Chicago City (part 51 of 57)

But the extreme liberality of his teachings made it necessary for the Presbytery to take cognizance of them for the purpose of weighing their orthodoxy. He was therefore arraigned before that body on April 13th of that year, a long list of specifications charging him with having abandoned the fundamental evangelical doctrines and given his support substantially to Unitarianism. The specifications were sustained by witnesses and by Professor Swing's published books and sermons. The defendant admitted the extracts from his sermons and essays, but asked the Presbytery to consider the entire essays or discourses. An attempt made by the friends of Dr. Swing to arrest the proceedings was voted down, although the final verdict of the trial, which lasted over a month, was an acquittal by a decided majority. Professor Patton announced that he would appeal from the decision of the Presbytery to the judgment of the Illinois synod, but the case never came to a re-trial, since Dr. Swing withdrew from the denomination and severed his relations with the Fourth Presbyterian church in December, 1874. The Central church was then organized, preaching was commenced in McVicker's theater in April, 1876, and in the fall of 1880 Dr Swing began his pastorate at Central Music Hall, which concluded only with his death in October, 1894. Like the trial of Dr. Thomas by the ecclesiastical authorities of the Methodist church, six years later, the proceedings against Dr. Swing were conducted without acrimony, simply in the spirit of duty to the denomination. Its spirit was well expressed in the language of Rev. William Beecher, who said he had never attended meetings of that character in which there was less unkind and ungenerous feeling.

denomination, while the height of Professor Swing's fame and usefulness was reached as an independent preacher. Dr. Barrows served for more than fourteen years as pastor of the First Presbyterian church. In November, 188 1, after having enjoyed a thorough theological training at Yale, Union and Andover and spent twelve years in missionary, educational and pastoral work in Kansas and Illinois, Dr. Barrows spent a year in European travel, and then as pastor of the Lawrence (Mass.) church his remarkable eloquence and learning attracted to him the strong minds of his church in the New England states. His subsequent success in raising from the Maverick church of East Boston its crushing indebtedness called attention to his practical talents in the line of organization and administration, and had great weight in making him one of the religious powers of Chicago, the west and the world. His incalculable service for the First Presbyterian church was concluded in February, 1896, his profound scholarship and nobility of character having so impressed the country that three years before retiring from that special ministry he had been chosen chairman of the general committee of religious congresses of the World's Columbian Exposition. This gathering of religionists from the four quarters of the globe to compare their beliefs in a spirit of brotherly forbearance, if not of love, was largely Dr. Barrows' conception, and, aside from the possession of admirable traits of scholarship, charity and balance of character, it was eminently fitting that he should have the honor of organizing and conducting that great Parliamenc of Religions, which Max Miiller pronounced "one of the most remarkable events in the history of the world." Dr. Barrows severed his connection with the First Presbyterian church to develop the two lectureships which had been established through the liberality of Mrs. Caroline E. Haskell - one providing for a course of lectures on comparative religion unilcr the auspices of the University of Chicago and the other of a course on Christianity to be delivered in the chief cities of India. He had been delivering the university courses for two years, when he resigned his pastorate to give his entire time to that vast work of scholarship, rehgion and humanity. On his way to the Orient he stopped six months at Gottingen, Germany, to take advantage of the rich theological library of that city; delivered a lecture in French, while stopping in Paris, on "Religion as a Unifier of Mankind," which created a profound sensation in the gay capital, and his stay in India established his standing as one of the foremost exponents of Christianity in the world. Upon his return to this country in 1897 he delivered the Morse lectures before the Union Theological Seminary of New York, his "Christian Conquest of Asia", being considered by theological scholars one of the great utterances of the age. Dr. Barrows held the Haskell lectureships until February, 1898, when he accepted the presidency of Oberlin College. In the work of lifting that institution to material prosperity and broadening its scope as an educator, he taxed his strength beyond endurance, and his superb career was closed by death June 3, 1902.

The Presbyterians of the west side obtained their first church in 1847 and it was established largely through the encouragement and support of the First. Thomas Cook, a member of that society, donated a lot on Des Plaines street, which was in the middle of a corn field, and the little frame building, dedicated July 4th of that year, stood there until the congregation erected a stone church on the corner of Washington boulevard and Carpenter street in 1858. The panic of 1857 threatened to crush the enterprise completely, but one of the church members saved it by mortgaging his house for $2,000 to supply the required funds. The building was afterward remodeled and improved, so that when it was sold to St. Paul's Reformed Episcopal church, in the autumn of 1877, it would compare favorably with any in the city. In May, 1878, a magnificent edifice was dedicated on Ashland avenue, and the Third church has continued to be perhaps the strongest Presbyterian organization on the west side. 'The long pastorate of Dr. Abbott E. Kittredge, who was installed about a year before the great fire, was one of the most prosperous in the history of the church. Three churches have been organized from the membership of the Third - the Reunion, Westminster and Campbell Park - and among its mission Sunday schools may be mentioned the Home, Foster and Noble Street.

early assumed on the question of slavery, and. with its secession, formed the First Congregational church of Chicago. The majority was marshaled in 1850, and for nearly two years thereafter, by the pastor, Rev. Lewis H. Loss, and Philo Carpenter, who for years had been a pillar of all religious movements in Chicago. He was sent as a delegate from the Third church to the Christian Anti- Slavery convention, which met in Cincinnati in 1850, and both his pastor and himself were leaders in the later movement to unite the New School Presbyterians and the Congregationalists of Illinois into an organization by which they might sever their connection with slave holders and still retain their relations with the general assembly. But all attempts at a compromise failed, and the Chicago Presbyter}' dropped the names of those members who had refused to abide by what they characterized as a vacillating policy of the general assembly on the slavery question.

Chicago for twenty-three years and had amassed a fortune in business and by wise investments in real estate, the latter of which brought him a large income for years after this period. One of his purchases for which he was long ridiculed was that of a quarter section of land from the government, at $1.25 per acre, which was afterward platted as Carpenter's addition and was bounded on three sides by Madison, Halsted and Kinzie. In his later years his property interests were largely on the west side, which partially accounted for his special interest in a Presbyterian church for that section of the city. But in his general support of religion and morality he knew no sectional bounds. As early as 1832 he wrote and circulated the first total abstinence pledge in Chicago ; so far as known delivered in the log hut of Jesse Walker, the first temperance address in the city, and on the 19th of August, of the same year, was the organizer of the first Sunday school. He was founder of the First and lliird Presbyterian churches, before he became the leader of the secessionists from the latter, which formed the First Congregational church; three years afterward became one of the founders and first treasurer of the Chicago Theological Seminary and, both in religious and educational matters, accomplished so much of practical and enduring value that a city cannot accord him too much honor which has always been noted for "doing things" almost in a breath with their discussion.

but on denominational points. The well-understood differences in church administration between the two sects caused the withdrawal of a number of Congregationalists who had been worshiping at the First Presbyterian church and the organization, December i, 1852, of the Plymouth Congregational Church of Chicago. The reasons given to the ecclesiastical council which created it include slavery as a consideration, but one only of secondary importance. The desire of Plymouth was "to be united under a church polity which would secure to the majority the right to carry their own acts of discipline and benevolence and that would be free from all ecclesiastical connection with the sin of slavery." On the last Sunday of the month following the organization of the society a wooden church, thirty by fifty feet, was occupied on the corner of Madison and Dearborn streets, and in the fall of 1855 was removed to the corner of Third avenue and Van Buren street, where the congregation worshiped regularly until the erection of a new edifice, corner of Wabash avenue and Eldredge court, in April, 1866. This remained the headquarters of the Plymouth Congregational church until its consolidation with the South Congregational church July i, 1872. The latter was within a year of the age reached by Plymouth, its nucleus having been formed by various New England families living in the vicinity of the American Car Works, on the lake shore, at the foot of what is now Twenty-sixth street. Its members were, as a whole, connected with that manufactory, its president and several officials being among the number. The proprietors of the company donated a lot on the northeast corner of Calumet avenue, and otherwise contributed so liberally toward the founding of the South church than its first building- was dedicated in the fall of 1853. It contained sixty pews and was modeled generally on the architectural lines of Plymouth church. At that time the North church was nearly completed and the First Congregational was preparing to build a better house of worship on the west side; so that Congregationalism was flourishing. The history of the South and Plymouth churches run along somewhat parallel lines, and in 1872 the former was occupying a large edifice at the corner of Indiana avenue and Twenty-sixth street. A majority of the members of Plymouth had moved to that vicinity and it was thought best that the two societies should unite. Both pastors, therefore, resigned their positions and a consolidation was effected July I, 1872, at which time the services pi the new Plymouth church were inaugurated in the South church, under Rev. William A. Bartlett. A few months afterward the edifice formerly occupied by the Plymouth congregation at Wabash avenue and Eldredge court was sold to St. Mary's Catholic church. The consolidated society flourished vigorously and was in prosperous condition when Dr. Frank W. Gunsaulus, in March, 1887, was called from Brown ]\Iemorial Presbyterian church, Baltimore. He was installed on the 27th of June. The twenty-one years which Dr. Gunsaulus has spent in Chicago have placed him in the front rank of pulpit orators, organizers, schol- m his career suggests a parallel between the practical union of their forces in the establishment of moral and educational institutions and the work carried on by Dwight L. Aloody and John V. Farwell. Dr. Gunsaulus was ordained a Methodist minister and preached within that denomination for four years, joining Congregationalism in 1879 and preaching in Ohio and Massachusetts, before going to Baltimore. While pastor of Plymouth church he accomplished wonders in the development of the Armour missions and throughout his pastorate showed a strong and practical interest in the young men of the community. In one of his sermons he drew in general outlines an ideal picture of an institution which should scientifically prepare them for the practical duties of life ;uul make special provision for those in humble cia'cumstances but of moral, ambitious and able characters. After the discourse Mi. Armour, in his impulsive way, met his pastor and offered to found such an mstitute as he had pictured, provided he would assume its organization and management. This was the origin of the great Armour Institute, of which Dr. Gunsaulus is still president. Notwithstanding that for years he carried the noted technical school upon his shoulders, at the same time he developed a church organization which became so strong and broad in its influences that Central church was formed in 1899 and he commenced his notable services at the Auditorium. This great hall is also filled to overflowing and Dr. Gunsaulus, the preacher and the man, has long been called the Wendell Phillips of this day.

Salle, the present site of the Chamber of Commerce, and in r868 was donated to the Second church and re-erected on the corner of Monroe and Morgan, west side. In August, 1843, thirtyfour members of the First church formed the Second, being, at their own request, dismissed from the parent organization that they might take a decided stand as a religious body against the institution of slavery. About a week afterward the name was changed to the Tabernacle church, but in 1864, after another accession of membership from the First church, it resumed its former name. The old First church has followed the example of the pioneer body of the other denominations and become the mother of many children. The Union Park church originated in large measure with members of the first society who had removed to the west side. In November, 1857, the North Baptist church appeared as an offshoot, and in the followingyear members of the First who had removed to Evanston established a society in that village. In 1864 the Indiana Avenue Baptist church sprung from a union of membership of the First and Wabash avenue churches, and in 1868 a large delegation was sent out by letter from the mother church to organize the University Place society. In 1868 the Chamber of Commerce offered $65,000 for the site of the First Baptist church, corner of Washington and LaSalle streets. The offer was accepted and of that sum $25,000 was donated to the following churches, which had been formed in whole or in part from the membership of the First: Second church (then in process of formation in the west division of the city), building and fixtures of the former house of worship, $10,000; North Baptist, $6,500; Union Park, $4,000; Berean, $1,000; OHvet (colored), $500. About one-half the cash remaining in the church treasury was devoted to the purchase of the new site on Wabash avenue south of Hubbard court, and in March, 1866, its great building was dedicated. It cost $175,000, seated 1,500 people and was then the largest Protestant church in the west. In this massive and elegant house of worship, in May, 1867, were held various anniversary meetings of the local Baptist churches, making it especially a striking evidence of the substantial standing of the denomination. Although it escaped the great fire, it was laid low by the conflagration of 1874, after which the society transferred its hon;e further south to its present site. South Park avenue and Thirty-first street. The new edifice was dedicated in April, 1876.

In 1879 Dr. Lorimer was called to the First Baptist from the Tremont Temple Baptist church (of Boston), and under his eloquent and practical ministrations the society grew with almost unprecedented rapidity. After the burning of the Michigan Avenue Baptist church in 1881, some two hundred and fifty of the most influential members of the First church joined the former society, and, with Dr. Lorimer as their pastor, formed a new organization, and Dr. P. S. Henson, who faithfully served the. original society for so many years, assumed the pastorate. They both, however, eventually returned to the east, where Dr. Lorimer died.

In the support of city missions the First Baptist church has shown marked liberality. Among these are the Shields, on Twenty-fifth, street, near Wentworth avenue; the Bremer avenue, corner of Division and Sedgwick streets; the Ward's Rolling Mills, which became an independent church; the Raymond, on Poplar avenue, near Thirty-first street, and the Wabash Avenue Mission, corner of Thirtyeighth street. - In addition to the support of these outside enterprises connected with the denomination, with others mentioned and unmentioned, the First church has subscribed $100,000 toward the endowment of the University of Chicago.

purpose in the southern part of the city to the First Baptist church. At first decHned, his offer was accepted some two years afterward and the corner-stone of the building between Thirty-third and Thirty-fourth streets, was laid July 4, 1857, but the financial depression stopped the work for a time. In 1858 Dr. J. C. Burroughs resigned the pastorate of the church to accept the presidency of the preparatory department of the university, resigning in 1873 to become chancellor. The main building was completed in 1865, and Dr. Burroughs, Senator Douglas and William B. Ogden (the two last named us presidents of the board of trustees) made valiant efforts to float the enterprise, but its encumbrance of $320,000 was not to be lifted ai.'d the property was sold to hquidate the indebtedness in 1885. In May, 1888, the American Education Society was formed in Washington and under its auspices the new university came into being largely through the munificence of John D. Rockefeller and the wonderful powers of organization, persuasion and scholarship of the late Dr. William R. Harper. But the development of the later institution belongs to the educational history of Chicago. The Baptist Theological Seminary, chartered in 1865, was also connected with the old Chicago University, but in the late seventies it was removed to Morgan Park, a southern suburb of the city.

^ open to them. The Kinzies were strong Episcopalians, and John H. Kinzie fitted up a building (afterward Tippecanoe Hall) where religious services were held for some time. In 1836 he donated two lots at the corner of Cass and Illinois streets, upon which the St. James church was erected and dedicated in the following year (1837). It was a little Gothic structure, sometimes called the "Kinzie church," and its chief interior attraction was a massive mahogany pulpit, whose proportions were suitable for a cathedral. In 1857 St. James erected a large and handsome building of stone, corner of Cass and Huron streets, which was not consecrated by Bishop Whitehouse until May 19, 1864, when all its indebtedness was cleared off. The church property was improved before the fire by the expenditure of over $100,000, but church and rectory were swept away, and it was not until fou^ years afterward that the congregation were able to celebrate their occupancy of even a larger and handsomer building. As early as 1841 it was decided by St. James church that the Episcopalians of the south side ought to be provided with religious services, and for that purpose Trinity church was formed, the first regular house of worship being on Madison street between Clark and La Salle. The church was first occupied in 1844. In 1850 the Church of the Atonement was organized by the west siders, at Randolph and Canal streets, and in the following year Grace church was formed from the membership of St. James. Rev. Dr. Clinton Locke became its rector in 1859 and served until several years before his death in 1904, which constituted one of the longest pastorates in the religious history of Chicago. Steps were early taken looking to the founding of an Episcopal cathedral, and in 1855 ^^^^ were deeded to Bishop Whitehouse for that purpose, but it was finally decided to utilize the Church of the Atonement, corner of Washington boulevard and Peoria street, which had been greatly burdened with debt. This was purchased, enlarged and improved, and after Easter of 1861 was known as the Cathedral of SS. Peter and Paul.

Rev. Edward Charles Cheney, who had been rector of Christ church, corner of Michigan avenue and Twenty-fourth street, since i860, was placed on trial at the cathedral for a violation of the prescribed Episcopalian ritual in omitting certain words' which proclaimed the doctrine of baptismal regeneration. His case, which was carried through various ecclesiastical and civil courts, covering the period from July 21, 1869, to February i, 1871, resulted in his formal pleading to the formulated charges, and his suspension from the church by Bishop Whitehouse on the i8th of that month. At the urgent request of Christ church he nevertheless continued as its rector, and was several months later convicted by the ecclesiastical court of contumacy. Subsequently Dr. Cheney's parishioners refused to recognize Bishop Whitehouse's authority, upon the occasion of his visitation to Christ church, and, as a congregation, followed their beloved pastor into the Reformed Episcopal denomination, of which he was one of the founders. In December, 1873, he was consecrated missionary bishop of the northwest, and in 1878 was made bishop of the synod of Illinois. Dr. Samuel Fallows, who had been called to the pulpit of St. Paul's Reformed Episcopal church upon its organization in 1875, became missionary bishop of the northwest to succeed Bishop Cheney, and the two have since maintained their places as the leaders of their church in the west. Bishop Fallows' career as an ecclesiastic has teemed with variety. Before entering the Reformed church he had made a splendid reputation as a Methodist divine, as a Civil war officer and a Wisconsin educator, and since occupying the pulpit of St. Paul's church he has become identified with community work, civic reforms, city and state charities, and everything which stirs the blood of the citizen in times of peace, who is alive to the necessity of countless social and industrial reforms. Charitable and kindly in spirit, action and word, Bishop Fallows has always exhibited a brave aggressiveness against evil and evil-doers.

Of the Protestant Episcopal churches in Chicago, there is none more beautiful and few more elegant in the west, than the Church of the Epiphany, corner of Ashland avenue and Adams street. The society was organized in 1868, and its splendid Norman-Gothic edifice of-stone was completed in 1885. It has enjoyed a continuous history of prosperity, and there are few church goers of the west side who have not charming and elevating recollections of its flowers and music.

St. Ansgarius church has a special historic claim to distinction. Organized in 1849 by the north side Swedes and Norwegians, in 1 85 1, while still endeavoring to complete its little building on Franklin and Indiana streets, the society was rejoiced at a gift of $1,000 from Jenny Lind, who also presented it with a silver communion set. As the church grew and its members agitated a split on the line of nationalities, the question arose as to the future ownership of the silver cup and paten, which brought a letter from the great singer declaring that in the event of a dissolution the communion set should be the property of her countrymen. The natural division occurred in after years, and the Swedish church, which was moved far north of its first location, retained the name of the original society. As late as 1885 it was the only Swedish Episcopal church in the United States.

divided into various synods, grouped according to nationality and by states. There is also a strictly local, or Chicago, synod. St. Paul's German Evangelical Lutheran church, organized in 1846, by the Rev. Augustus Selle, was the first Lutheran -society in Chicago,, but two years later it joined the United Evangelical denomination - that is, a majority of the members seceded, the minority remaining with their old pastor. The first church of the original society was at the corner of Ohio and La Salle streets, but after the division, St. Paul's church moved further and further north until now it occupies a magnificent structure at the corner of Franklin and Superior, its pastor. Rev. Henry Wunder, being one of the oldest clergymen in continuous service in Chicago. From St. Paul's have sprung Liimanuel Evangelical Lutheran in 1854, whose house of worship originally stood on Twelfth street, upon the site now covered by the Church of the Holy Family; St. John's Evangelical Lutheran, organized in 1867, with a church on West Superior street, and St. James Evangelical Lutheran (1870), which occupied premises on the corner of Fremont and Sophia streets. From Immanuel society have been formed four churches, and from St. John's, two; so that nine church organizations can trace their direct ancestry to St. Paul's Evangelical Lutheran church. Li February, 1848, the Norwegians of the city organized an Evangelical Lutheran church under Rev. Paul Anderson, their first building being on Superior street between Franklin and Kingsbury. The Swedish Lutherans organized their first church in 1848, under Rev. Paul Anderson, and in 1856 erected a brick house of worship, corner of Franklin and Erie streets. The church known as Our Saviour's Norwegian Evangelical Lutheran, organized in 1858, has now one of the finest buildings of the denomination in the United States, at the corner of North May and West Erie, in the northwestern part of the city. Reference has been made to the split in the old St. Paul's church in 1848, by which most of its members followed Rev. Augustus Selle into the Evangelical United deno^nination. A society had been formed in 1843. composed of prominent Germans of the north side, and in after years it erected a church and orphan asylum (Uhhck German Orphan .Asykim) on La Salle street. Besides the Evangelical United church, the Evangelical Association of North America has considerable strength among Chicago Lutherans.

to reach Chicago m considerable numbers under the auspices of the Jewish Colonization Society, whose headquarters were in New York City. Soon the}^ organized a cemetery association, with grounds in the present Lincoln Park, and a church society, which was chartered in 1848 as Kehilath Anshe Mayriv, or "congregation of the men of the west." The years brought several changes of location and finally, in 1890, a veritable temple was erected on the southeast corner of Indiana avenue and Thirty-third street. The building is the largest Jewish place of worship in the city and is one of the handsomest structures for religious purposes in Chicago. Sinai congregation worship in a stately temple on Indiana avenue and Twenty-first street, and the strongest Jewish society on the west side is the Zion congregation, located on Washington boulevard and Ogden avenue. These congregations are affiliated with the Reformed, of liberal branch of the faith, and are representative of the best thought of the fifty or more Jewish organizations in Chicago. Perhaps the most noteworthy feature in the general policy of these reformed congregations is that of holding services both Saturday and Sunday. Dr. Hirsch is the ablest exponent of Jewish liberal thought in Chicago, and, while a stanch defender of his people against any form of oppression or discrimination, at the same time he is a co-worker with denominational leaders and independent thinkers in all works of public charity and sociological and religious advancement.

The origin of the Sinai congregation is suggestive of its present advanced position. In i860 about twenty young men, who had constituted a reform association within the Kehilath Anshe Mayriv, seceded from the parent body for the purpose of expunging from the liturgy that portion of it which expressed the hope that the Jews would eventually return to Jerusalem, and making other changes in the services and doctrines of the congregation which they considered in accord with the spirit of the times and the progress of history. They desired, especially, that the Jews should abandon their claim to be representatives of a nation and take their stand as religious people. Although these young men were a small minority, they were much in earnest, and their formation of the Sinai congregation, under Rev. Bernhard Felsenthal, was the commencement of a great liberal movement among the Hebrews of Chicago and the west. Dr. Hirsch has been pastor of Sinai congregation since 1880.

was the preacher and Harriet Martineau, the famous English woman of letters, who was then traveling through the west, thus describes the meeting: "We were unexpectedly detained over Sunday in Chicago and Dr. F. was requested to preach. Though only two hours' notice were given, a respectable congregation was assembled in the large room of the Lake Flouse. Our seats were a few chairs and benches and planks laid on trestles. The preacher stood behind a rough pine table, on which a large Bible was placed. I was never present at a more interesting service, and I know that there were others who felt with me." During this same month of June, the First Unitarian Society of Chicago was incorporated under state laws, and in October, 1839, Rev. Joseph Harrington entered upon his duties as its regular pastor. Li 1840 a church was erected on Washington street, between Clark and Dearborn, and its chief claim to distinction was its possession of the largest bell in the city. This was used for giving fire alarms until 1855, when the First Baptist church installed a larger bell and took away the honor.

COLLYER. p^^^^ ^^,^^^^ ^^^^ ]\Iethodist ministry) became superintendent. Li this year, also, Unity church was organized from the First Unitarian, to accommodate the members living on the north side, and in ^Lny, 1859, Mr. Collyer became its pastor. For three years he carried along the duties of the two positions, but finahy resigned the ministry-at-large. Mr. Collyer became a national character, and as he left the Methodist church because of his dissatisfaction over its conservatism on the slavery question, so, during the Civil war, the Blacksmith Preacher stood forth as one of the great patriots of the north. The young men of his church entered the army, at his earnest solicitation, and early in the conflict he threw the American flag over the pulpit and, announcing to his congregation that the church was closed, he first joined the Union army on the Potomac, and afterward at Fort-Donelson and Pittsburg Landing, to minister to the wounded, sick and dying. Many of the women of his church became members of the Sanitary Commission and performed noble service both at home and at the front. ^ Unity church was only one of many in these works, but, in proportion to its numbers and means, none can show a brighter record. Mr. Collyer remained pastor of Unity church until 1879, and since then has been pastor of the Church of the Messiah, New York City. Now in his eighty-fifth year, as pastor emeritus of that organization, he is one of the venerable and picturesque fathers of the faith. Unitarianism has never had a large following in Chicago, as its membership has always been largely decimated by other liberal movements.

There were enough Universalists in Chicago to organize a small congregation as early as 1836, but no regular minister was engaged until 1843, ^^d their first church, on Washington street, near the Clark Street Methodist church, was built in the following year. Dr. William E. Manley was the first pastor. By 1857 the society had developed into the leading church of the denomination in the northwest, and in 1857 a large stone church was erected on Wabash avenue and Van Buren street. It was dedicated by Dr. E. H. Chapin, of New York City, one of the founders of the faith in the United States, and the old building was sold to the Olivet Presbyterian church. After several changes in the pastorate, the late Dr. William H. Ryder commenced his long and beneficent ministry January I, i860. He came from the famous Hosea Ballon church of Roxbury, Massachusetts, and his pastorate at St. Paul's -p * did not terminate until April 16, 1882, a period of the metal of both pastor and congregation. Dr. Ivyder himself was sent to Richmond in aid of the Chicago Sanitary Fair and while there discovered the famous letter used by the government in the assassination trial. St. Paul's church was destroyed by the fire, but a more substantial building was erected and the society is still a substantial organization. At Dr. Ryder's resignation, in 1882, his congregation invited him to accept the relation of pastor emeritus to them, but he declined the honor with the belief that it might embarrass his successor. This rugged and beloved man died in 1888; Tlie Second Universalist church, or Church of the Redeemer, was organized on the west side in 1854.

The half a dozen Swedenborgian societies in Chicago have sprung from the religious loyalty of J. Young Scammon, who, soon after his coming to Chicago in 1835, commenced to hold services alone in his dingy little law office. In 1836 he was joined by a second convert, but the Chicago Society of the New Jerusalem was not founded until 1843. The Christian Scientists, although of comparatively recent founding, have now eight well attended churches in Chicago.

Outside of all religious organizations and justly classed as independent, there are a number of churches in Chicago which are doing a vast work in charity, reform and general thought-elevation. The Central Church and the Chicago Avenue Church have already been noted. The Independent Religious Society of Chicago, with M. M. Mangasarian as lecturer, has for years maintained a substantial organization, and the People's Liberal church, on Stewart avenue (formerly Englewood), of which the Rev. Rufus A. White has long been pastor, is one of the liberalizing and elevating forces of the city. All

Souls' church, corner of Oakwood boulevard and JENKIN L. i^angley avenue, was organized by Rev. Jenkin JONES. Lloyd Jones as a Unitarian society, more than twenty-six years ago. The society occupies a massive structure at that location and its work embraces countless religimis. moral, intellectual and social settlement features. Dr. Jones is a Welshman. with all the straightforwardness, fervor and eloquence of his race. He was secretary of the Western Unitarian conference for nine years; was secretary of the World's Parliament of Religions in 1892-93: has served as first president of the Illinois State Conference of Chari- ties, and is a lecturer in English for the extension department of the University of Chicago, He is also a director of the Abraham Lincoln Center, which is the nucleus of the charitable and sociological work of the church, and for years has been a leader of high thought and good works in countless ways.

In this, and all else which has been said, it has been possible to touch only the salient points concerning the growth of the churches and religious movements in Chicago. Much attention has been given to the parents of religious bodies ; but, as a rule, it has been the plan to deal more with personalities than organizations. In making these latter selections it has been the earnest desire to be strictly impartial and deal with those who are fairly illustrative of the best thought and life of the prominent sects and independent developments.

great and pressmg movements oi the world. Ur the Chicago clergymen who are active in the promotion of charitable and reformatory movements, none are more revered than Rabbi Emil Gustav Hirsch, for twenty-seven years the guiding spirit of Sinai Congregation, one of the most liberal Jewish societies of the country. The doctor is not only foremost in educational and reformatory work, and a leader in the higher movements of religion, but is a profound scholar, both biblical and philological. Although in the strict letter of the word he may not be a minister of the gospel, considered from the standpoint of "good tidings," he is emphatically in that class, as all his sermons and addresses breathe a spirit of optimism, charity and good fellowship.

Dr. Hirsch was born at Luxembourg, Grand Duchy, Germany, on the 22nd of May, 1852, the son of Samuel and Louisa (Mickolls) Hirsch. His father was German and his mother English. The boy received an education in the gymnasium of his native town before the family settled in Philadelphia (1866), and after completing his classical course at the University of Pennsylvania, returned to the Fatherland to study philosophy in the universities of Berlin and Leipsic. He received the degree of A. M. from the University of Pennsylvania in 1875, after he had been studying abroad for three years. In Berlin he was also a student at the Hii^h School for Jewish Science. In 1876 he returned to the United States, and was ordained a rabbi in the following year, his first charge being as minister of the Har Sinai congregation, Baltimore. In 1878 he removed to Louisville, Kentucky, to assume the pastorate of Arnath-Israel congregation, and in 1880 received the call to the Sinai congregation of Chicago, which brought him to his broad and productive field of labors in this city.

Besides the original degree of A. M. conferred upon him in 1875 by the University of Pennsylvania, Dr. Hirsch has been honored with the following: LL. D., Austin College, Illinois. 1896; L. II. D., Western University of Pennsylvania, 1900; D. D., Hebrew Union College, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1901. Since 1892 he has served in the University of Chicago as professor of rabbinical literature and piiilosophy. He has also achieved a national name as an original contributor to religious literature, having been editor of the "Zeitgeist." Milwaukee (Wis.), in 1880-7; and of the New York Reformer, in 1886; is now editor of the Reform Advocate, Chicago; was the editor of the biblical department of the Jewish Encyclopedia, and is the author of various papers on biblical and religious subjects. One of his works, "The Crucifixion from a Jewish Point of View," attracted widespread attention from scholars and original investigators, whatever their creeds or beliefs.

From 1888 to 1897 Dr. Hirsch was a member of the Chicago public library board, and was at one time president of the board of examiners of the civil service commission. In 1901 he was appointed by Governor Yates a member of the state board of charities, but resigned the office rather than have it hampered by politics and politicians. In 1896 he was elected an elector-at-large on the McKinley ticket, running 1,700 votes ahead of his nearest associate. Although generally a supporter of the Republican party. Dr. Ilirsch's views, especially upon local affairs, are never guided l)y partisan considerations, but are determined by considerations of the public welfare. It is a matter of certainty that wherever there is a wrong to be corrected - social, political or religious - he will be found, out in the open, battling bravely for what he believes to be the right.

the ministering spirit of two awful cholera epidemics, and for twentyeight years a faithful and effective worker for his church before he came to Chicago as the archbishop of the recently created see. On September 10, 1880, his appointment was given to the world, and his departure from Nashville was considered a public calamity. At the time of his arrival the archdiocese comprised eighteen counties in northern Illinois and about one hundred and sixty churches, and at the time of his death, more than twenty years later, it contained over six hundred priests, a Catholic population of over a million people, and churches, colleges and religious institutions in proportion. This was the magnificent and honorable responsibility assumed by Archbishop Quigley in 1903, and which he has borne so nobly and so cheerfully. For more than twenty years the archdiocese has been second in ecclesiastic importance to that of New York, and Archbishop Quigley is more than ever a national figure in the councils of the Roman Catholic church. Since his graduation from the College of the Propaganda, Rome, nearly thirty years ago he has steadily progressed in the good graces of his church, his courtesy, dignity and ability making him especially acceptable to the large and important territory, the main guidance of whose spiritual affairs has been entrusted to him.

James Edward Quigley is a Canadian by birth, his native town being Oshawa, and his birthday, October 15, 1854. When he was two years of age he was brought by his parents to Lima, New York, and received his preliminary ecclesiastical education in the Empire state. He first graduated from St. Joseph's College, a well known institution conducted by the Christian Brothers at Buffalo, New York, and afterward studied in the Seminary of Our Lady of the Angels, now known as the Niagara University. Desiring, however, to imbibe the calmer and more historic atmosphere of the old world, he went abroad and became a student at the University of Innsbruck, planted among the picturesque and inspiring country of the Austrian Tyrol. After graduating therefrom he passed on to the famous College of

Chicago And Cook Couxty 209

Dr. Quigley's first charge, after being ordained to the priestliood in 1879, was as pastor of St. Vincent's church, Attica. New York, and for five years he remained thus happily and profitably employed. In 1884 he received the appointment of pastor of St. Joseph's cathedral, Buffalo, New York, and after thirteen years of faithful, able and broadening service in that capacity was advanced to the bishopric of Buffalo. From the signal performance of these duties he was called to assume the archbishopric of Chicago in 1903.

Bishop Muldoon s departure from Chicago was attended with general regret. He had gained the esteem of the general citizenship of Chicago, and, irrespective of religious opinion, he was regarded as a strong influence for the highest ideals of civic and personal righteousness. He is still comparatively a young man in years, having been born in Columbia, California, in the year 1863. He is of Irish parentage and received his early education in the public schools of Stockton, California. Subsequently he became a student at St. Mary's College, Kentucky, and St. Mary's, of Baltimore, Maryland, and was ordained to the priesthood in 1886.

Bishop Muldoon commenced his pastorate in the service of his church as assistant pastor of St. Pius' church, Chicago, and in 1888 was appointed chancellor of the diocese of Chicago and secretary to the archbishop. He held this dual position for seven years, and in 1895 was placed in charge of St. Charles Borromeo church, of this city, discharging the duties of that pastorate with credit to himself and advantage to the church. As stated, in July, 1901, he began service as auxiliary bishop of the Chicago diocese, being also vicar general of the diocese and titular Bishop of Tamassus.

Alexander J. -McGavick is a native of Illinois, born at Fox Lake, on the 2 1 St of August, 1863, being a son of James and Catherine (Watt) McGavick. Until he had reached the age of fifteen vears he attended the public schools of his home neighborhood, and soon after graduating from the common school system commenced a long course of preparation for the priesthood. In 1879 he entered St. Viateur's College, at Kankakee, Illinois, and in 1887 graduated from that institution with the degree A. M. He was ordained to the priesthood in the same year, and after well performing the duties attached to minor, charges in Chicago churches was appointed pastor of St. John's church. This was in 1897. The result of his faithful and efficient work in this capacity was his advancement to an auxiliary bishopric in the Chicago diocese, to which he was consecrated May i, 1899. He is especially designated titular Bishop of Marcopolis. Since 1900 he has served as pastor of Holy Angels church.

the Holy Name, who for a quarter of a century has spent an open, helpful and Christian life in the city of his birth. He was born in Chicago of Irish parents, on the 23d of October, 1850, and has been the highest credit to his race, his parentage, his birthplace and his country. His father, Michael Fitzsimmons, came to the United States as a boy, and remained an hon6red citizen of Chicago and later of Morris, Illinois, until his death in 1855.

Rev. Michael J. Fitzsimmons obtained his preparatory education in the parochial schools of Morris, going thence for a classical course to St. Joseph's College, Teutopolis, Illinois, whence he graduated in 1878. His studies for the church included courses of a year at St. Viateur's Seminary, near Kankakee, Illinois, and three years at St. Mary's Seminary, Baltimore, Maryland. His ordination to the priesthood occurred in August, 1882, and it is a somewhat remarkable coincidence that the ceremonies took place in the cathedral of which he is now pastor. Father Fitzsimmons' first appointment was to St.

Mary's Church, Wabash avenue and I^^ldredge court, but before the close of the year he was transferred to the Cathedral of the Holy Name, and has since remained a \ ilal factor in its spirtual and charitable activities and for a time in the administrative work of the diocese. From assistant pastor he was promoted to the chancellorship of the archdiocese in 1887, and on the death of the Very Reverend P. J. Conway, in 1888, was made rect6r of the cathedral. He had the direct supervision of the rebuilding and renovation of the edifice, on North State and Superior streets, in the years from 1890 to 1893, which transformed the Cathedral of the Holy Name into one of the most beautiful church edifices in the United States and fitting memorial to perhaps the most important archdiocese of the Roman Catholic church in the country.

the earliest pioneers of Fort Dearborn and Chicago were numbered not a few good Catholics, and in April, 1833, the bishop of St. Louis appointed Father J. M. I. St. Cyr priest of St. Mary's parish. Less than two years before he had come from France, but when he reached Chicago to take charge of his little flock he had sufficiently mastered the English language to be able to converse and preach in that tongue. The parishioners first met in Mark Beaubien's little log cabin, on Lake street near Market, but in the fall the tiny wooden church of St. Mary's was completed on the southwest corner of Lake and State streets. Rev. Father St. Cyr remained in Chicago until 1837, when he returned to St. Louis. The brick St. Mary's Church, afterward built on the corner of Wabash avenue and Madison street, was destroyed by the great fire of 1871. and two years afterward the edifice at Wabash avenue and Eldredge court was dedicated. On account of the destruction of the Cathedral of the Holy Name, St. Mary's was used as the pro-cathedral from the time of the purchase of the property in the spring of 1873 ""^'^ ^^^^ removal of the bishop to the north side in 1876. It is this historic institution, so linked with the progress of Catholicism in Chicago, over which Father O'Callaghan has presided with such faithfulness, dignity and characteristic zeal for the past four years.

Peter J. O'Callaghan is a native of Milford, Massachusetts, born on the 6th of August, 1866, his parents both coming to America from their Irish home when quite young. They were reared in Massachusetts and were there united in marriage. The youth graduated from the high school at Salem, and finished a course at Harvard University in 1888, but the call of the church drew him to the Catholic University of America in Washington, and in 1893, soon after his graduation therefrom, he was ordained to the priesthood. His first service was as assistant in the St. Paul the Apostle parish of New York City, and he was then sent on missionary work to various sections of the country. In 1901 he was made Novice Master, and afterward returned to the missionary field. In the performance of these duties he visited Chicago in 1903, and in the following year was called to his present position as pastor of St. Mary's Church. His charge is now one of the most important in Chicago, and he has ten brother priests to assist him in the conduct of the great work.

of the Catholic priesthood in the country, is still a ' comparatively young man. He is a native of Chicago, born March 17, 1872, son of James and Johanna (Brazil) Purcell. His parents, who are of Irish descent, settled in Chicago in the fifties. The son was reared in this city and received his earlier education in its public schools. He afterwards pursued a course in literature at St. Benedict's College, Atchison, Kansas, from which he graduated in 1893, afterwards completing his theological studies at St. Mary's Seminary, Baltimore, Maryland.

Father Purcell' s first work for the church was performed as assistant pastor of St. Anne's Church, Chicago; but in 1903 went to Rome, and in the famous University of the Minerva he pursued a post-graduate course in philosophy, theology and denominational pedagogy, which peculiarly fitted him for the position which he was called upon to fill in Chicago. He returned to that city in 1905 and at once assumed his position as rector of the new diocesan and preparatory seminary for the education of young men for the priesthood. By virtue both of his important office and the strong qualities which he brings to bear upon it, he is one of the influential agencies in the diocese working for the advancement of his church.

Chester, New Hampshire, on the 31st of July, i860. , , P His parents, Thomas and Mary (Donoher) McCormick, were both natives of Ireland and were married in his native city. There were eight children in the family. When Thomas was seven years of age his parents removed to LaSallc, Illinois, in whose public schools the boy obtained his preliminary education.

Father McCormick completed his higher literary studies and his preparation for holy orders at St. Viator's College, Kankakee, Illinois. He spent the period from 1885 to 1894 in thoroughly training for his life work, and soon after his graduation in the latter year he was formally received into the priesthood. The following four years were spent in earnest and effective work on the teaching staff of his alma mater, and in 1893 he was transferred to St. Viator's church of Chicago as an assistant priest. In 1901 he assumed charge of St. Edward's parish, Mayfair, and in 1903 was appointed principal of the boys' parochial school at the Cathedral parish. Father Mc- Cormick's capacity for broad and useful work was further strengthened in the following year by his appointment to the pastorate of St. Viator's church, with its larger and more important field of priestly labors. About five hundred families are included in his parish, and the parochial school, of which he also has charge, has an average attendance of some two hundred. The parish has been established eighteen years, and has never been more flourishing than under his pastorate.

of New York. He graduated from St. John's College, Fordham, and received from that institution the degrees of Bachelor and Master of Arts. . Later, his theological studies, were pursued at St. Mary's Seminary, Baltimore, Maryland, and on the 17th of December, 1881, he was ordained by Archbishop (now Cardinal) Gibbons.

Father Murray served as assistant priest at Galena, Illinois, until he was transferred to St. Bridget's church, Chicago, being then appointed secretary to Archbishop Feehan and chancellor of the archdiocese. In these capacities he drew to himself the affection and respect which are inseparable from the nature of his character, and it was with the deepest regret that he departed for the scene of his difficult labors in the parish of St. Bernard, which Archbishop Feehan had established in July, 1887. Prior to that time the so called "Englewood district" had been almost non-Catholic, but Father Murray's zeal, persuasiveness and executive ability were the means of building up one of the strongest Catholic congregations in the city - and all this within the succeeding decade. In 1897 the imposing evidence of this fact arose at the corner of Stewart avenue and Sixty-sixth street in the form of a massive and graceful marble edifice, said to be the first in the city to be erected of that material. This work has made him one of the strongest forces in the expansion of the Roman Catholic church in the west, and of late years it has been necessary to call to his assistance the services of two brothers in the priesthood. Father Murray is also recognized as a profound scholar, deeply and broadly cultured in Irish and church history, and in this connection it is worthy of comment that the widely known Catholic historian, the late Dr. John O'Kane Murray, was his brother.

four years, he pursued courses at St. Ann s Academy, Lake Linden, Michigan, and at St. Viator's College, Kankakee, Illinois, spending seven years in the latter. He entered the Congregation of the Clerics of St. Viator August 30, 1894. The young man then went abroad to complete his education and training for the priesthood, spending most of the time in Paris and Cambrai (Department of Nord), France. Four years were thus profitably spent, almost

Father Laplante came to Chicago soon after his ordination, arriving in the city on the 6th of August, 1902. At first he took charge of the novitiate department of the institute, but it very soon became evident that he was fully qualified to assume more important responsibilities, and on the 23rd of August, 1907, he became principal. His six years' work in St. Viator's Normal Institute indicates that Father Laplante has been placed in a position of great and good influence on the rising generations of his church, and those who teach them in its ways and tenets.

proven his strength as a missionary and promoter of Catholicism. He is a native of Glin, County Limerick, Ireland, born February 2, 1845, and the son of Thomas Pope and Elizabeth Griffin (HalHnan) Hodnett. When thirteen years of age he entered a private academy and the following year St. Munchin's Jesuit College, at Limerick, where during the four years of his course he completed with honor the whole "course of humanity." He then entered the affiliated college of the Catholic University of Ireland at Ennis, known as St. Flannan's, where he passed the examination with the highest honors and received his papers from Rt. Rev. Dr. Woodlock, afterward bishop of Ardagh, Ireland. After this he attended the concurcus of the diocese of Killaloe, held in Nenagh, north riding of Tipperary, and. as meritorious competitor, was assigned to a place in the Irish College, Paris, France. Here he remained as a distinguished student from 1863 to 1866, resigning in the latter year to come to Chicago.

Upon arriving in this city. Father Hodnett became a student at St. Mary's of the Lake University, and at the expiration of a year entered St. Francis Seminary, near Milwaukee, where he completed his theological course under the Very Rev. Michael Heiss, the profound theologian who subsequently became archbishop of Milwaukee. At that institution he was ordained by the widely known and esteemed pioneer prelate. Archbishop Henni, and was appointed by him assistant pastor to Rev. John W. Norris, D. D., of Watertown, Wisconsin. Tliere he remained one year, during which he assisted largely in procuring the property on which now stands the College of the Sacred Heart. In 1868 he became pastor of St. Thomas church, Potosi, Wisconsin; after three years was transferred to St. Clement's church, Lancaster, and subsequently to St. Jerome's church, Oconomowoc, both charges being in Wisconsin.

In January, 1874, Father Hodnett returned to the diocese of Chicago, and Bishop Foley appointed him pastor of St. Patrick's church, Lincoln, Illinois, with the affiliated missions of Elkhart and Atlanta. He remained with this charge for nearly a year, or until the formation of the Peoria diocese, when he was transferred to St. Patrick's church, Dixon, Illinois, having also under his spiritual jurisdiction the missions of Harmon and Ashton, Lee county. On June 10, 1882, he was summoned by the Rev. Archbishop Feehan to organize the new parish of St. Malachy, Chicago, out of portions of the two parishes of St. Jarlath and St. Columkill.

St. Malachy's parish originally embraced the territory lying between Chicago avenue and Adams street and between Rockwell and Robey streets to Kinzie, where the eastern boundary extended to Hoyne and thence to Chicago avenue. Having obtained permission from the building committee of the city council to erect a frame chapel on the lots purchased at Western avenue and Walnut, Father Hodnett was pushing its erection with characteristic energy when officers of the fire department forbade the work to proceed. But having municipal authority behind him and not being legally enjoined, he collected a large force of men and boys and in seven hours (on July 3, 1882) he had erected and enclosed a frame building, christened it the "Wooden Ark," and floated over it an American flag. This he used as a temporary church until the completion of the permanent structure in December, 1884. He also reared a stone school house south of the church. Originally there were about 300 families connected with the parish, but under Father Hodnett's zealous and wise pastorate, which terminated in February, ,1901, that number was increased threefold. Since becoming pastor of the Immaculate Conception church, on the north side, this parish has also witnessed a great development. His assistants in the present field are Fathers J. J. Hurley, J. J. O'Meara and Edward Gahagan. During his continuous service for the church in Chicago since 1882, Father Hodnett has not only been of broad use in secular work, but has been foremost in movements of charity and morality, having been an especially strong factor in the progress of temperance. This distinguishing feature of the church v^fork was early marked in his career, to which the states of Wisconsin and Illinois can enthusiastically testify. When the Peace Jubilee, celebrating the close of the Spanish-American war, was held in Chicago in October, 1898, Father Hodnett delivered an address at the Auditorium in the presence of the president, members of the cabinet, and many distinguished men in official and civil life. Father Hodnett's advent to the Immaculate Conception church was signalized by the organization of the different societies of St. Vincent de Paul Conference. Father Mathew's Total Abstinence Society, Woman's Temperance Association and Brotherhood of Our Mother of Good Counsel, two courts of Catholic Foresters. Ladies' Benevolent Association, Tabernacle and Rosary Sodality, Young Ladies of the Immaculate Conception, Children of Mary of St. Agnes and St. Aloysius (boys' sodality). The Dominican Sisters conducting the school have also trained a surpliced choir, which lends a peculiar charm to the solemn mass on Sunday. In addition to his continuous organization and development of church societies and the general promotion of secular work, Father Hodnett has made many marked improvements of church property. He has laid a new flooring in the church, installed elegant pews, set up chaste and classic stations of the cross and erected richly tinted and variegated stained glass windows. The latter were imported from ^lunich, Bavaria, and in their artistic beauty and harmony are not surpassed in Chicago, their symbolic significance being the missionary spirit of Ireland, through the apostles whom she sent forth in the sixth, seventh and eighth centuries and who succeeded in evangelizing most of what is now modern Europe. The cost of these improvements was some $12,000; besides which Father Hodnett has built a new vestry, enlarged the pastoral residence into one of the most commodious priests' houses in the archdiocese, and a little over a year ago completed another school edifice. The auditorium of the latter, which has a seating capacity of seven hundred, is used for commencement exercises, entertainments, meetings of societies and other parochial gatherings. These improvements involved an additional outlay of $35,000 and he has been in charge of the parish, the nucleus of which when he then came into the field was little more than a small brick yard ; in the face of this discouraging outlook he went to work energetically, bravely and intelligently, and has the present satisfaction of knowing that he has raised up for the good of his church a flourishing parochial school and an earnest congregation of four hundred and fifty families.

Father Hynes is a native of New York City. In his young boyhood the family located in Chicago, where James received his education - first, at the old Franklin public school, and then at the school of the Immaculate Conception, one of the first Catholic parochial schools on the north side. He afterward pursued advanced courses at the St. Ignatius College, on West Twelfth street, Chicago, and at the Niagara University, Niagara Falls, New York. In 1886 he was ordained to the priesthood at the latter institution, and then came to Chicago to assist in the spiritual work of St. Sylvester's parish, whose church edifice is on North Humboldt boulevard. Father Hynes remained in the faithful and efficient performance of these duties for ten years, and in 1896, as stated, was called to his present charge. Since that time he has established a congregation of some four hundred and fifty families, and a parochial school of some three hundred and fifty pupils, whose mental and spiritual welfare is under the immediate supervision of nine Sisters of Charity of the B. V. M. He has also built churches at Cragin and an academy connected with St. Genevieve parish, on Fifty-first street near Hamlin avenue. Ably assisting him in such manifold duties as are here indicated is Rev. Thomas F. Troy. From the above bare record of facts it is evident that Father Hynes is possessed of untiring zeal and is an important factor in the spreading influence of his church in the section of the city where he has so long labored.

Father Thomas was initiated into the practical work of the church as assistant pastor of St. Alphonsus', and after continuing thus for a number of years entered the missionary field. For more than a decade he was thus engaged in different parts of the country, and in 1907 he was called to Chicago to assume the pastorate of his present charge, succeeding Rev. Nicholas L. Franzen. In the conduct of his pastoral work he has six assistants, and a capable force of Sisters to do the active teaching in the parochial school. In addition to the heavy responsibilities which devolve upon him, Father Thomas voluntarily bears the burden of personally conducting much of the work of relief and spiritual instruction in the "slum" districts of Chicago and in the Houses of the Good Shepherd Sisters, where his work among those children is deeply appreciated.

eight years. The church property fronts on both Washington boulevard and Forty-third avenue, and includes a magnificent building costing $100,000, erected in 1907, on the boulevard named, and devoted to the education of the girls and boys of St. Mel's parish. Also a convent erected in 1908, costing $40,000. The main entrance of the unfinished church is on Forty-third avenue.

Father McDonnell is a native of Ireland, and he obtained his education in the motherland, graduating from All Hallows' College in 18S0, and being received into the priesthood of the church in the same year. In that year also he came to Chicago, and assumed his first active duties as an assistant to the pastor of St. Gabriel's church on West Forty-fifth street. In 1883 he was transferred to tb> parish of which he is now rector, then known as St. Philip's. When he took charge of the original St. PhiHp's parish there were about one hundred families within his jurisdiction; now there are 700, and from a small parochial school has been developed an educational institution attended by nearly one thousand pupils of both sexes. Father Mc- Donnell has two earnest and capable priests to assist him in his pastoral labors.

country, was ordained to the priesthood of the Roman Catholic church. In August of the same year Father O'Sullivan came direct to Chicago, first serving as assistant in the organization which finally developed into the flourishing church of St. Mel's, Washington boulevard and Forty-third avenue. During the following three years and a half he held the same position in St. Pius' church and was then transferred to the Church of the Nativity, located at Thirty-seventh street and Union avenue. A faithful and useful service of nearly four years in that capacity was followed by a change of priestly duties to St. Patrick's church, Lemont, Cook county, Illinois. He found this a spiritual field almost uncultivated by his church, but the six years of his pastorate in that locality produced radical changes. Through his efforts and substantial labors he organized the scattered members of his faith, raised the necessary funds and erected a handsome Gothic church. His work there was so noticeable that in 1900 he was transferred after a competitive examination to the more metropolitan field of St. Bridget's parish, Chicago. There he has also erected both a church and school, his pastorate now embracing about a thousand families. The school, which is attended by some twelve hundred pupils, is under the direct supervision of the twentyfour Sisters of Charity, while Father O'Sullivan is also assisted in his pastoral work by two priests. Rev. Joseph Fitzgerald and Rev. James Grace.

Rev. Innocent A. Kestl (or Khestl), pastor of the Church of Our Lady of Good Counsel, located on North Western avenue near Cornelia street, presides over a flourishinc: Catholic par- Innocent A, . , . t, 1 - TT- 1 .- T - - , well fitted him for his responsibilities. Father Kestl was born on the 24th of June, 1878, at Frycovice, Moravia, this district of Austria-Hungary being a crownland of the dual empire lying to the east of Bohemia. His parents are Innocent and Maria (Huvar) Kestl, his father being an honest, industrious cabinet maker. The son, who had a strong and early desire to enter the priesthood of the Catholic church, obtained a thorough education preparatory to the pursuit of a theological course. This preliminary training included courses in the grammar school of Ticha, the high school of Frankstadt and the gymnasium of Valasske Mezirici. After his graduation from the last named institution in 1899, he entered the Priests' Seminary at Olomouc, and in 1903 completed his theological and churchly training there and was initiated into the orders of Catholicism.

Father Kestl spent the first three years of his service for the church in Moravia, as follows : Assistant priest in Veseli ; administrator in a rectory at Jestrabice, and assistant again at Veseli. In 1906 he was sent to the United States as assistant priest to a church in Cleveland, Ohio, and in 1907 was appointed pastor of his present charge. As he has spent virtually all his life in a countiy which has a large Bohemian population, he has a thorough understanding of the people in his adopted city amidst whom his pastoral work is conducted, and he is therefore accomplishing broad and practical results.

Rev. Daniel Croke, pastor of St. Cecelia's church, corner of West Forty-fifth street and Fifth avenue, is a stanch member of the Catholic clergy who has latelv returned to the local field iJANiEL ^vi-iich he first entered more than twenty-one years

Father Croke's first four years in this city were spent as assistant pastor in St. James' church, on Wabash avenue and Twenty-ninth street, and he fulfilled the duties of that position until 1891. when he was transferred to St. Elizabeth's church, on the corner of Wabash avenue and Forty-first street. In 1899 he was appointed pastor of St. Mary's church at Freeport, Ilhnois, doing most useful work for the parish and the church for a period of eight years. He was recalled to Chicago in October, 1907, and assumed charge of the important parish of St. Cecelia's. Within his pastorate reside 800 Catholic families, the parochial school numbers 800 pupils, and he is assisted in his work by two priests and fifteen Sisters of Charity.

The municipality, or local government, corresponds to the heart of the human organism, and any areas which are reserved against the encroachment of congested districts may be likened to its lungs through which the populace may imbibe life-giving oxygen and revive its depressed or flagging spirits. The establishment of a grand system of pleasure grounds goes far toward allaying the discontent of the mass of city toilers whose home surroundings are often unlovely and sometimes unsanitary. The work is therefore in the line of good municipal policy, as well as of high humanity. To provide free, healthful, attractive recreation is to keep thousands out of the jails, work houses and hospitals. A vast, growing city must have great lungs, or everything in time will go wrong, and in this matter Chicago has looked far and wisely into the future. Her lungs are not only great, as befits an American metropolis, but space is about to be provided for a vaster set of vital organs in preparation for the founding of a world's city. The inner belt of parks and boulevards is already being perfected for the great city, and the outer belt is the future development to accommodate the Greater Chicago when it shall absorb its outlying suburbs and cities for a dozen miles north, west and south.

The park areas of Chicago actually improved and thrown open to the public amount to "about 3,200 acres, whereas the dream of the future is to provide 37,000 acres'of freedom for every man, woman and child who chooses to take advantage of the city's generosity and wisdom. The nucleus of the projected system is Grant Park, more popularly known as the Lake Front. In a future not far distant it is anticipated that not only the Art Institute, but the Field Columbian Museum and the Crerar Library will have their sites therein, and with the great Public Library across Michigan boulevard, will form a cluster of architectural gems well worthy this crown of the city parks. In the words of Henry G. Foreman, former president bf the South Park Commissioners and the Outer Belt Park Commission: "Grant Park is the axis of the inner and outer belt of parks and boulevards. From it as a hub the system expands in the form of a half wheel. The diagonal city streets are the spokes; the inner belt of the parks and boulevards is the support of the spokes; the outer belt of preserves and parkways is the tire; and the inner and outer systems are merged into the broad shore boulevard. All parts of the great recreation area are accessible quickly by transportation lines at low fares. When this system is a reality, Chicago will take its place at the head of American cities in park area and applied facilities. It will then be the Paris of America for artistic attractiveness."

It is an interesting fact of local history that Chicago's park system should have had its origin in the locality which is now prophesied as the coming nucleus of its cosmopolitan development in this line; for the year after Chicago became a city, seventy years ago, it set aside a little square which is now the site of the Public Library and which it christened Dearborn Park. For two decades after 1839 the municipality made no attempt to create a system of parks, but set off small areas for the several divisions of the city, such as Washington square on the north side, Vernon, Wicker, Jefferson and Union parks on the west side, and Douglas Monument, Woodland and Groveland parks on the south side. These small, unconnected breathing spots ranged from Douglas (now Douglas Monument Square) at the foot of Thirty-fifth street, on the south side, to Washington Square (now opposite the Newberry library), on the north side, Wicker park on the northwest side (north Robey street), and Jefferson (west Monroe and Loomis) and Union (Ashland boulevard and Warren avenue), on the west side. These gathering places for tired people and picknickers were then in the outlying districts of the city; in a word, "out in the country." Dearborn Park was the down-town pleasure ground and a favorite gathering place for out-of-door meetings, such as were organized for political and war purposes.

It was not until 1869 that the citizens of the three territorial divisions of the municipality joined issues on the park question and worked together to establish a system, with boulevards as pulmonary tubes connecting larger and more elaborately improved parks. Under a legislative act of that year park districts and commissioners were created for the north, south and west sides. The first board of commissioners for the north division of the city consisted of E. B. Mc- Cagg, John B. Turner, Andrew Nelson, Joseph Stockton and Jacob Rehm. They were to serve for five years, their successors to be ap- puinted by the circuit judge of Cook county. For about four years (he city had been expending ten or fifteen thousand dollars annually on the improvements of Lincoln Park. Chicago had owned the south 120 acres of the 562 acres now embraced in the system, since 1840. and after using it as a cemetery for more than a quarter of a century, the residence district had so encroached upon the grounds that burials therein were prohibited as a sanitary measure. In 1865 the north half of the Chicago cemetery had been reserved for public uses, the tract being named Lincoln Park in July of that year; in the following year all burials in the south half of the city property were prohibited; in 1868 Lincoln Park was thrown open to the public, and when the legislative act of February 8, 1869, creating the boards of park commissioners, was passed, about $70,000 had been expended on Lincoln Park. It is therefore the pioneer of the established system of Chicago parks and boulevards. Extending from North avenue to Diversey boulevard, a distance of a mile and a half, with North Clark street as its western boundary and Lake Michigan as its eastern, it is a grand tract devoted to the comfort, recreation, refreshment and education of one of the most thickly settled sections of the city. A fine zoological garden, a large museum of natural history, a magnificent conservatory of flowers and ferns, beautiful statuary scattered over acres of grass plots and wooded land, lily ponds, lagoons for boating, a noble stretch of water near the lake front for expert rowers, bathing beaches, a yacht harbor, baseball grounds, tennis courts, and a score of other attractions and facilities for rest, exercise and improvement, have given Lincoln Park a popularity and a public usefulness not to be measured by dollars and cents. The extensions of its area lakeward and the improvements of its magnificent water front, with the additions to its northern sections have been mainly accomplished since 1902.

The truth that the parks are for the people, to be used by them in the most practical sense of the word, is nowhere better illustrated than by the management of the Lincoln Park system, as expressed by Francis T. Simmons, president of the board of commissioners: "Its available area being only a little over three hundred acres is taxed to its utmost capacity, especially on holidays and the pleasant Sundays of the summer; 100,000 to 120,000 visitors on such days are not at all infrequent, and it became very evident that something had to be done to afford greater facilities for the ever-increasing population.

The board in 1902 began looking about to accomplish this end and, as the submerged shallows of Lake Michigan were theirs and lay temptingly within reach, it was not far to the decision that an addition could be accomplished by filling them in, and it was decided to thus increase the park area by over two hundred acres. A survey was made of the shore lying immediately north of the present park and a plat made of the proposed extension, which at that time was entirely submerged by the lake. To effect this a system of dikes and breakwaters running along the outer boundaries was projected, which, when completed, would hold and retain the material which would be taken from the lake for filling up to grade this large area. Steps rapidly followed each other in gaining the necessary legislative action - the issuing of bonds and the projection of the work. If Lincoln Park was required simply to take care of its local population, or the population lying contiguous and naturally tributary to it, the problems which today are forcing themselves upon the board would be very much simplified and lessened, but this park (fortunate in one sense and unfortunate in another) contains drawing features. It contains the only zoological garden in the city, which in its scope and wide and comprehensive selection of specimens, attracts the visitor from all parts of the city, as well as from the country at large. Being immediately upon the lake, makes it a Mecca for Chicago people in the hot and oppressive days of the summer. Its extensive shade and free lawns make it an almost universal picnic ground. Probably nothing would strike the European visitor more forcibly than the free and unrestricted use of the lawns. The 'Keep Off the Grass' signs which are so constantly in evidence in European parks and which are so objectionable and forbidding, are not found here. Nothing could be more gratifying to the settlement worker, the philanthropist and the social economist than the sight of groups of families - almost innumerable - with their luncheons and other comforts, that dot the lawn stretches of Lincoln Park.

"The writer accompanied the late Admiral Taylor to the park on an evening of a hot Sunday. Upon entering the park the writer was horrified beyond expression to see that it was littered with newspapers, lunch baskets and other evidences of vanished feasts. He said to the Admiral, 'By 9 o'clock tomorrow morning I could show you the park with a clean face. I regret its appearance exceedingly.'

"The Admiral replied, 'I think I have never seen anything more gratifying than what I see here. It shows me beyond question that this park is serving well its purpose for the people - they use it.' This remark proved the Admiral a member of the 'great democracy,* which must count in its ranks all park boards who fulfil well their duty to the public."

The feature of Lincoln Park which gives it an especial nobility is its lake front, the improvements of wdiich have been progressing for more than twenty years. Commencing as a simple breakwater at Bellevue place in 1886, it now embraces a vast sweep of massive sea walls, granite paved beach, broad drives, bathing beaches, lagoons, promenades, sloping swards, wide lawn stretches, flower gardens, noble boulevards and carriages and automobiles, speeding tracks for equestrians, bordered on the one side by the cool blue waters of the lake and on the other by a continuous array of green foliage. This is the panorama for a mile and a half.

Lincoln Park is also rich in statuary. Near the Dearborn avenue entrance is the massive memorial to Abraham Lincoln. This impressive monument was created from the munificence of the late Eli Bates, who, in 1887, bequeathed $40,000 for the purpose. The year before the heroic figure of Schiller was unveiled, under the auspices of "the German- American Society of Chicago, and in 1891 the Swedes of the city and all those who delight in the beauties and mysteries of plant life saw with gratification the addition of Linnaeus to the statuary of the park. As the result of a popular subscription, in which 100,000 people participated, Grant, the great and magnanimous warrior, sternly overlooks the waters of Lake Michigan from the back of his speaking steed. More than 200,000 people gave their presence to the unveiling of this great work in October, 1891. The statue of Shakespeare took its place among these out-door works of art in 1894, and in the same year Lambert Tree made the second of his gifts of statuary to Lincoln Park, in the shape of the Indian warrior holding aloft his feathered staff as "A Signal of Peace." His first donation had been the heroic bronze statue of La Salle. "A Signal of Peace" is a striking contrast to the "Alarm," an Indian group of four figures, representing a gift from Martin Ryerson. The electric fountain, one of the magnificent attractions of Lincoln Park, was presented to the city by the late Charles T. Yerkes in 1890. The mas- sive Academy of Sciences, which stands at the main entrance to the park fronting Clark street, was completed in 1893, and contains fully 250,000 specimens of natural history. Its collections of mollusks and of local specimens are especially complete. It may be added that the lily pond in Lincoln Park, an acre and a half in extent, is one of the largest in the world, and that the zoological garden contains some 1,200 animals.

The district controlled by the Lincoln Park commissioners comprises the towns of North Chicago and Lake View,- or nearly sixteen square miles, and embraces a population of nearly half a million people. The board has more than $393,000 available for the purchase of small parks, and several have already been established and improved, at a cost of over $106,000 as virtual accessories to social settlement work. One of these, the Chicago Avenue Park, comprises over nine acres between the pumping works and the lake and contains a shelter house, refectory, gymnasium and playground for children. The Elm street playground, some distance to the west, is much smaller, but provided with the same conveniences for the mothers and children of the poor. The original fund, created for these purposes, was $500,000. In this connection mention is also due of the Lincoln Park Sanitarium for children (supported by the Chicago Daily News), which is situated on the lake shore in the park proper and for years has been doing a useful work for the little ones of the poor. The principal funds available for the various improvements at Lincoln Park were as follows: Park extension, $1,000,000; old shore protection, $203,000; small parks, $500,000. The expenditures on account of these funds have been: Small parks, $106,000 (as stated) ; old shore protection, $203,000; park extension, $642,000. The total available funds amount to $1,103,531.

Under the legislative act of February, 1869, the governor appointed John M. Wilson, Chauncey Bowen, George W. Gage, L. B. Sidway and Paul Cornell as the first commissioners of the South Park system. It is evident that these citizens saw further into the future needs of Chicago in the way of generous lungs to provide for her phenomenal expansion than the commissioners for either the north or the west sides ; for bonds to the amount of $2,000,000 were at once floated and with their proceeds 1,500 acres of land were purchased - the future sites of Washington and Jackson parks, with their connecting

Midway Plaisance. The entire South Park system is now less than 1,900 acres. The projection of so stupendous a plan naturally aroused a feeling of considerable skepticism, and in the laying of its simple groundwork the early boards of commissioners encountered discouraging obstacles, but which by no means deterred them in their definite advance. Six miles from the city hall. Washington Park, the nearest of the public reserves, was first taken in hand. It was largely an unlovely swamp, and the work of reclaiming it and laying out the grounds in general lines had only fairly begun when the great fire of 1871 created a suspension of all work for about a year. In 1872 improvements were resumed, but the development of both Washington and Jackson parks was delayed for several years on account of the unreasonable prices demanded by owners whose property had been condemned and by the difficulty of enforcing the taxes and special assessments required for the prosecution of the work. But by the close of the seventies more than one thousand acres had been improved in both parks and by 1884 all the floating indebtedness over the South Park system had been paid. At that time the total amount expended for the purchase of land had been $3,277,846.91, and for interest on bonds and land contracts $1,723,553.08. By the early eighties Washington Park (long known as West Park) had assumed the features which give it special prominence now. A nimiber oi greenhouses had been erected and the botanical gardens of Washington, as well as those of the old world, had made generous contributions toward the establishment of a similar attraction for Washington Park. For years this Chicago pleasure ground has been noted for its superb and uiii(jue floral displays outside its magnificent conser\atory. Its entire area had been tilled, seeded or planted to forest trees, about one hundred acres known as "the south open green," having been reserved as a superb lawn, then, as now, one of the largest and most beautiful in the country. Although the rough lines of this feature were fixed thus early, in 1890 this noble meadow was subjected to a vigorous course of plowing, draining, re-seeding antl rolling, and has been in course of renewal or improvement ever since. The Ramble, with its winding walks over artificial hills and ravines, through thickets and across bright open spots, is in direct contrast to the great common. Then there is the massi^-e carriage house, built for the accommodation of the park horses and vehicles, which is a model of its kind, and near the large conservatory is a beautiful lily pond. Croquet courts, an archery range, horse speedway, fly casting accommodations, wading pool and sand court (for children) and a house to shelter lovers of the winter game of curling, are a few of the other attractions which place Washington in the list of the other democratic parks of the city. It is 371 acres in extent, and is bounded on the north by Fifty-first street, east by Cottage Grove avenue, south by Sixtieth street, and west by South Park avenue.

The Midway Plaisance, connecting Washington and Jackson Park to the east, is bounded on the north by Fifty-ninth street, on the south by Sixtieth street, on the west by Cottage Grove avenue and on the east by Stony Island avenue. When the Midway was first projected it was planned that waterways should run between the drives, with a cascade, or lock at the Washington Park terminus. Owing to the large expense in constructing and beautifying the channels, building bridges, etc., the project was abandoned; but with the establishment and splendid development of the University of Chicago along the borders of the Midway steps are now being taken to carry out the original plan and create a magnificent waterway for college regattas and pleasure boating.

The first decided improvement along the lake front of Jackson Park was completed in 1884, when the beach was paved from Fiftysixth to Fifty-mnth streets and the breakwater was extended to a point about two hundred feet south of Sixty-third street, or within four blocks of the present southern limits. The northern boundary of this noble expanse of picturesque- waters and green sward is Fiftysixth street. Its western limits are marked by Stony Island avenue, and no park in the Chicago system better merits the term magnificent than Jackson. Its present distinctive features were fixed by the remoulding of its entire surface to meet the practical and artistic demands of the World's Columbian Exposition. In 1892 the South Side Park commissioners turned over to the management of the World's Fair more than 666 acres, including the Midway Plaisance, and the transformations made during the coming year in Jackson Park are among the wonders of history. But while the Fine Arts (now the Field Columbian Museum) and the German buildings, with the quaint Japanese temples on the wooded island, and the stern little convent of La Rabida on the lake front, are all that remain of the architectural triumphs of the exposition, the outHnes of the noble water approach which culminated in the superb Court of Honor may still be traced, the magnificent stretch of the Manufacturers' building may still be recalled in a great grassy depression in the northern portion of the grounds, and, as stated, the general topographical features of the park were largely fixed by the great engineering and landscape workers of the World's Columbian Exposition. The Columbian caravels also still float in its waters and the nautical representative of the real American pioneer, the Viking ship, also reposes in the shade of the Field Columbian Museum. It was some time after the close of the Exposition that the great golf links were established that have made Jackson Park one of the most favorite western resorts for lovers of the game, and the improvement of its yacht harbor and the extension of the completed work to the southeast were works of a comparatively recent day. Briefly stated, Jackson Park is provided with every facility for oarsmen, yachtmen or owners of launches. It has two fine golf courses, with shelter, lockers and showers for both men and women ; also baseball and football fields, tennis courts, refectory, beach bathing, music court, winter skating and tobogganing, and the Field Columbian Museum of Natural History, which is to be removed to Grant Park, near the x'Vrt Institute.

A striking feature in the future expansion of the South Park system is a shore boulevard, or park, six miles in length, connecting Jackson and Grant parks. The plan includes drives, water ways, picnic grounds along the route, and the most complete facilities for boating and swimming. The legislature has already authorized the commissioners to negotiate with the riparian owners, and the project is fairly under way. Grant, or Lake Front Park, extends from Randolph street to Park Row, and embraces 205 acres. The portion south of the Art Institute is a stretch of meadow, only embellished by the Logan equestrian statue, while the section north is devoted to baseball fields.

The South Park commissioners have the honor to be first in the general municipal movement which has made the park system of Chicago a power in the relief of the depression and actual suffering attending the congestion of resident districts. Under the statute of 1903 they promptly expended $1,000,000 in the purchase of fourteen parks located in crowded and often cheerless sections of the city, and proceeded to provide both sexes and all ages with facilities for amusement, mental improvement, exercise and sanitary care. The largest of these are Marquette Park, 371 acres extending from Sixty-seventh to Seventy-first streets and between California avenue and the Grand Trunk Western Railroad, eighty acres of which have already been transformed into ball fields and tennis courts, skating ponds and toboggans ; McKinley Park, over seventy- four acres between Thirtyseventh and Thirty-ninth streets on Archer avenue, which is provided with swimming pool, outdoor gymnasiums for men and women, tennis courts, ball fields, children's play ground, wading pool and facilities for winter sports ; Sherman Park, which has all these features, as well as a free assembly hall for various entertainments, club rooms for the use of neighborhood residents, reading rooms and a band stand, under which concerts are given Sunday evenings during the summer months ; Ogden Park, over sixty acres in extent between Sixty-fourth and Sixty-seventh streets. Center avenue and Loomis street, at which the means for recreation and improvement are similar to those provided at Sherman Park; and Caluniet Park, with an area of more than seventy-three acres extending from Ninety-fifth to 102nd streets along the lake, which is provided with bathing accommodations, and has also grounds for both summer and winter sports. Improvements are progressing in all of the larger parks and the smaller areas, such as Palmer, on iiith street; Hamilton, on Seventyfourth street ; Bessemer, on Eighty-ninth street, and Gage Park, on Fifty-fifth street, are covering as many features as their location and size make possible.

This vast extension of the usefulness of the system in the role of public benefactor is well termed the New-Park Idea, by Henry G. Foreman, president of the South Park commissioners, in these suggestive words: "Justified by the success which has marked the service in the new South Division parks and squares, the South Park commissioners, now working toward the completion of the expansion epoch begun in 1903, are planning still another increase in recreation area and facilities. The dominant idea of the service in our new parks is to place recreation facilities and educational and moral influences at the very doors of the people. While all the old-park ideas of trees and flowers and water and verdant stretches are retained in the New- Park Idea (and to that extent we believe our new parks compare favorably with others anywhere) the novel, year-round service, which has drawn special attention to our new parks, is provided by neigliborhood center features. It is the extensive use of the clubhouse for the people that has created an emphatic demand in other portions of the south division for similar appliances. The extent of the popularity of the new park facilities can be realized when one considers that nearly 5,500,000 persons actually used the gymnasia, baths, reading rooms, club rooms, assembly halls, refectories, game fields, etc., in these new parks during the last year alone. This figure excludes spectators. It is the record of actual service. The great value of such service is realized when one recalls that all but one of these parks are located in congested districts, where working people reside in homes that provide little more than the necessities to sustain life. Ten parks, for the most part small, neighborhood parks, are equipped with club houses now. . . . The acreage of these parks also will be increased to better meet existing needs. Requests from people, many of them flat dwellers, residing- near Washington and Jackson Parks, and also from residents about McKinley Park, have been received by the commissioners to provide them with neighborhood center buildings and facilities. Last winter the people residing in the manufacturing districts in the southern portion of Hyde Park, through their representatives in the general assembly, secured the passage of an act authorizing the commissioners to issue bonds for locating more of these parks. The citizens of the South Park district, by a vote of about two to one, authorized the commissioners to issue $3,000,000 additional bonds for this purpose. The commissioners now have under consideration three or four sites in the southern portion of Hyde Park for additional parks and an additional site for a new park in the South Town."