 29 daily papers stand politically, 6 Kepublican, 5 Democratic, 13 Independent, while 5 are devoted to the interests of business or trade. Eeligiously, the tenets of the

Catholic faith are supported by 7 publications printed in the English, German and Polish languages; the Methodist Episcopal church has 5 in English, Swedish and Norwegian-Danish; the Baptists 3 in English, German and Scandinavian, respectively; the Unitarians andUniversalists 3; the Congregationalists, Episcopalians, Lutherans, Friends and Jews 2 each; the Presbyterians, Free Methodist, Disciples (or Christians), Swedenborgians and Theosophists 1 each, while 10 are classed as " evangelical "or " undenominational " - making a total of 44 publications devoted to the advocacy of religious opinions of some sort. These statistics illustrate the wide extent and variety of the field of political and religious thought occupied by the periodical press of Chicago.

As is usually the case in larger cities, there is a tendency on the part of the Chicago newspapers to concentrate in the same vicinity. This is especially noticeable on the "South Side," where all the leading dailies are to be found in. two groups, comprised within Randolph street on the north, Monroe on the south, State street on the east and Franklin on the west. One of these groups has the intersection of Washington and Fifth Avenue for its center, around which are clustered no less than ten daily newspaper offices, all of them being within one block of each other. These include the Times, the Stoats Zeitung, Freie Presse, (morning and evening editions), Neivs,* (morning and evening editions), Morning Herald, Evening Post, Evening Mail, Abendpost, Chicago Tageblatt and Evening Despatch. Including the evening editions issued from offices publishing morning editions also, this makes twelve daily papers printed within a block of each other. The other center is at Dearborn and Madison Streets where the Trifame and the Inter Ocean are located at opposite corners, with the Evening Journal less than a block distant to the south.

" In America there is scarcely a hamlet which has not its own newspaper," wrote the The Chicago celebrated Baron De Tocqueville, Democrat. when embodying the results of an extended tour through the United States, in his admirable work on "Democracy in America," sixty years ago. However surprising this universality t>f the American newspaper may have seemed to foreign tourists at that day, it has become even more so now, since newspapers have multiplied in even more rapid ratio than the population. At the time for which De Tocqueville wrote, Chicago was just emerging from the condition of a military and Indian trading post into a point of commercial importance, and one year later saw the establishment of its first newspaper. This was the CHICAGO DEMOCRAT, the first issue of which, as a weekly paper, made its appearance November 26, 1833, under the direction of John Calhoun as publisher, printed upon material which he had brought with him from his former place of residence, Watertown, N. Y. The paper at the beginning was a sheet of four pages, with six columns to the page, and its first place of publication was in a new and partially unfinished building which stood on the southwest corner of Clark and South Water streets, near the present Clark street bridge. As the name indicates, it was Democratic in politics, and gave a zealous support to the administration of Andrew Jackson, then serving his second term as President. What Chicago was in population about that time may be learned by the statement of the Democrat itself. In its first issue it said: "More than 800 souls may now be found within the limits, that, within a few short months since, included less than one-tenth that number." And less than two months later (in its issue of January 10, 1834), it said : "At that time (the spring of 1833) Chicago did not contain more than five or six regular stores, and now may be counted from twenty to twenty-five ; then it did not contain over one hundred and fifty inhabitants, whereas now there are from eight to ten hundred ; then it did not contain over thirty buildings, now may be seen over one hundred and fifty." Thus early, it will be seen, Chicago had begun its phenomenal growth, and thus early, too, it may be added, the Chicago press was not backward in boasting of that fact. But there seems to have been abundant' reason for the latter, as in 1835, the census of that year showed a population of 3,279.

The support given to the paper at this early date must have been very meagre, as shown by the list of subscribers no^ in possession of the Chicago Historical Society. This list contains not over 150 names, but includes many which have been for a generation household words in the city of Chicago, and not a few which have gained a national reputation. In this list of subscribers and among the advertising patrons of the paper may be found such names as Alexander Loyd, Mayor of the city in 1840; Newberry & Dole, forwarding and commission merchants; Alanson Sweet, once an extensive real estate owner, and but recently deceased; Philo Carpenter, an honored and enterprising business man, deceased a few years ago; Col. T. J. V. Owen, Indian agent; Wm. H. Brown, a prominent lawyer and first cashier of the State Bank; the Kinzies; P. P. W. Peck, founder of the "Peck estate;" Mancel Talcott, for many years one of Chicago's most honored and successful business men; J. Dean Caton, lawyer and many years a Justice of the Supreme Court - still living; Archibald Clybourne, first Constable of Chicago when it was a precinct of Peoria county, and for whom Clybourne avenue was named; T. C. Sproat, an early teacher who died a few years ago; Dr. John T. Temple, father of Mrs. Thomas Hoyne; Dr. Maxwell; Billy Caldwell ("The Sauganash"), a halfbreed and Indian Chief; the Beaubiens; John Watkins, an early teacher; Jeremiah Porter, Chicago's first Presbyterian minister (lately deceased); Silas B. Cobb; Nelson B. Norton (living, at a recent date, in Michigan); John Noble and C. B. Dodson, deceased recently, at an advanced age; S. T. Gage, who died not long since somewhere in Michigan; L. Solomon Juneau, "Millwalkie" (thus spelled), first white settler of Milwaukee, also first Postmaster and Mayor of that city, and others. In May, 1834, the Democrat was designated the official corporation paper, but the patronage thereby obtained was not sufficient to enrich its proprietor. About the end of its first year of publication, the office was removed to a room over the hardware store of Jones & King, a few doors from its first location, but a few weeks later it was compelled to suspend publication for want of paper. This suspension continued from January 1, 1835, to May 20 following, with the exception of two issues on January 21 and March 25, respectively. In the meantime, Mr. Calhoun, beset with increasing financial difficulties and ill-health, was anxious to dispose of the paper, and in May, 1836, an agreement was entered into with a number of leading Democrats to advance capital and take a half interest in the concern. Among the gentlemen engaged in this transaction were Judge J. D. Caton, Ebenezer Peck, H. Hngunin and others, and under the arrangement thus effected, the paper was increased in size - a step no doubt induced by the fact that a Whig competitor had entered the field during the summer of 1835, in the appearance of the American, under the management of T. 0. Davis. Dr. Daniel Brainard, afterwards a prominent physician, was editorial writer on the Democrat about this time. A few months later a Mr. Horatio Hill concluded an arrangement for the purchase of the paper, and John Wentworth, then a stripling of twenty-one years, fresh from Dartmouth College, was put in charge. Hill then returned East; his notes given for the purchase were protested, and the sale fell through. Mr. Wentworth, backed by the gentlemen who were already interested in the paper, then became the purchaser, issuing his first paper November 23, 183G. According to his own story,

It may well be imagined that the accession to the management of the paper of a man of such pronounced individuality as that possessed by John Wentworfch, even at that early day, produced a marked change in its character and prosperity. The character by which the Democrat was afterwards known was such as he gave to it, and it may be said to have been more distinctively a " personal organ " than any other paper ever published in Chicago. Early in 1837, Chicago having become a city, with the late W. B. Ogden as its first Mayor, Isaac N. Arnold, city clerk, N. B. Judcl, city attorney, and others whose names have been intimately identified with city history in other official positions, the Democrat was, at the first meeting of the new City Council (May 8, 1837), chosen the corporation newspaper, and invested with the city patronage. In 1840, Mr. Wentworth decided to meet the exigencies of the political campaign of that year by the issue of a daily edition, especially as the American, the Whig organ, had commenced a daily issue in April of the preceding year. The first issue of the Chicago Morning Democrat bears date February 27, 1840, being a single sheet of four pages, with four columns to the page. In this issue, the " List of Lands and other Real Estate situated in the county of Cook," ordered to be sold for the payment of delinquent taxes, occupies a conspicuous position on the first page, filling a little over two and a half columns of space. At this time, the paper was printed in the third story of No. 107 Lake street. In 1846 the hour of publication was changed from morning to evening, but it subsequently resumed its place as a morning paper. In September, 1847, the office was removed to the historic " Jackson Hall," on La Salle street, where it remained until its suspension in 1861. The annals of the early newspapers of Chicago go to show that their founders had to encounter the same obstacles in carrying on their business from exhaustion of their stocks of paper, or more probably from the depletion of their exchequers, that the pioneer publishers in seemingly less favored localities have had to meet. On one occasion a long suspension in the publication of the Democrat is said to have been broken for one or two issues, by receiving a "stock" of one or two bundles of paper by stage from St. Louis, while on another, on the eve of the election of 1838, the proprietor sent a boy to Michigan City to beg, borrow or buy a bucket of printer's ink, to enable him to get out his edition. - Such cases present a marked contrast with the immense stocks of material now piled up in Chicago. Yet, so marked was the growth of the Democrat that, seven years later (1845), its proprietor was able to set up an Adams power press in his office, the "power," according to the statements of some of the printers of that day, being two healthy and able-bodied Norwegians.

An episode occurring in the office of the Democrat during the year 1839, and which excited considerable interest at the time, is thus described in Andreas' "History of Chicago," (vol. I, pp. 151-2). "November 30, (1839), occurred the first incipient duel. In a recent issue of the Democrat had appeared the following: ' It is an indisputable fact, that every one of these persons who have been filching money unjustly, in the shape of Indian claims, are opposed to the administration and use such ill-gotten gains to injure it in every possible manner. It is due to the people that all Indian treaties for the last ten years should be overhauled in the most thorough manner, and the thousand knaveries practiced, by men thereby made nabobs, fully exposed to the public gaze.' Captain (afterwards General) David Hunter, believing that the above was intended as a reflection upon him, came into the office of the Democrat, and then and there demanded satisfaction of John Wentworth, the editor, and laying two pistols upon the table offered him his choice of weapons. Mr. Wentworth, as would any good and discreet citizen, peremptorily declined to fight a duel, but made the amende honorable by the publication of a letter in a subsequent issue, disclaiming any reference to Captain Hunter in the article which had raised the chivalrous officer's ire. The captain soon after published a card in which he stated that the pistols were not loaded, and the affair thus ended without the spilling of gore. The pistols afterward came into the possession of Mr. Wentworth, who frequently, in his subsequent editorial career, alluded to them when indulging in early reminiscences."

Politically, the Democrat continued to champion the principles of the Democratic party with that zeal which was characteristic of its editor, until the introduction of the Kansas-Nebraska bill by Senator Douglas, when it ranged itself in opposition to this measure, and finally identified itself with the Republican party. It supported with great vigor, the election of Mr. Lincoln to the presidency in 1860, and also gave a cordial endorsement to his war policy for the preservation of the Union in the early months of his administration. During the summer of 1861, Mr. Wentworth decided to retire from the field of journalism, and a transfer of the Democrat subscription list to the Chicago Tribune was effected, the last issue of the Democrat appearing under date of July 24, 1861. Mr. Wentworth, speaking of the conditions of sale, says : " My wife was sick, and I was calculating to go to Europe. I would not sell and reserved the right to issue another paper any time after 1st March, 1864. My wife's health grew worse, and I did not go abroad. The Tribune supplied all who had paid in advance, and I kept my own material and debts. I never gave up my name of ' Chicago Democrat,' nor goodwill ; I wanted to start again if I saw fit."

Among those who were at different times associated with the Democrat, in the capacity of editorial writers, were Dr. Daniel Brainard and Mr. James Curtis (afterwards mayor of the city), George W. Wentworth, J. K. C. Forrest and William Osman, since of the Ottawa Free Trader. George Wentworth was a younger brother of John Wentworth, who afterwards engaged in the practice of medicine, dying suddenly of cholera, August 14, 1850. He had been very active, especially among the poor, during the visitation of that disease, both in 1849 and 1850. David M. Bradley entered the office of the Democrat as an apprentice, in 1837, and was connected with the mechanical and business departments from 1840 until his death, which occurred in 1857.

The Chicago AMERICAN was the title of Chicago's second newspaper, its first issue The Chicago appearing Monday, June 8, 1835, with T. 0. Davis as its proprietor and editor. Its customary publication day afterwards became Saturday. Like its competitor, the Democrat, it was issued weekly in folio form of six columns to the page, but unlike the latter, it was Whig in politics. Like its competitor, it also had to contend with financial reverse?, and for a time was suspended, though, owing to the absence of a complete file, the duration of this suspension cannot be definitely ascertained. July 22, 1837, after one of these interruptions, it appeared with the announcement of a change of proprietorship, and a few months later the firm of "' William Stuart & Co," appear to have been the publishers, with Stuart as editor. Its place of publication during at least a part of this period was at the corner of Clark and South Water streets.

In 1839, the American began a daily edition, its first issue being of the date of April 9th of that year. It thus had the distinction of being the first daily paper ever printed in Chicago, as well as in the State of Illinois, the publicatioii of the Daily Democrat not commencing until February following. The election Of 1840 having resulted in the success of the Whig party, Mr. Stuart was appointed, in July following, postmaster, and soon retired from all connection with the paper, being succeeded in October, by Alexander Stuart, as proprietor and William W. Brackett as editor. July 20, 1842, the paper was transferred to Buckner S. Morris, then a leading Whig politician, and, on the 18th of October following, it ceased to exist. Morris, who was related by marriage to the Blackburn family of Kentucky, will be remembered by many as a leading member of the bar here, an influential whig politician, and on account of his alleged connection with the conspiracy to release the rebel prisoners confined at Camp Douglas, in November, 1864 - a charge of which he was finally/ acquitted after trial before a military ^urt at Cincinnati. He died in Kentucky, December 16, 1879.

An incident in connection with the history of fye American was the fining of its editor (Mr. Stuart) $100 by Judge John Pearson, /or " contempt of court," on account of some editorial criticism upon the judge's action in connection with the trial of one John Stone, for the murder of Mrs. Lucretia Thompson - one of the most memorable murder trials ever had in Chicago, which occurred in the spring of 1840. The contempt case was taken to the Supreme Court on appeal, where the decision was reversed in 1842. A year or so after the expiration of his term as postmaster at Chicago, Stuart returned to Binghamton, N. Y., (which had been his previous home), edited a paper there, served two terms as postmaster, and, having become blind, died some years since. But little is known of Brackett, who succeeded Stuart on the American and was afterwards editor of the Express, except that he was a lawyer and for two or three years was a law-partner of Buckner S. Morris.

Brackett - who had been editor of the American, a few months previous - as editor of the new paper. In fact, Fergus' "City Directory," for 1843, speaks of the last named paper, as a continuation of the former under a new name, and this was no doubt the case, as we find among its financial backers, most of those who had occupied the same relation to its predecessor. It was a five column folio, and was printed at 92 Lake street, as an afternoon paper, with a weekly attachment. At the head of its editorial column it carried the legend, "For President, Henry Clay." Its publication was continued until April 20, 1844, when it passed into the hands of a company of gentlemen including such names as George W. Meeker, John Frink (the celebrated stage-route proprietor and mailcontractor), Buckner S. Morris, Jonathan Young Scammon, S. Lisle Smith, Walter L. Newberry, Giles Spring, Grant Goodrich and Geo. W. Dole, the consideration being $1,500. The publication was immediately suspended.

Daily Journal, it was the lineal descendant of the latter and of its immediate predecessor (the American) - which still entitles it to the claim of being Chicago's first daily paper. At all events, the "editorial committee," at first charged with the supervision of its publication, included several of the purchasers of the Express. The editorial and business management were placed in the hands of Richard L. Wilson and J. W. Norris, and the first number of the new paper was issued from the old office of the Express, and on its material, at 82 Lake street (opposite the Tremont house), April 22, 1844, two days after the discontinuance of the Express. A few months later the publication office was removed to the southeast corner of Lake and Clark streets, which, in early Chicago, was a favorite location for newspapers. There is evidence that the Journal was first projected as a "campaign paper" and that the determination to continue its publication was an afterthought. The election of 1844 having resulted disastrously to the Whig party, the "publication committee" sold the establishment to Wilson, Norris retired and Nathan 0. Geer was admitted to a partnership. This ceased September, 1847, by the retirement of Geer, who was afterwards connected with a newspaper at Waukegan. Benjamin P. Taylor, who afterwards won distinction as a journalist, critic, poet and war correspondent, was city editor of the Journal about this time, but withdrew at the close of the year 1847, though his connection with the paper was subsequently renewed and continued for many years. The election of 1848, having resulted in the choice of Gen. Taylor, the Whig candidate, for the presidency, Mr .Wilson was appointed postmaster in the spring of 1849. The position of his paper is indicated by the fact that he was removed the next year by Fillmore. In the meantime his brother, Charles L. Wilson, had become associated in the management of the paper. During the early part of Richard L. Wilson's incumbency in the postoffice, George E. Brown was one of the publishers. At this time the office was located at 107 Lake street, but in December, 1853, it was removed to No. 50 Dearborn, where it remained until the great fire of 1871. Between 1853 and 1857, R. H. Morris and C. H. Pierce were, at different times, connected with the business department, though the Wilsons were principal owners. In December, 1856, Richard L. Wilson died, and his brother, Charles, became sole proprietor. At this time Andrew Shuman was associate editor with Benjamin F. Taylor literary editor and Geo. P. Upton city and commercial reporter. The Journal became an influential champion of Republican principles on the organization of the Republican party, and did its full share in securing the election of Mr. Lincoln to the presidency, and in supporting the policy of his administration. In 1861, Mr. Wilson was appointed Secretary of the American Legation in London, remaining abroad three years. During his absence Mr. Shuman was in editorial charge with John L. Wilgon, an older brother of the proprietor.

in the business department. The fire of 1871 was a staggering blow to the paper, but its managers, having rented a job office which had escaped the general conflagration, resumed publication with a small sheet, but without the omission of a single issue, followed a day or two later by a sheet of the usual dimensions. Within a few months, the erection of the present Journal building at 159-161 Dearborn street was begun, and within a comparatively short period the paper was in possession of one of the most desirable newspaper homes in Chicago. Though burnt out a second time in 1883, its prosperity was scarcely interrupted. In 1873 the Journal Company was organized, Mr. Wilson associating with himself his brotherin-law, Col. Henry W. Farrar (who was also son-in-law of John L. Wilson) in the capacity of secretary and business manager. In March, 1878, Charles L. Wilson died at San Antonio, Texas, whither he had gone for the benefit of his health. The publication of the paper was continued for the benefit of the estate for two years, when it was leased to Gov. Shuman and J. R. Wilson, nephew of the former proprietor. In 1883 the company was reorganized, with Lieut. Gov. Shuman, president; W. K. Sullivan, secretary, and J. R. Wilson, publisher and business manager. In January, 1888, Gov. Shuman retired from the editorship on account of increasing bad health, being succeeded by Mr. Sullivan, but retained the presidency until his death, in May, 1890. Mr. Sullivan then became president of the Journal Company, and J. R. Wilson its secretary and treasurer. While the Journal has been radical on matters of principle, it has established for itself a reputation for conservatism and moderation in the advocacy of its principles, which has made it a favorite even among many who dissent from its political opinions. The consequence is a large circle of patrons and friends who implicitly rely upon its sound taste and general trustworthiness. Among others not previously named in this sketch, who have, at different times, performed editorial work on the Journal, are the following : Col. J. K. C. Forrest, afterwards of the Democrat, Tribune and Republican, and now of the News; Andre Matteson, subsequently of the Times, now of the Legal Adviser ; Horace White, later of the Tribune, now of the New York Evening Post; Prof. Nathan Sheppard (deceased); Paul Selby, afterwards of the State Journal; Frank Gilbert, now of the Inter- Ocean ; Dr. Frank W. Reilly, recent managing editor of the Morning News, late' secretary of the State Board of Health"; James H. Field, H. M. HuguniaT-TTTF. Browne, of the Dial; 01iver/H7Perry, E. E. Wood, Col. Nate and John St. Clair Cleveland, Col. E. A. Calkins for many years leading editorial writer. Its charter having expired in the fall of 1893, the Journal was sold for the benefit of the stockholders, September 30, 1893, becoming the property of Dr. S. F. Farrar. Since then a new company has been organized with Dr. Farrar as President and Treasurer; Slason Thompson, editor-inchief; J. E. Wilson, publisher, and W. H. Hutchinson, business manager.

The use of the word " Tribune " as a newspaper title - which has since grown so popular among papers devoted to free discussion and political reforms - is claimed as a Chicago idea, the first paper of the name in the United States, being the Illinois Tribune, whose first number made its appearance in Chicago, April 4, 1840, from the printing office of Charles N. Holcomb & Co., at the corner of Clark and Lake streets, with Edward G. Ryan as editor. The Tribune is described as having been a very neat sheet typographically, showing great editorial ability during its brief career. Its chief object in life appears to have been to drive from office a circuit judge (the late Judge John Pearson, of Danville) whose judicial circ.uit extended to Chicago, and who had made himself obnoxious to the bar and a considerable portion of the community by his arbitrary course upon the bench. This

Tribune lived about a year, the material being sold in 1841 to parties in Milwaukee, and used as the foundation of the Milwaukee Journal. Kiler K. Jones, who was afterwards connected with various newspaper ventures in Chicago, and who died in Quincy a few years ago, was, according to his own statement, roller-boy and carrier for the Tribune. Ryan, its editor, was a native of Ireland, born November 13, 1810, coming to Chicago in 1836 ; in the following year he formed a partnership with Henry Moore, a leading Chicago lawyer. He was afterwards associated with Hugh T. Dickey, but in 1842 he removed to Racine, Wis., where he became prominently identified with the history of that State as a member of the first Wisconsin State Constitutional Convention (1846). Still later he was a resident of Milwaukee and a law-partner of the late Senator Matthew H. Carpenter, and in 1874 was appointed Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, holding that position until his death. He wielded a trenchant pen, and possessed far more than ordinary ability as a speaker, though his uncompromising temper and sharp wit made him many bitter personal enemies in Chicago and doubtless in other cities. He died at Madison, Wis., Oct. 19, 1880.

The Chicago than an? other journal in Chicago. Tribune. Those which have been attracted to its "orbit" and finally fallen into its "sphere," include the Gem of the Prairie (1847), the Chicago Democratic Press (1858) and the Chicago Democrat (1861), the last two especially being able and influential papers. In fact, it may be questioned whether the Tribune was not really an offshoot of the first-named, as Colonel J. K. CForrest, who was one of the founders of the Tribune, and had been a writer for the Gem, says that " the proprietors (of the projected daily) had purchased a weekly literary or society paper called the Gem of the Prairie, and the majority of them thought it would be a paying investment to so name the new daily." The publication of the Gem, as a weekly devoted to literary miscellany and general intelligence, had been commenced May 20, 1844, by Kiler K. Joneand James S. Beach, the office being located at No. 65 Lake street. About the close of the first year it passed into the hands of J. Campbell and T. A. Stewart. The former retiring, was succeeded by James Kelly. Among others connected with its business or editorial management, were John L. Scripps, Thomas J. Waite and John E. Wheeler, with J. K. C. Forrest, B. F. Taylor, William H. Bushnell and others on its roll of contributors. Wheeler is described as "a ripe scholar, an easy, fluent and felicitous writer and a most conscientious gentleman." He removed to New York in' 1859, became an editorial writer on the Tribune of that city, but died at an early age. Kelly afterwards became a successful leather merchant, and still lives at Evanston, 111. From the establishment of the Tribune, the history of the two papers may be regarded and treated as identical, though the publication of the Gem, as a weekly edition of the Tribune, was continued until 1852, when it was merged into the latter and ceased to exist. The Chicago Daily Tribune (proper) began its career as an evening paper July 10, 1847, in the issue of an edition of 400 copies " worked off" on a Washington hand press, in the third story of a building at the southwest corner of Lake and La Salle streets. The founders were James Kelly, John E. Wheeler and Joseph K. 0. Forrest. The revival of the name is said to have been the suggestion of Mr. Forrest. Within a few weeks, Mr. Kelly retired on account of illhealth, his interest being purchased by Thomas A. Stewart. Forrest withdrew soon after, leaving Wheeler and Stewart in charge. August 23, 1848, John L. Scripps was admitted to a partnership by the purchase of a one-third interest, the firm becoming Wheeler, Stewart & Scripps. On May 22 of the following year (1849), the office was partially destroyed by fire, resulting in a suspension of two days. December 6, 1849, arrangements were completed for the receipt of telegraphic dispatches, which marked an era in Chicago journalism, the method for the transmission of news previously in use being the stagecoach and the "pony express." Meanwhile, the paper had been published at various localities, its location in May, 1850, being in the office of the Prairie Herald, at No. 17H Lake street. The size of the paper at this time was a four-page sheetof eighteen and three-fourths by nineteen and one-half inches. June 30, 1851, Wheeler sold his interest to Thos. J. Waite, who became business manager. June 12, 1852, Scripps sold his interest to Wm. Duane Wilson (afterwards of Iowa) and a committee of prominent Whigs, Wilson becoming editor. The paper, which had previously been independent with "Free- Soil" leanings, supported Gen. Scott for president this year. It also issued morning and evening editions. August 26, 1852, Mr. Waite died, and a few months later his interest was purchased by Henry Fowler, Timothy Wright and Gen. Joseph D. Webster, the firm taking the name of Henry Fowler & Co. The year 1855 was one of change in the history of the Tribune. Not only had the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska act by Congress induced it to take a more pronounced position in opposition to the extension of slavery, but changes in its ownership and management occurred, which resulted in giving to it that prominence as a leader in political opinion which it has since maintained. June 18 of that year, Joseph Medill, who had already been prominent as a journalist at Cleveland. 0., purchased an interest in the Tribune, and the firm became Wright, Medill & Co., with Stephen N. Staples assistant editor. June 21 Stewart retired, and September 23, Dr. Charles II. Ray, of Galena, and John C. Vaughan, of Cleveland, were added to the firm and assumed editorial positions. Ray had, however, performed considerable edito.

rial work for the paper some months previous. About the same time, or soon after, Alfred Cowles came into the concern as a clerk, Mr. Medill being business manager and editorial superintendent. Vaughan retired in March, 1857, leaving Ray, Medill & Co. the managers of the paper until the consolidation with the Democratic Press the following year brought new elements into the concern. Vaughan went to Leavenworth, Kans., where he became connected with the Leavenworth Times, a Free-State paper which had recentlyDeen established in that city, butajew'years later went to Cincinnati, Oij'where he died some years since. Tha^Chicago DEMOCRATIC PRESS (whose consolidation1 with the Tribune has been men- The Chicago tioned) was established by Democrats Press. Messrs. John L. Scripps (who had retired from the Tribune a few months previous) and William Bross (who had been connected with the Prairie- Herald, a religious paper). The first issue of the Press occurred September 16, 1852, and as it was an unusually handsome sheet for that time and presented evidence of more than ordinary enterprise, its appearance inaugurated a new era in the history of Chicago newspapers. Its place of publication, almost immediately after the first issue, was at No. 43 Clark street, over R. K. Swift's bank. At the close of the first six months it was enlarged, and in September, 1854, Barton W.Spears, a Michigan journalist, but then recently from the office of the Columbus (Ohio) Statesman (Col. Sam. Medary's paper), was admitted to partnership and became business manager. The paper supported Pierce, the Democratic candidate for President, the first year of its existence, but the introduction in Congress of the Kansas-Nebraska bill in 1853, which unsettled the politics of northern Illinois, affected the Press with the rest, and it became an outspoken opponent of the measure, supporting Fremont for President in 1856. The Press and the Tribune being thus driven together politically, their consolidation was a natural result, and this took place July 1, 1858, under the title of the Daily Press and Tribune, and the offices which had previously been at Nos. 43 and 51 Clark street, respectively, were united at the former number. The chief reason given for the consolidation in the first number of the Press and Tribune was the simple one, " In union there is strength." The same issue announced the intention to publish an evening edition, but this appears to have reached only a few numbers, as the morning edition of July 8th announces that, owing to the nature of the contract with the New York Associated Press, the Evening Journal had a monopoly of the afternoon press report, consequently it had been decided to "temporarily discontinue " the evening edition until such tinje as arrangements could be made to procure the dispatches for publication. There is no evidence that this was ever done, and the discontinuance probably proved permanent. The names of the six proprietors of the two papers appeared in the card printed in the consolidated paper for several months, but about the last of October that of Mr. Spears was dropped, and he appears to have retired. William II. Rand conducted the job offices of the consolidated concern?, which, afterwards, on his withdrawal from the partnership, became the nucleus of the extensive printing house of Rand, McNally & Co. He was also a stockholder in the paper for some years. The double title of the paper was retained until October 25, I860, when, with the issue of that date, the word Press was dropped and the paper became as it is now, the Chicago Daily Tribune. During the campaign of 1858, the Press and Tribune displayed great enterprise and incurred extraordinary expenses, especially in connection with the reporting and publication of the celebrated debates between Lincoln and Douglas, which occurred that year. Henry Biumore and Robt. R. Hitt, the latter the present representative in Congress from the Rockford district, were the Tribune reporters of the debates. Mr. Hitt also served as the legislative correspondent of the same paper for one or more terms. At the close of the campaign of 1858, the proprietors found themselves seriously embarrassed financially,, but a compromise was effected with their creditors and the subsequent career of the paper has been one of uniform prosperity, interrupted only by the great fire of 1871, which can scarcely be said to have been a serious check. In 1 861 the Tribune Company was organized under a special charter granted by the general assembly, with a capital stock of $200,000, Messrs. Scripps, Bross, Eay, Medill and Oowles being the principal stockholders. The same year (July 24) it absorbed the Chicago Democrat by purchase of its subscription list, as stated in the sketch of that paper (which see). Horace White, who had previously been city editor of the Evening Journal, assumed a position on the editorial staff of the Tribune in 1857. Still later he served as its Washington correspondent in the early years of the war, and in 1864 and 1865, acquired a considerable interest in the Tribune Company, including that of the late John S. Scripps. In 1866 he became editor-in-chief, retaining the position until November 9, 1874, when Mr. Medill having obtained a controlling amount of stock, assumed the editorship. During White's administration (1869), the office was removed from Clark street, where it had been located for so long a period, to a commodious and imposing building erected for it at a cost of $225,000 at the southeast corner of Dearborn and Madison streets, where it now is. Although burned out in the great fire, its building was restored with improvements a few months later. Its home for some months after the fire was at No. 15 South Canal street, (West side). In 1872, the Tribune was one of the leading supporters of Horace Greeley for President on the "Liberal Republican" platform, but returned to its allegiance to the Republican party on Mr. Medill's accession to control. The vastness of its resources was demonstrated in the rapidity with which it recovered from the fire of 1871, and it is now confessedly the most valuable and profitable newspaper property west of New York. While avowedly devoted to the principles of the Republican party, it does not hesitate to exercise a vigorous independence in the discussion of political measures. Liberal in the payment of salaries, it has been able to gather about it an able corps of writers on all subjects. Referring to this feature of the Tribune's management twenty years ago, Grant's history of the "Newspaper Press; its Origin, Progress and Present Position," published in London 1871, has the following: "One American newspaper even expresses doubts whether any other newspaper in the world is more 'generous' in regard to its scale of remuneration to those in its employ than the Chicago Tribune. It states, and no one will doubt the correctness of the statement, that that journal has three editors to each of whom a yearly salary of £1,200 is given, and that the best reporter has a salary of £1,000." However, this may be, the late J. W. Sheahan, for nearly a quarter of a century its leading political writer; Geo. P. Upton, for a still longer period its accomplished dramatic and musical critic; Prof. Elias Colbert, its leading writer on scientific topics, and Fred H. Hall, for so long a time its city editor, were and are unsurpassed in their respective departments, while the success of the general editorial and business management has demonstrated the ability with which they have been conducted. The present organization of the Tribune consists of Joseph Medill, president of the company and editor-in-chief; Geo. P. Upton, vicepresident; R. W. Patterson, secretary and treasurer; with Will Van Benthuyseu, managing editor; Geo. P. Upton, Elias Colbert, Fred H. Hall, editorial writers; E. W. Harden, literary editor; John D. Sherman, city editor; John G. Wilkie, commercial editor; F. A. Vanderlip, financial and real estate reporter, and a large force of reporters in its various departments engaged in the collection of local news.

as a weekly in April, 1848, by Robert Bernard Hoeffgen. Mr. Hoeffgen had some two years previously attempted the publication of a weekly paper (the Chicago Volksfreund) the first number of which was issued in December, 1848, J. J. Waldburger being the editor. This was the pioneer German paper of Chicago, but it had a brief existence, being discontinued early hvl 848. The origin of the Staats Zeitujtffa,ppea,rs to have been of the mostjaOdest character. The capital of its proprietor is estimated at about $iOO, while he and a boy assistant performed the bulk of the duties required in the editorial and publishing departments; not excepting, at times, the manipulation of the handpress", upon "which it was printed, and the distribution of the printed sheets among its subscribers. Some months after its establishment, Dr. Hellmuth assumed editorial charge, succeeded in December, 1848, by Arno Voss. The following year Mr. Voss gave place to Herman Kriege, who died in New York, December 31, 1850. Dr. Hellmuth then returned to the paper and under his management it began to be issued as a semi-weekly. In August, 1851, Mr. George Schneider, who had, in conjunction with his brother, been engaged in the publication of the Neue Ze\t, a German daily at St. Louis, accepted an offer of the editorship of the Staats Zeitung, entering upon his duties August 25, and the issue of a daily edition was commenced. The circulation of the paper at this time consisted of about 70 daily and a little over 200 weekly copies. But it was the beginning of a new and more prosperous era. A year or so later it was enlarged, antl Dr. Hillgaertner (a German patriot of 1849) was added to the editorial force. Mr. Schneider also purchased a halfinterest. In 1854 the issue of a Sunday edition was begun, and Edward Schlaeger, who had the same year established the

Deutsche Amerikaner - an anti-Nebraska paper which lived only a few months - joined the Zeitung staff. The political excitement growing out of the repeal of the Missouri compromise was now at its height, and Mr. Schneider threw all his force and that of his paper in opposition to Senator Douglas, and it is no injustice to say that, to the position then occupied by the Staats Zeitung more than any other single influence, is due the practical unanimity with which the Germans of northern Illinois, Wisconsin and other northwestern States united in support of the principles of the Eepublican party, and afterward sustained the war policy of the government. The Staats Zeitung was a zealous advocate of the convention of anti-Nebraska editors held at Decatur, Feb. 22, 1856, and was represented in that body by Mr. Schneider, who exerted a strong influence in its deliberations. During this period H. Beinder, Daniel Hertle and Edward Eemack were added to the editorial corps, the latter taking charge of the Sunday edition. Twice in as many years (1854 and 1855) mob demonstrations were made against the paper, but repelled without damage through the coolness of its managers. The paper earnestly supported Fremont for president in 1856, and again rendered effective service in securing Mr. Lincoln's election four years later.

In 1861, Mr. Schneider was appointed Consul at Elsinore, Denmark, and the following year sold his interest in the paper to Lorenz Brentano who became editor. Soon after this, Mr. A. C. Hesing bought the interest of Mr. Hoeffgen, and in 1867 he became sole proprietor by the purchase of Brentano's interest also. In the latter year, Herman Easter assumed the position of editor-in-chief, which he retained until his death at Dresden, Germany, July 24, 1891.

The Staats Zeitung, like most of its contemporaries, suffered the destruction of its entire establishment by the fire of 1871, but resumed publication in temporary quarters within 48 hours of the great disaster.

March 10, 1873, it took possession of the fine five-story building at the corner of Fifth avenue and Washington street, which it now occupies. The cost of the building, machinery, etc., is estimated at nearly $300,000. Mr. A. 0. Hesing and his son, Washington Hesing, who was admitted to partnership in 1871, hold a majority of the stock. It may be regarded as the most valuable German newspaper property west of New York. Mr. Washington Hesing retains the position of managing editor, while Mr. William Rapp (who, with the exception of an absence between 1868 and 1872, has been connected with the paper since 1861) after the death of Mr. Raster became editor-inchief, with Dr. William Wye as leading political writer and Emil Mannhardt, associate editor of the Westens, the Sunday edition.

November, 1853, the first number of The Chicago Courant was issued as an independent daily, with Wm. Duane Wilson as its editor. A. C. Cameron, late of the Artist Printer, was one of the proprietors. April 12, 1854, it was enlarged, and about June 1, following, it came into the hands of Isaac Cook, Daniel Cameron and J. W. Patterson. Cook, who was at that time a zealous champion of Senator Douglas, and afterwards postmaster of Chicago, was the ruling spirit in the enterprise, and, on July 4, 1854, the title Courant was discarded and Young America (which was the name of Cook's famous saloon, and a popular Democratic resort), was issued in its stead, as a Democratic paper, with Patterson as editor. James W. Sheahan, of Washington, D. C., who had been a reporter in Congress for a number of years, and for whom Douglas hud a great liking, was induced, chiefly, as believed, through Douglas' influence, to accept the editorship, which he did in August, 1854. One of Sheahan's first steps was to secure a change of name, and in its issue of August 20, the paper appeared under the title of the Chicago Times from an office on La Salle street, next door to " Jackson Hall," '< Long John" Wentworth's famous headquarters. Sheahan soon took Patterson's place in the proprietorship, as he had done in the editorship, Cameron remaining associate editor. In 1857 the office was removed to 112 Dearborn street. The files of the paper, previous to this date, were consumed in a fire, October 10, 1857, which destroyed the bookstore of D. B. Cooke & Co., where they had been sent for binding. Some time during the next year Cameron sold his interest to AVilliam Price, and dissensions having arisen between Cook and his partners on municipal questions, the latter retired also. Serious trouble between the Douglas and Buchanan wings of the Democratic party in Congress, on the Lecompton Constitution question, soon followed, and United States Marshal Pine and Postmaster Cook, who sided with Buchanan, united to establish the Chicago Herald, the first number of which appeared in May, 1858, as an administration organ, to antagonize the Times, which warmly supported Douglas. In 1859 the Herald came into the possession of C. H. McCormick, the wealthy capitalist and manufacturer, and was maintained through the campaign of 1860 as an organ of the extreme State Rights Democracy. The Times, weakened by the divisions in its own party, was sold after the November election of 1860 to McCormick, who united the two papers under the name of the Herald and Times, and imported E. W. McComas, a Virginia journalist, to take charge. The conditions of the sale provided simply for the payment of the Times' debts, amounting to about $25,000. The paper was published at that time in the McCormick Block, at the southeast corner of Randolph and Dearborn streets. The outbreak of the war made the principles which it advocated extremely distasteful to Northern people, and in a few months the paper was transferred to Wilbur

F. Storey, who had been the successful publisher of the Detroit free Press. The sum paid for the combined plant of the Herald and Times was about $23.000. Storey brought with him a large portion of his former staff on the Free Press, including John L. Chipman, his managing editor, and on June 1, 1861, his first issue was published. Its determined opposition to the war policy of the Government, especially after the issue of the Emancipation Proclamation, gave to the Times a wide notoriety arid secured for it a lavish support froma!! who sympathized with its viej?s^specially from the "border Statej^-Outof this position grew one of the most"sensational episodes of the war. Under/an order by Gen. Burnsides, commanding the Department of the Northwest, for the suppression of the paper, the office was taken possession of by a file of soldiers on the morning of the 3d of June, 1863, and most of the edition of that day destroyed. Bitter protests were made by the extreme partisans of the paper, but finally, through representations made to Mr. Lincoln, by prominent Eepublicans of the city and in Washington, he was induced to rescind the order, after it had been in force two days. Ananias Worden, a brother of Commodore Worden of the Merrimac, held a small interest and was business manager of the paper from its purchase in 1861 until 1865, when he was succeeded by H. B. Chandler, who retired in 1870, Storey becoming sole owner. A. L. Patterson, who had been a clerk in the office for many years, was then entrusted with the management, until after Mr. Storey's death, and its final sale in 1887. In I860 the Times took possession of .a fine 5- story stone-front building, which was erected for it, on the corner of Dearborn street and Calhoun Place. In common with its contemporaries, the Times suffered heavily by the fire of 1871. Mr. Storey was greatly discouraged, and at first announced that he would not attempt to resuscitate the paper, declaring "it is utterly destroyed and so is Chicago." Offers of assistance came in from friends, however, and he was induced to reconsider his determination. Temporary quarters were obtained from which a paper was issued October 18, and new presses and other material having been procured, in December following it resumed publication in the usual form. It soon entered upon a new era of prosperity, a fireproof building was erected, and a few years later it was as valuable a property as it ever had been. Franc B. Wilkie, Andre Matteson, M. J. Russell, Charles R. Dennett, A. C. Botkin, and others, rendered efficient aid in restoring its fortunes. It now became politically Independent, and by its attacks on the "'putrid reminiscence," as it denominated the Democratic party, and, by discussing such topics as " Shall the Democratic Party Live or Die ?" produced as decided a sensation in the ranks of its own party, as it had previously done among their opponents by its extreme partisanship. It was enterprising to prodigality, not only sending its special correspondents all over the country, but establishing a news-bureau in London, with correspondents in the principal European capitals. The loss of Mr. Storey's directing hand, consequent upon his decline in health and his death, the last occurring October 27, 1884, undoubtedly had an injurious effect upon the prosperity of the paper. On December 4, 1884, the paper passed into the hands of a receiver, litigation between the widow and heirs-at-law frittered away its resources, and on December 24, 1887, it was sold to a syndicate headed by James J. West, who organized a new Chicago Times Company. For a while it seemed to be recovering its old-time prosperity, but disputes between the stockholders resulted in damaging litigation. As the result of a series of highly sensational legal trials, West was dispossessed of the management, Messrs. Huiskamp Bros., of Keokuk, Iowa, who had acquired a majority of the stock, assuming the business management, with Joseph R. Dunlop, as editor-in-chief. On November 1, 1891, the paper was transferred to Carter

History Of Chicago

H. Harrison, under whose auspices a new business organization has been formed under the name of "The Newspaper Company," which became the publishers December 1, 1891. As a result of this change, Mr. Dunlop retired from the editorship to assume a similar position on the Evening Mail, of which he became the proprietor. Under the new organization, Mr. Harrison being the principal stockholder, became president of the company, eventually placing his sons, Carter H. Harrison, Jr., and Preston Harrison, in the positions of business and editorial managers, respectively. Martin J. Eussell has been the principal editorial writer for some years past.*

The Chicago INTER OCEAN furnishes still another example of a successful newspaper The Chicago gifted upon other and less inter Ocean, prosperous enterprises. Immediately after the sale of the Chicago Times to Cyrus H. McCormick in the fall of 1860, thereby depriving Senator Douglas of an organ, James W. Sheahan, who had been the editor of that paper, took steps for the establishment of a new one. In this he had the co-operation of Francis A. Eastman and Andre Matteson, both of whom had been associated with him upon the Times. The result was the Chicago Morning Post, the first number of which saw the light December 25, 1860. The new paper was a pronounced champion of Democratic principles, friendly to Senator Douglas and gave a conservative support to the war measures of the Government. Having been elected to the lower house of the general assembly at the election of 1862, Mr. Eastman sold his interest in the paper to William Pigott and retired. Although the paper showed evidence of ability, yet not being in harmony with the bulk of its party on questions connected

* At the city election of April, 1893, Carter H. Harrison was elected mayor of the city, serving during the World's Columbian Exposition. By his assassination (which occurred in his home on the evening of October 28, 1893) The Times has been deprived of his vigorous superintendence, but at the date of this publication the bulk of its stock continues to be a part of his estate.