Chicago City (part 42 of 57)

Robert McCormick, the father of Leander, early developed an inventive and mechanical genius. It is not too much to say that he was the parent and founder of the agricultural implement industry, in which, to-day, millions of capital are invested and tens of thousands of workmen are employed.

It was in 1809, ten years before Leander was born, that his father conceived the idea of a grain-cutting machine. His first device was rude, and is said by one who saw it to have heeii a "frightful looking machine-" Nevertheless it embodied the underlying principles of the modern reaper. It was he \\ ho conceived the idea of vertical reels to sweep the standing grain first to the cutters and thence deliver it, when cut, on the platform. One of the devices used on this first machine was a system of rotary cutters, some eight or ten inches in diameter, which revolved past the edge of a stationary knife. These cutters were operated by bands from the main wheel axle. Unquestionably this was the first combination of these devices.

Another cutting device, which he employed as early as 1816, consisted of sickles, against which the grain was forced by reels and delivered, when cut, on the platform, as in his former machine of 1809. Later he used an endless apron, which carried the grain across the platform, delivering it to one side, thus making it a self side-delivering machine.

As will be seen from the foregoing descriptions in the principles of its mechanism, Robert McCormick's first reaper embodied the leading features of the reapers of the present day.

The vertical reel gave way to the horizontal in 1829-31, when was also employed a vibrating sickle, as appears from the statements of William S. and Robert McCormick, Colonel Thomas Paxtou and Zachariah Mc- Chesney, prominent citizens of Virginia. To use the language of his son, Cyrus H. Mc- Cormick, "it cut well."

In justice to Robert McCormick's efforts to achieve success in the constructing and perfecting of the wheat-reaping machine, it must be said that up to the day of his death, July 4, 1846, he followed the enterprise vigorously.

The inventive genius of Kobert Mo.Cormick, however, did not cease its exercise with the discovery of the fundamental idea of the modern reaper. He invented a machine for breaking and cleaning hemp, and a threshing machine, both operated by horse-power, and also an improved blacksmith's bellows of tub-form, of which he built and sold many. The hemp-breaker was used with much success in Kentucky and Virginia, but after a time hemp ceased to be cultivated by farmers, and on his hemp-breaker he realized comparatively a poor reward for the genius and the time devoted to its construction. It should be remarked, however, that competent judges have declared that no better practical machine for that purpose has ever been devised. He also built and sold a large number of hill-side plows.

Leander J. McCormick, although seventyfive years of age, sstill cherishes his father's memory with a devotion akin to reverence, and he has reason for his devotion. Robert McCormick stood out pre-eminent among the men of his time. Not only was he an inventor; he was fond of the sciences, particularly astronomy, a man of dignified bearing, of unassuming manners, of refined tastes, wholly free from ostentation, yet strong in self-respect. As an illustration of his uprightness of character, it is told of him that once, when hard pressed financially (through the rascality of a partner), he was legally advised to save money by putting certain property out of his hands, which, he was told, he might do with perfect propriety, he replied that he preferred loss of his property to dishonor.

In perfecting his agricultural inventions, he received most valuable assistance from Leander, who inherited his father's genius, and, while yet a boy of fifteen, began to assist him in improving the reaper. As Leander grew older he engaged with his father in the manufacture of the various machines which the latter had invented. In the summer of 1845, Leander invented and constructed a seat or stand on the reaper, on which a man rode and raked the grain from the platform to the ground, which work, up to that date, had been performed by a man walking alongside of the machine. This stand was so arranged that the raker faced backward, while he was securely held in his place, and in this way could throw his rake back and forth under the continuously revolving reel, and clear the platform of the constantly accumulating grain. This was a great step forward in the more successful working of the reaper, and it is no exaggeration to say that, without it, the machine had no future. Even the United States Commissioner of Patents termed it "the crowning glory of the machine."

To him also is due a great improvement on the divider side of the machine, by which a long arm, supported on high cross-braces from the rear corner of the platform, made a clear open space for leaning grain to pass readily over the divider and on to the platform. From about the year 1840 to the present time this improvement has been used in all reapers having a support at the grain end of the reel, and is indispensable to their successful working.

During the year 1846 Eobert McCormick and Leander built seventy-five machines, the son owning a one-third interest in the profits of the venture. In that year the father died at his home, Walnut Grove, Virginia; his wife, Mary, followed him in 1853; and both are buried at Old Providence cemetery. In 1847 Leander built one hundred machines at Cincinnati, Ohio, on the joint account of himself and his brother, Cyrus, and the following year the brothers formed a partnership for the manufacture of agricultural machinery at Chicago.

It was not without regret that Mr. and Mrs. Leander J. McCormick started, with their only child - Robert Hall - from their Virginia home, for what was then "the far West." Their personal property they sold, and after a brief farewell visit to Walnut Grove, took up their journey, the first part of which was made on horseback. From Steele's tavern they proceeded to Winchester by stage coach, and thence by disconnected railroads and steamer to Chicago. They reached this city on the evening of Monday, November 20, 1848, the trip having occupied ten days.

Other improvements in the reaper continued to suggest themselves to Leander's mind. In 1850 he located a seat on the machine for the driver, who had prior to that time ridden on one of the horses. This was so arranged that it could be moved forward, backward or cross-wise, as might be necessary to balance the machine.

While Robert McCormick was the original inventor of the machine which bears the family name, the world is largely indebted to Leander for the perfection of the same to the point of excellence which it had attained in 1879.

The McCormick Works were destroyed in the great fire of 1871. The loss was great, involving not only the plant but also the patterns and much valuable machinery. Apparently the business had received a paralytic shock, and Cyrus H. McCormick was inclined to dispose of his interest therein and abandon the enterprise. But Leander was more hopeful, and was anxious to rebuild on a larger scale. He even endeavored to find a purchaser who would step into the shoes of his brother Cyrus; but, failing in this, insisted upon his brother's continuing in the business. No sooner had the resolve been formed than Leander set to work, with characteristic energy, to carry it into effect; and the great plant of the McCormick Harvesting company is largely due to his persistent, well directed effort. He personally superintended the erection of the new works, and the selection and installment of the machinery, built upon the most improved plan. In 1874 his son, R. Hall McCormick, was admitted into the firm as a partner.

a corporation under the title of the McCormick Harvesting Machine . company, and thereupon Leander J. McCormick retired from active connection with the management of the business, although he still retained his interest as stockholder and became vice-president of the company. The greater and more active part of his life had been spent in the manufacture of grain and grasscutting machinery.

Previous to this date, however, he had accumulated a handsome fortune, a portion of which he had invested in Chicago realty. Some of the stately buildings which he has erected are among the best known of the city's ornate structures.

A graceful tribute was paid by him to the memory of his father by his presentation to the University of Virginia, shortly after the close of the civil war, of a telescope which at that time contained the largest refracting lens in the world, the diameter being twentysix inches. Not only did he furnish the lens and its mountings, but he also built a substantial and costly observatory for its housing and use. This princely gift, made at such a time, attracted favorable comments from the press in the North and South alike.

In 1845 Mr. McCormick married Henrietta Maria, daughter of John Hamilton, Esq., a prominent citizen of Rockbridge county, Virginia. Four children have been born to them, as follows: Robert Hall, who is the patentee of a valuable improvement in connection with the McCormick reaper, married Sarah Lord Day, daughter of the late Henry Day, Esq., of New York City ; Elizabeth Maria, born May 2, 1850, who died March 31, 1853; Henrietta L., who married Frederick E. Goodhart, Esq., son of Charles E. Goodhart, Esq., of Laugley Park, Kent, England; Leander Hamilton, who married Constance Plummer, daughter of the late Edward Plummer, Esq., of Canterbury, England.

Luther Haven

It was the judgment of his co-laborers in the work of public education in Chicago, expressed in formal resolution at the time of his death, that "the name of Luther Haven will be handed down to posterity as one of the fathers and founders of our liberal system of education," He had come to the city in 1849, having then attained mature manhood, with ripe experience both as a teacher and in business, and for seventeen years took a conspicuous part in fostering the common school system of the city, and in the administration of an important Federal office. While he was actively engaged in carrying on private business, he early gained, and increased with growing acquaintance, the respect of the community and the regard and esteem of all who had relations with him. It can be said of him in the retrospect of his career in Chicago, that he impressed himself upon the life and institutions of the community in a manner alike creditable to himself and productive of lasting benefit to the city.

Like so many of the founders and builders of civilization in the West, he sprang from the soil of New England, and carved his way to prominence and usefulness by unaided industry and a noble aspiration to rise above the humble surroundings of his early agricultural life. He was born near Framingham, Massachusetts, August 6, 1806. He was the son of Luther and Experience(Parker)Haven, and a descendant of Richard Haven, who, twenty-four years after the intrepid band of Puritans had disembarked on Plymouth Rock, landed at Lynn, Massachusetts. By the time he had reached the age of seventeen years, he had pursued the studies taught in the common school with such diligence that he was thought competent to become a teacher. Six or seven years employed in teaching and other labor had supplied the means to pursue a more liberal course of study, and intensified his desire to qualify himself for the higher walks of the profession. He entered a private academy at Ellington, Connecticut, and spent three years in study. With this added qualification, he became a teacher in the English and mathematical department of Leicester Academy. He was soon entrusted with the principalship of the distinguished school, and conducted its instruction for eleven years. He then engaged in various mercantile pursuits in New England for about four years, which brought him to the year 1849, when he determined to transfer his field of labor to the West. He was then forty-two years old, with a liberal education, the experience of years in a school-room through all grades, from the rural school to the academy, supplemented by contact with the affairs of practical life as they are met in business pursuits. He gave his first attention in his new home to business, forming a connection with Dr. F. Scammon. The firm engaged in the manufacture of linseed oil. At a little later period he joined with Mr. B. F. Adams in the real estate business, which at that period was assuming large proportions and yielded unwonted profits. In this line he continued for several years, and the firm ranked among the prominent real estate dealers of the city; but business had little attraction for him beyond the necessity of earning in honest industry a comfortable subsistence. His taste and yearning were fora literary life, and he found an early opportunity to indulge his scholastic predilection. From 1854 to 1858 he was one of the proprietors of the Prairie Farmer. a publication that exerted no little influence in the palmy days of its prosperity. But, above the engagements of business and the engrossment of literature, his soul burned within him for the promotion of popular education, which is, next to religion, the most potent and salutary interest of the republic. He became a member of the board of education, with which he was offi- cially connected for ten years following 1853, being for four years its president. We can readily imagine the weight of responsibility and the engrossing attention to detail which the management of the public schools of a great and growing city entail upon one who has a conscientious desire to make them practically efficient for the proper training of the youth in knowledge and morality. The long experience which Mr. Haven had gained as a teacher qualified him for the work, while his philanthropic zeal urged him to the best exertion of his powers. How well he performed his part is shown by the testimony of the board, which has been already quoted. One of the school-houses of the city that was located on Wabash avenue south of Fourteenth street was named for him.

Mr. Haven was not indifferent to public affairs. The comptrollership of the city was offered to him in 1860, but he declined it. When secession raised its hydra head in the South, his soul was fired with zeal for the Union. He was one of those who joined in the call for the famous war meeting which was held in Chicago, June 16, 1860. In October, 1861, at the beginning of the administration of President Lincoln, he was selected by that discriminating chief magistrate for the important position of collector of the port of Chicago, and sub-treasurer of the U. S. for the department of the North West. The office was accepted, and its duties discharged with fidelity and ability during the life of the president, and his commission was renewed by President Johnson, his re-nomination being unanimously confirmed. But he had not long to serve the government, for in the spring of 1866 he was attacked with congestion of the lungs, and after an illness of five weeks his life succumbed to the attack on the 9th of March. His loss was greatly deplored. The board of education, the Board of Trade, and the Federal officers of the custom house, took official notice of his decease, applauding his character, worth and public service; they mourned his death as of one of the useful citizens of Chicago. Hon. Isaac N. Arnold, in an address before the Chicago Historical Society, in November, 1868, thus incidentally characterized him: "Luther Haven, the honest man, the faithful friend, the upright public officer, and model American citizen, as true and devoted to his country as ever was the noblest citizen of Home."

Mr. Haven was married November 22, 1853, to Miss Annie Elizabeth Wheaton, daughter of Hon. John E. Wheaton, of Warren, Ehode Island, by whom he had six children, only two of whom survive: Catharine Wheaton, wife of Joseph H. Ainley, of Southport, England, and Alice, wife of Charles Howai'd ReQtia, of Chicago. Mr. Haven, in the course of his life in Chicago, had been connected with other of her public institutions. He was an early, if not original, member of the Historical Society, and in 1858 was vice-president of the Illinois Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary. He was also president of the Young Men's Association of Chicago. In all relations that he sus- . tained - in domestic life, in citizenship, in business and in public functions, he was able, conscientious, incorruptible and patriotic. Such lives are a benediction and a blessing to a community where their lot may be cast.

Hosmer Allen Johnson, M.D., Ll.D.

During the period intervening between 1850 and 1891, forty-one years, the late Dr. H. A. Johnson occupied a conspicuous place among the savants and public spirited citizens of Chicago; and in medical circles was one of the most learned, skillful and authoritative men who ever taught or practiced the healing art in her midst. In reviewing his life's work, it is scarcely possible to comprehend how so much diversified labor and so weighty responsibilities could be borne by one man, in his span of life. That this professional and scientific work should have been so thorough as to attract the observation of the learned world, and bring the highest honors from widely separated sources, is still more a matter of wonder and surprise. To mental endowments of the highest order, heightened and broadened by liberal culture, he must have added such persistence of application and well ordered method of procedure as to make the most of the time which the pressure of ordinary professional practice spared to him.

Dr. Johnson's ancestry was of the best New England stock. His paternal grandfather, Samuel Johnson, was a native of Worcester, Mass.; while his maternal grandfather, Capt. Parmelee Allen, of the Green Mountain State, was a cousin of the famous Col. Ethan Allen. Both grandfathers served through the seven years of the revolutionary war. His parents were Samuel and Sally (Allen) Johnson. Of this family Hosmer was the first child, born in a rural neighborhood not far from Buffalo, in Erie county, New York, October 6, 1822. After one or two removals the family came to Michigan, and settled on a farm in the .town of Almont, Lapeer county, when the son was twelve years old . In the wilderness, where the family lived, there were no schools. The rudiments of learning had been taught the lad, while he had access to the common schools of New York. Now he continued his studies under the guidance of his mother, who was a woman of uncommon intellectual power and of high moral character; while he shared in all the labor of subduing the forest and cultivating the farm. By the thoroughness of his preparation one may be sure that he availed himself of all the resources of books and reading which were accessible, for at an early age he developed an uncommon love of science, together with a rare appreciation of art as exemplified in painting and sculpture.

At the age of eighteen his attainments were sufficient to enable him to obtain a teacher's certificate, and he engaged for a few seasons in teaching country schools.

At the period of his emancipation from parental control he set about obtaining a liberal education, which, owing to the limited means of his parents, could only be secured by his own unaided exertions. The obvious resource for obtaining the necessary means was the teacher's vocation, which he pursued during the winter months while he attended the academy at its summer sessions. In this way he not only prepared to enter college, but actually went through the studies of the first year of the college curriculum, accomplishing all in three years.

In 1846 he entered the sophomore class of the university of Michigan at Ann Arbor. In his senior year symptoms of pulmonary disease became so developed that he was obliged to leave the university and travel in the South. During this interval he taught school at Yandalia, and gave lectures on geology and kindred sciences. So great was his industry and so quick his intellectual perception that he was enabled to keep up with the class in the regular studies, and took his degree of A. B. in due course in 1849. He had already directed his attention to medical studies, with a view of entering that profession, and in 1850 came to Chicago, where he taught school for a livelihood, and continued professional study at Rush Medical College. While yet pursuing his studies he was appointed resident physician at Mercy Hospital.

In February, 1852, he graduated, the acknowledged leader of his class, from the medical college, and the following summer received his Master's degree from the university. Dr. Johnson at once entered upon practice, which, indeed, he had pursued with intermittent constancy since the beginning of his medical studies. But he did not limit his thought to the field of private practice. From the outset he seemed inspired with an irresistible impetus to become a teacher and leader in medical science. The very year of grad nation he was secretary of the Cook County Medical Society, and the year following he was associated with Dr. W. B. Herrick in the editorial conduct of the Illinois Medical and Surgical Journal.

Dr. Johnson had scarcely settled himself in practice when he was called by the authorities of the Bush Medical College to assume the chair of Materia Medica, Therapeutics and Medical Jurisprudence in that institution. This was in the year 1855. The following year his prof essorship was changed, if not promoted to that of physiology and pathology. In 1858 he resigned his connection with Hush, and in the following year, in connection with Drs. N. S. Davis, R. N. Isham and David Kntter, founded the Medical Department of Lind University, which subsequently became the Chicago Medical College, and is now the medical school of the North Western University. In this institution he long filled the chair of diseases of the circulatory and respiratory organs.

In the early part of the war of the rebellion, when every resource of the nation was pressed into patriotic service, Gov. Richard Yates selected Dr. Johnson as a member of the board of medical examiners for the State of Illinois. At the first meeting of the board, he was chosen by his associates chairman of the board, and served as such during the continuance of the war. In the course of his labors in this capacity he repeatedly visited the seat of war, and saw and set in order the medical and surgical regime of the hospitals and camps, as well as inspired courage and enthusiasm among the Illinois soldiers at the front.

At a later period he was appointed a member of the board of health of Chicago, and served for six years in supervising the sanitary measures necessary for promoting the health of the community. He was at the same time a member of the National board of health. Dr. Johnson has held the position of attending physician of the Cook County

The great fire of 1871 summoned this active and indefatigable doctor to a most important and critical humanitarian service. It was as a director of the Chicago Relief and Aid Society, which was charged with the distribution of the bounty which poured in a golden stream from all parts of the country and the world, and had supervision of the hundreds of thousands of homeless and impoverished citizens whom the fire had turned into the streets and fields. The experience of years in hospitals and on the battle field had given him a training which was invaluable in organizing sanitary relief for the sufferers.

Dr. Johnson's connection with medical societies, and the honors conferred upon him in recognition of his gifts and ability, would constitute a long list. Mention can only be made of the local State and National medical societies, the American Laryngological Society, the American Academy of Medicine, and the United States Sanitary Commission. In studies cognate to the medical profession he was no less prominent than in those of a strictly professional character. As a microscopist he had especial distinction, having held membership in the American Microscopical Society, and being a Fellow of the Royal Microscopical Society of London. He was one of the founders of the Chicago Academy of Sciences, of which he was the first secretary, and he was a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He interested himself in the work of the Chicago Historical Society, having been one of those who, in 1862, obtained a new charter for the purpose of enabling the society to receive the collection made by Dr. Kenuecult throughout the Arctic regions.

In 1865 Dr. Johnson visited England as a delegate of the American Medical Association, and took the opportunity, which was repeated on subsequent occasions, to visit the leading cities of Europe, and especially to study their sanitary condition and attain- merits in surgery and medicine. Hehadalso visited nearly every part of his native country, and tested by observation all her various climates.

These distinguished attainments and high employments won for Dr. Johnson in 1883, from the North Western University, her highest honorary degree, that of LL.D.

Dr. Johnson, in the later years of his life, was professionally engaged in consultations. His specialty was diseases of the throat and lungs, in which department he was regarded as the best authority in the northwest.

Space is lacking to enumerate the various social relations which Dr. Johnson sustained. The story of his rapid progress and exalted positions in Masonry, from the entered apprentice of 1853 to the supreme council of the 33d degree for the northern jurisdiction of the United States, of 1861, would of itself form a long chapter. Other social organizations in which he had membership, were the Twentieth Century Club, the Loyal Legion, and the Chicago Club.

Dr. Johnson was a member of the Episcopal communion, but was, with broad minded toleration, a supporter and admirer, and sometimes an attendant upon the preaching of Dr. David Swing.

of this hurried and imperfect sketch of a wonderfully busy and versatile life, an important event occurred at the beginning of his professional career, in assuming the family relation. In May, 1855, Dr. Johnson led to the altar Miss Margaret Ann Seward. She was a daughter of John B. Seward, and related to the family of the distinguished William H. Seward. Of the two children born to the family Dr. Prank Seward Johnson, A. M., M. D., a distinguished medical practitioner of Chicago, is the only survivor. A daughter died in 1888. His family was a source of great comfort and enjoyment to Dr. Johnson. Mrs. Johnson was an accomplished lady and a charming hostess. To her gentle but stimulating influence her husband was wont to attribute in great part his success.

Dr. Johnson's earthly career closed Feb. 26, 1891. His characteristics may be readily inferred from his wonderful accomplishments. They have been tersely summarized by another writer who attributes to him the domestic qualities of sociability, companionship and hospitality. He was a keen student, a trenchant lecturer, a distinguished humanitarian, an accomplished physician, a staunch friend, and a magnanimous opponent. He was an honor to his profession, and an honored and influential member of society.

Henry Giles Miller

The lawyers of the first two decades of the life of Chicago have passed away. Of those who came to the bar in the early years of the "fifties," most have long since laid down their briefs. Some survive in retirement, enjoying the ease and dignity which lives of intellectual activity have earned, while fewer still continue to participate in the struggles which the competition of younger and more vigorous men makes more severe and exacting. Judge Henry G. Miller is probably the senior in point of length of practice at the Chicago bar if not in years. Since June 7, 1851, now more than forty-two years, he has been in active practice, and still keeps an open office, gives consultations, writes opinions, and sometimes tries a case or argues a cause with unabated vigor of mind, and with the authority which long experience and solid learning and matured judgment brings. He was born at Westmoreland, Oneida county, New York, on the %'2d of February, 1824. His father was Abner Miller, a respect- able and intelligent farmer, and his mother, Sarah (Lyman) Miller, was the daughter of Colonel David Lyman, and cousin of Lyman Beecher. Both parents belonged to old families, in Connecticut, that had comedown through colonial times from early emigrants from England. They were of the Pilgrim stock, possessing strong characters, leading laborious lives, and cultivating the graces of quiet and contented minds, grounded in virtue and patriotism. The settlers in central New York at the beginning of the century were chiefly of this old Connecticut stock, and were a yeomanry of intelligence, sobriety and dignity. It was by the sons and daughters of this first generation of New England emigrants that Chicago was largely peopled at the beginning of its settlement.

In a family of seven children, Henry was the fourth born and the only son. His early years were not spent in drudgery, neither Mere they dissipated in ease and luxury. Living in the country, obtaining a livelihood by agriculture, the boy was brought up to moderate and healthful labor, while his education was not neglected. When he had mastered the rudiments of learning taught at the common school, he was sent to a preparatory school at the near-by village of Clinton, and in due time he matriculated at Hamilton College, also located at Clinton, where he graduated with the class of 1848. His law studies were pursued in the office of Hon. Ward Hunt, a distinguished lawyer of his time at Utica, in the same country. After a course of study and office practice of three years he was admitted to the bar in January, 1851. He was then twenty-seven years old, with a good constitution, a body vigorous from an early life of temperance and labor, a liberal education and an excellent professional training. Utica at that period was the home of some of the most brilliant and learned lawyers of the time. Besides his preceptor, who became a justice of the supreme court of the United States, the Utica bar numbered among its accomplished members Horatio Seymour, governor and candidate for the presidency; Joshua A. Spencer, a celebrated advocate; Roscoe Conkling, afterwards a distinguished senator of the United States; Francis Kernan, who also became a United States senator; Samuel Beards! ey, Henry A. Foster, Thomas Flandreau and others of scarcely less ability. A young man just coming to the bar might well be excused if he shrank from coming into competition with practitioners of such character and prestige. Outside of the chief cities of New York the bar was not well supplied with able lawyers, nor was the law business of the agricultural counties either large or profitable.

Mr. Miller, with no little enterprise, but, as the event proved, with good judgement, decided to locate in Chicago, where he arrived and put out his modest sign as attomey-atlaw, June 9, 1851. Chicago at that time was not the commanding metropolis that it soon became, under the stimulus which the extending railroad systems and the rapidly settling country beyond it gave to its business. It had a population of about 30,000, only a little more than Utica contained, but it had the "promise and potency" of great things.

Not long afterwards he formed a partnership with the late Thomas Hoyne, who had been in Chicago since 1837, but had been at the bar only about two years, and for a considerable part of that time had been acting as clerk of the courts. The firm had the elements of strength and popularity in no small degree. Mr. Hoyne was a Catholic, while Mr. Miller, both by birth and profession, was a Presbyterian. Both were Democrats. Hoyne possessed brilliancy and shining, as well as solid, qualities. He was eloquent and impulsive, though somewhat eccentric. Mr. Miller was thoroughly grounded in elementary knowledge, was industrious, patient in research and of sound and stable judgment. With less brilliancy than his partner he was nevertheless powerful in forensic contests, both before juries apd in the more formal argument before the court.

ing practitioners of the first class in ability and experience, retainers were abundant and the firm was soon in the enjoyment of a profitable business, and took rank among the leaders of the bar. The partnership continued until 1864. Afterwards Mr. Miller was associated at different times with Hiram L. Lewis, with John Van Annan, with Thomas G. Frost, and perhaps with some others. Since 1880 he has had no partner, but has continued in practice, having, with accumulated experience and reputation, a large clientage and profitable employment as a counsellor.

His practice has been of a general character, though the investigation of land titles and commercial law have been leading subjects of his professional work. His reputation has been that of a thoroughly learned and sound lawyer, a logical and convincing reasoner and a persuasive and successful advocate. In the early days he was connected with many important litigations, which settled important questions but which have long since passed from public notice.

In recent years he has not often been seen in the courts, the burden of nisi prius work having fallen into the hands of younger and more active men, but his opinion is sought in the determination of important interests, as counsellor and legal adviser. On the verge of his three score and ten, his mind is as vigorous and his discrimination as keen as in his early days at the bar.

theories and administration, having always ranged himself in the ranks of Jeffersonian democracy. Once, indeed, in 1861, when party lines were disrupted by the excitements incident to civil war, he was nominated for the office of judge of the superior court, but was not elected. The only permanent effect of the candidacy was to fix upon him the title by which he is commonly known, - "Judge" Miller.

In addition to the legal subjects which have chiefly engrossed his thoughts, he has been a diligent student of public questions, particularly in the line of finance and economics. No public man of the time has a better knowledge or more pronounced opinions upon the subject of money and coinage which just now engrosses so large a share of the public thought, than he. He is a bimetallist and favors the free and unlimited coinage of both the precious matals.

Judge Miller is a Presbyterian, having hig connection with the Fourth Presbyterian church. A few years after settling in Chicago, when his success as a lawyer had been assured, he contracted marriage with Miss Sarah 0. Mason, daughter of Hon. R. B. Mason, afterwards mayor of Chicago. Eight children have been the fruit of the marriage, five of whom are .now living. Two of the three daughters are married, one being the wife of Mr. Edwin White Moore, of Wichita, Kansas, and the other of Russell Whitman, a prosperous lawyer in Chicago. The two sons are now in Yale College, Henry G., a member of the junior class and William S. of the sophomore.

Among those who are justly entitled to be enrolled among the makers of the great commonwealth of Illinois and of the city of Chicago is Judge Elliott Anthony, whose more than forty years residence among us has left its impress upon the State and natio7i. Although born in central New York and surrounded by all the attractions which that charming and picturesque region affords, he early saw the great possibilities which the West afforded, and as a consequence left his home and native State within one month after he had been admitted to the bar, at Oswego, New York, on the 7th day of May, 1851, and took up his abode, first at Sterling, the county seat of Whiteside county, where an elder brother, who had preceded him, was at that time living, and the next autumn took up his residence in Chicago, where he has remained ever since. He possessed no rich inheritance or influential friends to aid and assist him in establishing himself in business, but he was filled with high hopes and a laudable ambition to succeed, and a volition which shrank from no obstacles or difficulties that presented themselves to bar his progress. He came at that fortunate period when everything was in the formative state, when the city contained not more than thirty or forty thousand inhabitants, and when there were not more than fifty lawyers all told, who were struggling up from the ranks to the higher positions which force, fitness and ability enable their possessors to ever reach or fill. If his ambition was great, his rise was rapid, and in less than three years he was known as among the most promising young lawyers at the bar. He became imbued at a very early period with the idea that Chicago was destined to be a great city, and there is scarcely any great public enterprise which has been projected but what he has in some way been identified with. Although not among the earliest settlers, yet he was a typical pioneer, and his career forms a part of the history of Chicago; for he has seen it grow from a bustling frontier town to a metropolis. Judge Anthony's forefathers were Quakers who, early in the 17th century, made their appearance in the land to which Roger Williams was exiled, and from that day to this the family history has been illustrated by some of the brightest examples in all the walks of life in the annals of this country. The father of Elliott Anthony was Isaac Anthony, who was born on the island of Rhode Island, eight miles from Newport. His grandmother on his father's side was a Chase, and was connected with the well known Chase family, of which the late Chief Justice Chase was so distinguished a member. The mother of Elliott was a Phelps, and belongs to the Phelps family of Vermont, who at an early period occupied portions of Connecticut and Massachusetts, and who are now scattered widely over various portions of the United States. The grandfather of Elliott and his family were residents of Rhode Island when the Hessians held it during the Revolutionary war, and when all felt the exactions of British tyranny. At this time the whole State was placed under martial law, and for some infraction of the regulations which had been adopted by the Hessian and British forces, which at that time constituted the army of occupation, the grandfather of Elliott and a younger brother were taken prisoners and held for some time at headquarters, and compelled to perform various menial duties which greatly embittered them against the British nation, and which has lasted through all succeeding generations. All of the inhabitants of that day were filled with high and lofty patriotic feelings, and there was scarcely one of the Anthony family who was not in one capacity or another connected with the Revolutionary war, some as officers and some as privates and some as sailors on our men-of-war. The consequence of this was that at the close of the Revolutionary war the number of veterans was quite large, and the traditions of that great struggle, told around the fireside, became as familiar as household words. Elliott's father was an able historian, thoroughly familiar with the facts concerning all the Indian wars and the uprising of the colonies against the mother country, having obtained them from his own father and grandfather, and the incidents connected with these wars and over the struggle for independence became the common topic among the friends and neighbors, and in the family circle; and the young and rising generation soon acquired a good knowledge of those stirrfng events in our history which has had a most lasting effect on all of the descendants of the family. Their sympathies have always and everywhere been on the side of the oppressed and down-trodden as far as can be traced either in the male or female line. Those who believe in the doctrine of heredity have here a most striking example of the old adage that "blood will tell." Shortly after the close of the Revolutionary war word reached the inhabitants of the New England States of the boundless resources of the West, and of the great opportunities which were afforded to the enterprising young men and women who should take up their abode in the regions lying beyond the Green mountains in Eastern and Western New York, and in the country which had begun to be developed near Troy and Albany and along the Valley of the Mohawk as far west as what is now known as central New York. Elliott's grandfather, on his father's side, and his grandfather on his mother's side, almost simultaneously joined that great westward moving throng and set out for the west, and after weeks of toil and hardship found themselves in Washington county, and purchased lands in the town of Cambridge, some twenty miles from Albany, where they commenced to fell the forests and prepare the soil for crops, and where many of their descendants can be found to this day. Here in this agricultural community the father of Judge Anthony first met Parmelia Phelps and was married to her - her father having moved hither from Vermont with all their household goods, only a few years before. One daughter and three sons were the fruit of this union, when the father, having heard the most glowing accounts of the region of country lying west of Syracuse, resolved to push on to that country. Following up the beaten paths of the Mohawk valley he finally penetrated the wilderness by way of Cherry valley, to the south-western town in Onondaga county, called Spafford, and commenced felling the forest - a typical pioneer of those times. There, on the 10th day of June, 1827, the subject of this sketch was born. This country was in tlie very center of the Iroquois Confederation, and Indians abounded on every hand. The country round and about was then an almost unbroken wilderness, there being but few settlers between Utica and Buffalo. His early years were spent in cutting down and clearing the forests and assisting in every way in work on the farm. Three sisters were born while the family resided in this locality, so that there were in all four brothers and four sisters who grew to man and womanhood. At this time books were few and hard to be obtained, but everything that came within their reach was read with avidity. The energy and determination of the father was such as to soon place him in the foremost rank among his friends and neighbors, and he became the leading and most progressive farmer in all that region. The children attended the country schools, and attained a considerable proficiency in the common branches; but that was not satisfactory. The leading academy and preparatory school in that vicinity at that time was Cortlandt Academy, located at Homer, and one after the other the sons and daughters were sent there to complete their education. At the age of eighteen Elliott, who was the fourth son, left the farm to pursue a classical course preparatory to his entrance upon a collegiate career. Cortlandt Academy was at that time under the charge of Samuel B. Woolworth, agreat educator, who subsequentlybecame one of the regents of the State University at Albany, and for many years its secretary. Here he remained for two years studying Greek and Latin and some of the higher branches of mathematics, and in the fall of 1847 entered the Sophomore class of Hamilton college, of Clinton, New York, and graduated with high honors in 1850. Prof. Theodore W. D wight, afterwards so distinguished, was at that time professor of law and political economy, and commenced giving private lessons to a few students who chose to avail themselves of his services. A class having been formed for the year 1850-51, Elliott returned to Clinton and pursued his studies most diligently, and was admitted to the bar at Oswego, May 7th, 1851.

It was during this period that he and a classmate by the name of Joseph D. Hubbard had charge of the academy located in the village of Clinton, and he had for one of his pupils Grover Cleveland, afterwards president of the United States. Soon after his admission to the bar he came West and stopped for a short time at Sterling, Whiteside county, Illinois, where he commenced the practice of law and where he tried his first case in a court of record. He returned East in the following year and was, on the 14th of July, 1852, married to Mary Dwight, the sister of his law preceptor, who was a granddaughter of President Dwight, so well known in connection with Yale College. In the fall of that year he came to Chicago, and from that time until elected to the bench in 1880 he has pursued his profession with a zeal and success rarely equaled. He had no adventitious aids when he set out on his legal career, but relying alone upon his individual resources, he gradually, by the exertion of his superior talents and tireless energy, rose to a position which has brought to him a competency and the honor of a name respected by all. During his first year's residence in Chicago, he compiled, with the aid of his devoted wife, "A Digest of the Illinois Reports," which was soon after published and received with great favor by the profession throughout the State. In 1858 he was elected city attorney for Chicago, and distinguished his administration of that responsible office by the energy and ability with which he conducted the legal business of the city. He became an expert upon all subjects of municipal corporation law, and was for several years specially retained by the city authorities to conduct many important cases in the local courts, in the Supreme Court of the State and in the United States Supreme Court at Washington. While acting for the city he established several new and interesting law points, among which was that the collection of special assessments could not be enjoined by a court of chancery; next, that the city of Chicago could not be garnished to collect the salary or wages of any of its officers or employes; and lastly, that no execution could issue against the city to collect a judgment; and at a later period, that the city could not tie up its legislative powers by making contracts with the gas companies for the supply of gas so as to interfere with its legislative prerogatives. These positions were at the time so novel that they were for a time gravely doubted by the most eminent members of the legal profession, and many of the newspapers subjected him to the severest ridicule, but lie was upheld by the highest tribunal in the State on every point, and they are now fixed and settled as the law of the State. About this time another question arose which attracted a great deal of attention, and that was the liability of a propertyholder, who, in making improvements upon his premises, leaves open an excavation in the street where he is about to lay a sidewalk and use the space underneath for coal vaults and other purposes - and a person falls into the same in the night time, and is injured, and brings suit against the city - and the property bolder is notified of the pendency of the suit and asked to defend, arid he refuses to do so and a recovery is had against the city - whether said property-holder is liable and whether the city can on payment of the judgment and costs recover the entire amount. This question came up in the United States Court in the well known case of Bobbins against the city, and was argued twice in the United States Supreme Court by Judge Anthony and the liability of the property owner fully established. The brief which Judge Anthony made in that case was a very exhaustive one, and the case is to-day the leading authority in this country. The case was originally tried before the late Thomas Drummond, who decided adversely to Judge Anthony - but he took the case to the Supreme Court of the United States and it was there reversed, and the next trial took place before the late* Judge David Davis. In 1863 he was appointed the general attorney and solicitor of the Galena Union railroad company and all its branches, then the leading railroad corporation in the Xorthwest, and for many years held that position, until in fact, the consolidation of that company with the Chicago & Xorthwestern railway company was effected. A contest arose over this consolidation and he was shortly after retained by a number of bondholders and non-consenting stockholders to test the validity of the consolidation, and in connection with that case prepared and printed a most remarkable argument upon the law of the case, which grew into a treatise which he entitled " The Law Pertaining to the consolidation of Railroads." which is unquestionably the most complete and exhaustive treatise upon that subject ever made. It is a marvel of legal research and of acute reasoning and is a most learned and clear statement of the rights and duties of directors of corporations and the rights of minority stockholders, which called forth the admiration of corporation lawyers throughout the country. The late Samuel J. Tilden was directly interested in the questions involved as well as many of the leading npifriBitB and railway magnates in Xew York, and the array of legal talent was formidable, the late Judge Beckwith loading on behalf of the consolidationists, and Judge Anthony leading on behalf of the minority bondholders and minority stockholders. The case was a chancery case and was tried before Judge David Dan's of the United States Supreme Court, then on the circuit, who iimii iilul with him the late Samuel H. Treat, United States district judge for the southern district of Illinois. and the positions assumed by Mr. Anthony were upheld and affirmed in almost every particular. Soon after this the parties interested in the litigation met and settled up their differences to the satisfaction of all, as the famaniiiirf"*"^!*! found that it would be disastrous to them if they continued the exposition of the law. Among them were the late Jonah Qnincy and Sidney Bartlett, of Boston, Mr. Justice Swayne of the United States Supreme Court, the late Thomas A. Ewing, of Ohio, and many others. His brief, which was in the shape of a bound volume of several hundred pages, was in great demand in this country and in Europe, and was most kindly reviewed by several of the leading legal periodicals and journals in great Britain. The State of Illinois has, since its organization as a State and admission to the Union, held four constitutional conventions; the first in 1318, to frame a constitution, the others, to revise and amend the same, and it has fallen to the lot of Judge Anthony to be a member of two of them - the first one in 1362, and the last in 1870, which framed the present constitution. The convention of 1862 was presided over by the late William A. Hacker; and Hon. William Springer, now and for many yean a- distinguished member of Congress, was the secretary. Many of the delegates were men of distinction and had been connected with public affairs almost from the time the State had been admitted into the Union. The colleagues of Judge Anthony in that convention were Henry Mnhlke' and Melville W. Fuller, the present chief justice of the United States Supreme Court, and Hon. John Wentworth. The convention of 1870 was in many respects the most remarkable assemblage of public men ever brought together in the State, and they promulgated a constitution which was well adapted to the exigencies of the times and which attracted great attention throughout the country. In both of these conventions Judge Anthony took a leading part, and was regarded in many respects as the greatest expert upon constitutional questions and methods cf procedure that there was in the convention. He was made chairman of the executive committee and reported the article as it now appears in the constitution relating to the executive department. He served also upon the judiciary committee, and the committee upon railroads, and many of the provisions in the judiciary article, and most of those in regard to jail roads, are the work of his hands. He was instrumental in proriding for the organization of appellate courts and for additional judges to be added to tiie circuit and superior courts of Cook county as the population should increase and the public business required it. His speeches in the convention were always thoroughly prepared and he never spoke without com. manding the attention of the entire body. He took part in the formation of the Republican party in this State and was a delegate to the first Republican convention ever held in Cook county, and was for years moat active in everything relating to the welfare and success of that party. In 1880 when the third term question came up he took a most conspicuous part in that movement, was elected chairman of the Cook county convention, at which a portion of the delegates withdrew, was elected a delegate to the State convention, and was then selected as a con testingdelegate to the national convention at Chicago; was, after one of the stormiest debates on record, and after addressing the convention in opposition to General Green B. Ranm, General Logan and the late Emory Storrs, admitted as a delegate and participated in all of the proceedings which resulted in the nomination of General Garfield for president. In the fall of that year he was nominated and elected to the office of jndee of the superior court of the city of Chicago, and was re-elected to the same position six years after. Among the most marked traits in Judge Anthony's character are his indomitable industry, and his devotion to business which, coupled with great executive ability, enable him to try and dispose of cases with great promptness and celerity. Judge Anthony possesses a most retentive memory and his knowledge of cases and points of practice is unsurpassed. As an investigator he has no superior and there is scarcelv a department of the law but what he has at some time or other explored and is more or less familiar with. He is a most accomplished and finished writer, and his contributions to the various legal magazines and periodicals would, if collected, fill volumes. He has written several books of a historical character which are of a very high order, among which are his recent works on " The Constitutional History of Illinois," "The Story of the Empire State," and one of local interest upon "Sanitation and Navigation." which has special reference to the disposition of the sewage of the city of Chicago and the construction of a ship canal to unite the waters of Lake Michigan with those of the Mississippi river. While acting as corporation counsel of the city of Chicago in 1876 he wrote a most interesting work upon taxation and the rules which had been established regarding the levy and collection of the same, in which he collected all of the cases which had at that time been decided by the Supreme Court of Illinois bearing upon that subject, and set forth at length the points involved. This work was one which involved great labor and research, and was a most useful and timely contribution to the general subject, and is very frequently referred to. In 1SS7, while holding the criminal court of Cook county, which includes the city of Chicago, he wrote a most interesting work on the -' Law of Self-Defense, Trial by Jury in Criminal Cases and New Trials in Criminal Cases," which attracted a great deal of attention in this country, and is the first bold stand ever taken by any jurist of distinction against the wanton abuses which have arisen by invoking the doctrines of self-defense. In this work he reviewed all of the Illinois cases bearing upon this subject, and showed how great had been the departure in many of them from the original inception of the law of self-defense, when it was declared to be a law of necessity and only to be invoked to ward off a felony or gnat bodily injury. In discussing this question he, among other things, said that it was getting so that a quarrel need only be engaged in, and the motion of the hand or the glance of an eye were all that were required to justify a party in drawing his pistol and shooting down his foe. "Indeed, so lax has the rule in regard to self-defense become, that every threat, act, fear or apprehension which can be invented or conjured up is allowed to pass as a justification for the taking of human life, even when the deceased meant nothing by what is termed th reat or overt act." This work served to arrest, for a time at least, the many loose utterances which were being put forth in our courts relating to this matter. Soon after this Judge Anthony wrote for the Legal Advisor, at that time published by the late Elijah M. Haines, a sketch of all of the courts of England - and also a distinct treatise upon the " Law of Arrest in Civil Cases," which is probably the most complete and exhaustive treatise ever written. He wrote a most interesting series of articles upon "Old Virginia" in the Western Magazine of History, now known as the National Historical Magazine, in which he showed the connection of Illinois to that ancient commonwealth, Illinois being at one time a part of Virginia and the frontier county of that State. By special invitation of the State Bar Association he delivered a most memorable address before that association at their annual meeting in January, 1891, upon " The Constitutional History of Illinois," and another in the following year, entitled, " Remember the Pioneers," which is replete with the most interesting reminiscences. Judge Anthony was the founder of the Chicago Law Institute, having drawn its charter and at his own expense visited Springfield twice in one winter while the legislature was in session, to urge upon the members of that body its passage, and has for several terms been its president. He was one of its incorporators, and the bar of the city of Chicago owe him a debt of gratitude for his great services which they cannot easily repay. He was also one of the founders of the Chicago Public Library, and was one of its first board of directors and was connected with it for a number of years. Judge Anthony has from his youth been a most omnivorous reader, and had at the time of the great Chicago fire one of the largest private libraries in the city, and has at the present time one of the largest probably in the State. He has cultivated his mind not only by reading but extensive travel in foreign lands, having made several trips to Europe, during the last of which he visited most of the countries on the continent, including Denmark, Sweden, Russia, Turkey, Greece, Italy, Spain, and all the regions along the Mediterranean and southern France. Many of his letters relating to these countries were published and were read with great interest. Those from Russia described at length the organization of the government, the Greek church, the condition of the serfs, the organization of the courts and the administration of the law in that country, and were especially interesting. In 1889 Judge Anthony was honored by the degree of Doctor of Laws by his alma mater, which was not only well deserved, but was greatly appreciated. From all that has been stated herein it will be readily seen that Judge Anthony has led a busy life, and his capacity for work has rarely been equaled by any public man in this country. His attainments are of a very high order, and there is scarcely a subject which lies outside the range of his study and observation.

It is to such men as Judge Anthony that the city of Chicago and the State of Illinois owe their rapid advancement and most enlightened development.

character, written and published text-books, enjoyed great popularity as a practitioner and specialist, and been loaded with the highest honors of a professional career. Educated in the regular school, he deliberately adopted the homoeopathic system, from observation of its effect among the sick and conviction of its superiority as a scientific method of therapeutics. Bringing to its practice thorough scholastic training, innate soundness and accuracy of judgment, and a cheerful disposition, he has long maintained a leading place among the progressive disciples of Hahnemann in the city of his adoption.

Dr. Ludlam is the son of an eminent physician, the late Dr. Jacob W. Ludlam, and was born at Camden, New Jersey, October 9th, 1831. He was of a studious disposition, passing through an academic course of instruction at Bridgeton, New Jersey, and graduating with the highest honor in the sixteenth year of his age.

While a lad he had been the companion of his father in his rounds among his patients, aud gained familiarity with the healing art from his earlier years. After leaving school he commenced the systematic study of medicine under the direction of his father, and after five years of preparation, taking lectures at the University of Pennsylvania, at Philadelphia, he graduated therefrom in 1852, at about the time he reached his majority.

Having now comple te is preparation for professional life the question of location, one of the most perplexing that presents itself to the young practitioner, was to be determined between town and country; to remain at the East or to follow the " Star of Empire " into the far West, were alternatives. The happy solution fixed upon Chicago as the place.

To minds of the ordinary mould there would have been no hesitation as to what school of medical practice to adopt. To paternal example were added all the bias which education in its schools and literature could give in favor of the old school and regular practice. In opposition to that was a new school of medicine, proceeding upon new theories, of foreign origin, and having at that time but few and feeble advocates on this side of the ocean. His habit of investigation led Dr. Ludlam to study the publications which the apostle of homoeopathy had put out, and above all to observe the effect of the treatment as it was applied to the varied cases of vital derangement which came under his notice. The decision was in favor of the new methods and with firmness the investigator threw aside the trammels of dogma and adopted the homo3opathic practice. Whether or not the choice was a wise one, while such conflicting opinions prevail among those whose studies have best qualified them to judge, it does not become a biographer to determine.

In this case at least it was wise so far as his own interest and fame are concerned. Having chosen his field and decided upon his line of practice, Dr. Ludlam opened an office and entered upon the course which almost always attends candidates for professional patronage.

His thorough preparation, winning personal qualities, careful attention and evident skill soon brought an increasing business, and widening appreciation. At the end of seven years his eminent abilities had won such recognition among his professional brethren that in 1859 he was appointed to fill the chair of Physiology, Pathology and Clinical Medicine in the Hahnemann medical College and Hospital, then newly established in Chicago. Four years later he was transferred to the professorship of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women in the same institution, and a few years more brought to him the chair of the Medical and Surgical Diseases of Women, and the appointment of Dean of the Faculty, which office he held for twenty-five years and until he became president of the institution. His official duties, no less than his natural adaptation, brought him to make special studies in the department of Gynecology, and he went abroad to perfect his knowledge in this abstruse branch of medical and surgical practice in the best hospitals of Europe. He became so expert in Uterine Surgery that this specialty soon absorbed his whole attention, bringing him difficult and obscure cases from the entire Northwest, and his advice is sought in consultation by the profession far and near.

The reputation of Dr. Ludlam became national, so that in 1869 he was called to preside over the American Institute of Homoeopathy at its twenty-second annual session in Boston, which he opened with an address on the " Relation of Women to Homoeopathy." Other professional honors fell thick upon him. He has also been president of the Chicago Academy of Medicine, of the Illinois Homoeopathic Medical Society and of the Western Institute of Homoeopathy.

The exigencies which the great fire of 1871 produced, appealing to the philanthropy of citizens, and enlisting their best professional skill, placed Dr. Ludlam in the medical department of the Relief and Aid society. No distinctions of school, nor professional rivalries were heeded. Whoever could minister to the sick and succor the distressed was welcomed to the ranks of heroic workers. Regulars and homoeopaths vied with each other in the work of medical relief. So eminent were the services of Dr. Ludlam that he was selected in 1877 by Governor Cullom as the representative of his school of medicine upon the State Board of Health, a position to which he was twice re-appointed and which he held for fifteen consecutive years.

Great as was Dr. Ludlam's practice and impressive as were his teachings in the college and hospital, probably his most influential labors were those in which he employed the pen. As an editor of technical journals and an author of medical books, he was both prolific and profound. For this most rare accomplishment he had unusual qualifications. He had been a thorough student and a close observer. His mind had been stored with the gleanings of wide and varied literature. He was conversant with the language and literature of the chief modern tongues. His literary style was clear and graceful, and the dry and technical details of science, under his

Commencing in 1860 he was for six years editorially connected with the North American Journal of Homoeopathy published in New York city, and for nine years with the United States Medical and Surgical Journal published in this city. For fifteen years he also directed a monthly bulletin of the clinical society of the Hahnemann school and hospital under the title of the Clinique. One of the important papers of this publication emanating from his pen was " Clinical observations based on 500 abdominal sections."

In 1871 Dr. Ludlam published an octavo work of 1,000 pages, entitled " Clinical and Didactic Lectures on the Diseases of Women," which has passed through seven editions, is a text book in all the homoeopathic schools, and is an authority on the subject treated among the progressive homoeopathists of this country and also of Europe.

In 1880 Dr. Ludlam translated from the French a volume of " Lectures on Clinical Medicine" by the distinguished French teacher, Dr. Jousset, of Paris, which was published by S. C. Griggs & Co.

In 1863 appeared from his industrious pen a "Course of Clinical Lectures on Diphtheria" which was the first strictly medical work that had emanated from the press in Chicago, and which added to the already world-wide fame of the author.

To condense the work of an active life of more than forty years, embracing the widely varying functions of practitioner, professor, editor and author, to say nothing of the personal and social relations which occupy so much of the time of one's life, into the few pages of a sketch, is to exhibit in its simple and rugged outlines the skeleton of a subject without the soft integument and smooth covering that give it the form and color and beauty of comely life. These more evanescent, but yet charming details must be left to the imagination of the reader, only premising that the devoted philanthropic spirit, the genuine social qualities, and the high literary flavor of Dr.Ludlam's spirit, has rendered his life, in its more private relations, a benediction to the circle of friends among whom its influence has been felt.

Dr. Ludlam's first marriage, to Miss Anna M. Porter, of Greenwich, N. J., produced but a brief happiness, as the wife died from phthisis after three years. His second marriage was with Miss Harriet G. Parvin. The only son of this marriage is Dr. Eeuben Ludlam, Jr., who having reached maturity, with a finished classical and professional education and brilliant qualities, has already relieved his father from a burden of professional care, and promises to transmit the inheritance of medical and surgical skill, in which he is of the third generation, not only unimpaired but augmented, to his posterity.

During forty years Dr. C. G. Smith has pursued the practice of medicine in Chicago, where he has been known not only for his skill and assiduity as a physician, but also for the urbanity of his manners, his literary taste and talent, and as a brilliant member of her social circles. He has gained professional eminence by none of the arts of the charlatan, neither has he sought it in special lines of practice. He has been content to follow the beaten track in which physicians educated in the highest science of the regular school, and loyal to its ethical code, seek rather to merit recognition by their knowledge and skill, than to gain notoriety by the more questionable methods by which less meritorious practitioners find a short cut to fame and fortune.

Few, engrossed in the absorbing occupations of life, appreciate the patience, the self-denying application, the weight of care and anxiety that attend the life of the meritorious physician. At first he undergoes the long and tedious waiting for calls, conscious of his ability to serve the sick and suffering, yet lacking patronage by reason of his youth and the distrust of a stranger on the part of those who have not learned to appreciate his merit, until the barriers of isolation and distrust have been broken. He enters into the inner confidence of the heart, he becomes the confidant of the family, he learns what might blast the reputation or tarnish the fair name of his patient if lisped in a moment of mistaken confidence or hinted through thoughtlessness or carelessness. Again, he ministers to minds unhinged or weakened by physical ills, and is called upon to support the drooping courage and inspire failing faith. He attends the entrance into life of new-born souls, amid anguish and suffering, and catches the last breath of expiring life. At such periods the immediate subjects of his care are unconscious, and have no opportunity to bear testimony to his patience, sympathy and skill. If he survives these unparalleled trials and pres£rves a bouyant temper and serene bearing, if he pursues from year to year his round of duty, gaining with enlarged practice increased experience, and inspiring confidence in the community, if his circle enlarges from a practitioner to a consultor, if he is called upon to preside over institutions established for sanitary purposes, and to become a teacher in medical schools, then his reputation has reached its zenith and he has attained the highest success that waits upon the medical profession. In all these respects Dr. Smith has attained the highest success, and stands to-day, after sixty-five years of life, and forty years of continuous practice in Chicago, at the head of his profession, one of the best known and most widely appreciated of her many excellent physicians. Dr. Smith is a native of Exeter, New

Hampshire, born January 4, 1828. The family to which he belongs traces its descent from Theophilus Smith, who emigrated from England and settled at Portsmouth, N. H., in 1643. This ancestor was a teacher, and four of his descendants, graduates of Harvard, followed the same profession; they were addicted to letters, and were refined and exemplary men. His maternal grandfather, Francis Eastham, had a peculiar history. He was seized in the streets of London, England, by a " press gang," and taken on board a man of war, whence, after a service of several years, he escaped by swimming from the ship when she lay in the harbor at Portsmouth, New Hampshire. He settled near by, and when the revolutionary war broke out, joined the colonial army and fought against his and his adopted country's oppressors.

Dr. Smith's parents were Josiah Oilman and Frances Ann (Eastham) Smith. Their hereditary tastes and financial means induced them to give their son a liberal education, and he was an apt and precocious scholar. After a preparation at Phillip's Academy at An el over, Massachusetts, he entered the sophomore class of Harvard University when sixteen years old, and passing through the classical course, graduated in 1847.

Soon after graduation he entered the office of Dr. William Perry at his native place, and in the winter of the year following he took a first course of lectures at the medical school of Harvard. Continuing his reading in the meantime, he took a final course at the University of Pennsylvania, at Philadelphia, where he graduated in 1851, with the degree of M. D. For the following two years he was employed as attending physician in the Aim's House Hospital in Boston, a position offering excellent practice, but doing little toward his establishment in independent practice.

In February, 1853, when twenty-five years old, Dr. Smith came to Chicago, and opened an office at No. 122 Lake street. He did not seek the partnership of an old doctor, nor rely upon the introduction of acquaintance or friends, but put out his sign, and quietly, but courageously, awaited such appreciation as his native talent, excellent education and professional skill were sure to bring. He sought a general family practice which he has steadily pursued through all the following years, with such success as has already been told.

He was not long in obtaining professional recognition. During the war he was one of six physicians placed in charge of the large number of prisoners at Camp Douglass, a position which added much to his professional reputation.

In 1868, after fifteen years of close attention to business, Dr. Smith took a vacation abroad, but made it a means of adding to his professional attainments, by study in the hospitals of England, Germany and France. Upon his return he was invited to lecture in the Woman's Medical College in Chicago. He was appointed consulting physician at the Woman's and Children's Hospital, as well as at the Presbyterian Hospital, positions which he has continued to hold to the present time. He is also a trustee of the Peck Home for Incurables, a charity in which he has taken an active interest ever since its organization.

He has been employed by a number of the life insurance companies as examining surgeon, an employment in which he has had a larger experience than any other medical man of Chicago. His private practice is very extensive and among the best families of the city, and is, as may be supposed, quite remunerative. Not only is he popular as a practitioner, but he has the respect and confidence of the faculty throughout the city, and in fact throughout the whole Northwest.

Dr. Smith, though a thorough doctor, is much more than a professional drudge. His thorough education, his wide acquaintance with literature and his social qualities have made him a favorite in society. He is an entertaining speaker, with a rich flow of humor, which makes him much sought for on occasions of public hospitality. He has been a diligent collector of books. His library in 1871 contained fifteen hundred volumes, many of them rare and valuable, which shared the fate of so much of the rare and beautiful in the great fire of that year. Undaunted by the irreparable loss, he has continued his collections, and now has a large and well-selected library.

The trend of his taste will appear from the fact that his library contains seventy volumes of epitaphs,- - an oddity which may be pardoned to a doctor without provoking an obvious joke. While Dr. Smith has a wide familiarity with general literature, he enjoys the acquaintance and friendship of many of the most distinguished authors of the country, not alone in professional lines, but in general literature as well.

possesses have madehim sought aftorin social organizations, especially the clubs, of several of the most prominent of which he is a member, and he has been president of the Harvard and Chicago literary clubs.

Dr. Smith married late in life. The lady who tempted him from his isolation and gained his mature affections was Harriet, youngest daughter of Erastus F. Gaylord, one of the earliest residents of Cleveland, Ohio. His marriage occurred October 16, 1873. Their home is one of the most charming and hospitable in the city.

Since the foregoing sketch was prepared Dr. Smith has passed from life. His death occurred at his home January 10, 1894, at the age of sixty-six years. He finally succumbed to repeated attacks of la grippe, which ultimately resulted in paralysis of the spinal cord.

James Monroe Walker

James M. Walker was born at Claremont, New Hampshire, February 14, 1820, and was one of thirteen children. His father was Solomon Walker and his mother's maiden name was Charity Stevens. When James was about fifteen years old his parents removed to Michigan, taking up their residence on a farm at Farmington, about twenty miles from Detroit.

Before he had completed his preparation for college his father was overtaken by financial disaster, and at nineteen years of age James was compelled to leave school and devote himself to the settlement of these business affairs. In this he displayed that sagacity and energy which characterized him in after years. He proved a devoted son, disentangling the difficulties in which his father's estate was involved, caring for the farm and doing all that was possible to brighten his parents' declining years.

for admission to the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor. Being unwilling, under existing circumstances, to accept aid from his father, he himself earned the money to meet the expenses of his tuition and support, by teaching school and working in other ways, and in the course of two years was matriculated as a sophomore at his Alma Mater, graduating in the class of 1849, the second to leave that institution. During his senior year, he began the study of the law in addition to the regular college curriculum, and after graduation entered the office of Judge . Robert S. Wilson (afterward of Chicago) as clerk and student. One year later he was admitted to the bar and soon after formed a professional partnership with Mr. George Sedgwick, under the name of Sedgwick & Walker. Two years after his admission to practice he was elected prosecuting attorney of Washteuaw count}', which office he filled until, with his partner, he removed to Chicago in 1853. Ann Arbor was the county-seat, and, while serving the county as law officer, he gathered a large

That corporation appreciated his worth so highly that it induced him to take charge of its legal business in Chicago, and soon after his coming to this city appointed him its general solicitor. Two years later Sedgwick and Walker became attorneys for the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy railroad company, and from, that date until his death Mr. Walker continued to be associated with this company, either as general solicitor, general counsel or president, filling the latter position from 1870 to 1875, when he resigned, preferring to resume his duties as the corporation's legal adviser.

Early in the sixties Mr. Sedgwick retired, and Mr. Walker formed a partnership with the late Wirt Dexter, the firm name being Walker and Dexter, and before the close of the war Mr. John VanArnam, of Michigan, was admitted to membership, the style of the partnership changing to Walker, Van- Arnam & Dexter, and finally to Walker, Dexter & Smith.

Mr. Walker was a lawyer of rare attainments, and his mind was stored with every description of legal knowledge. His success was with the courts, neither his acquirements nor his tastes fitting him to achieve distinction as what is known as a jury lawyer. In 1868 he abandoned general practice, and thenceforward confined himself to the business of the several corporations with which he was connected. He organized both the Chicago and Kansas City Stock Yards and was president of these corporations, as also of the Wilmington Coal company, down to the time of his death.

Of fine taste and great erudition, his reading covered a wide range, both in the line of his profession and in the broader field of polite literature. He loved books, and was a discriminating critic, as well as a lover of the higher forms of art, with which his home was richly adorned.

Fanny Ransom, of Kalamazoo, Michigan. Of this marriage were born three children: Mary Louise, afterward the wife of John Welborn Root, the distinguished Chicago architect; and Wirt Dexter and James Ransom Walker.

Too close attention to professional and other work ultimately impaired a constitution which had never been robust, and during the latter years of his life Mr. Walker was in feeble health. His death, which was caused by heart disease, occurred rather suddenly on Saturday, January 22, 1881, after a short illness. Fune.ral services were held at the family residence on the following Monday, conducted by Revs. Professor David Swing and William Alvin Bartlett, formerly pastor of the Plymouth Congregational church, the latter delivering a brief address. On the Sunday following Professor Swing preachedj at Central church, a sermon commendatory of his virtues and pointing out the lessons to be learned from his life.

Tributes to his memory were adopted by the stockholders of the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy railroad, the officers and heads of departments of the Union Stock Yards and Transit company, the Commercial Club, by the Chicago Historical Society and the Chicago Bar. The meeting of the latter body was large and representative, being attended by nearly all (if not all) the leading lawyers of the city. E. C. Lamed presided, and addresses were delivered by Judge C. B. Lawrence and by Messrs. Leonard Swett and Melville W. Fuller. Perhaps this sketch can be most fittingly closed by the following extract from the resolutions adopted on that occasion by his professional brethren, who knew him best:

"His modest deportment, his kindness of heart and true benevolence marked him as a gentleman, while his pure life and living faith proved him to be a disciple and follower of the Master in whom he trusted for support in the trials of life. Whatever work he undertook he did well; every duty cast upon him he discharged; no one who re- posed confidence in him was disappointed; to the client he was a wise counselor and to the judge a valuable assistant. His career presents an example worthy of imitation by

John G. Shortall

It is seldom that one meets, in a community as full of men restless to reach still higher successes, whether in business, or political or professional life, as Chicago undoubtedly is, one who is content with the rewards which early years have brought in respect to fortune, and is willing to devote himself, while yet his powers are undiminished, to the cultivation of art and literature for the perfection of his own life, and to works of humanity and beneficence for the welfare of the community. Yet rare as is the combination, one finds it realized in the career of Mr. John G. Shortall, which it is designed, briefly and all too inadequately, to sketch.

His life began in Dublin, Ireland, where he was born to respectable Protestant parents, September 20, 1838. His life in Chicago dates from 1854, when, a lad of sixteen years, without means, and with no acquaintance, he sought employment and maintenance by his own exertions. His parents brought him to America when he was six years old, settling in NewYork, where some years afterward they died, leaving a family to meet, with good character and education, but without protectors or adequate means, the buffetings of fortune. Fortunately the lad fell into the service of Mr. Horace Greeley, who was a friend of the family, and by whom he was employed as long as be remained in New York, in and about the establishment of the New York Tribune. In the society of the eccentric, but kindly and humane, proprietor of the Tribune and that of his celebrated co-adjutors of kindred spirit, a young man, if disposed to be faithful and industrious, could not fail to form habits of sobriety, and to imbibe, if not by positive precept, at least from their unconscious influence, inlcitements to the cultivation and development of his best powers of mind and heart. The length of this employment, which continued until he came west, shows that he was compliant to the mild regime of his employers, and made good use of the opportunities which his position offered him. It is not always that the best education is obtained in the schools. There are many instances, of which that of young Shortall seems to be one, where, amid constant labor, a diligent scholar not only obtains a foundation in knowledge of practical things, but a ground work in literature as well. The illustrious example of Benjamin Franklin, the printer boy, serves as a shining example of the superior education obtained in the printing office.

At an age when most boys are only entering upon the serious work of the school, young Shortall took the advice of his employer "go west, young man," and came to Chicago. His first employment was upon the survey of the Illinois Central railroad near Galena. This, however, was not to his taste, and he soon abandoned it for more congenial work in the office of the Chicago Tribune.

It is interesting to note the circumstances, seemingly accidental, which shape our course in life, and prove stepping stones to fortune. It was such a one that placed Mr. Shortall in the office of Mr. J. Mason Parker, as an assistant in the compilation of an abstract of the land title records of Chicago. Upon their completion in 1856, he leased the abstract books and commenced the business, then quite new, of furnishing abstracts of title. After the expiration of his lease he continued with the firm of Greenebaum andGuthmann, his successors in the same business, until

1861, when he purchased the abstract books. In 1864 he formed a partnership with Mr. L. D. Hoard, and under the style of Shortall and Hoard carried on the abstract business, until the great fire of 1871, in its ruthless march, destroyed every public record of titles in the county registry.

Before the fire, Mr. Shortall had achieved such success as to feel able to retire on his modest fortune. The destruction of the public records would have been an irreparable calamity had it not been for the preservation of some of the existing abstract books, among others those of Shortall & Hoard (saved by Mr. Shortall's own heroic efforts during the long dark hours of that awful night) whereby the chains of title could be re-established. The exigency of the time recalled him to active work in his old line ; work which he and his associates performed so well, and with such moderation in the fees demanded, as to earn for him and them the admiration and gratitude of the community.

After the fire the several abstract firms consolidated their business, and in 1873 Mr. Shortall again retired from its active pursuit. In 1887 the immense accumulation of books of real estate titles became the property of the Title Guarantee and Trust company, which Mr. Shortall helped to organize, and of which he has always been a director.

During the third of a century of Mr. Shortall's interest in the abstract business, it has yielded him a fortune which satisfies his moderate desires and enables him to devote his life to the public and philanthropic duties which are his delight.

About the time he purchased the abstract books and engaged in business on his own account, Mr. Shortall led to the altar Miss Mary Dunham Staples, eldest daughter of John N. Staples, Esq., of Chicago. Their marriage was solemnized September 5, 1861, and the union remained uubroken for nearly twenty years, bringing unalloyed happiness and a mutual participation in a wide field of social and charitable work, in which both engaged with unusual interest and ardor. The mind released from engrossment with the daily cares of business seeks employment in other lines of activity, if it would not fall into ennui or become a prey to idle and hurtful dissipation. Most men under such circumstances turn to the management of financial institutions, or become interested in manufacturing or other profitmaking enterprises. It is a mark of nobility of character, and a proof of high aims and generous nature, when one so situated turns away from the avenues of mere gain and devotes himself to the cultivation of letters and art for the perfection of his powers. Much more when he shows an altruistic spirit and places himself in the lead of those who devote themselves to the service of mankind.

An examination of the charities and educational and benevolent institutions that Mr. Shortall has fostered, and many of which he has directed, will show to the appreciative reader the employment of his hands and thoughts, and the prompting of his heart. He was chosen, and continued to be for three successive terms, the president of the board of directors of the Chicago Public Library. His services in this position have been signalized by the obtaining of Dearborn Park, a piece of ground in the heart of the city, that for more than fifty years remained useless and unappropriated, through complications of title, as a site for the new city library building which, now in the course of erection, will remain as a monument to the taste and devotion of those who have been its designers, long after ordinary memorials will have crumbled and decayed.

In music Mr. Shortall has served as a director of the early Chicago Philharmonic Society, and for many years as president of the Beethoven society. He is one of the very few who have been distinguished by appointment to honorary membership in the Amateur Musical Club, a society now (1894) second to none among those devoted to aesthetic pursuits in Chicago.

sisted in founding in 1869, while he has directed its important work for many years. The society which, at its origin, was confined to the protection of dumb animals, had, at his suggestion, its scope widened to include children, and has been so systematized and infused with' activity and energy as to become a potent force in the interest of practical philanthropy. He is an honorary member of the Pennsylvania Society for the prevention of cruelty to animals, and has also been, and is, at this writing, president of the American Humane Association, which was organized in pursuance of his suggestion in 1877.

Mr. Shortall is by no means merely a sentimental philanthropist. He is a practical man of affairs as well, though the tendencies of his sympathies are in the direction of the purification of public morals, and the uplifting of men to a higher and nobler plane of living. He has mingled much with the world and observed the various phases of society during extensive travel throughout the country and in Europe. He is a lover and promoter of art,and is familiar with the higher range of literature, being himself an acceptable writer for the periodical press. He has pronounced political opinions, though not a partisan. As regards his devotion to the elevation of civil life, he has been an active promoter of the Municipal Reform Club and of the Citizens' Association, organizations devoted to political, though not to partisan, reform. He is a firm supporter of the church, being both by birth and profession an Episcopalian, though the breadth of his charity and his love for true liberty led him to become a supporter of Dr. David Swing in opening the church at Central Music Hall. In all that relates to the public good, to the promotion of education, religion, literature and art, to the practice of charity, to the spiritual needs of mankind, without bigotry or cant, Mr. Shortall has shown himself devoted to the highest interests of his city. While others have striven to make her foremost in material interests, he has labored

While this can be said, as showing the bent of a generous nature, he has not lacked such practical qualities as have gained recognition among the administrators of the city's business affairs. He has been recognized as an expert in estimating values, and has been called upon to aid the authorities in the valuation of public property. It was during his service, in 1879-80, as one of the appraisers of public school lands of the city, to which position he was appointed by the board of education, that the income or rental of improved property was, as a principle, made the chief basis for the estimation of the value of the land. He afterward acted for the city, at the request of Mayor Harrison, in the adjustment of these values, and the school leases were made upon that basis. The result was an increase of nearly $200,000 in the schools' annual income.