Chicago City (part 26 of 57)

Of the foregoing list, Drs. Davis, Byford, Johnson and Andrews had already become well known as medical teachers by their connection with the Rush Medical College, arid Dr. Deville, though a native of England, had established a high reputation as a private teacher of anatomy in Paris, France. Temporary rooms were fitted up in an imposing block on the northwest corner of Randolph and Market streets, and the first annual course of instruction was inaugurated October 9, 1859, and continued until March, 1860. The whole number of students in attendance was 33 - 19 juniors and 14 seniors, nine of the latter graduating at the end of the term. In addition to the instruction in the college, the senior class had a surgical clinic on Tuesday and Friday mornings in the Mercy Hospital by Professor Andrews, and a medical clinic in the wards of the same hospital on Monday, Wednesday, Thursday and Saturday mornings of each week by Professor

Davis. Before the commencement of the second college term, Dr. Deville found it necessary to return to England, and consequently resigned the professorship of anatomy. This caused the transfer of Dr. Hollister to the chair of anatomy and of Dr. Johnson to the chair of physiology and histology, while Dr. A. L. McArthur, of Joliet, accepted the chair of materia medica and therapeutics. The second annual college term was attended by fifty-one students, twelve of whom received the degree of Doctor of Medicine. During the third year, 1861-62, the number of students was sixty-three, and of graduates seventeen. In the meantime the great civil war had fairly begun, and Drs. M. K. Taylor and A. L. McArthur entered the military service as surgeons of volunteer regiments, and their places were filled by the election of Dr. Henry Wing to the chair of general pathology and public hygiene, and Dr. J. S. Jewell to that of anatomy, while Dr. J. H. Hollister was transferred to the chair of materia medica and therapeutics. Neither these changes nor the excitement caused by the war, interrupted the progress of the medical school, the fourth annual term being attended by seventy-nine students.

This number rendered the temporary rooms thus far occupied inadequate, and as the trustees of the Lind University had not been able to provide a new building for the medical school in accordance with their original agreement, the faculty purchase! ;i lot on State near Twenty-second street, and during the summer of 186ii caused the erection thereon of a plain, but well arranged college building, in time for the commencement of the fifth annual course of instruction, October 12, 1863. At the close of this term the trustees of the Lind University voluntarily relinquished all claim to the medical school, and on the 26th of April, 1864, the latter was incorporated as an independent institution under the name of Chicago Medical College. This caused no change in the personnel of the faculty, and the patronage continued to increase each year until the annual term of 1867-68, when the whole number of students attending was 113 and the number of graduates, at its close, fifty. Believing that these numbers indicated a sufficient basis for permanent success, the faculty and trustees of the college, at a meeting held April 25, 1868, unanimously resolved that at the opening of the next college term, and permanently thereafter, a fair standard of preliminary education should be required for matriculation; three years of medical study, including three annual courses of college instruction of six months each should be exacted; the grading of all the branches into three groups, one for each year of study, and the students into first year, second year and third year classes, each having its own course extending through the whole term were also directed. Personal practical work in the laboratories of chemistry, practical anatomy, histology, physiology and pathology were required of the students in the first and second year classes; and attendance on daily hospital and dispensary clinical instruction of those in the second and third year classes. The adoption and actual enforcement of these important additional requirements, caused the whole number attending the college during the term for 1868-69 to fall to 85; and the number attending the term for 1869-70 was only 72, and graduates 27.

By this time, however, the three classes began regularly to sustain each other, and the aggregate attendance began to increase more rapidly than before the full three years' grade was adopted. The class of 1870-71 numbered 107, with thirty graduates at the close of the term. Coincident with the adoption of the full three year graded system of medical college instruction adopted in 1868, a municipal ordinance was passed by the common council requiring the widening of State street in such a way as to render the college building unfit for college purposes. Consequently the property was sold, and with the proceeds, aided by $15,000 furnished by the Northwestern University, another and much more commodious building was erected on the corner of Prairie avenue and Twentysixth street, on ground belonging to the Mercy Hospital, and the college then became the medical department of the Northwestern University. The new building was completed in time to accommodate the college term of 1870-71, which was opened with an introductory lecture by Dr. H. A. Johnson on the history of the college and its relations to the general progress of medical education in this country.*

During the few years preceding this important epoch in the progress of the medical school, several changes had taken place in the teaching faculty. Thus, in 1863 H. G. Spofford, Esq., resigned the chair of medical jurisprudence and Dr. M. 0. Heydock was selected to fill the vacancy. The following year Dr. H. A. Johnson was transferred to the chair of general pathology and public hygiene: Dr. J. H. Hollister to the chair of physiology and histology, and Dr. H. Wing to that of materia medica and therapeutics. In 1865, Dr. H. Wing, desiring a change of climate, resigned the last named chair, and it was assigned to Dr. M. 0. Heydock, and Dr. J. M. Wood worth was appointed demonstrator of anatomy. On account of serious impairment of health, in 1866, Dr. H. A. Johnson was induced to resign the chair of general pathology and public hygiene, and the position was filled by Dr. J. H. Hollister, while Dr. Daniel T. Nelson was appointed to the chair of physiology and histology, and Dr. R. H. Patterson to that of medical jurisprudence. In 1867, Prof. F. Mahla, who had faithfully filled the chairs of chemistry from the organization of the school, resigned, and his place was supplied for one year by Dr. John E. Davies, when it was filled by the appointment of Prof. C. Gilbert Wheeler. The same year Dr. Johnson, having returned from his rest in another climate in improved

In 1868, two more special chairs were created, namely, a chair of ophthalmology and otology, and a separate chair of hygiene and sanitation. The first was filled by Dr. Joseph L. Hildreth, and the second by Dr. Thomas Sevan. During the year 1869, Dr. J. S. Jewell, who had filled the chair of descriptive anatomy for the preceding nine years, with a zeal and ability rarely equalled, decided to spend two or three years in foreign travel, and consequently resigned his chair, and it was filled by the appointment of Dr. H. W. Boyd. At the same time Dr. E. 0. F. Boiler was made adjunct professor of obstetrics and diseases of women, Dr. J. S. Sherman, adjunct professor of principles and practice of surgery, and Dr. Thomas Bond succeeded Dr. J. M. Woodworth as demonstrator of anatomy. The following year Dr. C. Gilbert Wheeler resigned the chairs of chemistry, and Dr. N. Gray Bartlett was appointed to the chair of inorganic or general chemistry, and Dr. H. P. Merriman to the chair of organic chemistry and toxicology. Dr. Samuel J. Jones succeeded Dr. J. S. Hildreth as professor of ophthalmology and otology, and Dr. Wm- E. Quine succeeded Dr. M.O. Heydock as professor of materia medica and therapeutics. It may be noted that eleven years had now passed since the organization of the college in 1859, during which time the number of chairs and members of the teaching faculty had been increased from thirteen to eighteen; the length of the college term from five to six months, and the number of college terms required from two to three, with additional preliminary requirements for admission; while the number of students had advanced from 33 in 1859-60 to 107 in 1870-71. Consequently, in all its requirements as to period of medical study, graded curriculum, number and length of annual college terms, and number of branches taught, including laboratory,didactic and clinical, this college had already attained the full standard of education subsequently demanded by the Illinois State Board of Health seven years before the law creating that board had been enacted by the State legislature. During the twenty-three years that have since intervened, its growth and development have progressed as rapidly as is consistent with stability and thorough work. The recent completion of its new laboratory and clinical buildings not only affords ample facilities for full practical instruction in all departments of chemistry, of biology, physiology, pathology and bacteriology, but also facilities for prosecuting original research. Its resources for direct clinical instruction are the Mercy hospital with its 450 beds, the St. Luke's with nearly the same number, and the South Side Free Dispensary; the whole so arranged that every practical chair or lectureship has its corresponding clinic.

When Dr. W. H. Byford resigned the chair of obstetrics and diseases of women and children in 1879, which he had filled for twenty years with marked ability, his field soon came to be occupied by Dr. E. C. Dudley as professor of gynecology, Dr. W. W. Jaggard, professor of obstetrics, and Dr. M. P. Hatfield, professor of diseases of children. The curriculum was further modified by the addition of chairs of nervous and mental diseases, dermatology and syphilis, histology, general etiology and hygiene, and orthopedic surgery. The whole teaching faculty as it at present exists is as follows: N. S. Davis, M. D., LL.D., dean and emeritus professor of principles and practice of medicine and clinical medicine; E. 0. F. Roler, A. M., M. D., emeritus professor of obstetrics; Edmund Andrews, M. D., LL. D., professor of clinical surgery; Ralph N. Isham, A. M., M. D., professor of principles and practice of surgery and of clinical surgery; John H. Hollister, A. M., M. D., professor of clinical medicine; Samuel J. Jones, M. D., LL.D., professor of opthalmology and otology; M. P. Hatfield, A. M., M. D., professor of diseases of children;

John H. Long, Sc. D., professor of general and medical chemistry; E. C. Dudley, A. B., M. D., professor of gynecology; John E. Owens, M. D., professor of principles and practice of surgery and of clinical surgery; F. C. Schafer, M. D., professor of clinical surgery; I. N. Danforth, A. M., M. D., professor of clinical medicine; Wm. K. Casselberry. M. D. , professor of therapeutics and of laryngology and rhinology; W. W. Jaggard, A. M., M. D., professor of obstetrics; N. S. Davis, Jr., A. M., M. D., professor of principles and practice of medicine and of clinical medicine; F. S. Johnson, A. M., M. D., professor of general pathology and pathological anatomy; Frank Billings, M. S., M. D., secretary and professor of principles and practice of medicine and of clinical medicine; E. Wyllys Andrews, A. M., M. D., professor of clinical surgery; Frank T. Andrews, A. M., M. D., professor of histology; Geo. W. Webster, M. D., professor of physiology; Joseph Zeisler, M. D., professor of skin and venereal diseases; Elbert Wing, A. M., M. D., professor of diseases of the mind and nervous system; Wm. E. Morgan, M. D., professor of surgical anatomy and operative surgery; H. M. Starkey, M. D., clinical professor of opthalmology and otology; John F. Ridlon, A. M., M. D., professor of orthopedic surgery; Henry Gradle, M. D., professor of general etiology and hygiene; Archibald Church, A. M., M. D., professor of insanity and medical jurisprudence; T. B. Swartz, A. M., M. D., professor of anatomy; John Leeming, M. D., lecturer on materia medica; S. C. Plummer, M. D., professor of anatomy; Christian Fenger, M. D., professor of surgery; John D. Kales, M. D., instructor and demonstrator in surgical pathology; E. P. Edgerly, M. D., instructor in physical diagnosis; Stanley P. Black, M. D., instructor in practical medicine; A. R. Edwards, A. M., M. D., instructor and demonstrator in histology and embryology; R. G. Collins, M. D., demonstrator of operative obstetrics; Bond Stowe, A. B., M. D., demonstrator of pathology; Geo. S. Isham, A.

It is worthy of mention that, of the seven physicians and surgeons who were chiefly instrumental in organizing the first teaching faculty in 1859, the names of four still occupy important positions at the head of the list, indicating that each is still doing more or less efficient professional work. These four are Drs. N. S. Davis, Sr., Edmund Andrews, R. N. Isham, and J. H. Hollister, men who are well known, not only by all classes of our citizens, but also by all who have taken an interest in the progress of the science and art of medicine both at home and abroad. Of the other three, Dr. David Rutter was far advanced in years at the tim^ the school was organized, and he accepted only an honorary position in the faculty, and survived but a few years, while Drs. H. A. Johnson and Wm. H. Byford gave to the school many years of active and efficient service, and lived until within the last three years.

James Stewart Jewell, though not one of the founders of the school, was nevertheless a member of its first graduating class, and soon after became one of the most efficient and valuable members of its faculty. He was born in Galena, 111., Sept. 8, 1837, and received his early education in the schools of that city. In 1855, when at the age of eighteen years, he commenced the study of medicine with Dr. S. M. Mitchell, of Williamson county, Illinois. He attended Rush Medical College, during the term of 1858-59, and the next year was a student in the medical department of the Lind University, from which he received the degree of Doctor of Medicine in the spring of 1860.

He engaged in general practice in Williamson county, with his former preceptor, but during the last year of his college attendance, under the instruction of Professor Titus Deville, he had become an enthusiastic student of anatomy. Consequently, he returned to Chicago, in 1862, and was appointed to the professorship of anatomy, the duties of which he discharged with unusual ability and success until 1869. He acquired an extensive general practice, and exhibited an active interest in all the moral, religious and educational interests of the community in which he lived. Under the influence of a strong desire to qualify himself for more perfectly teaching biblical history to the older classes in Sabbath schools and elsewhere, he resigned the chair of anatomy in 1869 and spent more than a year in traveling and study in Palestine and Egypt, not failing, however, to visit the more important medical institutions of Europe during his jonrneyings.

On returning to Chicago in 1871, he decided to devote his time to the study and treatment of nervous and mental diseases, and his previous popularity as a teacher of anatomy caused his immediate appointment to this chair in the medical college. In discharging the duties of this position he displayed the same untiring industry and zeal that had characterized his earlier work. In 1874 he established the Journal of Mental and Nervous Diseases, a large sized quarterly, on which he bestowed a great amount of mental labor, and succeeded in giving it a reputation second to no other journal devoted to the same special department. He was an active member of the city, State and National Medical Associations, and was one of the leading founders of the American Neurological Society, and was its president three successive years. He was also a member of the Chicago academy of sciences, and of the Wisconsin academy of sciences. Although his early education was very limited, such was his untiring industry in the work of self-education that he acquired a wide knowledge of nearly all the sciences tributary to medicine, and a good working knowledge of several modern languages. In 1869 he was awarded the degree of Master of Arts by the Northwestern University. During the last ten years of his life his work was interrupted several times by attacks of pulmonary diseases, that finally compelled him to transfer his journal to other hands, and in 1883 to resign his professorship in the college and seek the advantages of a milder climate. His recovery, however, was only partial, and after a protracted confinement he died in his own home, surrounded by his children, April 18, 1887. His excellent wife had died two or three years previous, leaving a daughter and two sons.

Though cut off before completing the fiftieth year of life and in the twenty-seventh year of his professional career, Dr. Jewell had accomplished an amount of professional, scientific, literary and social work, equalled by yery few men in the same length of time. During the year 1890 the Chicago Medical College became more closely united as an integral part of the North western University and took the name of Northwestern University Medical School. Contributions were made by William Deering, Ephraim Ingals and others, new lots were purchased, and during the present year an extensive laboratory building has been completed at an expense of near $150,000. At the close of the collegiate year of 1891-92 it was decided to make the requirements thereafter four years of study and attendance on four annual gradod courses of college instruction of not less than seven months each. The enforcement of these requirements during the college year of 1892-93 caused no diminution of patronage, the whole number of medical students enrolled and in attendance at present, 1893, being over 270. It is thus seen that this medical school, which was the first in this country to adopt a full graded system of medical instruction, still occupies the most advanced line of progress towards placing our system of medical education on its true basis.

of Chicago.) iiection with the Chicago hospital for women and children. A few years later it was separated from the hospital and took the name of Woman's Medical College of Chicago, by which it continued to be known until 1891, when it became a part of the Northwestern University, and is now the "Northwestern University Woman's Medical School."

During the years 1868-69-70 several female medical students were admitted to the Chicago Medical College on the same terms as the male students, and during the last named year the degree of Doctor of Medicine was conferred upon Mary H. Thompson, who had already established herself in practice and opened a hospital for the treatment of diseases of women and children. The experience of those years, however, induced the male students to unite in unanimously, requesting the faculty to discontinue the ad-* mission of both sexes. It was therefore thought more appropriate to encourage the establishment of a regular school for the exclusive education of women in medicine.

Accordingly, during the summer of 1870, Dr. W. H. Byford, then professor of obstetrics and diseases of women in the Chicago Medical College, and Dr. Mary H. Thompson, aided by Dr. W. G. Dyas, President E. 0. Haven, then president of the Northwestern University, and others, organized the Woman's Hospital Medical College with the following faculty: W. H. Byford, M. D., president and professor of clinical surgery of women; W. G. Dyas, M. D., professor of theory and practice of medicine; Roswell G. Bogue, M. D., professor of surgery; T. D. Fitch, M. D., professor of diseases of women and secretary; E. Marguerat, M. D., professor of obstetrics; Charles G. Smith, M. D., professor of diseases of children; Mary H. Thompson, M. D., professor of hygiene and clinical obstetrics; S. C. Blake, M. D., professor of diseases of the mind and nervous system; G. C. Paoli, M. D., professor of materia medica and therapeutics; S. A. Mc- Williams, M. D., professor of anatomy; Charles W. Earle, M. D., professor of physiology; Norman Bridge, M. D., professor of pathology; A. H. Poster, M. D., professor of surgical anatomy and operations of surgery; M. DeLafontaine, Ph. D., professor of chemistry; F. C. Hotz, M. D., professor of opthalmology and otology, and P. S. Mac- Donald, M. D., demonstrator of anatomy. The plan of organization was very similar to that of the Chicago Medical College, and the requirements were three years of medical study and attendance on three annual graded courses of instruction of six months each. The first course of instruction was commenced in the autumn of 1870, in the hospital for women and children at 402 North State street.

Twenty students were in attendance, three of whom received the degree of Doctor of §Medicine at the close of the term. During 'the following summer better accommodations for the college were prepared at Nos. 1 and 3 North Clark street, but within ten days after the opening of the college term of 1871-72, the great Chicago fire of October 9, 1871, totally consumed the rooms and also the building occupied by the hospital for women and children on North State street. Quickly recovering from this shock, the faculty secured other rooms for the college at 341 West Adams street, and resumed the course of instruction to a class of eighteen students. During the summer of 1872 both the Woman's Medical college and the hospital were moved to a building at 598 West Adams street, where they remained until 1879. The number of students in attendance during these years varied from twentysix to thirty-seven, and the number of graduates from four to nine annually.

During 1878-79 a lot was purchased on South Lincoln street in the immediate neighborhood of the Cook county hospital, and a moderate-sized college building was com- pleted in time for the commencement of the annual term of 1879-80. Several important changes had also been made in the faculty, and the patronage of the school was largely increased. The prosperity thus begun has continued to the present time, causing the erection of a larger college building and the occupancy of the first one for dispensary and clinical purposes, and in 1891 the full adoption of the college as the Woman's Medical School of the Northwestern University. The whole number of students in attendance during the college year 1891-92 was 125, twentyfour of whom received the degree of Doctor of Medicine at its close.

All students are required to pursue their medical studies four years, three of which must be in the college, and a fourth year course is provided for those who desire it. A good general education, including mathematics, English composition, and elementary physics is required for admission. The facilities for laboratory, anatomical and clinical instruction are ample, and the school thus affords to women facilities for acquiring a knowledge of medicines in all its departments equal to those afforded to men in our first class medical schools. Of the sixteen professors constituting the faculty at the organization of the school in 1870, only two remain on the list of active teachers in the school at the present time, as may be seen by comparing the following list with that on a preceding page:

Henry Wade Kogers, LL.D., president of Northwestern University; Charles W. Earle, A.M., M. D., dean, professor of diseases of children and clinical medicines; Isaac N. Danforth, A.M., M.D., professor of renal diseases; Daniel R. B rower, M. D., professor of diseases of the nervous system and clinical medicines; Sarah Hackett Stevenson, M. D., professor of obstetrics; David W. Graham, A.M., M. D., professor of surgery and clinical surgery; W. F. Montgomery, M.D., professor of ophthalmology, and otology; E. Fletcher Ingals, A.M., M. D., professor of diseases of the chest and throat; Marie J.

Mergler,secretary and professor of gynecology and clinical gynecology; Eugene S. Talbot, M. D., D.D. S., professor of dental surgery; Jerome H. Salisbury, A.M., M. D., professor of chemistry and toxicology; Mary HThompson, M. D., clinical professor of gynology in hospital for women and children: Eliza H. Root, M. D., professor of hygiene and medical jurisprudence and clinical professor of obstetrics in the hospital for women and children; Frank Gary, M. D., professor of practice of medicine; Joseph Zeisler, M. D., professor of dermatology; Mary A. Mixer, M. D., assistant secretary and professor of physiology; John E. Rhodes, A.M., M. D., professor of physical diagnosis and clinical medicine; Edwin M. Smith, M. D., professor of anatomy and instructor in surgery; Henry T. Byford, A.M., M. D., clinical professor of gynecology at Woman's Hospital; James B. Herrick, A.B., M. D., professor of practice of medicine and therapeutics; Rachel Ilickey Carr, M. D., professor of histology and director of histological laboratory; Ludwig Hektoen, A.B., M. D., professor of pathology and director of pathological laboratory; Frederick C. Schaefer, M. D., professor of surgery; G. F. Butler, M. D., professor of materia medica and practical pharmacy; Albert I. Bouffleur, M. D., professor of practical anatomy.

While the number of professorships has been increased from sixteen to twenty-four! Drs. Mary H. Thompson and Charles W. Earle are the only ones in the list who constituted a part of the original faculty.

The names of Drs. W. G. Dyas, G. C. Paoli T. D. Fitch, R. G. Bogue and W. G. Maynard, who were at the head of the list in 1870, are still retained in the announcement as professors emeritus, honored for their liberality and valuable services in the earlier years of the institution; while Dr. W. H. Byford, one of its chief founders and most efficient supporters, was removed by death May 21, 1890, after an illness of only two hours, at the ripe age of seventy-three years^* surgeons of Chicago. aiuj commenced its first annual course of instruction September 26, 1882. Its founders and first board of directors were Drs. A. Reeves Jackson, S. A. McWilliams, D. A. K. Steele, Leonard St. John and Chas. W. Earle. They purchased a lot on the corner of West Harrison and Honore streets, near the Cook County Hospital, and caused the erection thereon of a large and well arranged college building containing all the accommodations required for efficient medical teaching at a cost of near $60,000. A joint stock financial policy was adopted, and candidates for professorships were required to subscribe for $3,000 worth of the college stock. The first term opened with twenty-five professors and a number of demonstrators and assistants. For the admission of students proof of a fair English or common school education was required and only little more than half the amount of college fees required by the other regular medical schools of the same city. The annual college term was made five months, and the requirements for graduation were three years of medical study, attendance on two non-graded annual college terms, (a three-term graded course being offered to those who desired it), practical work in the various laboratories, and attendance on hospital clinical instruction. For clinical instruction the students had access, in common with those from other medical schools, to the clinics in the Cook County Hospital and in the West Side Dispensary. On the foregoing terms the first class of students numbered 152 and the graduates 52 at the close of the term. During the tea years that have passed since the opening of the college, the number of students in attendance has moderately increased, the number for the term of 1891-92 being 228, the college fees have also been advanced, and during the last two years, three graded annual college courses, of six months each, and four years of medical study have been required, as demanded by the rules of the Illinois State Board of Health. Consequently all the regular medical schools of this city are now earnestly maintaining the higher grade of medical education demanded alike by the interests of the profession and the public. The present faculty of the college of physicians and surgeons as given in the announcement for 1892-93, is as follows: A. Reeves Jackson, A. M., M. D., president of board of directors and professor of gynecology; D. A. K. Steele, M. D., professor of principles and practice of surgery and of clinical surgery; Charles W. Earle, A. M., M. D., professor of obstetrics.

Henry Palmer, M. D., professor of operative surgery, clinical surgery and pathology; Frank E. Waxham, M. D., professor of diseases of children, rhinology and laryngology; A. W. Harlan,M.D., D. D. L., professor of dental surgery; Albert E. Hoadley, M. D., professor of orthopedic surgery, diseases of joints and clinical surgery; Oscar A. King, M. D., professor of nervous and mental diseases and clinical medicine; William E. Quine, M. D.. president of faceulty, professor of principles and practice of medicine and clinical medicines.; Christian Fenger, M. D., professor of principles of surgery and clinical surgery; John A. Benson, A. M., M. D., professor of physiology; Henry P. Newman, M. D., professor of obstetrics and adjunct professor of gynecology; C. Rutherford, A. M., M. D., C. M., professor of descriptive anatomy; W. C. Caldwell, M. D., professor of materia medica; Charles M. Burrows, M. D., professor of medical jurisprudence; James A. Lydston, professor of inorganic and medical chemistry; Bayard Holmes, B. S., M. D., professor of surgical pathology and bacteriology; Weller Von Hook, A. B., M. D., professor of surgical pathology and bacteriology; G. H. Curtis, M. D., professor of therapeutics; G. Frank Lydston, M. D., professor of surgical diseases of the genito- urinary system; Elmer E. Babcock, A. M., M. D., professor of anatomy; Robert H. Babcock, A. M., M. D., professor of clinical medicine, diseases of chest and physical diagnosis; T. M. Hardie, A. M.,M. D., professor >f histology and microscopy; Boerne Bettman, M. D., professor of diseases of the eye and ear and clinical opthalmology; Jas. M. G. Carter, M. D., professor of pathology; Ludwig Hektoen, M. D., professor of pathological anatomy. In addition to this list of professors there a number of lecturers and demonstrators on special subjects.

During the year, Dr. A. Reeves Jackson, president of the board of directors, and one of the most influential founders of the school, has been removed by death.

Abraham Reeves Jackson was born in Philadelphia, June 17, 1827, and was educated in the public and high schools of that city. He graduated from the medical department of the Pennsylvania University in 1848, and entered directly upon the practice of his profession at Strondsburg, Pa., where he resided twenty-two years. In 1862, he entered military service, first as acting assistant-surgeon, and subsequently assistantmedical director of the army of Virginia. He removed to Chicago in 1870, and the following year was one of the chief agents in securing the incorporation of the Woman's Hospital of the State of Illinois, of which he was chief surgeon for several years, and first became known as a gynecologist. In 1872, he was appointed lecturer on diseases of women for the spring course in Rush Medical College, and continued in that position until 1877, when he resigned.

As has been previously stated, in 1881, he united with others in establishing the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Chicago, in which he was made president and professor of gynecology, positions that he occupied until his death, November 12, 1892. Only the year previous to his death he had taken a longer rest than usual, during which, with his family, he enjoyed a trip around the world, and returned with apparently renewed vigor. His death was caused by. apoplexy. He had been twice married, and his second wife and two daughters survive him.

Dr. Jackson was a gynecologist of marked ability and enjoyed a lucrative practice. As a teacher he always secured the attention and respect of his pupils and the support of his colleagues. He was an active member of the American Medical Association, American Academy of Medicine, American Gynecological Society, Chicago Gynecological Society. Chicago Medical Society, Chicago Medico- Legal Society, and an honorary member of the British Gynecological Society. He contributed many valuable papers for the medical periodicals and the transactions of the several societies to which he belonged.

Closely allied to and next in importance .to the medical colleges, are the hospitals for the care of the sick in this city. Systematic and more or less provision for aiding the poor and caring for the sick, are everywhere characteristic of Christian civilization. Every severe epidemic prevalence of disease leads to the opening of hospital accommodations which are discontinued on the disappearance of the epidemic. Thus prior to the organization of this city, the advent of cholera in 1832 converted Fort Dearborn into a temporary hospital; the unusual prevalence of fevers during and following the excavation of the Illinois and Michigan canal, and the re-appearance of cholera in 1849, led to the opening of temporary hospital accommodations as the occasion required.

the faculty of Rush Medical College, who in 1847 or 1848, procured from the legislature of the State a charter for the "Illinois General Hospital of the Lakes," in which Dr. John Evans, Judge Hugh T. Dickey and Judge

Mark Skinner were named as trustees. Nothing, however, was done towards opening the hospital until the summer of 1850, when Dr. N. S. Davis, who had just bee-n transfered to the chair of principles and practice of medicine in the Rush College, gave a course of six public lectures on the sanitary condition of the city and the means for its improvement. The lectures were given in the State street Market Hall, a small admission fee being required, the proceeds of which were to be used in aid of the hospital.

The lectures pointed out the chief sources of diseases and demonstrated the necessity and practicability of a system of sewers and a full supply of pure water, in such manner as attracted the attention of many of the leading citizens. The ticket fees for the course amounted to one hundred dollars, to which was added five or six five and ten dollar contributions from private citizens. With this scanty fund, twelve beds were procured and placed on one floor of the old Lake House building on the northeast corner of Rush and North Water streets, in which Mrs. Pestana was, at the time, keeping a private boarding house; and she was engaged to board and nurse the patients. About the first of September, 1850, the hospital was opened for the reception of patients under the authority of the trustees named in the charter, with Dr. X. S. Davis in charge of the medical and Dr. Daniel Brainard in charge of the surgical patients. The beds were soon filled, chiefly by patients affected with acute diseases, and supplied the means for regular daily clinical instruction during the college term of 1850-51.

In the spring of 1851, the trustees failing to obtain funds for its permanent support, the hospital was given in charge of the Sisters of Mercy, under an agreement that the medical and surgical staff should continue to furnish the necessary medical and surgical attendance without pecuniary compensation, but with the privilege of giving such clinical instruction in the wards as the interests of medical education might require.

The Sisters immediately increased the number of beds and other accommodations, and the following year changed the name to Mercy Hospital of Chicago. Three or four years later the hospital was removed to a building on Wabash avenue near Van Buren street, previously occupied for an orphan asylum, where it remained eight or ten years. Drs. W. B. Herrick, H. A. Johnson and Edmund Andrews were added to the medical and surgical staff, and it being the only public hospital in the city, its wards were constantly overcrowded with patients. In consequence of this the hospital was removed to a more capacious and better arranged building near the corner of Calumet avenue and Twenty-sixth street, where it still remains. Previous to this removal, Drs. W. B. Herrick and Daniel Brainard had retired from the staff; the first from failure of health and the second from inability to give the necessary time, and Dr. Edmund Andrews became the chief surgeon. In 1869 the Sisters of Mercy caused the construction of the present large hospital building, capable of accommodating between two and three hundred patients ; and now they are making improvements and new additions that will increase the number of beds to near five hundred. Soon after the enlargement of the hospital in 1869, the attending medical staff was made to consist of three physicians, one surgeon, one gynecologist, one obstetrician, and one for diseases of the eye and ear, all furnished from the faculty of the Northwestern University Medical School (Chicago Medical College), and its wards and amphitheatre have afforded the most liberal and active field of clinical instruction to be found in this country during the last twenty-five years. Two years since Dr. N. S. Davis retired from active duty on the medical staff, on which he had served continuously, as senior physician, more than forty years. The present medical and surgical staff consists of Professors N. S.Davis, consulting physician; J. H. Hollister, N. S. Davis, Jr., and Frank Billings, attending physicians ; Edmund Andrews, E. W. Andrews, Christian Fenger and Win. E. Morgan, attendingsurgeons; W. W. Jaggard, obstetrician; F. T. Andrews, gynecologist; H. M. Starkey, ophthalmologist and otologist; J. S. Marshall, dental and oral surgeon ; Stanley P. Black, pathologist ; and three internes or resident physicians and surgeons. The nursing and all the domestic interests are managed by the Sisters of Mercy, who own the grounds and buildings. Being in a pleasant resident part of the city, with good sanitary surroundings, and presenting accommodations adapted to the wants of all classes of people when sick, and free from either political or municipal interference, it combines in the highest degree the qualities of an excellent asylum for the sick and a permanent school of clinical medicine and surgery.

Hospital. commissioners of Look county, of which Chicago constitutes a part, while the police and sanitary interests of the city are under the control of city authorities. As a consequence the latter were required to provide for the care of all those who might be affected with contagious or infectious diseases. The recurrence of epidemic cholera, during several summers from 1849 to 1854, made it troublesome for the health officers of the city to provide temporary hospital accommodations for those who suffered from attacks of that or other infectious diseases. Hence they urged the construction of more permanent buildings for their purposes. It was chiefly through the recommendations of Dr. Brockholst McVicker, who was city physician during the years 1855-56, that the city council authorized the erection of a substantial hospital building at the intersection of Eighteenth and Arnold streets, costing about $80,000. When it had been completed the city had become free from epidemic or infectious diseases and consequently had no patients to occupy it, except the ordinary poor who belonged to the county. As the board of county commissioners declined to purchase the building from the city, it .remained unoccupied for hospital purposes several years. In 1858 and 1859 an association of physicians, consisting of Drs. Geo. K. Amerman, Joseph P. Eoss, Delaskie Miller, Geo. Schloetzer, S. C. Blake and Daniel Brainard, obtained a lease of the hospital building from the city council for the purpose of opening and conducting it as a hospital for the sick, and for the further purpose of affording facilities for clinical instruction to the students of the Rush Medical College.

Under this arrangement the building was occupied from 1859 to 1863, when it was taken by the general government authorities for military purposes, and in a few months it was converted into an Eye and Ear Hospital for returned soldiers, under the charge of Dr. Jas. S. Hildreth, and was con. tinued as such until one or two years after the close of the war, when it again came into the possession of the city. As soon as this had been accomplished the same parties who had originally leased the building for hospital and clinical purposes, commenced work for having it again opened for the same general purpose.

This time their efforts were in the direction of inducing the county board of supervisors to obtain from the city, either by lease or purchase, the hospital building for the purpose of making it a permanent general hospital for such sick poor as become a legitimate charge on the county. In 1866, Dr. Geo. K. Amerman, having been elected a member of the board of supervisors of the county, partially succeeded in effecting such an arrangement, when he was obliged to re. sign on account of serious failure of health. The vacancy was quickly filled, however, by the election of Dr. Joseph P. Ross, who succeeded in completing the arrangement, and the Cook County Hospital commenced its existence as a permanent part of the accommodations for the poor of the cou nty, and again became available for clinical instruction. The first medical staff of the hospital in 1866 was constituted as follows: Drs. George K. Amerman, R. G. Bogue and Charles G. Smith, attending surgeons; Joseph W. Freer and Wm. Wagner, consulting surgeons; Drs. Thomas Bevan, Joseph P. Koss and H. W. Jones, attending physicians; Hosmer A. Johnson and R. C. Hamill, consulting physicians; Joseph S. Hildreth, eye and ear surgeon, and Henry M. Lyman, pathologist. The members of the staff gave their services without pecuniary reward, but on condition that the wards should be open, under suitable regulations, for clinical instruction to such medical students as might attend from the several medical schools of the city. In 1870 and 1871, Dr. Edwin Powell took the place of Dr. Amerman and Dr. T. D. Pitch was added to the staff of attending surgeons ; Drs. Hosmer A. Johnson and H. M. Lyman to the staff of attending physicians, and Wm. H. Byford was placed on the consulting list. The wards of the hospital were constantly well filled with patients and under the able and judicious management of its medical staff it soon became, not only one of the most important public institutions, but also a most valuable school of clinical medicine and surgery. When in the great fire of October, 1871, the Rush Medical College building was entirely consumed, its faculty soon resumed instirtction to its regular class, partly in the amphitheatre of the County Hospital and partly in a temporary structure on apart of the hospital grounds, and continued in that relation until 1875, when both hospital and college were removed to their respective new locations in the West Division, near Wood and Harrison streets. The rapid growth of the city had rendered the old hospital building and grounds entirely inadequate, and in 1874 the board of county commissioners purchased a spacious lot bounded by Harrison, Polk, Wood and Lincoln streets, for $145,000. The two principal pavilions were completed and occupied before the end of 1875. The clinical amphitheatre and connecting corridors were completed in 1876-1877, and an administration building, with two additional pavilions, were added in 1882-84.

The total cost of the building to that date had been $719,574; and additional improvements since have, doubtless, increased the total to more than $1,000,000, and it now accommodates about eight hundred patients.

The hospital is a part of the accommodation required for the care of the poor, who must be provided for at the public expense, and is, consequently, entirely under the control of the board of county commissioners, the members of which are elected by the people at the ordinary political elections, and are subject to all the influences of partisan politics. In the earlier years of the hospital, efforts were made to organize the medical staff in such a way as to give it both stability and freedom from political partisanship. But experience soon demonstrated that the board of county commissioners could not adopt any plans or regulations one year, that a subsequent board could not alter or abolish at its pleasure. Therefore, the members of the medical and surgical staff, like all the other officers of the institution, are subject to changes annually, or at least after each election of county commissioners. This, taken in connection with the regulation restricting the giving of clinical instruction to the amphitheatre and the post mortems of the morgue, greatly lessens the value of this great hospital as a school of clinical medicine and surgery. A certain part of the hospital, amounting, perhaps, to one-sixth or seventh of the whole number of beds, is placed under the care of homecepathic physicians and surgeons appointed as a distinct staff by county commissioners.

The regular medical staff is composed of fifteen physicians, fifteen surgeons, one oculist and aurist, and one pathologist. The homcepathic staff consists of five physicians and five surgeons.

house physicians and surgeons composed of recent graduates from the several medical colleges, who gain their positions by competitive examination, and hold them a term of eighteen months. Those members of the medical profession who were most active and influential in organizing the county hospital and imparting to it a good reputation, were G. K. Amerman, Jas. P. Ross, Hosmer A. Johnson, Thomas Bevan and R. G. Bogue; all of whom except the last-named, have gone to their final rest, and he no longer sustains an active interest in professional work.

rhicago Hospital for medicine in this city, women and Children, opened a hospital for the treatment of diseases of women and children at 402 North State street. She had prosecuted her medical studies in New York and Massachusetts, and, though commencing to practice, she still continued her studies in Chicago, and received the degree of Doctor of Medicine from the Chicago Medical College, in 1870. In the meantime, with the aid of many charitable and liberal-minded citizens, her hospital enterprise was fairly well sustained, and in connection therewith, during the last-named year, a college was organized for the medical education of women exclusively, called the " Woman's Hospital Medical College of Chicago," the history of which has already been given in the preceding pages. In the great fire of October, L871, the house used for the hospital, at 402 North State street, was completely destroyed with everything in its vicinity, and both nurses and patients were compelled to flee to the open prairie. Their friends soon found a home for them at 598 West Adams street, where both hospital and college continued their work through the remainder of that eventful year. The following year, with the aid of $25,000, appropriated by the Chicago Relief and Aid Society, Dr. Thompson and her co-laborers were enabled to purchase a very good lot and building for permanent use as a hospital at the corner of West Adams arid Paulina street, to which the hospital was at once removed, and commenced a new career of prosperity. From the beginning of her hospital work, Dr. Thompson was warmly sustained by Dr. W. G. Dyas and the late Dr. W. H. Byford, as consulting physicians; and during the earlier years the latter performed most of the more important gynecological operations. But with a natural aptitude for surgery and an unusual firmness of purpose, Dr. Thompson early commenced operative work, and has since attained to a leading position as a laparotomist and gynecological surgeon.

Steadily increasing patronage in ten or twelve years demonstrated the necessity of larger hospital accommodations, and generous patrons furnished the means, and a new and well planned building was erected in 1885, on the same lot at a cost of about $75,000.

The declared objects of the hospital are " to afford a home for women and children among the respectable poor in need of medical and surgical aid; to treat the same classes at home by an assistant physician ; to afford a free dispensary for the same, and to train competent nurses." Dr. Thompson has been, from the beginning, and is still, the head or chief physician and surgeon of the hospital and attending physician to the genecological wards; and her colleagues on the attending medical staff are: Drs. Annetta S. Richards, attending physician to the medical wards; Eliza H. Root, attending physician to the obstetric wards; Mary Augusta Mixer, attending physician to the surgical ward; Janet Gunn, attending physician to the children's ward; and Annie W. Sage, pathologist. The consulting staff at present consists of Drs. W. G. Dyas, C. G. Smith, John Bartlett, R. G. Bogue, W. E. Clarke, E. Marguerat, Edmund Andrews, J. N. Hyde, G. C. Paoli, A. H. Foster, F. C. Hotz, D. R. Brower, S. C. Blake and A. J. Ochsner. The hospital has been remarkably well managed; from the beginning it has been open for proper clinical instruction and the training of nurses, HS well as for the medical and surgical treatment of women and children. Its founder and chief of medical staff, Dr. Mary Harris Thompson, is fairly entitled to a high rank, both in the medical profession and among the benefactors of her race.

Hnd Ear infirmary ported by the State, was organized in 1858, chiefly through the labors and influence of Dr. Edward L. Holmes, who had recently become a resident of this city, and was the first physician here to limit his practice to diseases of the eye and ear. The board of trustees consisted of Walter L. Newberry, Charles V. Dyer, Luther Haven, Samuel Stone, Win. II. Brown, Rev. Wm. Barry, Philo Carpenter, J. II. Kinzie, E. B. McCagg, Flavel Moseley, Rev. N. L. Rice and Mark Skinner, all well-known citizens. Dr. Daniels Brainard and Joseph W. Freer were made consulting surgeons and Dr. Holmes attending surgeon. During the first six years, the infirmary was conducted by Dr. Holmes as " Dispensary " merely. It occupied a room certain hours each day, in close connection with the doctor's office, on North Clark street. During the war for suppressing the great rebellion, the number of returning soldiers suffering from affections of the eye and ear, and not only needing treatment but indoor accommodations, led to an effort to open a house for them. Accordingly, in 1804, Mr. W. L. Newberry, president of the board of trustees, donated the use of a lot on which was a two story wooden building at Nos. 16 and 18 East Pearson street, to be occupied by the infirmary. Some pecuniary aid was afforded Dy the U. S. Sanitary Commission, the N. W. Sanitary and Christian Commission, and several States, for supporting soldiers in the infirmary. In 1869 additional accommodations were furnished by the construction of a building on the rear of the lot. From 1807 to 1871 the legislature of Illinois appropriated $5,000 annually for the support of the institution. By the great fire of 1871 the buildings of the infirmary were totally destroyed and the inmates compelled to find a refuge in the west division of the city.

During the same year after the great fire, the infirmary was adopted as one of the public State charities, and the legislature made sufficient appropriations first to rent and furnish temporary quarters, and subsequently to purchase a lot on the corner of West Adams and Peoria streets, and erect thereon a substantial brick building at a cost of about $80,000. The building can accommodate one hundred indoor patients besides dispensary and clinical rooms for a much larger number of out patients. It is supported by the State for the benefit of the poor afflicted with diseases or injuries of the eye and ear, and has through all the past years been also valuable for clinical. Its staff of medical attendants contains the following well-known specialists: Senior surgeon, Ed\v. L. Holmes; consulting surgeons, F. C. Hotz and E. J. Gardiner; surgeons in eye department, Lyman Ware, W. T. Montgomery, B. Bettman and C. II. Beard; surgeons in ear department, S. S. Bishop and IraE. Marshall, with a number of assistants.

active work of Mrs. Sarah Franklin, Mrs. Henry W. Hinsdale, Mrs. Aaron Haven, Mrs. B. F. Hadduck, Mrs. A. LeDuc, Mrs. W. J. Barney, Mrs. Levi Colburn, and Mrs. Clinton Locke, led by the Rev. Clinton Locke, pastor of Grace Episcopal church. In the initial statement their purpose was declared to be the establishment of a free hospital under the control of the Episcopal church, but open to the afflicted poor of all creeds and nations. The first board of trustees named in the charter was composed of James H. Hoes, I). W. Page, L. B. Otis, W. G. Hibbard, J. F. Beatty, Thomas C. Ilaines, Geo. P. Lee, Samuel Gehr, A. C. Calkins, R. D. Van Wagener, Walter Hay and the rector of Grace Episcopal church of Chicago. Rev.

Clinton Locke was elected president and Dr. Walter Hay, physician. The hospital was commenced on a small scale in a building on Indiana avenue, between 14th and 15th streets, but it steadily increased in importance until 1879, when it was reorganized under the general law of the State. N. K. Fairbank donated an additional lot one hundred feet front, and it was decided to construct a new building sufficient to accommodate between one and two hundred patients. The building was completed in 1885 at a cost of more than $150,000, with $20,- 000 more for its furnishing. While the leading object has been to afford free accommodations to the needy, a considerable number of rooms are furnished in good style and with all the comforts required for patients able and willing to pay. It contains an amphitheatre for surgical operations and clinics and dispensary room for outpatients. During the last few years important additions have been made providing for a larger number of patients, and the maintenance of a training school for nurses. At the reorganization in 1879, the staff of attending physicians and surgeons included Drs. John E. Owens, G. M. Chamberlain, M. 0. Heydock, I. N. Danforth, S. J. Jones and 11. A. Johnson. Drs. Heydock and Johnson have been removed by death, and the attending staff is now constituted as follows: Medical department, Drs. I. N. Danforth and F. S. Johnson; surgical, Drs. John E. Owens and L. L. Me Arthur; eye and ear, Drs. S. J. Jones and R. Tilley; obstetrics, Drs. Gary and J. C. Hoag; gynecological, Drs. E. C. Dudley and H. T. Byford; oral surgery, Dr. J. S. Marshall; orthopedic surgery, Drs. John Ridlon and A. B. Hosmer; pathologists, Drs. Frank Billings and Elbert Wing.

The hospital now ranks among the best in the city, both in its accommodations for the sick, and its value for regular clinical instruction. And for this position, it is most largely indebted to the services of the Rev. Clinton Locke, John E. Owens, of the medical staff, and the liberal donations of N. K. Fairbank.

the corner of Dearborn avenue and Schiller street in I860. In 1868 they erected a new and larger building on a lot, 569 North Market street, which was occupied only three years when it was totally destroyed by the great Chicago fire of October, 1871.

In 1872, with the aid of $18,000 appropriated by the Chicago Relief and Aid Society and contributions from many others, they commenced to re-build and completed the present building, sufficient to accommodate one hundred patients, to which an addition was made in 1888, the number shortly afterwards increasing to one hundred and fifty.

The internal management and nursing is done entirely by the brotherhood, and the poor are received without charge and without regard to their nationality or religion; but admissions -are restricted to the male sex. The hospital is well patronized and sustains agood reputation. The folio wing constitute the medical staff: Consulting physician, Ernst Schmidt; consulting surgeon, Truman W. Miller; attending physicians, Rudolph Seiffert, Otto L. Schmidt, J. H. Hoels,cher, F. W. Rohr, Jr. and Wm. S. Orfch: attending surgeons, F. Henrotin, J. B. Murphy, J. W. Oswald; ophthalmic surgeon, Casey A. Wood; neurologist, S. V. Clevenger.

This institution was commenced in 1860 by the Sisters of Charity, in the north part of the city. Prior to the great fire of 1871, it had become established at 360 Garfield avenue. It was rebuilt in the same location in 1872 and its medical staff wasselected chiefly from the faculty of the Rush Medical College under the impression that the college might be re-built in the North Division and the hospital become thereby important for clinical instruction. Although that purpose was never realized, the hospital continued to increase in importance, and during the last two years the building has been re-constructed and enlarged with all the improvements and conveniences of the present time. It has a fair proportion of free beds for the poor ;md many well furnished rooms for those who are able to pay. It can accommodate about 250 patients, and is managed by the Sisters of Charity aided by the following medical staff: Attending surgeon, Nicholas Senn; attending physicians, Geo. W. Reynolds and J. H. Chew; for mental and nervous diseases,

Previous to the great fire of 1871, the United Hebrew Relief Association, had maintained a small hospital for the better care of some of their beneficiaries, but its destruction was followed by no attempt to re-build the same until 1880, when the late Michael Reese, who had accumulated a large fortune in California, bequeathed to the association the snm of $97,000. With this and some additions from other sources it speedily caused the erection of an imposing brick hospital building at the corner of Groveland avenue and Twenty-ninth street and named it in honor of the chief donor. Though under the control of the Hebrew Association, it receives patients without any distinction regarding race or religion; and more than half of all treated are charity patients. Its medical staff consists of L. L. Me Arthur and

E. Wyllyd Andrews, surgeons; F. S. Johnson and Frank Billings,physicians; Henry Gradle and B. Bettman, oculists; J. Nevins Hyde and Joseph Zeisler, dermatologists; E. Lucknor and Frank Gary, diseases of children; S. V. Clevenger and 0. L. Schmidt, nervous diseases; Henry Bauga, gynecologist, and L. E. Frankenthal, obstetrician.

In 1883 a number of wealthy and benevolent individuals belonging to the Presby- Presbyterian ter'an church formed an organ- Hospital, ization for the establishment of a general hospital "for the purpose of affording medical and surgical aid and nursing to sick and disabled persons, and to provide them, while inmates of the hospital, with the ministrations of the gospel agreeable to the doctrine and forms of the Presbyterian church." The Rush Medical College donated a lot directly adjoining the college fronting on South Wood and Congress streets.and with liberal donations of money by D. K. Pearsons and others, a well planned and substantial building was erected thereon, sufficient to accommodate about 250 beds. It is so connected by corridor with the college building that the amphitheatre of the latter serves as the operating room for the hospital thereby making it as valuable in promoting practical education in medicine as in rendering aid to the sick. The present attending medical staff consists of II. M. Lyman, J. A. Robison, H. B. Stehman, J. B. Herrick, physicians; D. W. Graham, Nicholas Senn, J. B. Hamilton, A. D. Bcvan, surgeons; James H. Etheridge, II. P. Merriman, D. T. Nelson, gynecologists; DeLaskie Miller, A. C. Cotton, obstetrics and diseases of children; J. Nevins Hyde, R. D. MacArthur, dermatologists; E. L. Holmes, Lyman Ware, oculists and aurists, and H. B. Stehman, superintendent.

Following the leadership of the Catholics, Episcopalians and Presbyterians, in 1888, the Methodists effected an organization of the Wesley Hospital of Chicago. At first rooms were rented and opened for the accommodation of a limited number of patients on Indiana street. In 1890 the board of managers obtained a lot 225 feet fronton Dearborn street and 106 feet on Twenty-fifth street, adjoining the lots now occupied by the new buildings of the medical and pharmacy schools of the Northwestern University, and adopted plans for a large and permanent hospital building. One pavilion accommodating thirty beds has been completed and occupied. Its nurses are supplied from the Mission Training School and Deaconness' Home at the coiner of Dearborn avenue and Ohio street. When completed it will, like the Presbyterian, St. Luke's and Mercy hospitals, not only afford the best possible aid to the sick and disabled, but also aid in advancing the education of medical men and thereby benefit the sick everywhere. The medical staff at present consists of I. N . Danforth and M. P. Ilatfield, attending physicians; P. C. Schaefer, surgeon; W. E. Casselberry, laryngologist; Marie I. Mergler, gynecologist; H. M. Starkey, opthalmologist; C. W. Earle and W. W. Jaggard, obstetricians, and L. B. Ilayman, pathologist. During the last ten years the following hospitals have been added to the foregoing list: Angustana Hospital and Deaconess Institute, at 151 Lincoln avenue, sustained by the Swedish Evangelical Lutheran church; Emergency Hospital, at 194 Superior street; German Hospital, 754 and 75G Larabee street; National Temperance Hospital, 1619 Diversey avenue; Provident Hospital and Training school, 2900 Dearborn street; St. Elizabeth Hospital, LeMoine and Davis streets, and also a number of hospitals for special diseases, sanitaria, etc. If we add to all these the Hahnemann Hospital, 2813 and 2815 Groveland avenue, connected with the Hahnemann Medical College; the Central Homeopathic Hospital and Free Dispensary, connected with the Chicago Homeopathic Medical College; the Chicago Baptist Hospital, 541 North Halsted street, connected with the National Homeopathic Medical College, and the Bennett Hospital, corner of Ada and Pulton streets, in connection with the Bennett Eclectic Medical College, it will be obvious that our city is not wanting in hospital accommodations for all legitimate applicants.

Nearly all the hospitals in the city have free dispensaries in which medical and surgical aid and medicines are furnished gratuitously to such poor patients as can call for them. In addition to these we have several dispensaries established as independent institutions. The oldest of these is the South Side Pree Dispensary, incorporated with a board of trustees for its management, chiefly through the influence of members of the faculty of the Chicago Medical College. At first it occupied rooms in the basement of the Mercy Hospital, but after the completion of the Chicago Medical College building, in 1869, the dispensary was removed to the basement of that, where it has remained to the present time. After September next it will occupy part of the new Medical College building, known as "Davis Hall," at 2431 Dearborn street, where the trustees have secured unusually excellent and permanent accommodations.

The purpose of the managers has been to furnish free and efficient medical and surgical aid to those actually unable to pay for the same, and also to make it a valuable addition to the means for clinical or practical instruction in the work of educating medical men. It contains the following departments: Medical, surgical, throat and chest, eye and ear, gynecological, neurological, diseases of children, diseases of the skin, and orthopedic surgery; each of which are under the charge of one or more clinical instructors and necessary assistants. It has dispensed free services and medicines to more than 15,000 patients annually.

The Central Pree Dispensary, in the Kush Medical College building, corner of Harrison and Wood streets, was organized on much the same plan and for the game purposes as the South Side Free Dispensary. Dr. Philip Adolphns has bem its efficient medical superintendent for many years, but it has a large staff of medical and surgical attendants, chiefly connected with the teaching faculty of the Kush Medical College, and dispenses its aid to a very large number of poor patients annually.

The West Side Free Dispensary was incorporated in 1881, and located in the College of Physicians and Surgeons' building, 315 Honore street, and is conducted for the same purpose as the two preceding by the friends of that college.

These regularly incorporated dispensaries in the several divisions of the city, and the disp2n«iry accommodations attached to almost every hospital, public and private, and even the missions of various benevolent societies, certainly offer ample medical relief to every really destitute sick person who can make application therefor.

It has been stated elsewhere that the first attempt to organize a medical society in Chicago was made in 1836 at a meeting in the office of Dr. Levi D. Boone. Diligent search has failed to discover any evidence that such an attempt was made; and inasmuch, Dr. Boone did not commence his residence in Chicago until 1836, and did not open an office for the practice of his profession until the following year, there is probably no reliable foundation for the statement to which I allude. The organization of the American Medical Association, in 1846-47, as a national representative body composed of delegates from the several States and important local societies, gave a fresh and strong impetus to the work of uniting the members of the profession in social organizations for mutual improvement and scientific advancement, in every part of the country. Evidences of this impetus began to be manifested in articles in the Meilical Journal, here in the latter part of 1840, advocating the formation of both a local city and State society for the State. Early in the spring of 1850, in response to a notice inviting all regular members of the profession in this city, a meeting was held embracing professors Brainard, Blaney, Evans, Davis and Herrick, of the Rush Medical College, and Drs. Boone, McVicker, Bird, Meek, Max Myers, McArthur, and many other practitioners. It was resolved to form a permanent medical society, to be called the Chicago Medical Society, and a committee wns appointed to prepare a constitution and by-laws, and report at an adjourned meeting the following week. At the adjourned meeting the report of the committee was adopted and the organization of the society completed by the election of officers for the year. Dr. Levi D. Boone was elected president, and delegates were elected to the American Medical Association and to the convention that had been called to meet in Springfield, Illinois, the following June, for the purpose of organizing the Illinois State Medical Society. The Chicago Medical Society, as thus organized, embraced a large proportion of the active practitioners in the city. Its constitution and by-laws provided for the holding of regular meetings once a month, and required the presence of a majority of the whole number of members to elect officers or amend the constitution. A resolution was also adopted approving the national code of medical ethics as adopted by the American Medical Association. The regular meetings during the first few months were fairly well attended. But a large proportion of the members had been wholly unaccustomed to the work of reporting cases or participating in discussions, and before the end of the first year they ceased to attend the meetings. - The result was that during the greater part of the year 1851, only a minority of the original members continued to attend the meetings and devote the time strictly to professional research and mutual improvement. They gave much attention to the sanitary condition of the city, and at the meeting of April 7, 1851, Dr. W. B. Herrick made a report giving the statistics of mortality for the five years preceding, and the ratio of deaths to the population. The society was represented during the years 1850 and 1851, in both the State and National Medical societies by Drs. Eriel Mc- Arthur, W. B. Herrick, X. S. Davis, and J. V. Z. Blaney.

Dr. Herrick was the first president of the Illinois State Medical Society, which was organized in 1850, and Dr. Davis not only attended the meeting of the American Medical Association, held in Charleston, S. C .

in May, 1851, but he read an important paper giving the results of original investigations concerning the processes of assimilation and nutrition, and the maintenance of animal heat. This paper may be found in the Northwestern Medical and Surgical Journal, vol. iv. p. 169, 1851. Notwithstanding the faithfulness and activity of a minority of the members of the Chicago Medical Society, when the time for the annual meeting came, in the spring of 1852, a quorum, as required by the constitution, was not present. Those present, finding themselves unable either to elect officers, appoint delegates to other societies, or to alter the bye-laws, simply adjourned the society, and resolved themselves into a Cook County Medical Society, with the simplest possible form of organization, elected one or two practitioners living outside of the city limits as members, and thus superseded for the time the original Chicago Medical Society. Under the new name the society continued its monthly meetings promptly, and soon began to attract the attention of all the more enterprising new members of the profession, who came with the rapidly increasing population. Thus, during the year 1852, the names of Drs. A. B. Palmer, DeLaskie Miller, H. A. Johnson, Wm. E. Clarke, J. W. Freer, L. P. Cheney, J. Morfit, J. Brovvnell, and Horatio Hitchcock were added to the previous list of members. At the annual meeting, held April 5, 1853, the society numbered more than thirty active members. Dr. Wm. B. Herrick was elected president; Dr. N. S. Davis, vice-president; and Dr. DeLaskie Miller, secretary. Delegates were also appointed to attend the annual meetings of the State and National Medical Societies.

The society continued to prosper under the name of Cook County Medical Society, until the autumn of 1858. Many new members were added, among the more prominent nf which were Drs. G. C. Paoli, Edmund Andrews, Thomas Bevan, J. II. Ilollister, il. 0. Heydock, Henry Parker, J. Bloodgood,

W. W. Allport, E. L. Holmes, S \vayne Wickersham, W. Wagner, J. M. Woodworth, A. Fisher, G. K. Amermann, C. G. Smith, Wm. H. Byford, J. P. Ross, II. Wardner, D. D. Waite, Orin Smith, II. C. Ilamil, C. S. Blake, Ephraim Ingalsand J. N. Graham, all of whom are well known to many of the older families in the city. In the autumn of 1858, the membership not extending beyond the limits of the city, it became apparent that the name County Society was not strictly appropriate, and by a nearly unanimous vote the name was changed to that of Chicago Medical Society, as in the original organization.

Under that title it has continued an active, useful and uninterrupted existence to the present time, and now includes on its roll of members a large majority of the more active and reputable members of the regular profession in this city. It is thus not only one of the largest local or municipal medical societies in the country, but the amount and quality of the work done by its members, both scientific a'nd practical, will compare favorably with that done by the best societies in this and other countries. During nine months of each year the regular meetings are held on the first and third Monday evenings of each month. At the annual meeting in April, 1893, Dr. Charles Warring! on Earle was elected president, and Dr. Junius C. Hoag, secretary. For the first time since the organization of the society in April, 1850, it has been compelled to mourn the loss of its presiding officer by death, in the middle of his official year. Dr. Earle was a strong, industrious, energetic Christian man. In the most vigorous part of adult life (aged forty-eight years), he was holding a professorship in two medical colleges, as has been stated in preceding pages; attending to a large general practice, and during the past summer, as president of the leading medical society, giving no little time and thought to the extension of proper hospitalities to the delegates from the Pan American Medical Congress, and to distinguished medi.

cal men from all countries, visiting the World's Columbian Exposition, in doing which he doubtless taxed his nervous structures too severely. He was attacked with symptoms of spinal meningitis while discharging his college duties on the 20th of October. Daring the next two weeks the disease appeared to be limited to the spinal structures, but subsequently extended to the brain and caused his death on the 19th of November, 1893. He received his medical education in the Northwestern University Medical School (Chicago Medical College), from which he graduated in 1870.

He was, from the commencement of his professional career, an active supporter of the local, State and National medical societies. He was -for several years- attending physician to the Washingtonian Home for the reform of inebriates, and while president of the Illinois State Medical Society, a few years since, he delivered an interesting address on the medical, legal and social relations of alcoholic drinks.

Naturally genial and kind, he was ever ready to aid all the higher interests of human society, and he will long be remembered by those with whom he had associated.

From the first organization of the Chicago Medical Society to the present time, its leading members have given constant attention to the sanitary condition of the city, and it is largely through their influence that proper ordinances were adopted for registering of vital statistics and the establishment of efficient departments of health, sewerage and water supply.

In addition to the general medical society, of which a brief history has just been given, there are at present several medical societies and clubs existing in the city organized for the purpose of cultivating special departments or interests.

The most important of these are the Chicago Gynecological Society, Chicago Patho- I'l-ioiil Society, and the Chicago Medico- 1. ^al Society. Members of the medical profusion are also among the most active supporters of the Chicago Academy of Sciences, the Microscopical Society, and the Chicago Historical Society. And in the medical profession of this city are still to be found some of those who took the lead, not only in promoting the educational, social, and sanitary interests, both of the profession and people of this city and State, but also of those interests throughout the whole country.

The Homeopathic School By Keuben Ludlam, M- D., Of Chicago

It is now (1893) fifty years since the practice of homeopathy was introduced into the city of Chicago. Its first representative physician, Dr. David S. Smith, took his degree from the Jefferson Medical College of Philadelphia, in 1836, whence he came almost immediately to this city to locate. In 1837 he began to investigate the claims of the new school of medicine, which trial was continued until the spring of 1843, when he publicly announced his determination to practice it exclusively. He was the first homeopathic physician west of the great lakes, in a region which now has eight medical schools and numerous hospitals wherein this system is practiced and taught to six hundred students yearly, many medical societies, and twenty-five hundred homeopathic physicians who are actively engaged with their professional duties.

In his private practice Dr. Smith was very popular and successful. His physical and mental outfit was that best suited for a pioneer. He never was discouraged, and he could not be overborne by any amount or kind of opposition. In nature he was social, and in spirit he was enthusiastic to the last degree. He had an unbounded faith in the law of cure, and an abiding conviction that its claims would sooner or later come uppermost.

But the great work of his life, and that by which he vvill be remembered was the taking of the initial step for the establishment of the Hahnemann Medical College and Hospital of Chicago. He procured its special charter from the legislature in 1854-5 ; and that charter was written in the law office of Abraham Lincoln. He was its first president, from 1860 to 1871, when he was succeeded by the late Dr. A. E. Small. Upon the death of Dr. Small, Dr. Smith was again called to tHe presidency of the institution and retained that office until his own death in April, 1891, at the seventy-fifth anniversary of his birth.

Dr. Aaron Pitney, the first contemporary of Dr. Smith, was a pupil of the celebrated Valentine Mott, of New York, and served as surgeon in the war of 1812, after which he was associated with his brother, Dr. Joseph Pitney of Auburn, N. Y., in the practice of his profession, lie removed to Chicago in 1842, joined the National Society of this school in IboT. and died April 7, 1865, of erysipelas, the result of a fall. He made the first public address in favor of homeopathy in Chicago, in 1844, on which occasion he read an essay written by one of its strongest champions, the poet, William Cullen Bryant. Dr. Pitney was a brother-in-law to the Hon. Wm. II. Brown, was a gentleman of the old school, distinguished for his striking personal appearance and for his peculiar fondness for a fine horse. For some time he had the leading practice among our best people.

The nearest professional neighbor to these pioneers was Dr. N. II. Warner, of Buffalo, N. Y., a distinguished graduate of the medical department of Yale College, in 1831, and who having been expelled from the Medical Society, o'f Erie Co., N.Y., in 1843, on the charge of irregularity, openly began the practice of homeopathy in that city, February 6, 1844.

Professionally considered, the arrival of Dr. George E. Shipman was a most valuable accession to the small medical family of Chicago. Dr. Shipman had graduated from the academical department of the University of New York, in 1839, and taken his medical degree from the college of Physicians and Surgeons of that city, in 1843. He began the practice of homeopathy, in Peoria, III., but in 1840 removed to Chicago. For many years he was the most learned and distinguished representative of this system of. practice in the Northwest. Due notice will be taken of his worthy labors in the course of this brief article. He died here, with the respect of the entire community, at the age of seventy-two, January 20, 1893.

The earliest lay friends and supporters of this school of medicine in Chicago were of the most respectable and influential class. They included J. Y. Scammon, William B. Ogden, William II. Brown, Thomas Hoyne, Norman. B. Judd, Edwin H. Sheldon, MahlonD. Ogden, E. C. Lamed, Wm. E. Doggett, Judges John M. Wilson, Skinner, Drummond and Van H. Higgins, John Calhoun, ThomasL. Stewart, Timothy Wright, J. L. Scripps, Z. Eastman, J. K. C. Forrest and J. S. Beach, of the editorial fraternity, and many others.

The Chicago Directory for 1854 published the names of 130 practicing physicians and surgeons of whom eleven only were homeopuihists. These eleven were J. S. Beach, II. K. W. Boardman, S. W. Graves, C. V. Kelly, K. Ludlam, A. Pitney, Mrs. C. L. Rawson, G. E. Shipman, D. S. Smith, C. Toepfer and P. A. Westerfelt. In contrast with this report McDonald's Cook County Medical Directory for November, 1893, gives the names of 434 homeopathic physicians and surgeons who are now located and practicing in this city, and who are legally qualified for their function by the State Board of Health. Of this number eight3T-one are women.

Dr. J. S. Beach came to this city in 1838, and was first employed as a printer. Being very apt and intelligent he afterwards studied medicine under the preceptorship of Dr. Pitney, took his degree from the Cleveland Homeopathic College, and began practice in 1854. Although endowed with a love of letters and a fine literary taste, which commended him to many of our best people, he could not be induced to write for the medical press. He was peculiarly gifted as a practical physician and was perhaps more successful than any of his neighbors in battling with two epidemics of Asiatic Cholera, and demonstrating the remarkable efficacy of the homeopathic treatment in controlling and curing that terrible disease. Dr. Beach died in this city in May, 1885.

Dr. II. W. K. Boardman took his degree in the Jefferson Medical College, of Philadelphia, in 1846. He was a born doctor and dearly loved the practice of his profession. He was a favorite pupil in surgery of the celebrated Prof. Mutter, and in obstetrics of the equally distinguished Prof. Meigs, of Philadelphia. Immediately after graduating he came West to the home of Dr. Shipman (whose esteemed wife was his sister) in Andover, Illinois, twenty-five miles from Rock Island. "That season the whole community was prostrated with fever and ague, there not being well ones enough to take care of the sick. He had no old school remedies witli him and could not procure them, so that he was shut up to little pills or nothing. While he would not admit for some months that there was any virtue in them, the principle began to dawn upon him and in time he became a strong advocate of homeopathy."

Dr. Boardman had the distinguished honor of being the first surgeon of the Homeopathic School of practice in Chicago and the Northwest ; and it is no disparagement to say that of all the surgeons who have succeeded him, none have done better or more brilliant work. He was an artist in this line, and but for a strange aversion to noting his experience, might have left an invaluable record for the use of the profession. He was the first professor of surgery appointed in the Hahnemann Medical College and Hospital of Chicago, He died May 26, 1874.

Dr. S. W. Graves, a very accomplished physician, arrived from Springfield, Massachusetts m 1853, located here and labored incessantly for the upbuilding of the new school of practice. With the advent of the cholera in 1854 he became so engrossed as to neglect his own health and thus predispose him to a severe attack of it, from the sequellte of which he most unfortunately died July 6, 1854, in the 35th year of his age.

Mrs. Dr. C. L. Rawson, after wards Levanway, was the first woman to practice medicine in this city, having graduated in Cleveland and located here in 1853. She continued her work most successfully and creditably for several years, until through failing health she relinquished her practice and removed to Battle Creek, Michigan, where she still resides.

Dr. R. Ludlam took his degrea from the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania in April, 1852, and located here in January, 1853. What he has accomplished will also appear in the following narrative.

Dr. Gaylord D. Beebe, born in Palmyra, N. Y., in 1835, took his first medical degree in the Albany Medical College, and his second in the Homeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania ; came to Chicago in 1858, and died of hypertrophy of the heart in April, 1877. He was a member of the original faculty of the Hahnemann Medical College of this city ; but being very loyal he applied to the proper examining board for credentials as an army surgeon in the late war. " Being openly refused by this board because of his medical belief, he went directly to President Lincoln, backed up by a monster petition, asked for an appointment, and demanded an examination upon his qualifications at the hands of the examining board in Washington. The result was satisfactory to Dr. Beebe and his friends for he came off conqueror, and was commissioned forthwith as brigade surgeon. Entering at once upon his duties, he began to institute reforms in hospital niimtigement, and soon so distinguished himself that he was assigned to the important and enviable position of medical director upon the staff of Major General George II. Thomns. This position he held until the labors incident to it so im- paired his health, that resignation and return to civil life were absolute necessities. On several occasions he was especially noticed in the reports of General Thomas for his efficiency, skill and bravery, and it was with great reluctance that General Thomas gave him back to civil life. Dr. Beebe returned to Chicago high in fame as a military surgeon, but low in point of physical vitality, but by care and prudence in a strictly private practice, greatly improved his condition till he felt much like his former self. He was the first professor of anatomy in Hahnemaim Medical College, Chicago, and subsequently professor of surgery in the same institution, lie was a fluent, forcible speaker, and never lectured to empty seats, nor held a clinic that was not interesting. His fame as a surgeon was honestly and laboriously won. He was always a student, an investigator, a searcher after new truths, and the author of new departures in surgical operations. As an operator he was bold and fearless because of his thorough anatomical knowledge and such judgment as told him when and how to act. Perhaps his greatest undertaking was iu a case of strangulated hernia, where be removed four feet ten inches of mortified intestine, his patient recovering, and bearing a living child four months later. This daring yet successful feat at once gave him a wide reputation from which he was called to all parts of the country as an operator and consultant.'''

Dr. W. H. Woodyatt, a graduate of the Cleveland Homeopathic College, first became lecturer and afterwards professor of diseases of the eye and ear in Hahnemann Medical C jllege in 1871. He afterwards held the same position in the Chicago Homeopathic College. As a lecturer, his style was marked by great clearness, method and accuracy, and his own earnestness was a constant stimulus to the students. He stood in excellent repute as a specialist; and died Jan. 31, 1880, after a brief illness, of malignant diphtheria, said to have been contracted while in attendance upon a child who was ill of the same dread disease.

Dr. Geo. A. Hall, born in Chautauqua Co., N. Y., in 1834, studied medicine with Dr. L. M. Kenyon, of Buffalo, N. Y,, had his first course in the Berkshire Medical College, his second in the Jefferson, and took his degree from the Homeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania in 1856. Ho had his special training in surgery at the Blockley Hospital of Philadelphia. He practiced sixteen years in Westfield, N. Y., but located in Chicago in the fall of 1872, when he gave his first course of lectures in the Hahnemann Medical College, on surgical anatomy and the institutes of surgery. Two years later he had a lectureship, and later was appointed to the chair of obstetrics and diseases of children. In 1876 he was transferred to the full chair of surgery, which he held most acceptably until July, 1888, when failing health compelled him to resign in favor of Prof. G. F. Shears, its present incumbent. With a partial recovery of his health, Prof. Hall afterwards resumed so much of its duty as he was able to carry; for he was very energetic, and popular with the class and the profession. He died, very much regretted, April 4, 1893.

Dr. Nicho. Francis Cooke was born in Providence, R. I., obtained his literary education in Brown University, and his medical degree from the Homeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania, in 1854. He first entered into partnership with the celebrated Dr. A. Howard Okie, of Providence, but removed to Chicago in 1855. From 1859 to 1870, he held successively the chairs of chemistry, of theory and practice, and of special pathology and diagnosis, in the Hahnemann Medical College of this city. In 1872, he gave a brief course on the latter branch in the Pulte Medical College of Cincinnati. Dr. Cooke was a genial and scholarly gentleman, of varied and extensive attainments, a good writer and an excellent diagnostician. He died of chronic dilatation with hypertrophy of the heart, February 1, 1885.

Me., in 1811, Weis principal of the grammar school, and of a public school in Bath, Me., for some years, began the study of medicine in 1831, and graduated in the Pennsylvania Medical College, Philadelphia, as a pupil of Drs. G. 13. McClellan and Samuel George Morton. He first had a successful practice in Delaware county, Pa., but in 1845, removed to Philadelphia, where, in 1849. he was chosen the first professor of physiology and pathology in the Homeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania. He removed to Chicago in 1856, became identified with the Hahnemann Medical College here in 1860, and died of apoplexy, December 31, 1886.

Dr. Small enjoyed the rare distinction of having been a teacher for nearly sixty years, during forty of which he was a medical professor. With Dr. Mortimer Slocum, Dr. Smith's son-in-law, Dr. Small took Dr. Smith's office and practice in 1856, the latter retiring to Waukegan, where he became president of the Bank of Northern Illinois. Dr. Small was a ready and forcible writer. He was for several years one of the responsible editors of the old Philadelphia Journal of Homeopathy, and afterwards of the United States Medical and Surgical Quarterly, published in this city. His "Manual of Homeopathic Practice " passed through fifteen large editions, and he wrote many pamphlets and addresses in advocacy and defence of his medical faith. His dignity, character and devotion to the best interests of the profession, and his consistent and persistent equanimity are embalmed in the grateful recollection of his pupils, his patients and his professional colleagues.

During the first few years the number of physicians of the new school residing in the city, was so small that little was done in the way of organization and professional intercourse. 1 Nevertheless there were those about Chicago who looked upon it as a centre of influence of which they might reasonably expect much in the future. Drs. R. E. W. Adams, of Springfield; I. S. P. Lord, of Batavia; A. R. Bartlett, of Aurora; E. A. Guilbert and

C. A. Jaeger, of Elgin; 0. A. Goodhue, of Rockford; M. Trover and M. S. Carr, of Peoria; W. C. Barker, of Waukegan; G. Y. Shirley, of Jacksonville; James Melrose, of Canton; E. H. Clapp, of Farmington; W. C. Anthony, of Princeton, and M. D. Coe, of St. Charles, were of this class of earnest co-workers who resided in Illinois. Beyond the limits of the State were such very influential neighbors as Drs. J. T. Temple, Haughton and Comstock, of St. Louis; J.S. Douglass and S. M. Tracy, of Milwaukee; G. W. Chittenden, of Janesville, Wis.; A. Giles, of Southport. now Kenosha, Wis.; R. B. Clark and C. S. Duncombe, of Racine, Wis.; P. L. Hatch, of Dubuque, la., II. E. Knapp, Adrian, and John Ellis,Detroit,Mich; with G.W. Bowen, of Fort, Wayne, Ind. Drs. Bowen and Jaeger were pupils of Dr. D. S. Smith, and graduated in Cleveland, there being but two homeopathic colleges, one in that city and the other in Philadelphia, in this country, or, indeed, in the world at that time.

Pursuant to a notice given in the North- Western Journal of Homeopathia, a preliminary meeting was held on the evening of June 3, 1851, at the law office of Messrs. Skinner and Hoyne, on the northeast corner of Lake and Dearborn streets, opposite the Tremont, to arrange for the first convention of homeopathic physicians to be held in Chicago. The Western Institute of Homeo' pathy was accordingly organized the next day at Warner's Hall. Eleven physicians were present, who, with ten others, were elected to membership. Dr. L. M. Tracy,of Milwaukee, was chosen president; Drs. T. G. Comstock, of St. Louis, D. S. Smith, Chicago, L. Dodge, Cleveland, and A. Giles, of Southport, Wis., vice-presidents, and Dr. G. E. Shipman, Chicago, secretary. At the evening session Prof, Dodge, of the Western Homeopathic College at Cleveland, gave the address, which was afterwards published in the aforesaid journal. The Northern Illinois Homeopathic Medical Association held its first meeting in Rockford, March 8, 1855. It convened three times, semi-annually, at Elgin, Freeport and Chicago, and then disbanded. It accomplished very much in the way of uniting the interest of those representing the common cause, but its chief good came of the organization of the State Society, of which it was the parent. The original resolution looking to that object was offered by Dr. E.A.Guilbert, then of Elgin, but now of Dubuque, Iowa.

The Illinois*Homeopathic Medical Association, which is a State society, held its first meeting in Peoria, December 6, 1855. This society has now met annually for almost forty years, one year outside the next in Chicago. It has about four hundred members and has done a large amount of useful and serious professional work. Dr. A. K. Crawford, of this city, is its president and Dr. W. A. Dunn its secretary for the current year. This society is, and always has been, in close sympathy with the National American Institute of Homeopathy, which celebrates its semi-centennial this year (1894) in Denver and which is the oldest national medical organization in America.

The Chicago Homeopathic Medical Society was organized April 2, 1857. It held monthly meetings at the offices of the various members, and vielded many valuable scientific papers, clinical reports and discussions that were furnished by the secretary, Dr. Ludlam, to the two journals published at that time in New York. Perhaps the most important work of this society resulted from the establishment, in 1858, of a series of lectures and quizzes on various medical subjects that were conducted by Drs. Small, Beebe, Ludlam, Davies and Colton, the outcome of which was the organization of a faculty for theHihnemann Medical College, the charter for which had lain fallow since 1855. Later on the society languished, its meetings being revived from time to time. In 1857 it took great interest in the first meeting of the National Society in this city, at which time quite a large number of local and neighboring physicians became members, and which gave the first spur to the esprit de corps of homeopathic physicians hereabout.

This society became known in 1866 as the Cook County Homeopathic Medical Society. April 10, 1869 it was reorganized as the Chicago Academy of Medicine, under which title it was continued until 1873, its transactions being printed in vols. 6, 7 and 8 of the U. S. Medical and Surgical Journal. Then its name was changed to the Chicago Academy of Homeopathic Physicians and Surgeons. This latter society still flourishes under the auspices of the Chicago Homeopathic Medical College. It was seriously afflicted in the death of its president, Dr. AValter F. Knoll, in December, 1893.

The Clinical Society of the Hahnemann Hospital was organized February 6, 1877. " Its object is the serious study of clinical, medicine and surgery; the analysis of obscure cases in hospital and private practice; and thorough consultation and conference in order to secure the mutual benefits of professional experience." In seventeen years it has failed but twice to hold its regular monthly meetings. Its papers and transactions always appear in the Ctinique. This society has three hundred resident and associate member?, and much of its success and popularity are due to its excellent secre- . ta,ries,Dr. Mary H. Landreth and Dr.Orrin L. Smith.