Chicago City (part 27 of 57)

The first issue of the Jforfhwex/crn Journal of Homeopath ia, edited and published by Dr. George E. Shipman, appeared in October, 1848. It was a monthly of sixteen pages octavo, and because there were so few contributors and professional supporters in this region at that early time, was mainly filled with translations by the editor from the various foreign journals and with original papers f i om his own pen. Being partly designed for the popular exposition of homeopathy, it was also set for the defense of the faith with those who were not inclined to examine into the merits of this school of medicine (which was then but half a century old), as well as to confirm and establish the views of such physicians as had already determined upon its practice. It ran through

The Chicago Homeopath, edited by Drs. D. S. Smith, S. W. Graves and E. Ludlam, was a small non-professional magazine which first appeared in January, 1854. It ran through three yearly volumes as a bimonthly, the vacancy caused by the early death of Dr. Graves being filled by the election of Dr. D. A. Colton. It did good work in its own way, and was useful in its time.

The third periodical in the order of their appearance, was the Medical Investigator, iwliich was originally issued as a popular bijmonthly in 1860. It was published by Mr. C. S. Halsey, the first homeopathic pharmaceutist in this city, and was edited anonymously.* It was largely filled with the doings of the neighboring societies, which had begun to multiply in the various cities and States, and with extracts from the lectures that were being given in the Hahnemann Medical College of this city, which was then a comparatively new institution. In this form it continued to appear with a growing interest on the part of the fraternity until the close of 1866, when it was changed into a strictly professional monthly with Dr. T. C. !;jDuncan as its editor. After nine years iljmore (1875) its name was changed and it i)became the United Mates Medical Invest iga- \Vor. In 1889 it came under the editorial ipontrol of Dr. W. E. Reed. In January, 1891, it came under the editorial charge of Dr. Charles H. Evans, and in 1893 its publica- Uion was discontinued. Its 26 volumes show the nps and downs of this particular school of practice in gaining a foothold and a permanent place in the line of the liberal professions.

* One, Dr. Baldwin, who had abandoned the practice in account of ill health, had previously sold our remedies ,n« small way, and so also had Dr. Smith, but Mr Halsey .vas the first regular chemist of his kind in the city and vicinity. He married a niece of Dr. Shipman, and died in 1886.

quarterly, to be styled the United States Medical and Surgical Journal, should be published in Chicago, and that its editorial supervision should be confided to Dr. G. E. Shipman. Its first issue, consisting of ninety-six pages, appeared under the date of October of that year, the style and character, as well as the contents, bespeaking a great advance in all that concerned the healthy development of the new system. Native and valued contributors had multiplied, medical readers and subscribers were more numerous and eager, the different societies, schools and hospitals yielded much profitable material, and the method of practice had become so popular as to promise a good support for such a representative periodical. This promise did not fail, for with the close of the second volume a large corps of colaborators from various sections was added to the editorial staff, each distinguished assistant being responsible for the care and contents of his special department in the journal. In 1871, Mr. Halsey, the publisher, sold his interest to Drs. Danforth, Small and Ludlam, who bought it on behalf of the Hahnemann Medical College and Hospital. Thenceforth its pages were largely filled with reports of the clinical and didactic lectures given in that growing school, and with the transactions of the Chicago Academy of Medicine. This publication ceased at the end of its ninth volume (1874), when its name was merged with that of the Medical Investigator.

The initial number of the Clinique now (1894) in its fifteenth yearly volume, bore the date of January 15, 1880. Its object as stated in its introduction was as follows: " Three reasons will explain the issue of this new candidate for the professional favor and confidence: First: The dawn of the clinical era in homeopathy. Second; The desire to contribute to the progress of the Healing Art, by a series of gleanings of the most practical kind; and third, the duty of placing the records of a number of flourishing clinics within reach of the hundreds of phy-

" Kealizing that the time has fully come when the reputation of our school of medical practice must more largely depend upon clinical teaching as a means of practical education; and upon its hospital resources and records in e'vidence of what it can and does accomplish, when properly applied, they take the initiative in this matter to the end that those who have made the several branches a subject of special study, and who have enjoyed a large and varied experience therein, may be stimulated to contribute the best fruit of their labors for the common professional good. Moreover, they believe that, if the cases that are prescribed for and operated upon are brought into the full view and criticism of the classes at the clinic, where wide-awake pupils and practitioners can draw a focus upon them; and, if the records of these clinics are carefully and conscientiously kept and printed, certain sources of fallacy will be removed, and the result will establish the success of this method of treatment in a public way, as has already been done by their professional brethren in a more private capacity."

This journal is still issued each month in the form of an octavo of forty-eight pages, and the original plan has been so literally followed that it now stands as an exponent of practical medicine and surgery to the exclusion of polemics and of all fruitless contention. Its valedictory for 1893 contains the following: "Vol. XIV. of the Clinique, which closes with this issue, has furnished twenty original lectures of which eighteen were clinical and two introductory; thirtyfive separate papers that were presented and discussed before the Clinical Society during the year; 148 new and selected clinical cases, and ninety pages of hospital notes, besides its clinical reviews, illustrations and correspondence. This with the contents of the previous volumes, aggregates seven thousand pages of practical, clinical matter, to the

The Medical Visitor, Dr. T. S. Hoyn editor and owner, began in January, 188S It furnishes monthly installments of a dire tory of physicians of this school who ar located in the Northwest.

The Medical Century, Dr. 0. E. Fishci editor and proprietor, began in Januari 1893, as a monthly, but soon became a b weekly publication. Having but just weighe anchor, freighted with abundant promise some future historian will publish the log o its voyage.

As was already stated, a special charter was obtained from the State legislature in Springfield for the Hahnemann Medical College and Hospital during the session of 1854-55; but no plan of organization was adopted for the opening of the college until March 15th, 1860, when a general meeting of the profession was called at Halsey & King's homeopathic pharmacy. There were present Drs. G. E. Shipman, A. E. Small, J. L. Kellogg, N. F. Cooke, G. I>. Beebe, A. Pitney, E. Rawson, J. Davies, S Seymour, H. K. W. Boardman and R. Ludlam. Dr. Shipman was chosen president and Dr. Ludlam, secretary. At this ami subsequent meetings, the following faculty was chosen: Dr. A. E. Small, professor of the principles and practice of medicine; Dr, Geo. E. Shipman, professor of materia medica and therapeutics; Dr. R. Ludlam, professor of physiology and pathology; Dr. Dr. J. L. Kellogg, professor of obstetrics and diseases of women and children; Dr. N. F. Cooke, professor of chemistry and toxicology; Dr. H. K. W. jioardman, professor of surgery; Dr. G. D. Beebe, professor of anatomy; and Geo. Payson, Esq., lecturer on medical jurisprudence; with Dr. Small, dean, and Dr. Ludlam, registrar of the faculty. The following were also chosen as clinical teachers: Prof. Beebe, clinical lecturer on surgery and surgical diseases; Prof. Kellogg, obstetrician and clinical lecturer on diseases of women and children; Dr. E. Rawson, clinical lecturer on general practice; Dr. D. A. Colton, clinical lecturer on diseases of the chest, with Frank H. Vincent as demonstrator of anatomy. The officers of the college were: President, D. S. Smith, M. D.; secretary, Geo. E. Shipman, M. D.; treasurer, Edward King, Esq.; board of trustees, D. S. Smith, M. D., Hon. John M. Wilson, Hon. N. B. Judd, Hon. Thos. Hoyne, lion. J. II. Dunham, Hon. Wm. II. Brown, Geo. A. Gibbs, Esq., OrringtonLunt. Esq., Joseph B. Doggett, Esq., Geo. E. Shipman, M. D.

It was opened with a general introductory by Professor Small, October loth, 1860. The first annual announcement indicated the origin, scope and design of the institution in the following paragraphs. "It is well known to a majority of the friends of homeopathy in this country, and especially by members of the profession, that a charter contemplating the establishment of a homeopathic medical college in the city of Chicago, was granted by the legislature of this State in the year 1855. Since that period the friends of the cause at home, and upon whom the initiative would necessarily devolve, have both labored and waited patiently for the removal of obstacles which, until the present time, have delayed the undertaking. These hindrances have now, in the good favor of Providence been withdrawn, and the fraternity adopt the new enterprise with that harmony of action and of aspiration which bespeaks the utmost confidence of a reward in the support and countenance of the homeopathic medical profession; and likewise in their being able through this means, to contribute to the ultimate elevation of the dignity and the usefulness of its membership both at home and abroad.

" The board of trustees of the Hahnemann College have, therefore, the most sincere pleasure in being able to announce the completion of arrangements for the first course of lectures before that Institution.

"The Hahnemann Medical College is not designed to conflict with the interest, success, or welfare of those homeopathic medical schools which are already in existence, or which may hereafter spring up from an increased popularity of this peculiar system of medicine, calling thereby for a greater number of laborers in the field of science. It is simply to supply a want of the Northwest ; to develop our resources; to augment our usefulness; to raise the standard of professional acquirement amongst us, and to earn the admiration and approval alike of friend and foe to the system, by the exhibition of that self-respect which is the necessary condition of its bestowal from others.

" Home talent has been secured for the occupancy of the various professorial chairs, because of the good and reputable standing, the excellent qualifications, and the professional and personal influence and responsibility of those who are severally to fill them; as well as because of the availability and the economy of such an election. It is believed that those physicians who are engaged in active practice, and whose individual and private interests center about the seat of a medical school, are, in point of usefulness as teachers, much the more favorably situated in order to develop and to foster its interests, than talent which, though never so excellent, is also exotic."

The first annual commencement took place in Metropolitan Hall, at 3 p. in. of The First February 14, 1861. The exercommenccmcnt. cises were opened with prayer, by the Kev. Dr. Z. M. Humphrey, and the degree was conferred upon the graduating class by the president of the college, Dr. D. S. Smith. The valedictory was given by Professor Small, and the music was furnished by the Light Guard band. Although the day was a very stormy one, about four hundred persons were in attendance. The exercises closed with the benediction by Ilev. Dr. Humphrey. In the evening, the new graduates, non-graduates, faculty and physicians, to the number of thirty, took supper at Anderson's, 83 Clark street, which was the leading restaurant in the cicy. The graduating class consisted of the following: N. C. Burnham, Illinois; Kinaldo I. Curtis, Pennsylvania; F. F. de Derky, M.D., Illinois; Charles S. Duncombe, M.D., Wisconsin; George E. Husband, Canada West; E. M. P. Ludlam, Illinois; John Moore, Illinois; W. K. Palmer, Illinois; A. W. Phillips, New York; Frank L. Vincent, Illinois, and C. A. Williams, Michigan. The honorary degree was also conferred upon Dr. M. D. Coe, of St. Charles, Illinois.

The second year yielded the same number of graduates, the commencement being held in the Clark street M. E. Church, with Ilev. Dr. Tiffany as chaplain, and Prof. Ludlam as valedictorian. But the usual experiences which result in changes of the faculty in all young colleges began with the absence of Professor Beebe as brigade surgeon in the army. Dr. W. H. White was appointed to the chair of anatomy, soon to be followed by Dr. D. A. Colton, who afterwards filled the position for many years. In the third year Dr. F. A. Lord became professor of chemistry and medical jurisprudence, a position which he held with dignity, great merit and success until his death in 1872. This chair, including toxicology, was, however, divided between Professors Lord and Welch. The latter having resigned in 1876, Professor C. Gilbert Wheeler, from the Chicago University, took the position, and taught chemistry until 1890-91, when Dr. E. Malcolm Bruce, the present incumbent, was elected to the position.

During the first three sessions the lectures on materia medica having been carefully prepared by Dr. Shipinan, were read to the class by his pupil, Dr. E. A. Ballard. In the fourth course, Dr. Shipman having resigned, Drs. Smith and Small came to the rescue of this branch. In 1864, Dr. E. M. Hale removed thither from Jonesville, Mich., and was elected to fill the chair of materia medica and therapeutics, a position which he held with slight interruptions until the close of the session for 1875-76. After his return from the army Dr. Beebe filled the chair of surgerv.

In the session for 1863-64 Dr. Small took Prof. Kellogg's place and gave the lectures on obstetrics, etc., but on March 26, 1864, Dr. Ludlam was transferred o that chair, a position which he continued to fill until 1873, when it was so divided that Dr. G. A. Hall became first lecturer and then professor of obstetrics, the diseases of women being reserved for Dr. Ludlam.

The only outside help ever called to the relief of the resident faculty of this college consisted in the brief appointment as lecturers of Drs. C. Woodhouse, on medical jurisprudence and insanity ; L. Pratt, on special pathology and diagnosis ; H. F. Gatchell, on physiology ; E. A. Guilbert, on the diseases of children, and W. Danforth, on surgery. After Dr. Beebe's resignation. Dr. Danforth held the chair of surgery in a perfunctory way until the spring of 1876.

Without detailing all the vicissitudes incident to the first few years in the history of the college, it is proper to say that its courses of instruction were not suspended during the War of the Eebellion, nor after the great fire, nor have they ever been interrupted from any other cause. In 1866-67 the quarters were changed to a building on State street south of Thirteenth, over what was known by the students as "the vinegar factory," where the lectures were given until the first college building was made ready on Cottage Grove avenue near Twentyninth street. The corner stone of that building was laid June 8, 1870, in the presence of the American Institute of Homeopathy at its twenty-third annual session in this city. From an address delivered on the occasion by Dr. A. E. Small, we make the following extract :

" Hitherto, and for the last ten years, the faculty of Hahnemann Medical College have been subject to temporary and restricted accommodations, which they have now surrendered, with the encouragiug prospect of soon occupying apartments more desirable for didactic, dispensary and hospital privileges, and for testing the utility of the comprehensive doctrines of homeopathy. About thirty years ago, the Hon. J. Y. Scammon, a distinguished fellow-citizen of Chicago, was the first layman known to have had homeopathic practice in his family in this city. About thirty-three years ago the first homeopathic medicine was prescribed in the State of Illinois by a physician, and he the first representative of the system in this State, the first on whom the mantle of Hahnemann fell with a great, if not a double portion of his spirit. This physician is present with us to-day, our distinguished co-laborer and fellow-citizen, Dr. David S. Smith. Mr. Scammon, who, thirty years ago, had no associate patron of the homeopathic practice to sympathize with him in his preferences, can to-day rejoice in being the first to lead the way for a mighty army of practical defenders of the homeopathic faith. There are at this time seventy-five or a hundred thousand patrons of the homoeopathic practice in this city, and twice as many in the State. Had no one come forward to assist Dr. Smith, his practice would have become prodigiously large before this, but he was not long suffered to remain alone. Other physicians began to betray a fondness for training in his company, and now more than four hundred physicians have come into fraternal relation with him in this State. And so, my friends, you may perceive that our cause, which is the cause of truth and humanity, has not been at a stand-still in the Northwest. There stands the Scammon Hospital - a nucleus which is prophetic of a more magnificent structure in the future, but now capable of accommodating rorty patiepts. The trustees and faculty of the college, through the distinguished generosity of Mr. Scammon, have secured the free use of that building as soon as finished, and also from the same liberal source the lot on which the college building is commenced, and has been furnished. May the honorable gentleman live to see these two buildings completed, that his name may also stand first in weaving homeopathy into a charity in Chicago; and may the name of Dr. D. S. Smith, the pioneer of homeopathy in the State, who was instrumental in obtaining the charter of Hahnemann Medical College, and who, for ten successive years was its president, be written sufficiently high upon the scroll of fa me to be held in remembrance by future generations; and while the college stands, may a catholic and liberal spirit pervade its transactions and its teachings. While, from conviction of its importance, it will uphold the great discovery of Hahnemann as the corner-stone of Therapia, and a branch of science requisite for a complete medical education, let it be tolerant in regard to matters of private preference, and ever ready to exercise kindness and courtesy to gentlemen of the medical profession in general, and to admit them with friendly liberality to its course? of instruction, that the cause of science may be served, the community honored, and society benefited."

Prom 1870 to 1876 the college did not prosper; its classes failed to grow, and the faculty was beset by dissensions, which finally culminated in the withdrawal of ten of its thirteen members to form another school. The members who did not secede were Drs. G. A. Hall, T. S. Hoyne and E. Ludlam, with Dr. A. E. Small, president of the college. Dr. D. S. Smith also remained loyal to the old college.

The first public notice of a new college having been organized by the seceders was given at the World's Homeopathic Convention held in Philadelphia in June, 1876. Steps were at once taken to form a new faculty for what was soon called the " Old Hahnemann," in distinction from the offshoot, which Dr. Smith humorously dubbed " The Kindergarten." Instead of having a large number of teachers with the necessary dissensions, distraction and disintegration, it was resolved to have a small and earnest faculty that should be pledged to union, loyalty and the best possible service.

H1Stor7 Of Chicago

Dr. Ludlam suggested the motto, "A limited faculty and better teaching," and this was the watchword of the Hahnernann school for more than a dozen years.

The winter term for 1876-77 opened as usual, but with a great increase in the number of students and in the enthusiasm of all concerned. Its reorganized faculty included the remaining loyal members with the following additions: Drs. C. H. Vilas, E. S. Bailey, S. Leavitt, H. P. Cole, II. B. Fellows and W. J. Hawkes. Prof. Hall accepted and filled the chair of surgery most earnestly and successfully. During that session the Clinical Society was formed, and soon after (1880) the publication of the Clinique was begun, order reigned in Warsaw, and a new and brilliant era dawned upon the school. In a few years the old debt of $38,000, which had been entailed upon it, was paid off; the faculty was reinforced by such men as Laning, Crawford, Arnulphy, Watry, Cobb and others; the hospital interest had been developed, and the class and its needs had outgrown the capacity of the college building once thought to be sufficient for all time.

Meanwhile, the death of Messrs. Hoyne, Scammon, Small and Smith, and the resignation of Dr. Hoyne from its board of trustees, made it necessary to fill their places with as good material as possible. Hence the election, as the occasion demanded, of Hon. Erskine M. Phelps, H. N. Higginbotham, late president of the World's Fair; Maj. Rust, E. R. Cable, Henry J. Macfarland and Dr. G. F. Shears to active membership on the board. On the death of Dr. Small, Dr. D. S. Smith was re-elected president of the board, and 011 Dr. Smith's death, Dr. Ludlam was chosen to that office, which position he still holds (1894).

occasion, in a most felicitous speech, Hon. Erskine M. Phelps, vice-president of the board, said: " The old building, upon whose foundation we now lay the corner stone of the new, was built in 1870 and from that time until the present the degree of M. D. has been conferred upon almost 1,500 graduates, of whom over 200 were women; and I am informed that there are over 2,000 graduates of this school who are successfully practicing throughout the length and breadth of this fair land. From 1871 to the present time we have had a large percentage of women graduates, and the faculty assures me that the women students have acquitted themselves equally well, a convincing proof that in this progressive age our fair friends have higher and nobler aims than the spinning wheel, the embroidery needle and the novel.

" Our faculty have, some of them, for more than a quarter of a century looked longingly forward to this occurrence when they could realize the fruit of their earnest and arduous labors. To our worthy president, Dr. Ludlam, and the other members, Drs. Fellows, Hoyne, Hall, Vilas, Hawkes, Crawford, Shears, Bailey, Leavitt, Oilman, Watry, Halbert, Cobb, Dunn, Bruce and Chislett - thisshining galaxy - we owe the present far-famed position of the Hahnemann Medical College. We are especially grateful to the new member of the board of trustees, Major Henry A. Rust, who, as chairman of the building committee, has done so much to forward this enterprise, and who, with Messrs. Higinbotham, McFarland, Cable and North, as trustees, have taken a deep interest in the college, giving of their time and money most ungrudgingly."

The plan of the new college building which is now occupied and fully equipped, affords all necessary facilities and conveniences for a full graded course, including bacteriology, microscopy, applied chemistry, experimental physiology and all the branches pertaining to modern scientific medicine. It is pleasant to be able to record that several thousand dollars were contributed by its alumni for the thorough furnishing of the college library and the laboratories. The building is large, convenient and commodious, and, what is more to the purpose, has been paid for.

Women were first admitted as students, on equal terms with men, at the session of 1870-1. For twenty-three years now the classes have been composed of men and women; but the first hospital appointment of a woman graduate was that of Cornelia S. Stettler, M. D., who was announced in the catalogue for '92-'93 as clinical assistant, with Dr. E. Ludlam, jr., associate, in surgical gynecology. Dr. Clara A. Hendy was elected on the list of hospital physicians in April, 1893.

Shipman, emeritus professor of materia medica; H. P. Gatchell, emeritus professor of physiology and Hygiene; Rodney Welch, emeritus professor of chemistry and toxicology, and Leonard Pratt, emeritus professor of special pathology and diagnosis. Drs. J. S. Mitchell, professor of clinical medicine and diseases of the throat and chest; S. P. Hedges, professor of institutes and practice of medicine; Albert G. Beebe and Chas. Adams, professors of principles and practice of surgery and clinical surgery; Willis Danforth, professor of gynaecological surgery; John W. Streeter, professor of diseases of women and children; E. N. Foster, professor of obstetrics; W. H. Woodyatt, professor of ophthalmology and otology; E. M. Hale and A. W. Woodward, professors of materia medica and therapeutics; E. H. Pratt, professor of anatomy; John E. Kippax, professor of dermatology and medical jurisprudence; E. N. Tooker, professor of physiology; Eomeyn Hitchcock, professor of chemistry and toxicology; N_ B. Delamater, special lecturer on electrotherapeutics and provings.

A board of counselors was chosen consisting of Amos T. Hall, Esq.; J. D. Harvey ? Esq.; Wm. H. Bradley, Esq.; Judge Henry Booth, LL. D. ; 0. W. Potter, Esq. ; Henry Strong, Esq.; Hon. W. C. Goudy; Edson Keith, Esq.; Hon. J. Eussell Jones; Eev. Samuel Fallows, D. D.; Marvin Hughitt, Esq., and C. C. Bonney, LL. D.

The directors of the college secured the building on the corner of Van Buren street and Michigan avenue, formerly occupied by the Chicago Academy of Design, and the first course of lectures began October 4, 1876. Forty-five students matriculated and fifteen graduated.

" Increasing classes soon demonstrated that the college building would speedily become inadequate, and in 1881 the directors erected, on the corner of Wood and York streets, the finest and largest edifice then devoted to the teaching of homeopathy in the world. The winter following its completion the class increased to one hundred and thirty matriculates, and twenty five students were graduated.

"This college was one of the first to introduce a graded course of instruction, extending over a period of three years, which was a great advance over the method at that time common in most medical schools. In the eighteen years that have elapsed since its organization its class has increased to two hundred matriculates, and it will soon graduate a class of more than fifty students, whose training will compare favorably with that of the best medical institutions in this country." Since its first course of instruction was given four members of its acting faculty - Drs. W. H. Woodyatt (1880), W. Danforth (1891), H. M. Hobart and W. F. Knoll (1893) - have unfortunately been removed by death.

hospital in order that homeopathy might have an equal chance with the old school to demonstrate its efficacy in the treatment of disease. The hospital was soon filled with patients, principally men. Numbers of them were suffering from delirium tremens, for which they were treated - entirely on the homeopathic principle. During the second year of its existence the small-pox was an epidemic in the city. A sick boy was sent to the hospital and, soon after being there two or three days, his case developed into the most violent form of that disease. As no other patients could be admitted, the house was at once thrown open for any suffering with that malady." This hospital was in existence for several years, but, after Mrs. Wright's death, the heirs did not deem it best to give further aid to it, and thus the burden fell upon other shoulders. February 26, 1856, the Rt. Eev. Thos. M. Clark, D.D., of Rhode Island, gave a lecture entitled "Boston Two Hundred Years Ago" in aid of this hospital ; and in November following the city council appropriated $600 toward its support. At first, Drs. Shipman and Boardman took professional care of the enterprise, but later on all the principal homeopathic physicians in town were upon its medical and surgical staff.

Hon. J. Y. Scammon and named for him, was completed in October, 1870, and opened for the reception of patients November 1st, following. Its professional staff consisted of Drs. Danforth, surgeon ; J. S. Mitchell, consulting surgeon ; S. P. Hedges, assistant surgeon ; R. Ludlam, obstetrician and gyneocologist ; A. E. Small, consulting obstetrician ; F. A. Lord, E. M. Hale and D. A. Colton, attending physicians; and Charles Adams, clerk of the hospital. It was equipped with twenty beds. Directly after the great fire Mr. Scammon deeded the property to the trustees of the Hahnemann Medical College. May 16, 1872, the corner stone of a brick amphitheatre for the hospital was laid in the presence of the Illinois Homeopathic Medical Association ; January 29, 1873, the national banks of the city contributed $1,000 to the hospital fund ; and March 27th of the same year Mr. John B. Gough gave a public lecture in aid of the woman's department of the institution.

This hospital was on the list of public charities after the fire of 1871, it being represented on the Medical Committee of the Relief and Aid Society by Dr. Ludlam. At the close of the society's fire-work, in 1873, it received an appropriation of $10,000, on condition that, if they were ever needed, ten beds should be placed at the disposal of that organization. From that time until the present hundreds of charity patients have been sent to the hospital by the society's worthv superintendent, Rev. Dr. C. G. Trusdell. "

In April, 1873, at the suggestion and with the full consent of Mr. Scammon, the name of this institution was changed to that of the Hahnemann Hospital. In May, 1873, the Illinois Homeopathic Medical Association resolved to contribute the earnings of as many of its members as chose to do so for a single day (August 4), to the fund of the Hahnemann Hospital. The sum realized from this source was 1700. The Inter-State Industrial Exposition also gave one-nineteenth of its hostital day fund (November 19, 1873), amounting to $209.85, for the same purpose. November 16-24, 1874, a great Charity Fair was held by the ladies for the benefit of this hospital from which the net return was $11,000. October 5, 1883, the clinical amphitheatre, which had cost $12.- 000 in 1881, was burned, but it was soon rebuilt by the contributions of the faculty, alumni and friends of the hospital.

Among other private contributions, showing the interest of our people in this charity, were the bequest of $10,000 by Miss Phoebe Smith ; the gift of an Easter offering of $1,000 by Mrs. E. Buckingham; of $400 from private

As with the college so with the hospital, it finally became necessary to have more room and greater facilities, and accordingly the plans were so perfected, that on January 14, 1893, five months after the laying of the corner-stone for the new college, that for the new hospital was also laid with appropriate ceremonies. From an address on the occasion by Major H. A. Eust, member of the board of trustees and chairman of the building committee, we quote the following: " The Hahnemann Hospital was not born 'with a silver spoon in its mouth,' p.nd would seem to have had the regulation number of infantile diseases; but through good nursing, it has survived successive periods of the hardest of ' hard times,' visitations of pestilence, and the heroic treatment by fire, and now, with hardened muscles, and undaunted spirit, it may be regarded as having the assurance of a prolonged life of usefulness. This assurance is rendered doubly sure though benefactions bestowed upon it within the past few months, chief among which is to be named the gift of fifty thousand dollars ($50,000), by Mrs. Caroline E. Haskell, through the agency of her physician, Dr. George P. Shears. Of this sum ten thousand ($10,000) was by the donor apportioned to the building fund, and forty thousand dollars ($40,000) to the endowment of the hospital, and maintenance of free surgical beds, in terms specified. This gift, large and grand in itself, has a significance even beyond its money value, in that it furnishes a substantial foundation for the belief that it will stimulate others to follow the magnificent example, and so increase the revenue of the hospital that it may ere long greatly enlarge its sphere of usefulness, through its ability to offer all of its resources to the suffering poor.

" The splendid contribution of five thoua,nd dollars (85,000) to the building fund, (lade by the late Mr. Hugh Kiddle, marked lis confidence in his physician, Dr. H. B.

Fellows, and at the same time enrolls the donor as a most timely benefactor to our institution. Other contributions in smaller amounts to the building fund have been opportune, and will receive due recognition.

"In reflecting upon the history of the hospital department of the Hahnemann College, I have been especially impressed with two features, one of which is the prominence of woman as a factor at and from its birth until the present hour. This impression does not startle me, coming, as it does, simply as additional evidence in support of the already well-established fact, that nearly all the grace, and much of the strength, in human character is resident in our mothers, sisters, wives and daughters.

"The other feature to which I allude is, that ' other men labor, and we enter into their labors.' A perusal of the records of the board of trustees is graphically illustrative of this fact. One may note the incoming of a member of the board, or staff, and trace his absorbing interest and guiding hand for a time, and then, for him death closes the record; but Time does not tarry, the gap is filled and the work continues. In this fact of continuity and cumulative force of organized philanthropic effort, is found both incentive and reward for all that any individual may have the disposition to attempt and the ability to accomplish."

Eloquent and appropriate addresses were also made by Rev. Dr. Crandall, of the Memorial Baptist Church, Rev. L. P. Mercer, of the New Church Temple, Hon. E. M. Phelps, Prof. G. A. Hall and the President of the Hospital, who said :

" At the meeting of our national society in June last it was voted to erect a monument to Hahnemann, and that it should be located in Washington, the capital of this great commonwealth. There was the right sort of enthusiasm, and plenty of it, and the machinery for raising subscriptions was set in motion at once. The physicians of Chicago have already interested themselves in that enterprise and will doubtless do what they can to further its completion. It is in every way commendable and in accord with the fitness of things, that the old hero should have a statue that is grand and glorious in proportion with the issues of his life-work, and with his untiring labors in the cause of humanity. By all means let us have it, and right away, too.

" But there are monuments and monuments, as there are missionaries and missionaries. We are rebuilding a monument to Hahnemann here, in Chicago, and its cornerstone has been laid this very hour. It is no new scheme, either, for this institution was the first of its kind to be named in his honor almost forty years ago. And the ' Old Hahnemann' has not been a colossal figure to stand as a silent witness of his worth and of his achievements, but a busy, earnest school, in which a host of pupils have been trained and taught, and from which almost two thousand graduates have already gone forth to carry the blessings of his ministry to mankind. With my Quaker proclivities I insist that this is the very best kind of a monument. For it is a monument with a heart in it, and a home and a bed for the sick and the suffering ; a hotel, as the first hospitals were, where the weary traveler mav find those who will nurse and care for him, bind up his wounds and set him on his way again. We should strive for its upbuilding and extension, not only because it already glorifies its illustrious progenitor, and will continue to do so, but also because of its charitable and clinical, its social and scientific relations to the public and to the profession at large.

" Professor Hall has spoken kindly of this old building, in which we are working like beavers until the better one is ready. We shall not leave it without regret, but we will enjoy the new one all the more because of its improved and increased facilities, its greater capacity, and its thorough fitness for the work that is before us."

all the improved facilities and safeguards for the care and protection of the sick poor, with about sixty private rooms for paying patients. It is indeed an honor to the city and in every way a most worthy charity. It was placed on the list of beneficiaries by the annual Charity Ball for 1894, from which it received $1260.20.

The Central Homeopathic Hospital and Free Dispensary was organized in 1876 by The central Hog- the faculty and friends of pitai and Dispensary, the Chicago Homeopathic Medical College. It has rooms in the college building, on the corner of Wood and York streets. Its management is controlled by the faculty of that school.

public recognition and representation, but the scheme failed and two of the buildings served as headquarters for the believers in this form of medical faith. The first of these was the homeopathic hospital, which owed its existence to the liberal ideas and practice of Mr. Higinbotham, President of the Board of Directors of the Fair, and to the zeal and subscriptions of a few physicians, chief of whom was Dr. George E. Hall. Dr. E. S. Bailey, secretary, reported that the number of cases prescribed for therein during the Fair was 7,828; while resting in the building, 1,600; visitors, 103,- 000; calling to rest, 15,000; physicians calling at the hospital, 2,000.

The other was properly a mixed hospital, in which women physicians of the homeopathic school shared the work and the reresponsibility which entitle them to honorable mention. This was the Illinois Woman's Hospital, for the support of which the Illinois State Board of Women had contributed the sum of $6,000 for its running expenses, with the agreement that the three principal schools of medicine should be represented in its medical committee and management. This committee - which consisted of Dr. Julia Holmes Smith, homeopathist,

Dr. Sarah H. Stevenson, allopathist, and Dr. Mary Reasner, eclectic - appointed Dr. Emma C. Geisse, homeopathist, Dr. Mary A. Mixer, allopathist, and Dr. Mary Randolph, eclectic, as resident physicians. Their services were supplemented by the voluntary attendance of lady physicians throughout the State, who alternated in their work, and who. during the six months of the Fair, were always faithful to their charge. The combined result of this arrangement was satisfactory in every regard, and served to show that, when it comes to humane questions, the best women, like the best men, are not very far apart.

in Chicago. appeal was made to the common council that a portion of its space should be allotted to those patients who preferred the homeopathic treatment, and that physicians of that school should also be placed upon its hospital staff. This step was legalized, and a separate list of surgeons and physicians of each school was accordingly chosen and appointed; but the prejudice against the heretics was so strong in those days that the old school brethren thought they could not afford to compromise their dignity by such an alliance, and they accordingly resigned. During the squabble that ensued, and which overflowed into all the newspapers, pamphlets, and medical journals, the building was seized and appropriated for the use of the army, and an Eye and Ear Hospital was equipped and placed in charge of Dr. J C. Hildreth. After the close of the war the building was rented at a nominal sum by Dr. Brainard for the use of the Rush Medical College.

But the next attempt to form a mixed hospital resulted more successfully, for in 1879 the authorities of the Chicago Homeopathic Medical College secured the assignment of a . share in the work at the present County Hospital and the appointment of a homeopathic hospital staff. This position they have since maintained, so that this system of

The National Temperance Hospital, 1619 Diversey avenue, has a mixed board of physicians and surgeons, who find it possible to work together in peace and harmony, a fact which, along with the recent experience of the World's Parliament of Religions in this city, shows that there is actual progress in civilization.

Dispensaries. John Davies, of English birth and education, who came here in 1859, and died March 28, 1873. Dr. Davies soon associated with himself Drs. G. D. Beebe, E. Rawson, S. Seymour, and R. Ludlam. Dr. Seymour came from Rome, N. Y., in 1856 and died in 1860, just after the dispensary had been removed to the college rooms on Clark street.

The Hahnemann College Dispensary, thus formed, has now been in active and constant operation, giving gratuitous medical and surgical treatment to the sick poor, for thirtyfour years. Its medical staff is chosen from the faculty of the school, and for at least a dozen years past it has averaged a thousand prescriptions per month without cost to the subject.

Numerous other dispensaries of a private character have been started and more or less successfully run in various parts of the city during the past twenty years, and some of them have been very useful.

As early as 1867, Dr. Shipman's attention was called to the necessity of a place being The Chicago provided for the care of found- Fonudiings'Home lings. At that time he was the attending physician in Mr. Pinkerton's family and was frequently called to relieve the sufferings of infants that had been picked up by his detectives, and whose lives had been attempted. There was then no institution willing to receive that class of inmates. The doctor felt that many valuable lives might be saved, but did not feel called upon to do this work himself. The subject was pressed upon him more and more, and after its agitation for four years he decided to rent a small house and hire a nurse to take charge of those babies only which came under his own observation. He had not at that moment a thought of founding a public institution. It became noised about, however, through the press, that he was going to receive infants, and in the first week fifteen of them were left at his door ; the first month over thirty, and the first year he received about three hundred. The lives of most of these had already been in peril, either through drugging or violence. "Now such a case is almost unheard of. We were in no way prepared for such a large number, but it was impossible to refuse them admission. Public opinion was not generally in our favor, and the unwillingness of wet nurses to become inmates of the home was very disheartening. The coroner, however, at once began to see the benefit of the embryo institution for, as he told Dr. S., before the house was opened he averaged holding an inquest upon the body of an infant daily, but thenceforth there was only one -a month. After some years an act of the legislature was passed making it a crime for a woman to abandon her child, the penalty being a fine of one thousand dollars or three years imprisonment. Public opinion has changed, so that now we have very little difficulty in persuading mothers to remain with their infants until they can find a situation with their child, or see it adopted into some good family. The number of foundlings now received is very small, comparatively. The last year we have cared for 258 different children and 157 different mothers."

So writes the good wife of the excellent doctor, who was his helper all along, and who, since his death, is superintendent and surviving mother to this noble charity, the homeopathic physicians. The late Dr. D. A. Colton had the medical charge of it for many years. Since January, 1885, it has been successively and successfully in charge of the following lady physicians of this school of practice : Dr. Belle L. Reynolds, who served five years, Dr. Sara E. Bacon, Dr. Mary Shibley, and the present incumbent, Dr. Emma Butman.

The Chicago Nursery and Half-orphan Asylum, incorporated in 1860, has for many years been under the skillful care of physicians of this school. Its present medical board consists of Drs. Charles Adams, surgeon ; H. M. Hobart, physician ; S. P. Hedges and L. C. Grosvenor, consulting physicians ; and F. H. Foster, oculist.

For the Old People's Home, at Indiana avenue and Thirty-first street, a home for aged women irrespective of race, creed or nationality, Dr. Anna C. Hardy was the predecessor of Dr. Frank H. Honberger, who is now the attending physician.

The Margaret Etter Creche, now eight years old, is and has been for the past four years in the medical charge of Dr. Jesse E. Shears. Last year (1893) it gave 11,443 days care, food and medical attention to children of from three months to seven years of age. Dr. Mrs. Shears is also physician for a branch institution at Thirtieth and Butler streets, called the Worker's Creche, which is three years old and cares for about fifteen children daily ; and visiting physician to the Home for Girls, at 3111 Indiana avenue, established by the State guardians.

located in the basement of the First Congregational Church, corner of Ann and Washington streets. Mayor Mason told them that nothing medical had yet been done. "Why not," said he, "organize a- board yourselves ? " He gave them room, a pine table, two chairs, and authority to organize a medical bureau. A sign was made from a pasteboard box-lid, uniform with those of the other city departments, announcing the medical bureau. They then made arrangements for a temporary hospital in the basement of the Dutch Beformed Church, across the street, from which patients were distributed to other quarters later on. In the afternoon physicians of the different schools reported, and their names and residences, as far as they had any, were registered. The visiting committees from different cities came and asked what supplies were needed, and they were afterwards promptly sent forward to this temporary hospital. The county physician, Dr. Benjamin Miller, called on the morning of the second day and conferred the right to consign patients to the city hospital on Arnold street, with the provision that the very worst cases only were to be sent there. Dr. H. A. Johnson came in shortly after and gave the same privilege for Mercy Hospital, with the same proviso attached. Drs. Gilman and Evans also organized two other hospitals in churches, to which supplies of bedding, food, surgical requisites, etc., were forwarded every day. Every night these hospitals were inspected personally, and their needs for the next day listed and promptly furnished. In each of these churches there were ladies in considerable numbers who gave their time and services through the whole day and at night in caring for the sufferers, of whom there were a great many. And so Dr. McVickar's remark to the writer that "since the fire the churches that remained were being put to a practical use," was beautifully exemplified. At the same time those who were ill at their own homes were attended by doctors who had gistered with us, and who lived nearest to those patients. By the morning of the third day it had been discovered that this medical organization, which was conceded to be so efficient and which had been operated without regard to schools of practice, was manned by two homeopathists. However, Drs. Miller and Johnson insisted that the bureau should continue its work under the same management until the reorganization of the Relief and Aid Society, to which a medical bureau would be attached. And this was accordingly done, the interval being ten days, at the end of which time, by the invitation of Dr. H. A. Johnson, Dr. Gilman was made secretary of the medical committee of the Relief and Aid society. Dr. Evans was continued in the same headquarters for a week, and was afterwards made superintendent of vaccination for three of the five departments into which the city was divided by the said society. Dr. H. B. Fellows was appointed in the corps of visiting physicians in the first district, where he did most efficient service, and Dr. Ludlam was an active member of the Medical Committee of the Relief and Aid Society throughout that trying season.

banquet ever tendered the society was given at the old Briggs House; in 1870, which meeting is especially remembered as that held in the Crosby Opera House, at which time the Dr. Carroll Dunham, of New York, gave his remarkable oration entitled, "Freedom of Medical Opinion and Action, a Vital Necessity and a Great Responsibility;" and in 1893, when it was merged with the World's Congress of Homeopathic Physicians. That congress was organized in the same manner as all of those which were held under the auspices of the World's Congress Auxiliary, and was, therefore, an integral part of the great Columbian Exposition. To president Bonney and Dr. J. S. Mitchell, chairman, are chiefly due the remarkable success of the undertaking. A whole week, ending June 3, was devoted to the consideration of the most important topics connected with scientific medicine and surgery, and a corresponding yield was experienced by the medcal profession of this and of other countries. The number of homeopathic physicians in attendance was 863. A daily issue of the Medical Century published its papers and deliberations. This event was a fitting celebration of the semi-centennial of homeopathy in Chicago.

The Eclectic School

American Eclecticism is an expression or name by which the principles held by a body or school of physicians in the United States is known; ordinarily Eclectic physician is employed to distinguish a member of this school of doctors by the public. The Eclectics have been an organized body of physicians for about fifty years. At the time they formed an organization, and for many years previous to that time, the medical world was divided upon principles of medical theory and practice to as great a degree as political parties in our day are divided on the tariff. One side, representing the main body of physicians known as the allopathic school, maintained the theory that fever and inflammation represented an exalted condition of the functions of the body and were best treated by reducing the physical strength of the patient by blood letting, calomel, starvation, etc. Other physicians, including some who were highly educated and others who were not, both here and in the old world, held views exactly the opposite. In the meantime there existed in the United States many who devoted their lives to the work of treating the sick, who had derived their knowledge of medicine from the aborigines, and from a traditional knowledge maintained in the families of the early settlers of the country, who mainly employed indigenous plants in practice, and who were known as botanies. As the treatment of the botanies tended to keep up the strength of the patient, and was in no sense depletive, it was thus far in harmony with the views of those physicians who were opposed to mercury and the lancet in practice. In 1825, or about that time, Wooster Beach, an old-school physician of New York, determined to add to his course of medical study a knowledge of botanic medicine, and to that end studied with Jacob Tidd, a distinguished botanic physician of New Jersey, and eventually attended lectures and became a graduate of the medical department of the University of New York. Some years later, Dr. Beach wrote a book on the practice of medicine, which brought him a great reputation both in this country and in Europe. This work presented the botanic practice and theory in such a convincing manner that he became the head of a medical party and his followers were known as Beachites. It is generally conceded now that Beach was the founder of the Eclectic school of medicine in the United States. He opened a school and instructed students in his practice in New York city some time in the thirties. In this school were educated Thomas V. Morrow, I. G. Jones, L. E. Jones, John King and others, who founded the Eclectic Medical Institute at Cincinnati, the parent school of Eclecticism in the United States.

Physicians. of its growth is a tale of trials and vicissitudes at the outset, crowned by success only after years of patient waiting and effort. In the year 1860 the list of Eclectic physicians in the city embraced such honored names as those of Drs. Laban S. Major, Henry K. Stratford, and A. B. Wescott, who had acquired a merited reputation for professional skill and success. In 1866, their ranks received some noteworthy accessions through the coming of Drs. II. D. Garrison, H. N. Young, W. H. Davis, John Foreman and J. F. Cook. The number of practitioners having been thus augmented; conferences began to be held at which were discussed topics professional and scientific, as well as subjects connected with medical ethics of vital interest to the pioneers of a new school.

The history of the Eclectic school in Chicago could not be written without giving an Bennett Medical account of Bennett College of Eclectic Medicine and Surgery. This college was founded by special act of the legislature of Illinois twenty-six years ago, and named in honor of J. Hughes Bennett, of Edinburgh, Scotland. This distinguished physician having devoted his life to proving the deleterious effects of bleeding and mercury in the treatment of fevers, and the benefits to be derived from a restorative treatment, seemed a fit person for American eclectic physicians to honor by naming a college after him since he held essentially the same views as were held by eclectic physicians in the United States Dr. H. D. Garrison appears to have been the main promoter of the idea of establishing an Eclectic Medical College in Chicago. Dr. A. L. Clark writes : " Professor Garrison wrote me a letter under date of May 26, 1868, now in my possession, in which he says, ' The matter of starting an Eclectic Medical College here has been agitated somewhat of late. You can judge what would be its prospects with an able faculty. Can we count on your aid in organizing and as a lecturer, etc., etc?' He was the main if not the only agitator." In the fall of that year the college was opened with a full list of seven professors, and a charter obtained the winter following.

in two large rooms, situated on the north side of Kinzie street, between La Salle avenue and Wells street. Seven professors comprised the faculty and thirty students were matriculated, of whom nine received diplomas on completion of their studies.

The first faculty consisted of R. A. Gunn> professor of surgery; H. D. Garrison, pro" fessor of chemistry; H. K. Whitford, professor of the theory and practice of medicine; J. F. Cook, professor of materia medica and therapeutics; A. L. Clark, professor of obstetrics and diseases of women and children; John Foreman, professor of anatomy; and Hayes C. French, professor of physiology.

During the following year the infant institution secured more commodious quarters at 180 and 182 Washington street, and the formal opening of the incorporated college was held on the evening of October 4, 1869. The members of the faculty at that time were Dr. John Foreman, dean and professor of obstetrics and diseases of women and children; Dr. Laban S. Major, emeritus professor of the institutes of medicine; Dr. Robert A. Gunn, professor of civil, military and clinical surgery; Dr. H. D. Garrison, professor of chemistry, pharmacy and toxicology; Dr. James F. Cook, professor of materia medica and therapeutics; Dr. II. K. Whitford professor of the theory and practice of medicine and clinical medicine; Dr. John Foreman, professor of surgical and descriptive anatomy.

The year following Anson L. Clark was elected dean, and made professor of obstetrics and diseases of women and children. Dr. Milton Jay was called to fill the chair of physiology and pathology, vacated by Hayes C. French. Dr. H. N". Young was professor of anatomy, descriptive and surgical, George C. Christian, LL. B., lecturer on medical jurisprudence, and John E. Hurlbut lecturer on microscopy. During the period preceding the session of 1871, the college prospered beyond the most sanguine expectations of its projectors and had just opened its third year with a large class of matricu-

The ruin wrought by the flames, however, was merely material and left undiminished the enthusiasm of the men who had pledged themselves to promote the success of the new college. The trustees began at once to lookout for new quarters, and promptly secured the building on State street, just south of Twenty-second street, which had been occupied by the Chicago Medical College, and after an interval of less than a week lectures were resumed.

As soon as the necesssary equipments for the various departments could be procured, the trustees purchased a large private residence at 461 Clark street, just beyond the burned district, and fitted it up for the uses of the institution. It was found, however, that this building did not afford adequate accommodations, and accordingly a large double lot at 511 and 513 State street was purchased and a college building of brick and stone built on it. This building was fifty feet front and four stories high and contained two commodious amphitheatres for lectures with a seating capacity for 350 students, together with a chemical and physiological laboratory, a museum and library, all fully equipped for thorough instruction in every department of medicine and surgery. In the rear of the college was erected a hospital with sixty beds. These new quarters were occupied by the college in October, 1874, and the institution entered upon a new era of prosperity.

Dr. A. L. Clark was elected president in 1872, and Dr. Milton Jay was made dean about this time and transferred to the chair of surgery. Dr. Wilson H. Davis was professor of materia medica, therapeutics, and clinical medicine. Dr. Henry Olin occupied the chair of opthalmology and otology. Dr. H. K. Whitford was professor of the principles and practice of medicine and clinical medicine; Dr. H. D. Garrison was professor of descriptive and surgical anatomy; Dr. E. F. Buecking, professor of orthopaedic surgery; Dr. E. F. Rush, professor of dermatology and venereal diseases; and Dr.E. M.Reading, professor of physiology: Dr. Edgar Reading, professor of electro-therapeutics and diseases of the nervous system. In addition to these there were assistants where it was necessary to make the course of instruction complete, and much was accomplished through their faithful efforts. The management of the college continued without essential change from this time till 1890 when the college at 511 and 513 State street was sold and a new college and hospital erected at the corner of Fulton and Ada streets on the west side. In this connection it will be of interest to make some mention of those men who founded and also those who did so much to build up Bennett Medical College. Dr. Garrison was a graduate of the Eclectic Medical Institute at Cincinnati, the parent school of Eclecticism, and had been honored with a professorship in that college, and it was fitting that he should found a school of the same faith. He was not a common man. Besides the culture which a classical education offered, he was distinguished as a lecturer on scientific subjects. His scholarship was profound and his fund of knowledge varied and extensive. For many years he lectured and taught chemistry in the college, and to a thorough knowledge of the science he taught was coupled an ample fund of ready illustration, wit and expression, which blended so happily that his lectures and demonstrations were always highly instructive and at the same time of rich interest. He was one of the first editors of the Chicago Medical Times, a monthly periodical owned and published by the college. His public lectures on popular scientific themes established his reputation as an orator. He resigned the chair of chemistry in Bennett College to accept that of materia medica and pharmacy in the Chicago College of out. Dr. Whitford is now well on in years, but his eye is not dim nor is his natural force abated. He is a most interesting lecturer on medical topics; and having a vein of humor is able to reanimate the dead bones of medicine. His humor is not forced. " This is a remedy," speaking of an emetic, that is apt to make your patient say, " Now, doctor, I don't think I will be able to keep your medicine on my stomach." Dr. Whitford has become wealthy in the practice of his profession. He was one of the founders of Bennett Medical College, and has occupied the chair of practice from the start.

Perhaps no professional man in Chicago was more widely known and respected than Dr. H. W. Olin, ophthalmologist and otologist, to whose memory Bennett College owes a debt of respect which it is difficult to pay. For more than thirty years one of the most famous operators in eye and ear diseases, his success was phenomenal. He was a diligent student and a fluent and instructive lecturer. He had acquired a national reputation and was acknowledged as the leading ophthalmic surgeon of the Eclectic school. He died in Florida in 1890.

of the institution. He was a man of varied accomplishments, a popular teacher and a successful financier. He gave his son, Prof. E. M. Reading, a very thorough education as a physician, and he is now one of the most accomplished lecturers in the institution. He died about a year ago.

head of the Eclectic school in the Northwest. He received a classical education at Lombard University and graduated in 1858. During his collegiate course he earned money to pay expenses by teaching school, a plan well calculated to perfect his scholarship. He attended lectures at the Eclectic Medical Institute of Cincinnati, and graduated with high honors in 1861. He was shortly thereafter commissioned as assistant surgeon in the One Hundred and Twenty-seventh Illinois Volunteers, and remained in the military service of the government until the close of the war of the rebellion. During a portion of his military service he was employed in hospital work at Memphis, Tenn. At the close of the war he returned to Elgin, where his recognized ability soon secured for him a lucrative practice. Dr. Clark was one of the founders of Bennett College, and from that day to this has given the institution his thought, his care and his self-sacrificing service. He is now professor of surgical gynsecology and dean of the faculty. He ranks high as a lecturer and teacher, is a frequent contributor to medical periodicals, and is editor, with Dr. Ellingwood, of the Chicago Medical Times. He is the author of "Clark's Diseases of Women," which has had an extensive sale. He was president of the National Eclectic Medical Association one year, and member of the Illinois State Board of Health since its organization till succeeded by Dr. J. B. McFatrich last year. He represented Kane county in the State legislature in 1870.

of both are blended for twenty years. He filled the chair of physiology in 1869 and 1870, and was afterwards transferred to that of surgery. About the same time he was elected dean of the faculty, which position he held for twenty years. To his popularity as a lecturer, and his skill as an operator, may be traced much of the success of the college. He resigned in 1890. As an organizer he was capable, energetic, and far-seeing. As a surgeon his reputation is national. As a member of the college staff he was a thorough instructor in surgical pathology and operative surgery. He has received the highest honors which could be conferred by national and State organizations.

Dr. Davis became a member of the Bennett College faculty in 1874, being called to the chair of materia inedica, therapeutics and clinical medicine, which he held for fifteen years. He also assumed the editorship-in-chief of the Chicago Medical Times in 1876, and continued at the head of that journal until 1889. Dr. Davis gave special attention to the study of materia medica and therapeutics and became distinguished for his extensive knowledge of these subjects. As a lecturer he achieved an enviable reputation ; and was always deservedly popular with the students. He resigned from the faculty and severed his connection with the college in 1889.

We make mention of other physicians who have attained high rank in the profession. Dr. A. L. Willard has long been identified with the eclectic school in Chicago. He is now, and for some years past has been, professor of osteology and dislocations and fractures in Bennett Medical College. Dr. H. S. Tucker is well-known as a surgeon. He attended Wheaton College and later Bennett Medical College, graduating in 1879. He was first demonstrator, then professor of anatomy, later professor of surgery, and now professor of anatomy in his alma mater. Few men have been more successful than Dr. Tucker.

Dr. Finley Ellingwood is a chemist, and has been called in important criminal trials, as an expert in his specialty. He has for many years taught chemistry in Bennett College and elsewhere. For more than five years he has edited the Chicago Medical Times, and from being a very good publication he has made it a very superior medical periodical. He is now professor of Eclectictherapeutics and renal diseases in Bennett Medical College.

Dr. Oscar 0. Baines attended Bennett College and graduated in 1884. He was almost immediately called to fill important positions. He has been professor of anatomy in Bennett Medical College and is now professor of obstetrics in the same. He has for some years been one of the visiting physicians at the Cook County Hospital.

Dr. J. V. Stevens is a practitioner of ripe experience, who has recently come among us. He is professor of diseases of children in Bennett College, and a very able lecturer and efficient teacher.

Dr. E. M. Reading is a scholarly gentleman who commands the admiration and confidence of all who know him. Perhaps Bennett College has no more capable man in its faculty than Professor Reading. He is now professor of diseases of the respiratory, circulatory and nervous systems in the same.

Dr. F. E. Thornton is brim full of enthusiasm, and as a teacher of physiology he imparts much of this spirit to his pupils. He is visiting physician to Cook County Hospital and professor of physiology in Bennett Medical College.

Dr. H. E. Whitford, of Englewood, is a son of Dr. II. K. Whitford, of Elgin, and shows that he belongs to a family of doctors. He is a very popular man, and stands deservedly high among his brethren. He is professor of venereal diseases in Bennett Medical College. Dr. George Laidlaw is especially worthy of note as an author, being a frequent contributor of learned papers to the medical press. He brings to the study of a most difficult subject a master mind. He is professor of microscopy in the same institution.

Of lady physicians the eclectic school can boast of several who have distinguished themselves. Mrs. Dr. Jessie G. Forrester, having spent several years as a hospital nurse, entered school with a view of entering the medical profession. Having received the degree of M. D., she visited Europe and studied in the hospitals there. Her fine intellectual ability, coupled with this elaborate training, at once commanded confidence, and she now enjoys an exceptionally large practice in this city.

Mrs. Dr. Henrietta K. Morris is a woman ^of extraordinary gifts as a physician. She naturally takes the front rank, whether before the public or in medical conventions. She commands the respect and admiration of all who know her.

Dr. Eli Wight, well known to many of the leading business men of the city, chose medicine as a profession and studied in Bennet Medical College. He at once commanded the confidence of his professional brethren, and was chosen a member of the first visiting staff of the Cook County Hospital at a time when it was especially necessary to secure the services of the best physicians and most trustworthy men. He was for several years professor of obstetrics in Bennett Medical College.

Dr. L. A. Stillman is a graduate of Bennett Medical College, and has succeeded in building up a very lucrative practice. He has felt obliged to refuse professional honors on account of the demands of a large practice on his time. He is visiting physician to Cook County Hospital.

Dr. Arthur Weir Smith is a Pennsylvanian of Scotch-Irish parentage and a staunch advocate of equal rights in the medical profession. He is a graduate of Allegheny College, Pennsylvania, and of the Eclectic Medical Institute, Ohio. He is secretary of

Dr. E. F. Buecking is a product of Chicago schools, and has a very thorough education. He is a graduate of Bennett Bueckinsr Medical College and has been in practice eighteen years. He was early chosen as a teacher in his alma mater, has been professor of anatomy and orthoposdic surgery, and is now professor of surgery in the same. He has long been known as a skillful surgeon; and while it may not be said that he is the best, it certainly is no exaggeration to say that he is in all respects the equal of any surgeon in the Northwest. He is now visiting surgeon at the Cook County Hospital. Dr. Buecking is a frequent contributor to the medical press and is well known.

Dr. Tascher is a graduate of the Eclectic Medical Institute of Cincinnati, and a very John Tascher successful practitioner, having accumulated a handsome property as the fruits of his professional work. He was elected professor of anatomy in Bennett College in 1880, and in 1883 professor of diseases of children, and in 1891 professor of materia medica and therapeutics in the same. He has been a visiting member of the staff of the Cook County Hospital for the past five years.

Of the physicians who have distinguished themselves among the adherents of the j. B. McFatrich. eclectic school in Chicago, in recent years, we mention Dr. J. B. McFatrich. He possesses certain distinguishing traits which have proved valuable to the school. He is not a man to be second-best. As a post-graduate student with the late Prof. Henry Olin, he labored unremittingly to acquire knowledge and skill as an ophthalmic surgeon. To this end he repeatedly performed all the ophthalmic operations on the eyes of animals till he had perfected himself in the whole round. It became a matter of remark how deftly he could conduct these most delicate manipula- tions. Having so prepared himself, he began to operate on the human eye and demonstrated a superior skill from the start. He became early a member of the Masonic Temple Company, and the successs of this great enterprise is not in a small degree owing to his energy. Other enterprises in the financial world, of great magnitude, are intrusted to him. Dr. McFatrich was appointed a member of the Illinois State Board of Health a year ago, and was one of the first visiting surgeons to represent the eclectics on the Cook County Hospital staff.

Dr. Farnum is a new accession to the Bennett faculty, who appears to have possessed the genius of success from the start. He possesses exceptional qualities as a surgeon, being blessed with the rare gift of what is called the surgical mind. Operative surgery is, as it were, a second nature to him. He is at present professor of orthopoedic surgery in Bennett Medical College, and visiting surgeon at the Cook County Hospital.

Dr. Graves is recognized as possessing qualities of a high grade by his professional brethren. In a competitive ex- 'es' animation he was chosen as one of the internes at the county hospital; and later made professor of chemistry in Bennett Medical College. He has the unobtrusive manner of a true scholar, and wears his honors with as easy grace as if lie was not himself conscious of his elevation.

Congress. pair Auxiliary. A year previously Drs. Jay, Davis, Barber, Tucker, Heading, Ellingwood and Stevens, were appointed a World's Fair committee, and a like committee of lady physicians was also appointed, consisting of Drs. Eeasener, Whitford, Eandolph, Sparrow and Howe. These two bodies went earnestly to work, organizing the leading members of the eclectic school throughout the world in united effort. Many countries were represented in the congress, which convened on May 20th, in the Art Institute on the Lake Front. During its sessions many able and interesting papers were read, covering in their scope every department of medicine and surgery. The session closed with a feeling that all had been mutually benefited carrying out certain plans of instruction which are essentially modern. The demand of our times as regards medical education is that instruction should be chiefly clinical,, and this school structure is so planned HS to have a lecture room, which is also a clinic room, with a hospital immediately adjoining, but separated by thick brick walls, so that patients in the hospital are not affected by noise from the body of students in the college classes. Here, in case of a surgical operation, the patient is prepared in the hospital, brought before the class, the operation performed, while a clinical lecture fully illustrating the case and the operation is at the same time being delivered, the students acting as assistants and in various ways familiarizing themselves with clinical and operative surgery. The institution is located in a quiet neighborhood and in the midst of a large population with abundant material for instruction.

The college also provides free treatment for the worthy poor in order to afford clinical The Bennett Free instruction for the students Dispensary. jn great variety, believing that while much of a student's knowledge may be had from books, there is no education which can be compared to the clinical experience to be had in this way. In order that the interest of the student may not be perfunctory, the members of the senior class are given charge of patients under the direction of the teacher, and in this way a lively interest is created and the best educational results obtained.

In order to encourage a higher education, a competitive examination of members of the senior class is held each year, and a certain number of the most proficient selected to reside at the hospital as internes. To these is intrusted the surgical and medical treatment of patients thus affording clinical instruction not to be surpassed.

interesting and instructive lectures, cases treated and operations performed in the county hospital, in the Bennett hospital and in the Bennett college, so that the reader who is interested in the work may be entertained and instructed. These reports are, by the courtesy of the editors, being published from month to month in other medical journals, without regard to school, in order that medical knowledge may increase.

Faculty. - Anson L. Clark, A. M., M. D., dean, professor of diseases of women and clinical gynaecology; John Tascher, M. D., professorof materia medicaand therapeutics; E. F. Buecking, M. D., professor of the principles and practice of surgery and clinical surgery; H. K. Whitford, M. D., professor of the principles and practice of medicine; Oscar 0. Baines, M. D., professor of obstetrics and surgical pathology; II. S. Tucker, M. D., professor of anatomy and orificial surgery; J. B. McFatrich, M. D., professor of ophthalmology and otology; E. M. Reading, M. D., professor of the diseases of the respiratory, circulatory and nervous systems; Finley Ellingwood, M. D., professor of electro-therapeutics and renal diseases; E. J. Farnum, M. D., professor of orthopcedic surgery and clinical surgery; J. V. Stevens, M. D., professor of diseases of childrenand clinical medicine; F. E. Thornton, M. D., professor of physiology; A. ^ Willard, M. D., professor of osteology, dislocations and fractures; N. A. Graves, M. D., professor of chemistry; H. E. Whitford, M. D., professor of venereal diseases; II. H. Latimer, professor of dermatology; A. W. Strong, LL. B., professor of medical jurisprudence and insanity; George Laidlaw, M. D., professor of histology and microscopy; W. H. Hipp, M.D., professor of rhinology and laryngology.

The requirements of the college are made to harmonize with the rules of the Illinois State Board of Health. The number of students in attendance the first year, ] 885-86, was 18, of whom 10 graduated; and there appears to have been little or no increase since, of either students or graduates.

In addition to the foregoing list of medical colleges for the instruction of students, two institutions have been established for special instruction to graduates and practitioners only.

These are the post-graduate medical school and hospital of Chicago, and the Chicago policlinic and hospital. The first is temporarily located at 757-759 West Harrison street, and the second at 174-176 Chicago avenue. In an introductory lecture delivered in the post-graduate medical school of Chicago, Jan. 6, 1891, the circumstances leading to the establishment of this class of medical schools were stated as follows: "At the close of the regular annual college term of the Chicago Medical college, in the spring of 1880, the faculty inaugurated a well-arranged course of instruction of four or six weeks duration, exclusively for the benefit of practitioners or graduates in medicine. The course was largely clinical and practically demonstrative, but included, also, a review of whatever was new in etiology, pathology, and therapeutics. It was attended by thirtynine practitioners from this and several of the surrounding States,and was annually repeated several years. Its marked success attracted general attention, and speedily led to the institution of similar courses in connection with Hush Medical College, and with several of the leading medical colleges in other cities. This rapid increase in the number of such courses, in different cities, and nearly at the same season of the year, so divided the number of practitioners who could afford to leave their practice, that the number in any one school was too limited to make it profitable to maintain them, which naturally led those teachers, connected with the several schools and hospitals, to unite in forming separate schools for post-graduate instruction, in which short courses to limited classes could be given in nearly all parts of the year, and on all practical subjects of importance. "

The Baptists

Baptists. Temple, who was among the first Baptists to arrive in Chicago, he having been preceded by Mrs. Rebecca Heald, wife of Captain Nathan Heald, and Eev. Isaac McCoy. The latter conducted a mission among the Indians at Carey, near Niles, Mich., and preached to the aborigines of Chicago in English, on October 9, 1825. Dr. Temple, accompanied by his wife and family, arrived at the settlement early in July, 1833. At that time Presbyterian services were being conducted at Fort Dearborn, and were attended by Dr. Temple. The latter, however, was anxious to see a church of his own creed established here, and opened correspondence with the American Baptist Home Mission Society, looking to the appointment of a missionary of this faith in Chicago. He also started a subscription list for funds with which to erect a permanent building, heading the same with his own contribution of one hundred dollars. A frame structure was erected within a few weeks, near the corner of Franklin and South Water streets. It was two stories in height, the audience room being on the first floor, while the upper story was devoted to school purposes. Its cost is said to have been about $900. The edifice

Rev. Alien B. to *>ne pi°neer settlement from Freeman. the East, the Rev. Allen B. Freeman, a graduate of Hamilton Theological Seminary. That gentleman arrived, with his wife, on August 16, 1833, and found a building already erected and ready for use. He did not at once enter his own pulpit, having preached the first Sunday to the congregation of Rev. Mr. Porter, who had gone to Blackstone's Grove, twenty-eight miles south of the Fort, to conduct religious services. From that date until his premature death, Mr. Freeman and Mr. Porter preached alternately each month to congregations in some distant village, on which occasion the two congregations united to hear the one remaining at home.

Society, settlement, fourteen of whom were present, and connected themselves with the new enterprise. The catalogue of those present is as follows: Rev. Allen B. Freeman and Hannah C., his wife, S. T. Jackson, Martin D. Harmon, Peter Moore, Nathaniel Carpenter, John K. Sargent, Peter Warden, Willard Jones, Ebenezer and Betsey Crane, Susanna Rice, Samantha Harmon and Lu- cinda Jacksou. The membership of the church increased during the pastorate of Mr. Freeman to about forty. He was au untiring worker, and besides attending to his ministerial duties in Chicago, found time to organize Baptist churches in many neighboring districts.

Death of Mr naving been contracted from ex- Freeman, posure while absent from Chicago - on missionary work. His funeral sermon was preached by Eev. Jeremiah Porter, the Presbyterian minister of the place, who was assisted by Rev. Isaac "W. Hallam, of the Episcopal church, Eev. John Mitchell, of the Methodist, and Rev. J. E. Ambrose, of one of the country Baptist churches, which had been organized by Mr. Freeman. He was buried in a little burial ground near the north branch on the west side, on what was at that time an open prairie. A modest headboard marked his grave, which was surrounded by a picket fence, built by Samuel S. Lathrop. A memorial tablet in the First Baptist church still perpetuates his memory. For more than a year after the untimely demise of Mr. Freeman, the Baptists of Kev. Isaac T. Cnicag° were without any regular Hinton. pastor, and the membership of the society dwindled, through death and removal, from thirty-one to twenty. In July, 1835, Rev. Isaac T. Hinton succeeded Mr. Freeman. He was born in England, but had been stationed at Richmond, Va., before coming to Chicago. With his arrival the attendance upon the Baptist services began at once to increase, until the church edifice was crowded to overflowing, while the membership also grew rapidly. Under these circumstances it was decided to put up a new and larger building, and Mr. Hinton was sent East by the congregation, to solicit aid for its construction. He returned with the beggarly sum of $846.48. The congregation was much disappointed by the apparent failure, yet it stimulated their determination to act for themselves. A lot on Madison street, near La Salle, was procured, and foundations for a new edifice laid. This site was later considered too remote from the centre of population, and the State set apart (from the canal lands) another, at the corner of Washington and La Salle streets. The panic of 1837, however, exerted a depressing influence upon the new enterprise, and the project was temporarily abandoned. A frame structure, which had been used as a temporary workshop, was converted into a church, and with some enlargements from time to time, answered the purpose of the congregation until 1844, when the building scheme was revived, and carried to successful completion.

It was of brick, was fifty-five by eighty feet, with a basement eight feet high, and a steeple rising one hundred and twelve feet. In the tower were a bell and a clock, the latter having a dial on each of the four sides, besides one in the audience room. The cost of the building was $4,500.

As has been intimated, Mr. Hinton was an exceedingly popular preacher. In many respects his character savored of originality. His forte was the interpretation of prophecy, and in a course of sermons delivered upon this theme he proved to his own satisfaction - if not to that of his hearers - that the end of the world was destined to occur in 1873. The character of his preaching is, perhaps, well illustrated by the following extract from a lecture delivered by Hon. John Wentworth on May 7, 1876. Not only does this extract afford data for estimating the sermons of Rev. Mr. Hinton, but it also shows the sort of preaching which was popular in frontier settlements in early days. Mr. Wentworth said:

"At the close of service one day, Parson Hinton said, he thought Chicago people ought to know more about the devil than they did. Therefore he would take up his history in four lectures: First lie would give the origiu of the devil; second, state what the devil had done; third, state what the devil is now doing; and fourth, prescribe how to destroy the devil.

"These lectures were the sensation of the next four weeks. The house could not contain the masses that flocked to hear him: and it is a wonder to me that those four lectures have not been preserved. Chicago newspaper enterprise had not then reached its present point. The third evening was one never to be forgotten in this city. Think of one of our most eminent clergymen, with the effective manner of preaching that Mr. Hinton had, undertaking to tell us what the devil is doing in our city to-day. The drift of this discourse was to prove that everybody had a devil; that the devil was in every store, and in every bank, and he did not even except the church. He had the devil down the outside and up the middle of every dance; in the ladies' curls and the gentlemen's whiskers. In fact before he finished he proved conclusively that there were just as many devils in every pew as there were persons in it; and if it were in this, our day, there would not have been swine enough in the stockyards to cast them into. When the people came out of church they would ask each other, 'what is your devil?' And they would stop each other in the streets during the week, and ask, 'what does Parson Hinton say your devil is?' The fourth lecture contained his prescription for destroying the devil. I remember his closing: 'Pray on brethren and friends; pray ever. Fight as well as pray. Pray and fight until the devil is dead.' '

"He (Rev. Mr. Hinton) was a man who never seemed so happy as when immersing converted sinners in our frozen river or lake. It was said of his converts that no one of them was ever known to be a backslider. * * * Immersion was no uncommon thing in those days. * * * But recently our Baptist friends have made up their minds that our lake has enough to do to carry all the sewerage of the city, without washing off the sins of the people. It was also claimed for Mr. Hinton that no couple he married was ever divorced. He was just as careful in marrying as he was in baptizing; he wanted nobody to fall from grace."

Unfortunately the increase in Mr. Hinton's family was altogether out of proportion to the advance in his salary. The denomination was comparatively poor and struggling, and although there was a keen appreciation of the character and services of the pastor, the church found it impossible to pay him a living salary. In consequence he was compelled to seek another field of usefulness, and accepted a call to St. Louis in 1841, preaching his farewell sermon to his Chicago flock on September 26th, of that year.

Rev. C. B. Smith succeeded Mr. Hinton in September, 1842, the pulpit having meanwhile remained vacant. In 1843 a warm controversy arose upon the question of slavery, and a portion of the congregation (thirty-two members), led by the pastor, withdrew. The seceding element secured quarters on La Salle street opposite the city hall square, but later removed to Desplaines street, where they remained until the formation of the Second church, some years subsequently.

Mr. Smith was succeeded in the pastorate of the First church by Rev. E. N. Hamlin, (August, 1843, to July, 1845), who was in turn followed by Rev. Miles Sanford, who accepted a call to a Massachusetts pastorate some two years later.

On August 31, 1847, appeared the first issue of the Watchman of the Prairies,* a Chicago weekly Baptist journal, edited by Rev. Luther Stone, who - for a period of about fourteen months - discharged the duties of acting pastor of the First church.

* This paper was the successor of the Northwestern Baptist, the official organ of the Northwestern Baptist convention, Kev. C. B. Smith was its editor. It was a semi-monthly and its first issue was dated September 20,

Among these eminent men, some deserve more than mere passing mention. Dr. Tucker's pastorate was successful in a remarkable degree, and was terminated by ill health. Dr. Burroughs resigned to enter upon the work of founding the University of Chicago and the Baptist Theological Seminary of this city.

societies, before the resignation of Dr. Burroughs, was organized the Edina Place church* in the south division, its membership being recruited almost wholly from the members of the original body. The Union Park church also owes its origin, in large measure, to members of the parent organization who had taken up their residence in the west division. The North Baptist church was an offshoot in November, 1857, and in April, 1858, members of the first society who had removed to Evanston established a Baptist church in that village. The Indiana avenue Baptist church was an outgrowth of the First and Wabash avenue churches, in 1864. In 1868 a large delegation was sent out by letter from the First church to organize, in the vicinity of the Chicago University, a new congregation to be known as the University Place Baptist church, who have thus far worshiped in the chapel of the Chicago University.

In 1868 the chamber of commerce offered $G5,000 for the site occupied at the corner sale of church of Washington and La Salle Property. streets, the building not being desired by the prospective purchasers and remaining the property of the church. The congregation voted to accept this proposition, and in the same action voted to donate the house of worship and a portion of the $65,000 to the other Baptist churches of the city, which had been organized - in whole or in part - from the membership of the First church. Accordingly a committee was appointed to prepare a scheme for the distribution of one-third of the property among the various denominational interests of Chicago. The plan reported by the committee and adopted by the church was as follows:

To such members of the church as should unite with others in forming the Second Baptist Church in the west division of the city, the building and fixtures of the former house of worship, valued at $10,000

New church for was devoted to the purchase of First society. a site for a new church building for the society's use. The land selected was on Wabash avenue south of Hubbard court, having a frontage of 112 feet and a depth of 165 feet. The estimated cost of the new edifice was $100,000, which amount was pledged, rich and poor, old and young alike generously contributing. Advances in labor and material swelled the cost to $175,000 (including furnishing), the difference ($75,000) representing the church debt at the time of the completion of the building. The dimensions of the church edifice proper were 75 by 108 feet, the auditorium being 70 by 105 feet in the clear and 56 feet in height from the floor to the apex. Its seating capacity was 1,550. The transverse building, in the rear, was 40 by 112 feet and seated 600 persons in its lecture room, which was so arranged that it might be made a part of the main audience room if occasion required. On the day of dedication - March 18, 1806 - 163,000 was pledged toward the payment of the debt, in response to the pastor's eloquent appeal.

In this house of worship, in May, 1867, were held the anniversary meetings of the various societies connected with the denomination, the attendance exceeding that of any previous year.

The great fire of 1871 laid in ashes the homes of many of the most active and burden-bearing members of the church, and the congregation was consequently more or less scattered. Following this came the financial panic of 1873, in which so many fortunes were wrecked, and this was, in turn, succeeded by the fire of 1874, in which the home of the First Baptist church was completely consumed. For satisfactory reasons it was determined to locate the next church building farther south, and a site was secured at the corner of South Park avenue and Thirtyfirst street. The new edifice was dedicated in April, 1876, and for adaptation to general church work, is one of the most complete in the city.

During the pastorate of Rev. George C. Lorimer, D.D.(who, as has been already been Rev George sa^> preached his first sermon in c. Lorimer. Chicago on Sunday, May 4,1879), the church underwent a severe strain. Dr. Lorimer had been called from the Tremont Temple church, of Boston, and under his ministrations the membership of the First church increased from 7L7 to 1,185, 174 having been received by baptism. Early in 1881, the Michigan Avenue Baptist church was destroyed by fire. Its congregation was so disheartened that the idea of re-building was abandoned. In this emergency, the First church came to the rescue, and a plan was evolved for the formation of a new society to take the property of the Michigan