Chicago City (part 35 of 57)

R. M. and R. H. Hunt, of New York, who planned the Administration building; Peabody and Stearns, of Boston, the Machinery building; McKim, Mead and White, of New York, the Agricultural building; George B. Post, of New York, the Manufactures building; Van Brunt and Howe, of Kansas City, the Electricity building; S. S. Beman, of Chicago, the Mining building; Adler and Sullivan, of Chicago, the Transportation building; W. L. B. Jeuney, of Chicago, the Horticultural building; Henry I. Cobb, of Chicago, the Fisheries building; Miss Sophia G. Hayden, of Boston, the Woman's building; Charles B. Atwood, of New York, the Art building. Mr. Atwood also projected and designed the long colonnade, with a building at each end, called the Peristyle, witli a semicircle of thirteen columns representing the thirteen original States, the most striking feature of the Court of Houor.

The government of the United States had its own building erected at an expense of about $500,000, for the exhibition of its collections from the various departments at Washington. Foreign governments were represented, not only in the various departments, but also in buildings of their own, many of which were palatial in appearance and models of the latest and best styles of architecture in their own countries. The buildings of France, Germany, Great Britain, Brazil and Sweden, it may be said, attracted especial attention. Every State in the Union also had its own building, except Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, North and South Carolina and Tennessee. Of these the Illinois building, the first to be completed, was the largest, most centrally located and the most expensive - costing $250,000, and its exhibits, not competitive, but representing as they did the international resources and growth of the State and the development of the va- rious departments of the State government, attracted, perhaps, more attention than those of any other State. The main building was 450 feet in length by 160 in width, with a dome 72 feet in diameter and 200 feet in height. The memorial hall, which was fire-proof, was 50x75 feet, and contained State trophies and relics. The grotto, fish ponds, waterfall and grain exhibits, the rustic fountain in the rotunda, and particularly the picture of a farm and houses, made of different kinds of grain and grasses, were especially meritorious and attractive. At the main entrance of the building was a draped figure by the sculptor Taft, with arms outstretched, representing " Illinois Welcoming the Nations." The building itself was rather impressive, though not generally regarded as an architectural success.

The liberal provisions made by the legislature for the State building and exhibits amounted to $800,000, over $750,000 of which was expended. The entire Illinois exhibit was under the supervision and control of the State Board of Agriculture, composed of one member from each congressional district, as it existed in 1891, when the law making the appropriation was passed. The following is a list of their names and official positions.

machinery, transportation, manufactures, and science and art. Special mention must be made of the topographical map prepared by the board at the cost of $15,000, especially for the purpose of showing the character and the resources of the State. It was 8 by 1C feet, drafted on a scale of two miles to the inch, and one of the largest ever constructed. Many serious cartographical errors, existing for many years, were corrected. It gave each railroad station and post office in the State and the position of even the smallest streams.

This sketch would be still more incomplete were not some account given of the work of the Illinois women, under the supervision of tlie Board of Managers, created by the act of the legislature, June 17, 1891. It was composed of the two Illinois members of the National Board of Lady Managers and their alternates, Mrs. Richard J. Oglesby, Mrs. Frances W. Shepard, Mrs. Marcia Louise Gould, who was elected president, and Mrs. L. L. Candee. The other members were Mrs. Frances L. Gilbert, Chicago; Mrs. Francine E. Patton, Springfield; Mrs. Robert H. Wiles, Freeport, vice-president; and Miss Mary Callahan, Robinson, secretary.

The board was given one-tenth of the State appropriation and was assigned the same proportional space for exhibits in the Illinois building, and most industriously and 'intelligently did it make use of its opportunities. The work of the women of the State, as scientists, authors and artists, was most creditably shown. In the library and reception room the decorative designs were made by women, also in the kindergarten, whose furniture, as well as that of the library, was largely the contribution of Illinois women. Only a detailed account of these interesting labors could show their extent and value.

The State buildings of New York, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts - a reproduction of the John Hancock residence - Ohio, Wisconsin, Indiana and Michigan were greatly admired for their splendid appearance, internal finish and comfortable arrangement. Virginia reproduced Mt. Vernon; Kentucky, Ashland, the home of Henry Clay; Iowa had the most unique and artistic display of cereal products. The Washington building was constructed of logs brought from that State; Florida erected a reproduction of the old fort at St. Augustine; Maryland and Connecticut copied old memorial houses; New Jersey represented Washington's headquarters at Morristown; and California presented an almost exact fac simile of an old Spanish Mission-House.

The waters of Lake Michigan were made to do service by supplying navigable streams to an artistic system of lagoons, which were covered with steam launches, as well as with gondolas, manned by Venetian gondoliers, ever ready to convey the tired visitor from point to point or out into the lake. These waterways were margined with beds of flowers and shrubs and paved walks, and spanned with numerous bridges, and when illuminated by myriads of parti-colored lamps, presented an appearance as picturesque as it was enchanting.

The annex to the Exposition which, on account of its original and unique attractions became so noted - the Midway Plaisance - which extended from the west front of the Woman's building a mile west to Cottage Grove avenue, was the headquarters for the foreign " side-shows/' which it required extra fees to enter. Here were to be seen a reproduction of a street in Cairo, and a daily representation of the toil and amusements of that ancient city; a colony of South Sea islanders, as well as one from Dahomey, with their barbarous native dances; a congress of women representing the costumes of all nations; a Dutch East India village; a German village of mediaeval times; Irish, Chinese, Japanese and Esquimaux villages; Moorish and Persian palaces; various foreign theatres and concert pavilions; Vienna and other cafes; the Ferris Wheel; and almost countless other attractions and amusements, besides bazaars with foreign salesmen, opera- tors and attaches. No one, indeed, could be said to have seen the Exposition who did not spend a certain proportion of his time in "seeing the sights" furnished by the Midway Plaisance.

The exhibits included every conceivable growth and production from the animal, vegetable and mineral kingdoms, either singly or in their combinations, for commercial and mechanical purposes, for the comfort, convenience, support, advancement and adornment of the human race. The number of exhibitors, with the percentage of awards received, as compared with other great fairs, is reported by John Boyd Thatcher, chief of the bureau of awards, as follows: "At the Vienna exposition of 1873 there were 40,000 exhibitors, to whom were awarded 26,000 medals; at Philadelphia in 1876 the exhibitors numbered 31,- 000, and upon a system of awards substantially analogous to that adopted in Chicago, 13,- 100 were awarded; at the Paris exhibition in 1889 there were 60,000 exhibitors and 33,400 medals awarded. In the Chicago exposition, exclusive of France and Norway, who withdrew from competition, there were 65,422 individual exhibitors, to 21,000 of whom awards were made by the judges. The juries of award examined and reported upon 250,000 separate exhibits." As reported by United States Collector John M. Clark, exhibits were received from sixty different foreign nations, States and colonies, consisting of 162,000 packages, valued in the statements of the exhibitors at $14,707,693. These foreign exhibits were received in the following proportions: Germany, 27 per cent.; France, including colonies, 26.7; Great Britain and colonies, 15.4; Italy, 4.8; Russia, 4.7; Austria, 2.9; Brazil and other South American countries, 2.6; Japan, 2.4; Belgium, 2.3; Spain, 2.2; Mexico and Central America, 1.6; Denmark, 1.5; Switzerland, 1.2; Sweden, 1.1; Turkey, .9; Norway, .8; Holland, .8; China, .2; West Indies and all others, 2 per cent. Of these goods it is estimated by the collector that twenty-five per cent, remained in this country.

France led all other nations in the amount of goods brought to the Fair and sold, with Germany not very far behind. These two countries sold two-fifths of all the foreign goods disposed of to visitors. The aggregate value of all foreign goods entered for consumption at the Exposition was $2,566,852, and on this amount a net duty of $717,320 was collected. About 1,939 packages, valued at $58,290, were destroyed or consumed by natural wear and tear in handling.

The most interesting and instructive exhibits, disconnected from any commercial relations, were those of the United States government, those in the ethnological department, and that of the convent of La Rabida and its contents.

The United States Patent Office made a display, which embraced over three thousand of the best -models in wood and metals, illustrating the progress of inventions in fiftyfour selected cases. The display in the field of the geological survey, especially of relief maps, and contributions in the subdepartments of mineralogy, metallurgy and paleontology, were extensive and complete. The displays from the Smithsonian Institution and National Museum filled twenty thousand square feet of space, with the handiwork of the taxidermist and modeller, and with gems, instruments, curios and works of mechanical art without number.

The Postoffice department gave an exhibition of a model working postoffice, so arranged that it might be seen and understood by every visitor.

The Treasury department furnished displays from the offices of the coast survey, the Marine Hospital service, the light house board and the mint, the latter of which comprised a press in operation, from which souvenir medals, resembling double eagles in size and appearance, were struck off at the rate of twenty per minute.

The departments of State, War, Education and Justice also made extensive and exceedingly instructive displays, so that the object of the law of Congress, requiring an exhibition of "such articles and materials as may illustrate the function and administrative faculty of the Government in time of peace, and its resources as a war power, tending to demonstrate the nature of our institutions and their adaptability to the wants of the people," might be fully carried out.

The Ethnological department comprised a vast collection, in which the subject of American archaeology, age of man on this continent, the condition of the mound builders, and of the early inhabitants of Central America and Rome were well illustrated in thousands of implements and human remains.

The documents, especially the commission of Columbus, portraits, relics, maps and memorials in the convent of La Rabida, as it existed four hundred years ago, were of exceeding interest to the historian and antiquarian, seen as they were in striking contrast with the progress of the present age.

Great liberality was extended by the government to universities, museums and schools, in allowing them to add to their collections from the world's wide treasures here assembled, of which they very largely availed themselves, as it appears that 9,829 foreign packages, valued at $1,552,230, were acquired by these institutions.

the music, were the most popular and enjoyable. They were set up on a mammoth scale never before equaled in this country, and during three evenings each week were witnessed by a throng of visitors whose surprise and delight were manifested by frequent shouts and clapping of hands.

The immense amount of material furnished for these displays, as reported by Henry J. Pain, included 105,000 one, two, three, four, six and eight pound rockets, besides 15,000 shells from sixteen to sixty inches in size, the largest ever fired and which, if all fired at once, would have illumined the sky with 52,500,000 separate burning stars in every color of the rainbow. Five hundred aerial gems or maroons were exploded at an altitude of 1,500 feet, including 200 special set pieces. The largest set device was that illustrating the burning of Chicago, which was 400 feet long and forty feet high. Fortyfive thousand roman candles were fired; 650 different wheels and moving devices were used, and twenty-five tons of red fire burned.

In point of location, convenience, extent and internal arrangement, in the number, completeness and beauty of the buildings, and in the variety, value and quantities of exhibits, the universal verdict of the visitors was that the Columbian Exposition very far exceeded anything of the kind ever before attempted in the world's history. The results in architecture, achievements in science, machinery, electricity and manufactures were admittedly unparalleled. A distinguished member of the English parliament, J. Henniker Heaton, when asked "what do I think of the World's Fair? " replied, "it is simply colossal, incomprehensible. It is not only the greatest, it is the grandest of all World's Fairs, and doubly surpasses the wildest expectations. The Paris Exposition was mere gingerbread in comparison. The tremendous size and strength of the buildings can "be likened only to ancient Rome."

Sir Henry T. Wood, the English commissioner, said of it: "So far in advance is it of all expectation that I find it hopeless to convince my countrymen of the marvelous nature of the spectacle, or to make them believe how well it is worthy of the long journey from England. Only those who have seen it can justly appreciate how far this latest of international exhibitions has surpassed all its predecessors in size, in splendor and in greatness of both conception and execution."

The testimony of distinguished visitors from France, Austria and Germany was the same, and was significantly epitomized by the German commissioner, Adolph Wermuth, whose answer to a request from a newspaper for his opinion of the fair was : " Hail Columbia ! "

" The fair is not only a success, but a triumph, an American triumph. When it closes we can think rightly and gratefully of the men who made it such. They would be knighted in England or Germany."

The preparations for a World's Pair, so happily concluded on a scale of magnitude and expenditure never before equaled, the question of its ability to draw visitors and of its financial success naturally excited the apprehension of its officers and stockholders.

The month of May continued as it began, cold, cloudy and rainy, and as it was understood that as yet exhibits were not properly arranged and that loaded wagons blocked the avenues, only the most curious and those having plenty of means, as well as leisure, cared to go in at the pay gates. The average attendance for the month of May was only 37,501, not at all equal to expectations.

A problem most difficult of solution was that relating to the opening of the Expoposition on Sunday. It was argued that to do so would involve no breach of morals, and by giving the working people this opportunity would greatly increase the attendance. A majority of the board of directors favored the plan, and an equally pronounced majority of the national commission, backed up by a provision prohibiting Sunday opening in the law making the appropriation, opposed it. The directors insisted that they had the right to decide the question, and ordered the gates opened on Sunday, May 14th. The controversy being taken into the circuit court, Judge Stein issued a temporary order enjoining the directory from closing the gates. Upon the application of the United States district attorney, the United States district court issued as temporary order, requiring the gates to be closed, which, on appeal to the appellate court, Chief Justice Fuller presiding, was set aside. It being found that Sunday opening did not draw as was expected, the gates were again ordered closed on that day. This being regarded as a violation of the Stein injunction, seven of the directors who controlled the issuing of the order, including the director general, were cited before his honor for contempt of court, and on a hearing were fined in various sums, from $1,000 to $100 each, according to their supposed degree of guilt. From this decision the directors appealed.

The attendance in June was more than double that in May, but was not much increased in July. This discouraging fact was charged up against the railroad corporations, who, it was alleged, in adopting the short sighted and parsimonious policy of refusing low rates, had kept the people at home. The attendance greatly increased with better rates for transportation in August, but did not reach its maximum until October, as will appear by the following table: keep within reasonable bounds, and which at best was probably a million too long, was divided among applicants, those entitled to such favors and those not, as follows:

The largest attendance at Philadelphia was on Pennsylvania day, numbering 257,- 169, and at "Paris 387,877. The smallest Sunday paid attendance was on August 6th, 16, 181, and the largest on October 29th, 152,- 238; the average paid Sunday admissions was 55,312, and the average paid attendance for the 157 days was 127,712.

The day set apart for Illinois was faultless as to weather, and the attendance, although larger than on any other special State occasion, except Connecticut Day, did not equal expectations. The exterior of the Illinois building was gaily decorated with flags and banners, and the Second Regiment band discoursed entertaining music to the crowds occupying seats in front and within. Among those present at the exercises were present and former State officers, members of Congress, headed by Speaker Crafts, members of the legislature, members of the local directory, sixty of the National commission and several foreign commissioners. The programme opened with the entire assemblage rising and singing "America," when prayer was offered by Rev. W. F. Black. President Lafayette Funk then

Ladies and Gentlemen : The thirty-seventh General Assembly, duly appreciating the fact that the great Columbian Exposition has been located on the soil of Illinois, (lenerously and patriotically appropriated the sum of $800.000 for the purpose of preparing a suitable exhibit for the State of Illinois. Ten per cent of this sum or 1*0,000 was wisely devoted to an exhibit of the industries of the women of the State, and that part of the work was appropriately placed in the hands of a board of Illinois women. The work of preparing the general exhibit was by act of the same General Assembly, cast upon the State Board of Agriculture, that board having been constituted a commission for the purpose of preparing the exhibit. To speak in detail of the work accomplished would consume more time than the proprieties of this occasion would permit. The commission in preparing the exhibit has Sought not only to represent our great State in all its diversified industries, but likewise in its munificent charities, and in the moral and intellectual development of our people. The results of these labors are now before you ; and the people must judge for themselves whether or not the work has been wisely and properly done. The preliminary labors of the commission slaving now been completed, we have come here to-day for the purpose of dedicating this magnificent building to the uses and purposes for which it was erected ; and in presenting it, as I now do, to the Chief Executive of the jO'i'monwealth, I deem it proper to say that the commission has from the first been fully impressed with the great responsibility resting upon it. Illinois holds a high place in the sisterhood of States. She is not only great in her diversified industries and in her commerce, but also in the virtue of her people. She is third in population and manufacture among the States of the Federal Union, and is also the broadest and richest agricultural expanse dominated by any single government. In my own behalf and in behalf of my co-laborers In this great enterprise, I feel I may say without impropriety that the commission has labored earnestly and unceasingly to make this exhibit truly represent the industrial, intellectual, and moral life of the Commonwealth of Illinois. We have believed this Exposition would be the greatest the world has yet wen, and events have already justified that belief. This marvelous White City by the lake aggregates and epitomizes the industrial progress of the world, and we of Illinois hope that in the laudable competition of which this is now for some months to be the scene, our own Illinois, though only founded but in the yesterday of history, will not be found last in true development and progress. With the hope that the exhibit which we have here prepared will meet the expectations of our own citizens, and of the world, it only remains for me to thank the generous people who have, through their representatives, commissioned us to perform the labors which we this day bring measurably to a close. In the name of the Illinois Hoard ' f World's Fair Commissioners, I now formally turn over to the executive, head of the Commonwealth of Illinois this building, and the results of our labors which it contains-

President Funk introduced Mrs. Marcia Louise Gould, President of the Illinois Woman's Exposition Board. Mrs. Gould was received with applause and spoke as follows:

The Illinois Woman's Exposition Board, when commissioned by an act of the General Assembly to prepare for the Columbian Exposition an exhibit of the industries of the women of the State of Illinois, accepted from the legislators of our grand commonwealth a high honor and grave responsibilities. To faithfully discharge the duties devolving upon us, and to show to the world the best results of woman's labor in every avenue of her activity has been our never-failing determination . We trust this high ambition has been attained, and we hope for your approval. The work of the women of the State has been revealed to us in a new light. In this realm of peace and haopy homes we find that women have achieved distinction in science and in the professions. The necessity for self-support has urged many of our sisters to step side by side with the sterner sex into the ranks of the working world, and all these, with the makers of the beautiful in literature, in art, and in music, in philanthropy and education, and that ever-blessed occupation, the making of the home, have contributed to complete the work which we present to you to-day. The generous recognition which women have at this time received is bright with prophetic glory for the future, when even larger opportunities may be intrusted to their keeping. And who can doubt the safety of that keening in hands where most truly rests the destiny of our Nation.

The President of the Board of the Illinois World's Fair Commissioners, Madam, President of the Illinois Exposition Board, Ladies and Gentlemen: We have met to formally open the Illinois Buildinsr and make it, with its contents, a part of the Columbian Exposition, an exposition whose grandeur neither pen nor pencil can picture. We feel that this is a % reat day for the people of our State, for it is the first time iu their historv that they have attempted to stand beside the nations of the earth for the purpose of comparing achievements. We are, in a sense, the host of the world, which has gathered within our borders to exhibit the products of its highest civilization, and, as these products are addressed to the eyeandsilentlv tell the story of the past and the condition of the present, we are endeavoring as host to respond in kind. This building, with its grand prooortions, its majestic height, its symmetry and beautiful lines, will testify to our skill in the art of building, and we expect the numerous exhibits gathered here to tell in silent eloquence the brilliant history of Illinois. But, mv friends, while we are thus vying with the nations of the earth in showing the wonderful things accomplished, let us not fornet that all we see here is emblematic. This Exposition, while surpassing even the dreams of genius, is but intended to commemorate a great event in the history of the world . These lifelike statues; these Grecian columns and Homan arches ; these temples of industry, of science, and of learning, which challenge the admiration of the go<ls, are but the language; they are but the words, the exclamations with which this age expresses its admiration for the achievements of Christopher Columbus.

More than fourcenturiesago. when the world was about to awaken from a long night; when literature showed new signs of life: when art began again to breathe: when science and philosophy a iniii lifted up their heads; when the centuries were in labor to give birth to a new era and a new civilization, in which man might again walk the earth, not with his head bowed, his hands shackled, and his spirit crushed, but with mien erect and his face to the sun; a civilization in which woman should no longer be a beast of burden, but a companion to man; then there went through the universe a call for a new land with a new atmosphere in which to rock and nurture the new time, for the countries of the Old World were so covered with the malaria which had thickened during centuries of tyranny, of superstition, and darkness that nothing beneflcial to mankind could flourish there.

Responding to this call there came forth a young man who knew little of the fashions of his day, took no part in the gay frivolity of his time, did not live in luxury, nor go forth in fine raiment. The idle aristocrats felt that they were of greatly more consequence than he, but he life, and instead of going to banquets he spent his nights pondering over charts until he conceived the idea of flndmg a new route to India by sailing westward. The art of navigation then consisted of sailing from headland to headland; the earth was supposed to be flat and the region beyond the horizon to be peopled with monstars. He sought assistance from the commercial people and they laughed at him; he applied to the learned and they pronounced it impossible; he appealed to the men in office and thi-.v said he was insane; finally he appealed to a sympathetic woman and she assisted him.

In three little ve.-sels which to-day would be pronounced unsea worthy be embarked on an unknown ocean. He sailed for months, with the world against him; the elements against him; the crew agamst him and starvation in front of him, but he never faltered a moment, and finally sighted land. He had defied and conquered the learning of his time, the influences of his time, the author itics of his time, as well as the danger of the elements and tie frown of the fates, and he gave to the world a new science, a new navigation, a n^w geography, a new continent, and, ultimately, a new civilization and a new hope

It was on the continent discovered by Columbus that there was tlie first successful experiment among men of absolute freedom of religion, freedom of conscience, freedom of thought, freedom of speech, freedom of action, and the highest form of a free man's government.

It was here that the first successful attempt was made of lifting up the masses by universal education, and it is this continent which has given to the world most of those wonderful inventions which have revolutionized industry, have brought all people close together, and are covering the earth with intelligence. Nowhere else have the possibilities of human achievement when the mind is given freedom of action, been so fully exemplified as here.

Let me say in conclusion that it was proper that this celebration of the discovery of America should be held in the United States, because the important results following that discovery had their birth here. Again, it was fitting that it should he held in Illinois,for it possesses not only the richest, most productive, and extensive agricultural resources of any State in the Union, but, extending over more degrees of latitude, it has a greater variety of climate, and consequently of products, than almost any other State, and particularly was it fitting that the great Exposition should be located in the city of Chicago which exemplifies more than any other city in the world' not only the possibilities of human achievement when the mindis given freedom of action, but has also demonstrated to the world that men of all nationalities, all religions, and all races, can live harmoniously in the same community, can toil side by side, and rally to the support of the same flag.

I am proud to open this building because it is not the creation of either King or Emperor, but of the citizens of the State of Illinois, and the marvels that are oufcexhibition here are mostly the work of their hands, imd they will go away from here with higher ideas, with newly kindled patriotism, with renewed confidence in themselves and their destiny, and they and their children will stand nearer the altar of our common country than ever before. Let me tell you another thing. In preparing for this Exposition women of different lands have learned to help each other, and thus the nucleus of an international woman's organization has been formed, the ultimate, farreaching influence of which in the emancipation of her s>ex no man can forsee. Now, ladies and gentlemen of the Illinois Hoard, I commit the management of this, the distinctive Illinois exhibit, to your hands, and in doing so I would remind you that a great responsibility rests on you. Our people are proud of this State; they know its riches'and its resources as well as its glorious history, and being in a sense the host they want to make an exhibit that will be a credit to them. They have been liberal, even lavish, in supplying means for this purpose, and will examine your work with a critical eye; but, judging from what you have already done, I am satisfied that the honor and the glory of the State are here safely left in your hands.

After a medley of war songs by the band came the oration, by Hon. Frank H. Jones, of Springfield, now first assistant postmaster general, which was replete with eloquent and patriotic sentiments relating to the growth and prominence of the State of Illinois and the influence of its great men. It is to be regretted that the limits of this chapter will not admit of its insertion at length.

Eloquent speeches were also delivered by his Honor, Mayor Harrison, and Judge Loren C. Collins, Jr. A luncheon was then served to invited guests, and the celebration of the day was pronounced a decided success.

number ever assembled within one inclosure of the same dimensions in the history of the world. The day was an ideal one of sunshine and gentle breezes, and the White City never before looked so enchanting. The crowd began to arrive early, the first ticket sold and the first entrance made being at 6:30 o'clock, and by nine o'clock at least 100,000 had entered tiie gates.

At ten o'clock there was a parade of the Chicago Hussars, whose arrival at the terminal plaza, or west front of the Administration Building, simultaneously with the firing of four guns of Battery D, was the signal for t|ie commencement of the exercises of the day. Trumpeters from Fort Sheridan played the inaugural fanfare from the surrounding buildings of the Court of Honor, the music of which was composed by Silas G. Pratt and the words by Major G. "W. Baird, United States army. These were as follows:

"Peace on earth, good will to men! Brothers all, from every zone, To God, our Father, Him alone, Sing we Bethlehem's song again; - Peace on earth, good will to men."

Then came "a welcome to the world in music and song," including the songs of all nations, by the Apollo Club of 400 and the Columbian Chorus of 900 voices, alternating with instrumental music by the Iowa, Elgin, Pullman, Chicago and Mexican bands. The enthusiasm of the crowd reached its climax with the singing of "John Brown's Body," "Marching through Georgia" and "America," when the voices of the chorus were overpowered by those of the multitude. The ringing of Liberty Bell by Mayor Harrison, an interesting part of the programme, was accomplished at, noon, thirteen strokes being given, after which the mayor delivered an address. There was also a parade by the children in the afternoon, but fine as it was it was almost lost sight of in the immensity of the throng. The people were determined to enjoy themselves, and were generally polite and good natured. The fireworks, as the closing spectacle, were the triumph of pyrotechnic display; but the crowd was too large to permit all to witness the exhibition. The buildings, walks and ways were all crowded, but not one-fourth of the visitors were able to see any one part of the day's exercises.

The scene from the Administration Building, or, indeed, from any other point of observation, was unequaled in its vastness and imposing effect. As far as the eye could reach, on every side, from lagoon to building, the avenues were literally packed and jammed with human beings, while flags and banners and ensigns were tossed by the breeze and strains of music floated on the air.

The problem of transporting the people was difficult of solution, and had it not been for the completion of the south side "Alley" elevated road and the admirable and effective arrangements made by the managers of the Illinois Central railroad, the people would never have been afforded the means of satisfactory and speedy carriage to and from the grounds. The Illinois Central on Chicago day, with its special world's fair express trains, which by this time had attained rare perfection of service, carried from Van Buren street to Jackson Park 115,000 passengers between seven o'clock and noon, or an average of over 20,000 per hour, and during the rush transported about 1,000 per minute. Besides these express trains thirty-seven trains were run at intervals of six minutes, on an average, to accommodate the suburban traffic, during the forenoon, and carried at least 35,000 passengers. The Illinois Central also, it is estimated, brought in from suburban points south 30,000 more. The elevated road, it was estimated, transported over 80,- 000, in trains carrying over 1,000 each, only three minutes apart, but it was left for the City railway company - the south side cable lines, with their cross connections - to break all records in the enormous number of its passengers, carrying each way over 300,000 The people not only filled the inside of the cars but the outside, mounting to the top and crowding the roofs, where they tooted horns, rang bells, and "chaffed " the crowd which lined the streets awaiting a chance to ride.

For those who preferred the water route, over a dozen steamers had been provided) which it was estimated transported each way 180,000 passengers, of whom the great "whale-back" steamer, the Christopher Columbus, carried 60,000. The Baltimore & Ohio and Northern Pacific roads also transported large numbers, although the figures relative thereto are not known.

The greater portion of the visitors to the fair on this occasion provided their own Feeding the lunches in well-filled baskets, but hundreds of thousands of young people and strangers were not so thoughtful, and depended upon the many restaurants on the grounds to supply their " creature wants " in this respect. The latter did nobly for a time, but by six o'clock their supplies were exhausted, and pushing, jostling thousands who would have been glad of a sandwich or even a cold potato had to go hungry. It was not surprising, therefore, that the enforced fast of the many sight-seers was prolonged until the exit gates were reached, often after a hard struggle, in the early hours of the succeeding morning.

The grounds of the Exposition on the morning after "Chicago Day " presented a strange sight. Besides the worthless baskets and boxes and papers which covered the walks and avenues, it was found that many valuable articles had been lost, the most important of which were several children, who were not restored to their anxious, but careless, parents until the following day. There were over 2,000 applicants for things lost, about one in ten only of whom succeeded in recovering his property. Among the articles rescued were fifteen pocketbooks containing money, twenty-five umbrellas, one hundred wraps, five overcoats, ten pairs of spectacles, five

As was shown very soon after its establishment the, "lost and found bureau" was found to be a much needed and useful office. At the close of the Fair it had in possession over fifteen hundred umbrellas and one thousand pocketbooks, few of which contained more than ten dollars, while the greater portion contained sums of only five dollars or less, besides several hundred pairs of spectacles, eye, opera and field glasses, as well as telescopes, some of which were costly. The articles of clothing found were generally of but little value. Not much jewelry of value was ever turned in, although reports of losses of this kind were frequent. Among other articles there was a large and miscellaneous collection of knives of every description, revolvers, hatchets, books, reticules, generally filled with toilet articles, innumerable gloves and handkerchiefs, and, strange to say, several sets of false teeth, two of which were returned to their owners.

Lost and Found. were disposed of at public vendue, at Jackson Park, on March 16, under the supervision of the superintendent of the Lost and Found Department, Mr.W. F. Singer.

The property included all kinds of articles, from pocketbooks to sealskin sacks and from parasols to false teeth. The bidding was spirited. The jewelry display was bought by C. C. Hunger, at the following figures: Seventy-two bracelets, 22 cents each; 100 eyeglasses, 7 cents each; 76 spectacles, 10 cents a pair; 100 rings, 55 cents each; 7 opera glasses, $1 a pair. Sam Winternitz bought 384 wraps of all kinds, from light cloaks to sealskin sacks at 42^ cents each. Five hundred walking sticks were bid in at 15 cents each. Columbian Guard Kinsell received a bushel basket half full of pocketbooks at 2£ cents each.

affairs was for the first time, in undertakings of this kind, distinctively acknowledged and given free scope for independent action by the creation of a Board of Lady Managers and a separate department for their own work. It was a great step in advance, not hastily taken, and not without misgivings regarding its beneficial results. The members of the board appointed from Chicago were as follows:

The lady managers early evinced their ability to conduct affairs, in their excellent choice of officers, especially of the president, who filled that responsible and trying position with dignity, grace and singular fitness. The trouble following the appointment of the first secretary, Miss Phoebe Cozzens, was exceptional, and continued to mar the proceedings for some time.

hibits as was its external appearance attractive. It was not at first intended to be an exhibit building, but as the work of installing the various specimens of woman's handiwork and decorations, under the skillful manipulation of Miss Candon Wheeler, proceeded, the display appeared to be so meritorious that the Woman's Building was declared open to competitive exhibits, and placed on the same footing as the other principal buildings. It had its departments of art, science, ethnology, an organization room, a library, a nursing section, a model kitchen, and an assembly room, where lectures of general interest were delivered twice a day. In addition to those from this country, special exhibits were made by the women of Great Britain, France, Austria, Italy, Germany, Norway, Sweden, Spain, Mexico, Japan, Belgium, Ceylon and Siam. The various exhibits exemplified woman's work in every branch of science, art and industry, in painting, sculpture, architecture, mechanics, invention, physics, lithography, photography, typography, music and literature. While it was considered on all hands that there was great room for improvement in painting and in sculpture, women excelled in the applied arts of tapestry, stained glass, mechanical drawings and fabrics of all kinds.

As a distinct and independent effort of women, this advanced step of modern civilization must be regarded as a success. It has signalized a new departure, and has thrown women on their mettle to determine if the attempt to cut loose from the leadingstrings of men is justifiable, and will result in their moral, spiritual and intellectual advancement.

through the liberality of Potter Palmer. The prominence given to woman's work at the Fair - refeience to which and to Mrs. Palmer's connection therewith has been already made - suggested the desirability of erecting some permanent building in which might be preserved and exhibited specimens of woman's achievements in the various departments of handicraft, as well as in the higher domains of art, literature and science. To promote such an enterprise Mr. Palmer offered to contribute the munificent sum of $200,000, contingent upon the securing of a suitable site upon the Lake Front for the location of proposed building. As yet the project is held in abeyance, although many valuable exhibits have been contributed and carefully stored. Its successful consummation, however, is believed to be only a question of time.

The influence of women in the management of the Exposition was strikingly il- DayNurstry 'unrated in the conduct of the or creche. Children's Nursery, commonly known as the "Creche." The purpose of its institution was to care for the young children

(particularly the infants) of mothers who might have been unable to visit the Fair had they been compelled either to leave their little ones at home or to carry them in their arms during a necessarily long tramp. With singular appropriateness the nursery was located next to the Woman's Building, and the warm maternal instinct found free scope. The attendants were selected with the utmost care, and the most scrupulous attention was paid to the cleanliness and general perfection of the interior arrangements. Nurses were provided for infants and toys for the toddlers who were able to handle them, while romping games were played in the outer air when the weather permitted. To the lover of childhood, in its unrestrained freedom, this was one of the most interesting spots in Jackson Park. The idea of its establishment was not novel, something of a like character having formed one of the features of the last Paris Exposition, although there the accommodations were more restricted and not nearly so well appointed. Some hesitancy was felt as to the opening of the Creche at Chicago because of the results at Paris, where it was found that dissolute or heartless mothers found in it a ready opportunity to rid themselves of offspring who were either the badge of shame or had become an intolerable burden. To the credit of American womanhood it should be said that of all the children left at the Jackson Park Creche only one was deserted by the mother who had given it being. This unfortunate waif - a little girl - was adopted by the young daughter of Mr. D. H. Burnham, director of works, and suitable provision was made for her maintenance and education.

A popular, instructive and widely interesting adjunct to the Exposition was the world's Congress " World's Congress Auxiliary," a local organization originating in the brain of Charles C. Bonney, and adopted by the board of local directors, which provided places of meeting for the congresses at the Memorial Art Institute, by contributing $200,000 towards the completion of that structure. It was also recognized by the United States, the Secretary of State, James G. Elaine, directing the agents of the Government abroad to invite and encourage the sending of delegates.

'-'1. To provide for the proper presentation of the Intellectual and Moral Progress of the World, in connection with the Columbia7i Exposition of 1893, in a series of World's Congresses under the auspices of the Auxiliary, with the assistance of the leaders in all the chief departments of human achievement.

"2. More particularly, to provide facilities for appropriate organizations of a kindred nature to unite in World's congresses in Chicago, at convenient times during the exposition season of 1893, for the consideration of the living questions pending in their respective departments, and to arrange and conduct a series of popular congresses in which will be presented Summaries of the Progress made and the most important results attained in the several departments of civilized life, voiced by the ablest living representatives whose attendance can be procured.

"3. To provide for the proper publication of the proceedings of such Congresses, as the most valuable and enduring memorial of the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893.

"4. To bring all the departments of human progress into harmonious relations with each other in the Exposition of 1893; to crown the whole glorious work by the formation and adoption of better and more comprehensive plans than have hitherto been made, to promote the progress, prosperity, unity, peace and happiness of the world; and to secure the effectual prosecution of such plans by the organization of a series of world-wide fraternities through whose efforts and influence the moral and intellectual forces of mankind may be made dominant throughout the world."

Bistort Of Chicago

The time of holding the congresses and the subjects to be discussed were set forth in the following program: May: Woman's Progress; The Public Press; Medicine and Surgery. June: Temperance; Moral and Social Reform; Commerce and Fina7ice. July: Music; Literature; Education. August: Engineering; Art, Architecture, etc.; Government, Law Reform, Political Science, etc.; General Department; Science and Philosophy. September: Labor; Religion, Mission and Church Societies; Sunday Rest. October: Public Health; Agriculture.

Two large audience rooms were arranged in the new Art Institute building, (called respectively the Halls of Columbus and Washington) capable of seating over 3,000 persons each, besides a dozen smaller rooms for the accommodation of "chapters and sections."

The most distinguished representative present of any given department, in the opinion of the local committee, was appointed to preside over that congress in which its different phases were discussed.

A branch congress auxiliary for women was established, over which Mrs. Potter Palmer and Mrs. Charles Henrotin presided. Committees of women were designated to co-operate with corresponding committees of men, to make arrangements for congresses appropriate for the participation of women, which were not a few.

The meetings were enlivened by both instrumental and vocal music, and the attendance, generally, very far exceeded all expectations. The first congress, that devoted to the interests of women, was perhaps the most representative, in point of distinguished leaders, of all, the familiar names of Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucy Stone, Julia Ward Howe, Mrs. Albert Parker, May Wright Sewell, and Mrs. Isabella Beecher Hooker being the most prominent. The attendance was estimated at over 150,000. The Press,

Medical, Moral and Social Reform, Commerce and Finance Congresses were not so well attended, and were chiefly interesting to those who were appointed to participate in the proceedings.

In the department of literature the attendance upon the congresses was again large, and at times enthusiastic, but there was a noted absence of leading minds, eminent in authorship or belles lettres, except in fiction, the most distinguished being Walter Besant, Charles Dudley Warner, George W. Cable, Richard W. Gilder. Mrs. Anna K. Green Rohlfs, Mrs. Mary Hartwell Catherwood and Miss Alice French (Octave Thanet).

Of the thousands of papers read at this and other preceding congresses many, it must be conceded, contributed little new thought or statement for the benefit of mankind, and would not have attracted unusual attention if printed in any of the current periodicals.

The parliament of religions, under the special charge of Rev. John H. Barrows, D. D., was the most numerously attended, and comprised a better representation of foreign and domestic talent than any other, although leading ecclesiastics of several American churches were conspicuous by their absence.

The Roman Catholics as a denomination made decidedly the most satisfactory showing for their organization, the church of Columbus, her bishops and priests taking a leading part in the discussions.

The Episcopalians were not present as a church, nor the Methodist bishops. Yet there were not wanting distinguished Protestant divines, Presbyterians, Baptists, Congregationalists, and others, who effectively and ably participated in the proceedings.

Among the "heathen" from the East, the place of light, whence originated all learning and religions, it must be admitted that the followers of Confucius, Brahma and Buddha were particularly distinguished for their ability, oratory, and the zeal with which they upheld their creeds in their elements of moral power, and reclaiming influences.

The proceedings of the parliament were remarkable for the fact that notwithstanding the innumerable faiths represented, whose difference on many fundamental points was as wide as the oceans which separated their adherents, there was so little friction, so few clashings of antagonistic interests and exhibitions of bigotry. By common consent laudatory expositions of repugnant creeds were quietly listened to without a word of opposition or objection. And few more impressive scenes were ever witnessed than when these exponents of all religions,in testimony of their agreement on the point of adoration and worship of the one God, all joined together with one voice in chanting the invocation, " Praise God from whom all blessings flow;" and upon another occasion in heartily uniting in that universal prayer, " Our Father which art in Heaven."

A net result of these congresses was the great tenacity with which the members adhered to the correctness, validity and force of their own peculiar dogmas. No one was convinced of error, no converts were made, and everybody was entirely satisfied with what was accomplished.

It was undoubtedly true, however, that a general result of the proceedings and discussions of this and others of these congresses was to implant and encourage larger views and a more liberal spirit; to concede the fact that there are two sides to almost every question in politics, religion and government, and that there is still room for investigation, improvement and progress along all the lines of human thought and effort.

While the list of fatalities in connection with the preparation of the grounds and the construction of the buildings was unexpectedly large, there were but few accidents or serious mishaps during the six months in which the Fair remained open. One deplorable exception to this statement was the calamitous destruction by fire of the cold-storage warehouse, on July 10th, by which the lives of seventeen brave firemen were sacrificed in the presence of thousands of beholders unable to render them any assistance. They, with others, had ascended the high tower of the building which was quickly enveloped by the devouring flames, and notwithstanding the heroic efforts of comrades below they were unable to make their escape. Eighteen others were seriously injured.

The news of this appalling disaster speedily spread through the city, whose people at first looked at one another with a horror almost speechless from its intensity. Yet even before the charred remains of the holocaust's fated victims had been removed from the still smouldering embers, horror had been supplemented by sympathy which had already taken on the form of practical charity. A relief fund was started, and contributions for the families of those who had thus heroically perished poured in with a promptitude and liberality truly marvelous. Within a few weeks subscriptions aggregating $100,000 had been secured and placed in the hands of a responsible committee. Donations came from every quarter, the representatives of foreign governments and countries vieing with native Americans in generosity, and the working girl giving her mite us freely as the millionaire his thousands.

Another exception, although not directly connected with the Fair itself, was the assassination of Mayor Harrison on the 29th of October. He had attended the Fair and had officially participated in the special occasion of "American Cities' Day," making one of his most brilliant and effective speeches, and after returning home was there, at 8 o'clock in the evening, cruelly shot by one Patrick Eugene Prendergast, wbo had gained admittance to his presence for that purpose. Mayor Harrison's peculiar fitness, by ability, education and official experience to discharge the duties of his office during the period of the Exposition had been universally acknowl- edged, and his deplorable loss at such a time and in such a manner cast a shadow upon its last hours, saddened the city and was deplored by the entire country.

Apart from the effect produced by these lamentable events, there was nothing to dim the glory and triumph of the closing days of this great Exposition; and while it is too soon to write anything like a complete history of its administrative and official operations, in advance of detailed reports, which are yet wanting, some conclusions and deductions from facts already known and published may be drawn with a moderate degree of certainty.

The first of these is that the marvelous success of the Fair was due to the undaunted pluck, untiring industry, unstinted liberality and resistless energy of Chicago citizens, who created and built it up, Chicago itself constituting one of the greatest wonders of the exhibition.

From the time the act of Congress was passed entrusting the great enterprise to the fostering care of this city until the White City appeared in all its matchless beauty, inviting the gaze of an admiring world, no effort, no sacrifice required to accomplish the end were demanded in vain of her citizens, either in their corporate or individual capacity. And it is not too much to say that no other city on this continent, if, indeed, in the world, could have produced such magnificent results.

The answer to the practical question, '-What did it all cost in money?" is easily found in the admirable reports of The cost. the auditor- To the cost of construction hereinbefore given in detail, and which, as appears by the report of the directors to March 31, 1894, had been swelled to the sum of $18,639,650, there must be added the no small amount of $7,468,942 on account of "operating expenses."

That these expenditures, during the first months of the Fair, were made with a munificent liberality there is hardly room for doubt. Indeed, this had become so apparent that a committee of investigation, with a view to retrenchment, consisting of directors Wm. D. Kerfoot, Washington Porter and Frederick Winston, was appointed July 25th. In their report, made six days thereafter, they use this language: "Your committee finds, as abroad proposition, that the World's Fair has been run, and is being run to-day on a scale of extravagance which cannot be justified, either by the experience of the past or any reasonable expectation of the future." The report called attention to specific instances of excessive expenditures, and after criticising some of the methods of the council of administration, closed by saying: "We find it our duty to call the attention of each director to the fact that it is no longer possible to plead ignorance of the wasteful extravagance in the conduct of the Fair under the present system, and that if we are not to be disgraced before the public as business men, this matter must be followed up sharply and decisively."

upon future expenditures. But to know with what facility enormous amounts may be disbursed by short-lived corporations with a necessarily imperfect system of checks and balances, the items of the operating expenses, as they appear in the auditor's December report, are given in detail as follows:

The Grounds Of The

1894, showing the entire cost of the Fair to city'8 trade, through the attendance and exhave been $27,151,800, is as follows: penditures of non-residents, was very marked.

be seen that during the latter three months of the Exposition's existence between $500,- 000 and $600,000 were expended in Chicago every twenty-four hours.

Another question which frequently occurs to the inquiring mind, "Did it pay?" can be easily answered, as far as the individual stockholders arc concerned, by saying that financially it did not. The assets of $1,500,000 can scarcely pay them more than fifteen per cent.

The money expended in and about the Fair, were it possible or practicable to have so invested it, would have per- DiditPay? manently established, endowed and equipped a score or more of State or national universities or technological institutes, and an equal number of public libraries. But whether the possible educational or other advantages and benefits to the people of such an investment, could it have been made, would outweigh those derived from the Expositionis a question which it would be as profitless to discuss as it might be difficult to decide.

In bringing the nations of the world together in their human and industrial aspects, contrasting other civilizations with our own; in stimulating national patriotism and civic pride; in opening to view visions of utility and beauty in all the walks of life; in giving new illustrations of better modes of living and of laboring and raising higher standards of usefulness and truth; in stimulating trade, invention and the study of history, science and art; in all that a world's exposition implies, it wae the crowning miracle of the nineteenth century.

Although the White City, with all its enchanting surroundings, will soon forever disappear, and be numbered with the things which only live in memory, thanks to the liberality of one of Chicago's wealthiest citizens the people will not be left without an interesting and permanent reminder of many of its most valuable features, by way of relics and exhibits. As the Fair drew to a close it became evident that a great many articles, valuable and interesting in themselves, but of comparatively small commercial value, might be obtained as donations, or at a small cost. An effort was made to secure the means to establish a national museum. The public-spirited citizen needed to make this effort successful was found in Marshall Field, who came forward with the gift of one million dollars to aid in the establishment of such an institution. This generous donation was supplemented by others, among which were those of George M. Pullman and L. Z. Leiter, amounting to $100,000 each, and of H. N. Higinbotham, $50,000. The museum was incorporated in November, 1893, and even then included in its collections the United States of Columbia gold exhibit, the Paraguayan and Peruvian exhibits, the Hagenbach ethnological collection, articles from the Japanese, Samoan and other villages, and collections from the Forestry, Transportation, Electricity, Anthropological and other departments, valued altogether at $1,500,000.

Chapter Xi The Profession Of Dentistry In Chicago

BY GEOKOE HOPPIN GUSHING, M. D., D. D. S., Professor of Principles and Practice of Dental Surgery in the Northwestern University Dental School.

PERHAPS-witli the single exception of electricity - none of the learned professions has made such rapid and pronounced advance in the elevation of standards and the perfection of scientific methods as has dentistry. Nor is there any to whose members humanity at large owes a heavier debt. Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes - who (as Johnson said of Goldsmith) " left few branches of literature untouched and touched none that he did not adorn " - gracefully and truthfully wrote: "The dental profession has established and prolonged the reign of beauty; it has added to the charms of social intercourse, and lent perfection to the accents of eloquence; it has taken from old age its most unwelcome feature, and lengthened enjoyable human life far beyond the limits of the years when the toothless and purblind patriarch might well exclaim: ' I have no pleasure in them.'" In no land has tliis advance been so pronounced as in America.*

*It was an American dentist - Dr. Horace Wells - who made the beneficent discovery of the inhalation of nitrous oxide as an anaesthetic, and anotht r dentist, Dr. Morton, was the first to make application of ether for the same purpose. Through them, as tan been well said, " fierce extremities of suffering have been fteeped in the waters of forgetfulness, and the deepest furrow in the knotted brow of agony has been smoothed forever." While the countrymen of Dr. Wells failed to appreciate his value, the French Academy has attested its recognition of services which conferred upon the world one of its greatest boons.

While American dentistry has scarcely completed its semi-centennial year as an organized profession, it can boast of thirty colleges, with more than five hundred professors, and embraces in its ranks fully 20,- 000 practitioners. No other profession has achieved, relatively, as high a reputation abroad, the superior skill of American dentists having been recognized by all the civilized nations of the earth; and, as will appear in the following pages, Chicago stands first among the cities of the United States as an educational centre.

Following him came Dr. William H. Kennicott. The Kennicott family owned and occupied a farm northwest of the village, at or near what is now known as Irving Park. Dr. William II. had a brother, J. Asa, some halfdozen years his junior, who also studied dentistry and was for a time associated with him, although the younger brother did not become a qualified practitioner until several years after the elder had established himself in business. The next practitioner to open an office in Chicago was Dr. Aaron Gibbs, who came to the settlement from Buffalo in

1844.* Shortly thereafter came one Jarvis, an Englishman by birth, who adopted methods, which, if they did not actually savor of the charlatan, were at least unprofessional. He introduced vapor baths into his practice and was accustomed to attend patients in his office attired in a Turkish costume. He was also the first dentist in Chicago to expose artificial teeth in a case upon the street, with a view to attracting business. Before two years had passed, however, he had sought some other field for the exercise of his peculiar talents.

Dr. Hadley came about the same date. He was a reputable practitioner and was afterwards honored by being made president of the Chicago Dental Society.

Dr. Charles H. Quinlan came to Chicago in the Autumn of 184G, after studying for three years with his uncle, Dr. Charles W. Harvey, of Buffalo, N. Y. He soon built up a successful practice, but in 1859 retired from dentistry, in order to confine his attention to medicine, which was his favorite study. His brother, Dr. John D. Quinlan came here in 1848, and entered into partnership with him. Upon the retirement of Charles H. Quinlan, Dr. George H. Cashing, who had come to Chicago some two years before, succeeded as the associate to his brother. The office of both firms was at 81 Clark street, which building the brothers Quinlan had previously bought and which is now known as the Quinlan block. Both Drs. Chas. H. Qninlan and Dr. Gushing were best known as skillful operators, white John D. Quinlan made a specialty of prosthetic dentistry and dental mechanics.

Soon after the arrival of Dr. Charles H. Quinlan, Dr. W. W. Allport opened an office at 71 Clark street, opposite the public square. Hu came from Syracuse, N. Y., where he had studied under Dr. Westcott, who was at that time one of the few scientific dentists in central New York. Dr. Allport was an

An illustration of Chicago push and energy was furnished in the winter of 1846-7) when the employment of sulphuric ether, under the name of letheon, as an anaesthetic was introduced, this city being the first west of Buffalo to which the news of the great discovery came in practical form. For this, practitioners and patients were indebted to Dr. Charles H. Quinlan, who was the first to administer it in this city, at the request of the faculty of Eush Medical College, upon the occasion of a successful operation performed by Dr. Brainard upon a patient under its influence. The public had been invited to be present, and the clinic was crowded. The astonishment -of the on-iookers was equalled only by their delight, and the local press fairly teemed with laudatory notices. The Journal, in particular, emphasized the fact that the wonderful anesthetic had been used for the first time west of the Alleghanies in Chicago. When, shortly afterward, chloroform was discovered, the formula for its preparation was likewise sent from the East to Dr. Quinlan, and he and Dr. J. V. Z. Blaney, of Rush (at about the same time, but entirely independent of each other), were the first to distill chloroform in Chicago.

Other practitioners who have attained prominence in the profession and who came to the city before the great fire were - Drs. Ellis, Harlan, Crouse, Fuller, E.R.E. Carpenter, Thompson, Harris, Honsinger, J. C. Dean, M. S. Dean, Sherwood, Bell, Rogers, E. D. Swain, E. Noyes, Stevens, Albaugh, Haskell, Brophy, Falmstock, Brown, Deshauer and Freeman.

The Profession Of Dentistry In Chicago

As the city was rapidly rebuilt, so did the ranks of the dental profession augment. At the same time, it must be admitted that the growth of Chicago to the proportions of a metropolis has attracted here a number of charlatans. This class of pretenders has increased in a ratio somewhat exceeding that of the population of the city. At the present time there are here some eight hundred dentists, of whom the proportion of the class last named is unfortunately too large.

As has been well said, "Chicago is rapidly becoming an educational centre. Improved facilities are offered for the study of nearly every branch of dentistry and medicine. Every nationality is represented; every variety and form of disease is encountered. The student has every opportunity to become thoroughly familiar with all classes of cases. In fact, Chicago maybe called the medical Vienna of America. Her advantages are attracting the attention of dental and medical students in every land."

The Chicago College of Dental Surgery ranks first among the dental colleges of the Chicago college of country in point of numer- Dentai Surgery. jcai attendance and is second to none in the varied and extended character of its curriculum. The institution ranking next in the number of students is located at Philadelphia, where the number of matriculants at the opening of the academic year, 1893-4 fell below that at the Chicago institution by about sixty.

It had its inception in 1881, when was organized the Chicago Dental Infirmary, which was originally a post-graduate school. Its founders required its students to have received the degree of M. D. or its equivalent, from some college recognized by the Illinois State Board of Health, and to complete two terms of study before receiving the degree of Doctor of Dental Surgery. The institution opened under particularly favorable auspices, each of the seven medical colleges of the city being represented in the directorate by a member of its faculty and all of them according it cordial support. Dr. N. S. Davis delivered the opening address and the first corps of instructors embraced three professors and eight lecturers. The professors occupied the chairs of dental surgery, operative dentistry and prosthetic dentistry, while the lecturers treated of dental anatomy, dental pathology and other special branches which do not receive minute attention in medical colleges. The institution enrolled eighteen in its first course, but at its close there were no applicants for a degree.

Eleven matriculants presented themselves when the second course was opened, but only two successfully passed the ordeal of an examination qualifying them to receive diplomas as Doctors of Dental Surgery. Neither were the results nor the outlook particularly encouraging. The medical profession of the city had not given the school the support which had been expected, and not a few of the medical graduates enrolled regarded it merely in the light of an institution (or shop) where they might acquire mechanical training. The majority attached comparatively little importance to dental science and art. Nor did the profession throughout the Northwest manifest the ability or the inclination to support a college whose standards, alike for admission and graduation, were so far in advance of those of older seats of learning. In consequence, before the close of the second year, the fondly cherished scheme of the founders having been shown to be in-utilitarian, it was decided to secure a new charter, and the Chicago College of Dental Surgery succeeded the Dental Infirmary. In this connection, however, it should be said that a broader idea for the elevation of a profession has rarely, if ever, been conceived. The aim of the old "Infirmary" was to make dental and oral surgery

The new institution advanced upon a different theory. It started upon what an eminent pathologist (Prof. Black) would have called a "re-moleculization" of ideas. While there has been no abandonment of principle, yet under the present curriculum, in common with that of other first-class dental schools throughout the country, the science and art of dentistry - in and for itself - has been made the main objective point; although a knowledge of anatomy, chemistry and physiology, no less than of the underlying principles of medicine and surgery, is yet regarded as essential to a well-informed practitioner of dental and oral surgery. The course of study in this, as in other first rate colleges, moreover, has been gradually extended until at present it includes, besides the elementary branches already enumerated, general pathology, surgery and oral surgery, materia medica and therapeutics, general anatomy, general physiology, and organic and inorganic chemistry. Few, if any, American medical colleges bestow more attention upon anatomy than do the leading dental schools of the United States. Microscopy is made obligatory, and no one is admitted to a degree until he has completed a full course in the practical laboratories of both the chemical and histological departments.

The Chicago school was among the first to recognize the agency of microbes in the destruction of the teeth, and, at the suggestion of Prof. G. V. Black, to introduce a complete apparatus for the cultivation and study of these germs. This study was pursued under Prof. Black's instruction while he remained connected with the school. Another new departure, instituted through Prof. Black's recommendation, was the organization of the cha.rs of operative and prosthetic technics foi practical work in dental mechanics, which constitutes one of the most

While the corporate name of the institution yet remains the " Chicago College of Dental Surgery," a change has been made in its management and control. A few years ago it became the dental department of the Lake Forest University and it so remains at the present time.

The college has had a number of homes. It was opened at Nos. 22 and 24 Adams street, whence it removed to Nos. 24 and 26 Washington street, where it occupied two floors. The year 1886 found it located on the fifth floor of the Slack building, on the northeast corner of Madison street and Wabash avenue. Its next abiding place was at the corner of Michigan boulevard and Randolph street. By this time the number of students had greatly increased, and it was decided to purchase a site and erect a building which should be the property of the institution. A most eligible location was secured, consisting of a piece of land at the corner of West Harrison and Wood streets, in the immediate neighborhood of Rush Medical College, the College of Physicians and Surgeons and the County and Presbyterian hospitals. Here was erected a substantial and handsome structure, admirablv designed and thoroughly appointed for the purpose for which it was built, which was opened for the reception of students in 1892.

The number of graduates since the founding of the college has been nearly five hundred, and the matriculants for the collegiate year 1892-3, including practitioners, exceeded two hundred and fifty.

Pathology and Surgical Pathology; Charles B. Gibson, M.D., Professor of Chemistry and Metallurgy: Calvin S. Case, M.D., D.D.S., Professor of Prosthetic Dentistry and Orthodontia; Frank H. Gardiner, M.D., D.D.S., Clinical Professor of Operative Dentistry ; C. N. Johnson, L.D.S., D.D.S., Professor of Operative Dentistry; W. C. Barrett, M.D., D.D.S., Professor of Dental Anatomy and Pathology; L. L. Skelton, AM., M.D., Professor of Physiology; A. H. Peck, M.D., D.D.3., Adjunct Professor of Operative Dentistry; J. B. Weis, B. Sc., Adjunct Professor of Chemistry ; N. J. Roberts, D.D.S., Adjunct Professor of Orthodontia; E. M. S. Fernandez, D.D.S., Adjunct Professor of Prosthetic Dentistry ; E. J. Perry, D. D. S., Adjunct Professor of Crown and Bridge Work; G. N. West, D.D S., Adjunct Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics.

In addition, there is connected with the college a corps of ten demonstrators, N. D. Edmonds, D. D.S., being the chief, besides recitation masters in the departments of anatomy, physiology, chemistry, dental anatomy and materia niedica.

S. Marshall, M.D., as dean. It aimed at a very high standard. Its students were required to take most of the lectures in scientific branches with the regular medical students of the Chicago Medical College. This system proved unpopular among young men contemplating the study of dentistry, and during the first few years of its existence it underwent the vicissitudes common to the early days of professional schools. By the year 1891, the conclusion had been reached by the faculty and trustees of the institution that dental students ought to receive the greater portion of their education in some purely dental school. Accordingly, in that year a re-organization was effected, and the college became one of the departments of the Northwestern University. Dr. Edgar Denman Swain was made the first dean of the department. At the present time, only the branches of anatomy, chemistry and histology are required to be pursued at the medical school, all others being taught by the dental faculty. Since the change has been made the school has steadily prospered, and has twice had to increase its teaching facilities. The alteration in the system of imparting instruction necessitated the extension of the course to three years, and it was determined to make the terms in each extend over seven months. The faculty has voted to make the course for 1895-6 eight months. The institution is now looking for larger quarters, a'nd the expectation is that in 1895 the Northwestern University will erect a building for its dental department in the neighborhood of Davis Hall, the building occupied by its medical school, which was formerly the Chicago Medical College.

Edgar Denman Swain, D. D. S., Dean; Edmund Noyes, D. D. S., Secretary; Charles Putman Prnyn, M. D., D. D. S., Superintendent of Instruction; Greene Vardiman Black, M. D., D. D. S., Professor of Special Pathology; George Hoppin Gushing, M. D., D. D. S., Professor of Principles and Practice of Dental Surgery; John Harper Long, Sc. D., Professor of Chemistry; Issac Austin Freeman, D. D. S., Professor of Professional Ethics and Deportment and Office Hygiene, and of Dental Jurisprudence; Thomas Lewis Gilmer, M. D., D. D. S., Professor of Oral Surgery; Arthur Elon Matteson, D. D. S., Professor of Orthodontia; George William Haskins, M. D., D. D. S., Professor of Metallurgy and of Prosthetic Technics; David Mahlon Cattell.D. D. S., Professor of Opera- tive Technics and of Dental Anatomy; Libni Benjamin Hayman, M. D., Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics; George James Dennis, M. D., D. D. S., Professor of Prosthetic Dentistry and of Crown and Bridge-work; Elgin MaWhinney, D. D. S., Professor of Dental Materia Medica and Therapeutics; Bond Stowe, A. M., M. D., Professor of General Pathology and Pathological Anatomy, and Demonstrator of Pathology; George P. Marquis, A. M., M. D., Professor of Anatomy; William Wads worth Wentworth, M. D., Professor of Physiology; William C. Bouton, A.B., M. D., Professor of Histology ;. Henry P. Wadsworth, M. D., D. D. S., Professor of Dental Embryology and Histology; G.E. Sayrc, D. V. S., M. D., Professor of Comparative Anatomy; Arthur Robin Edwards, A. M., M, D., Demonstrator of Histology; J. H. Prothero, D. D. S., Demonstrator of Operative Dentistry and Superintendent of the Infirmary.

of Dental surgery. wr,ich was organized in 1885. Jc has had a somewhat checkered career. For a number of years comparatively few students entered themselves as matriculants, and in 1891 it fell under the censure of the National Association of Dental Faculties, through having granted diplomas to two young men who had not completed a full course of study. It was claimed on behalf of the college that the graduates in question had imposed upon the confidence of the faculty, but this plea was regarded as insufficient and the institution was suspended for one year from the association. The effect of this action was to render its diplomas " irregular " for that length of time, and the action appeared to be a severe blow to the future prosperity of the institution. It has since been re-instated, however, and in the college year 1892-93 there were matriculated one hundred and eightytwo students. The number of graduates at the regular, or winter, course of 1893 was twenty-nine. The total number of alurnn has been two hundred and nine in the regu lar, and twenty-five in the practitioners course. Apparently the college has enterec upon a new era of usefulness and the friend, of sound professional education will earnestly wish that it may attain the high standard a which, under its present management, it i; aiming.

Louis Ottofy, D. D. S., Dean and Profes sor of Dental Pathology; Ira B. Crissman D. D. S., Professor of Operative Dentistry J. W. Wassail, M. D., D. D. S., Professor o Clinical Operative Dentistry; J. G. Eeid D. D. S., Professor of Materia Medica am Therapeutics; B. J. Cigrand, B. So., D.D.8. Professor of Prosthetic Dentistry; L. L Davis, D. D. S., Professor of Histology am Bacteriology; Theo. Menges, B.Sc., D.D.S. Secretary, Professor of Chemistry; Ed wan H. Angle, D.D.S., Professor of Orthodontia T. B. Wiggin, M. D., Professor of Puysiolo gy; W. M. Tanquary, M. D., Professor o Anatomy; Weller Van Hook, M. D., Profes sor of Oral Surgery and Pathology; Geo Leiuniuger, M. D., Professor of Anaesthesia W. E. Harper, D. D. S., Professor of Opera tive Techniques; Geo. R. Riddell, Professo of Prosthetic Techniques; H. D. Coughlan B. A., LL.B., Professor of Dental Jurispru dence; Monroe J. Lossing, Superintenden and Demonstrator of Clinical Operativ Dentistry.

The increase iu the number of member of the profession early suggested the associ ation of dentists, in this as ii other cities, for the cousidera tion of subjects connected with the advance ment of dentistry to its proper rank amon; the learned professions, and with a view t the cultivation of a fraternal spirit amoiij practitioners.

Of The'

Society. ception at a meeting held on January 16, 1864, at S. S. White's Dental Depot, pursuant to a call issued by Drs. Allport and Gushing. There were present at this gathering Drs. Ellis, Fuller, Young, Baker, Noble, Allport, dishing, Hadley, Fay, Stevens, Freeman and Sawyer. Dr. E. W. Iladley was chosen chairman of the meeting, and Dr. E. W. Sawyer temporary secretary. After some discussion it was resolved to form a dental society, and Drs. Ellis, Gushing and Sawyer were named as a committee to draft a constitution and by laws and report the same at an adjourned meeting, to be held on February 8th, following. On that date the second .conference was held, the report of the committee already named was presented and adopted, and a formal organization eifected. The first officers elected were as follows:

President, Dr. E. W. Hadley; vice-presidents, Drs. J. H. Young and L. Bush; secretary, Dr. E. W. Sawyer; treasurer, Dr. J. C. Dean. The following executive committee was also chosen: Drs. L. P. Haskell, S. B. Noble and William Albaugh. Dr. W. W. Allport was elected librarian. The history of this society has been one of almost uninterrupted prosperity. It is not too much to say that it ranks to-day among the foremost organizations of its character in the United States, if not in the world. Its membership is large, exceeding one hundred and fifty, and constantly growing, and the discussions held at its sessions are of the highest order. The organization accumulated from time to time a valuablelibrary, comprising some three hundred volumes, but upon the creation of the Newberry Library it was resolved to donate the entire collection to that institution, subject to the condition that files of periodicals be kept up and completed.

corresponding secretary, H. A, Costner; treasurer, E. D. Swain; librarian, J. J. Whaley. Board of Directors: J. G. Eeid, chairman, G. H. Gushing, J. N. Grouse. Board of Censors: D. G. Bacon, chairman, H. W. Sale, E. R. Carpenter. Committee on Exhibits: E. A. Royce, chairman.

applicant for admission is required to write, under a fictitious name, an essay, choosing some subject in a comparatively unknown field. Should the thesis be adjudged unsatisfactory the candidate is rejected, and no application for membership can be entertained until a vacancy occurs. The society meets monthly, except during the summer. Its discussions have attracted no little attention among members of the profession, and that relating to the treatment of pulpless teeth was issued in the form of a monograph, which is generally recognized as an authority upon that subject. An attractive feature of each monthly meeting is a banquet, and distinguished men from points outside of Chicago are frequently invited to be present, the society paying their expenses. Dr.W.V. B. Ames is the president; Dr. Louis Ottofy is secretary and treasurer.

were members of the Chicago Dental Society, held at the Tremont House, on April 13, 1886, to discuss the advisability of forming a new dental society. On motion of Dr. Haskell it was resolved to take such action and a committee was appointed to draft a code of rules and report at an adjourned meeting, to be held on the 27th of the same month. On the last mentioned date a second meeting was held, the report was presented, and several amendments sug- gested. The subject was laid over until May 18, when the amended rules were adopted and a permanent organization effected. It was determined to adopt the name of the Chicago Dental Club. L. P. Haskell was elected the first president; C. P. Pruyn, vice president; Arthur B. Freeman, secretary; and E. M. S. Fernandez, treasurer. Twenty-four names were entered upon the roll of membership. A business committee was elected, consisting of Drs. John S. Marshall, Eugene S. Talbot and I. A. Freeman. Any reputable member of the profession who is a resident of Cook county is eligible for active membership. Any dentist residing outside the 'county limits who has rendered really valuable service to the profession at large may be elected an honorary member. As it happens, the club has never had but two honorary members, W. W. Allport, M. D., D. D. S., and Dr. R. II. Kimball. The organization aims to promote a friendly, social intercourse, advance professional interests in general, and more particularly to promote the discussion of abstruse scientific questions intimately connected with the theory and practice of dentistry. Monthly meetings are held, except in July and August, and the members enjoy an annual banquet before separating for the summer vacation.

This club was the first to adopt the code of ethics of the American Medical Association, and to send delegates to the annual convention of that body. It has been represented therein by some of the leading dentists of the society, continuously, ever since. The present membership is about seventyfive and the officers for 1894 are, Dr. W. H. Taggart, president; Dr. Eugene S. Talbot, vice-president; Dr. E. L. Clifford, secretary and E. M. S. Fernandez, treasurer.

An association whose active membership is largely composed of the younger members of the profession is the Odontographic Society. Its founders originally wished that no name should be inscribed upon its roll except that of some graduate of the Chicago College of Dental Surgery. It was soon found that the field proposed was too limited, and the requirements for membership have been so fixed that any reputable practitioner may become an associate. It is virtually a training school for discussion, although from time to time papers are read at the monthly meetings by some of the most eminent of Chicago dentists. The officers for 1894 are: President, Dr. F. H. Zinn; vice-president, Dr. C. E. Meerhoff; recording secretary, Dr. U. G. Poyer; corresponding secretary, Dr. G. B. Perry; treasurer, Dr. E. Noyes.

In 1889 was organized the Hayden Dental Society. It was named after Dr. Horace H. Hayden Dental Hayden, of Baltimore, who has Society. been called the parent of modern - dentistry. He was a prime mover in what is sometimes called " the tripod " - that is, in the advancement of the three elements which go to make up the success of dentistry - the college, the journal and the society. Its objects and methods are similar to those of the Odontological Society, but it also aims to maintain and conserve a friendly spirit among members of the profession. It is located at Englewood, where most of its members reside. Its officers (1894) are C. II. Sipple, president; John Messenger, vicepresident; T. E. Powell, secretary; and W. F. Michaelis, treasurer.

"The Atkinsonians," named in honor of Dr. William H. Atkinson, for forty years, a distinguished practitioner, educator and investigator, of New York, and the originator of malleted gold filling, is a society made up of young alumni, who are members of the college fraternity Delta Sigma Delta. Monthly banquets are held, when papers are read and matters of interest to the fraternity are discussed. The official staff for 1894 consists of Dr. J. G. Reid, president; Dr. R. B. Toiler, vice-president, and Dr. George J. Dennis, secretary and treasurer.

society as an agency in the education and in moulding the thought of the profession ranks the wen-conconducted journal. There are some twentyfive periodicals, of more or less excellence, devoted to the interests of dentistry published in the United States. The first publication of this character to appear in Chicago was issued by Dr. W. W. Allport about the beginning of the war. It was, however, intended for the general public, rather than the profession, and its existence was brief.

The next was the Dental Keview, which was founded in 1886 by Drs. A. W. Harlan, J. W. Wassail, Louis Ottofy, J. G. Reid, and L. L. Davis. It was (and yet is) a montnly journal, devoted to the interests of dental science, and is now owned by Messrs. H. D. Justi and Son, who purchased it from the original proprietors. Dr. C. N. Johnson is the present editor in chief, and Drs. T. L. Gilmer and Geo. J. Dennis associate editors.

The Dental Tribune, of which Dr. Ottofy was proprietor and editor, was first issued in the autumn of 1892. It was originally published in the interests of the World's Dental Congress, and was discontinued in 1893. It was the first weekly publication of its class in the country, and during the sessions of the Congress appeared daily, as did also the Dental Review and the Dental Cosmos, the latter being owned and published by the S. S. White Dental Manufacturing Co., of Philadelphia.

The most important event in the history of the profession in Chicago, and one of the world's Dental most important in the history congress. of t}le profession at large, in this as well as in other countries, was the assembling of the World's Dental Congress, above referred to, at the Art Institute, in the summer of 1893. It had its origin in a long cherished and constantly growing belief lhat dentistry should occupy its own plane as an independent profession. A similar congress, although not equally representative,had been held at Paris in 1889. That was productive of comparatively few tangible results. The second congress - that at Chicago - has practically insured the holding of similar conventions at intervals for all time to come. The organization of the body was effected largely through the efforts of a joint committee, nominated by the American and Southern Dental Associations, which are the two leading national organizations of dentists in the United States. The congress convened on August 14th, and continued in session until the 19th of the same month. General sessions were held daily, at noon, when the most important of the papers presented were read before the entire body. The practical work of the body was preformed in eight sections. Altogether some fifty papers were read and discussed. The opinions of the best living authorities in both the old and new world were compared and a general consensus of theory and practice reached. One of the important features of the Congress was its clinics, which occupied several forenoons.

The attendance was larger than had been anticipated, there being present nearly one thousand American and over one hundred foreign delegates. Nearly every civilized country on the globe was represented, and four official languages - English, French, German and Spanish - were required to give expression to the views of members as stated in the discussions.

The congress offered a gold medal for the best essay on some subject connected with dentistry. The prize was won by Dr. George Cunningham, of Cambridge, England, who - by the way - had received his professional education in this country. The subject of his thesis was " Oral Hygiene."

The profession in Chicago fully recognized and generously discharged the duties which devolved' upon hosts. The united dental societies organized and supported a club which was specially formed for the purpose of affording entertainment to visitors. This was known as the " Columbia Dental Club," which rented and fitted up a building especially for the use of delegates. Informal receptions were held here almost daily. On Saturday evening, August ]2th, a general reception was tendered at Kinsley's by all the Chicago Societies, to the visiting delegates. On the following Thursday (August 17) the American members banqueted the foreign delegates at the Chicago Beach Hotel. At noon on Saturday, August 19, the president of the congress, Dr.

On the last day of the session a resolution was offered on the part of the foreign delegates, and unanimously adopted, looking toward the holding of similar congresses at times and places to be determined by the various societies represented in the Chicago convention.

PUBLIC Parks have been designated as "green oases" in the arid deserts of business and dissipation, for the refreshment of the city's soul and body. Primarily they are iiitended to provide the best practicable means for healthful recreation for people of all classes, and their value to the inhabitants of a great city can be scarcely overestimated. With broad driveways for those who care to ride and pleasant rambles for the pedestrian, quiet nooks for those who seek retirement and thronged promenades for the lovers of crowds, sheltered retreats for invalids and open commons for those who delight in boisterous sports, and playgrounds for children, the modern city park is indeed the municipality's openair assembly room, prized by all her children. Paris boasts her boulevards, her gardens of tlie Tuilleries, her Champ? iSlysees, and her Bois de Boulogne; Madrid her far-famed Pmdo, where the monarch and the meanest of the people meet ; Rome her spacious Oorso; Naples her Mola and Slrada de Toledo; Vienna enjoys her glacis, no longer bristling with artillery, no longer enlivened with the "pride, pomp and circumstance of glorious war," but crowded with a peaceful, gay and happy populace; Philadelphia revels in the wondrous and romantic beauties of Fairmount; New York complacently views her far-famed Central Park ; the people of Dublin seek recreation in the Phoenix Park, which in size eclipses all others, and is a spot unrivaled in its display of the softer features of rural scenery; Edinburgh rejoices in her park, pre-eminent for solitary grandeur and romantic seclusion; and London, the mighty modern Babylon, pours her pent-up population through Hyde Park, Kensington and the various avenues of other famous parks whose names have become household words throughout Christendom, and which have been, not inappropriately, designated "the lungs of London."

Parks have proved marked successes, not only in all that their advocates hope from them for the display of magnificent works of art, and as investments which yield a direct revenue in the form of taxable property in their vicinity, but also in attaining the nobler ends sought by the advocates of such improvements, which relate to the promotion of the health and happiness of the citizen; for it is justly argued that, in the light of modern science, to permit such risk of pestilence and disease as is incurred by want of ventilation in the densely populated districts of all old cities is a criminal negligence, for which the excuse of ignorance can no longer be offered; and that the presence of broad areas of lawn, forest and water in the midst of a city exert a constant and powerful influence in preserving the purity and consequent salubrity of the atmosphere. The prime essentials to human existence in crowded cities are pure water, fresh air, thorough drainage and thorough ventilation, and last, though by no means least, the facility of taking exercise within a convenient

History- Of Chicago

Public opinion is fast coming to the conclusion that the acts of the criminal are partially attributable to the shortcomings of society at large, which is to some degree morally responsible for the existence of conditions which tend to encourage, even if riot directly to induce crime. To provide facilties for taking rational enjoyment is, in the social economy, what prophylactic treatment is to the human system. The public park, with its auxiliary educational features, may consequently lay just claim to credit as a moral reformer, as well as a cultivator of public taste. The landscape furnished by the highly cultivated grounds forms fitting setting for statues,montiments and architectural display. These, carefully selected and executed, cannot fail to ed ucate the popular taste to a standard of excellence otherwise hardly attainable; and what more suitable place for the location of collections adapted to ths study of either natural history, horticulture, floriculture or arboriculture, exemplified in the conservatory, greenhouse, and the grounds at large.

A quarter of a century ago Chicago could boast of only a few small parks or squares, and these, while pleasant places in the great wilderness of buildings, were entirely inadequate to the needs of a great city. Fully recognizing that the health and happiness of the city's teeming population demanded broad areas for recreation and exercise, the existing system of parks and boulevards was inaugurated, a system that is a lasting monument to the enterprise, energy and liberality of the western metropolis.

Chicago is the youngest of the great cities of the continent, yet she has eclipsed them all in the liberal expenditure for park sites, and in generous outlay for their improvement and beautifying, which had to be accomplished with but few natural advantages to aid in the work.