Chicago City (part 53 of 57)

Dr. Brainard, whose ancestral record dates back to the immigrant from England of the same name, who settled in Haddam, Connecticut, in 1662, was born in Oneida county, New presence, at once inspiring respect. He was a farmer's son and trained after the old New England fashion by the parents of whom he might be justly proud. During his school days, and while pursuing his academic studies, he was noted for the exhaustive manner in which he pursued his investigations. In fact this was characteristic of him through life. As a result he was remarkably varied in his attainments. While pursuing the study of medicine he found time to deliver a course of scientific lectures at Fairfield, New York. Also within his chosen field of study, two years after graduation, he delivered a course of lectures on anatomy and physiology in Oneida Institute. He studied at Rome, Whitesborough and in New York City and graduated at Jefferson Medical College in 1834. During the following year he was engaged in practice in Whitesborough, New York, but as the tide of immigration towards the west was strongly set, he determined to breast the vicissitudes of pioneer life and came to Chicago in the autumn of 1835. From that day to the date of his death,, although achieving an international reputation, he continued to make Chicago his home. Though he had located at what was then the extreme border of civilization, his firm determination was to maintain close relations with all that was best in his profession. He foresaw that one of the needs of the mighty tide of emigrants so rapidly peopling the great northwest would be a medical college, in close proximity to their home, where the sons of these hardy pioneers might be thoroughly trained for medical practice. As early as the winter of 1836-37, he outlined his project to Dr. Goodhue, then one of the leading practitioners in the village, later located in Rockford, who heartily joined him in the consummation of this purpose. He justly aspired to be a leader in his profession and to found a college which both at home and abroad, should command respect. He determined, though at pecuniary loss, for the time being, to avail himself of opportunities for further medical and surgical research the best which tlie world afforded. In 1S39, lie went to Paris, where he spent two full years in close relation with those who as physicians and surgeons had received world-wide reputations. On his return he delivered a course of lectures in St. Louis, still having in mind the foimding of a medical college in Chicago. In 1843, that purpose was fulfilled, and such was the profound respect that Dr. Brainard entertained for his old preceptor, Dr. Benjamin Rush of Philadelphia, that he gave to the new organization the name of Rush Medical College. A brief history of the college will be given later. In 1852, Dr. Brainard again visited Paris, and having gained permission to pursue original investigation in Le Jardin des Plantes, he made an extensive series of experiments, noting the effects of woora and other poisons upon wounds inflicted upon reptiles placed at his command. While there he was made an honorary member of leading French societies, and also the Medical Society of Geneva, Switzerland. In 1854, he obtained the prize offered by the American Medical Association for his treatise on "Ununited Fractures," a paper which was translated into most of the leading foreign journals. In the further prosecution of his investigations, and for the completion of his works designed for publication, now well advanced. Dr. Brainard was contemplating a third visit to Europe in the near future. But while in the full maturity of his years, and in the midst of splendid achievements, his life was suddenly cut short. At the early age of fifty-six years he died of cholera in Chicago on the tenth day of October, 18C6. Thousands of graduates from Rush Medical College, scattered world wide, unite to venerate the name of Daniel Brainard.

Institute. Though an inviting field was at his command he early determined to try his fortune in what was then termed "The Western Frontier." In 1842, he visited St. Louis, and for a brief time was in the government employ at Jefferson barracks. Later in the year he went to St. Paul. In 1843, when the faculty of Rush Medical College was organized, he was invited to occupy the chair of chemistry and materia medica, and from that time forwar-d, Chicago was his home. From the first he was regarded as one of the most popular lecturers and was an especial favorite with medical students. He also engaged in the practice of medicine and soon held a position second to none in the city. His testimony in the celebrated Green trial, and the demonstrations there made before the jury, were such as to gain for him a national reputation as a chemical expert. As a literary man he stood in the front rank of his profession, and had the honor of conducting as editing chief the Illinois and Indiana Medical Journal, the first medical periodical published in this section of the west. He was one of the founders of the Cook County Medical Society, and one of its delegates to the Springfield convention in 1850, which resulted in the formation of the Illinois State Medical Society. For several years he served as its treasurer, and later was its president. At the outbreak of the Civil war, Dr. Blaney tendered his services to the Department of the Union Army, and was soon assigned to the important position of medical director and medical inspector at Fortress Monroe. Such was his power of discrimination and such his excellent judgment in matters of appointment that he was soon regarded as one of the most important officers connected with the medical department in the army. In 1864 he was made medical purveyor and stationed at Chicago, in which position army stores, the value of which was counted by millions, passed under his supervision, and the fidelity with which he executed the trust won for him special commendation by the government and he was given the rank of lieutenant colonel. At the conclusion of the war he resumed his former position in the faculty of Rush Medical College and when, by reason of the sudden death of President Brainard, the presidency of the college was vacated, he was unanimously chosen for that position. The highest honor within the gift of the Masonic fraternity came to him wtihout solicitation. Personally Dr. Blaney rarely had his equal as an accomplished gentleman. As a conversationalist he was at once brilliant and always instructive. On the platform he was a most attractive speaker, and his addresses on public occasions won for him the admiration of his fellows. When the corner stone of the old Chicago University was to be laid with Alasonic ceremonies, by common consent Dr. Blaney was the orator. Such was the strenuous life he led in connection with his public duties that his health gradually failed. He was obliged to resign the presidency of the college, and deeply to the regret of his patients, compelled to relinquish his medical practice. During his active years his services had been valuable in many ways, and in the formative period of the city just such men were especially needed. He was not only active in organizing and building up medical societies but also was one of the founders of the Chicago Academy of Sciences, the Microscopical Society of Chicago and a specially active member of the Chicago Historical Society, to all of which he made important contributions. In 1876, he passed peacefully to his rest at his Chicago home, one of Chicago's most cherished citizens.

1836. He had early determined to make his home in the west, and in 1837 settled in Louisville, Kentucky. During his residence there he was connected with the Louisville Medical College. In 1839 he removed to Hillsborough, Illinois. The following year he was married to Miss Martha J. Seward, daughter of John B. Seward, one of tlie prominent pioneers and a near relative of the Hon. Wm. H. Seward. Dr. Herrick remained in medical practice in Hillsborough four years, when he accepted the chair of anatomy in Rush Medical College, and came to Chicago in 1844. Two years later he was enrolled as assistant surgeon in the first company of Illinois volunteers and saw much acti\e service in the Mexican war. He served as surgeon-in-chief at Buena Vista and later had charge of the hospital at Saltillo. He was compelled to resign this position by reason of health and returned to medical practice in Chicago and to his chair in the college. Though nc\cr restored to his former health Dr. Herrick was al)lc to meet the requirements of a very extensi\e practice and of a large social acquaintance. He was active in the support of the local medical societies and editor of the Northwestern Medical Journal. When a convention was called to meet at Springfield in June, 1850, Dr. Herrick and Dr. Blaney were appointed to represent the Cook County Medical Society, and as there was at that time no railroad communication with Springfield the journey was performed on horseback. At that convention the State Society was organized and Dr. Herrick had the honor of being its first president. During those years Dr. Herrick was one of the most prominent and popular members of the Masonic fraternity, being past master of Oriental Lodge, a member of Apollo Commandery, and grand past master of the Grand Lodge of Masons of Illinois. Suffering gradually but increasingly from spinal paresis, Dr. Herrick was obliged to relinquish practice and retire from active life in 1857. He had the undoubted sympathy of a host of ardent friends and his retirement was a serious loss to the medical profession. He returned to his native state with the hope that in his old home beside the sea he might yet improve, but the hope was vain. The insidious disease through eight long; years never relinquished its hold. Bravely he bore his sufferings, tenderly he was cared for, and on the last day of the year 1865 he entered into rest, aged fifty-two years.

Professor of Obstetrics in 1849, ^^^ held that position until 1855. Through the ministration of Bishop Simpson, he was led to unite with the Methodist Episcopal church, and became a most influential man in that denomination. It was he who in connection with Bishop Simpson first selected a location for the Northwestern University, and for him, when the site was selected, the place was named Evanston, and when the institution was organized, he was its first president, and to it he made liberal contributions. We are indebted to him also for the inauguration of the Chicago high school. For several years he served as editor of the Northwestern Medical and Surgical Journal. He was also active in political affairs and was one of the delegates to the Republican convention which nominated Lincoln for the presidency in i860. He was also actively engaged in railroad enterprises and was largely instrumental in secur-

The powerful organization known as the American Medical Association has done more to secure this result than all other influences combined, and to him as to no other it is indebted for its organization and successful development. It would require a volume to give adequate expression to the work which he accomplished. Our limits only permit a brief outline of his life and labors.

He was born in Chenango county, New York, in 181 7. Until he was sixteen years old he labored on his father's farm and had the educational advantages of the common district school. Although the youngest of seven children, such was his love of books that he was permitted to attend the Cazenovia Academy, then in the zenith of its prosperity, and from which so many eminent men entered public life. He commenced the study of medicine at the early age of seventeen years under the supervision of Dr. Daniel Clark, one of the most prominent physicians in his native county. He attended his first course of lectures at the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York City during the winter of 1834-35. In the spring of '35 he registered with Dr. Thomas Jackson, one of the leading physicians in Binghamton, New York, and graduated at Fairfield in 1S37. when he was not yet twenty-one years old. The same year he opened an office in Binghamton and in 1838 was happily married to Miss Anna Maria, daughter of Hon. John Parker of Vienna, New York. He was soon elected a member of Brown County Medical Society, and was an officer continuously in that organization until he removed from the county. In 1842 he was appointed to represent the county in the New York State Medical Society and took his seat in that body in Albany in February, 1844. At this first meeting with the state society he offered a series of resolutions having for their object the securing of a higher standard of medical education, and so ably did he advocate that at the next annual meeting, in 1845, ^^^ following resolution presented by him was adopted, to wit : "Resolved, That the New York Medical Society earnestly recommend a national convention of delegates from medical societies and colleges in the whole Union to convene in the city of New York on the first Tuesday in May, 1846, for the purpose of adopting some concerted action on the subject set forth in the preamble." The resolution was adopted, and a committee appointed to carry out the purpose of the resolution, of which Dr. Davis was made chairman. As the result of extended correspondence, a large and influential meeting was held in New York City in 1846 representing nearly every state in the Union. At this meeting committees were appointed to perfect a permanent organization. The meeting adjourned to meet in Philadelphia the following year. At that meeting the committees reported, plans were duly perfected, and the American Medical Association was organized. By reason of the arduous labors in organization and later development, by common consent Dr. Davis has been recognized as the "father" of the association. In 1847 he removed from Binghamton to New York City and became connected with the College of Physicians and Surgeons. While thus connected and also engaged in private practice, he still found time to edit the medical journal called The Analyist. In 1849 he accepted a call to the chair of physiology and general pathology in Rush Medical College, and came to reside in Chicago in the fall of that year.

Of his relations with Mercy Hospital from its founding in 1850, until his retirement in 1890, a period of forty years, further mention will be made when speaking of that institution. At the close of his first course of lectures in Rush Medical College he was transferred to the chair of principles and practice of medicine and of clinical medicine. Pie occupied this position for ten years. When the medical department of Lind University was organized in 1859 he resigned to accept the like position in that institution. The reasons for this change are fully set forth in the liistor}^ of the Lind University and need not be recited here. Though not present at the organization of the IlUnois State Medical Society at Springfield in 1850, he was elected a member at that time, and rarely through all the successive years until the time of his death was he absent from its annual meetings. He was elected its president in 1855, and for twelve consecutive years served as its secretary. \Vhether in local, state or national society, his labors were alike conspicuous and helpful. He wielded the i)en of a ready writer, and his productions were able, terse and convincing. In i<S:^5 he had become the leading editor of the Chicago Medical Journal, and held that position until 1859. In i860 he began the publication of a new journal named the Medical Examiiicr, and continued the same until 1873, when it became the property of the Medical Publicati(jn Society and was merged with the Chicago Medical Journal with the two names , united.

When in 1853 it w\as determined by the American Medical Association to journalize its transactions and issue them weekly, Dr. Davis was by common consent chosen editor of the journal. He gave to it a vast amount of personal attention until it was successfully and permanently established. At the eighth International jMedical Congress held in Copenhagen in 1884, it was voted to hold its next session in Washington, District of Columbia, in 1887. ^'^ ^^''^ preparation for the meeting the arduous work of the general secretary rested up<3n Dr. Davis. While in the midst of the labors incident to this responsible position, Prof. Austin Flint, Sr., the president-elect of the coming congress, suddenly died, and Dr. Davis was at once called to that position. In the furtherance of its interests he visited England and held extended correspondence with most of the principal men in Europe who were specially interested in the congress. The congress at Washington was an eminent success. Dr. Davis presided over its deliberations with conspicuous ability.

It is hardly needful to say that he was closely identified with the educational, moral and philanthropic institutions of the city wherever in civic relations his influence could be felt. He was one of the founders of the Northwestern University and one of its most influential trustees until his death. In the Union Law School of Chicago he held the chair of medical jurisprudence. He gave years of time to the management of the \Vashingtonian Home for the reclamation of inebriates. He was also one of the founders of the Chicago Historical

Society, the Academy of Sciences and of the Chicago Microscopical Society. During his years of collegiate instruction he found time to publish his extended work on the "Principles and Practice of Medicine," in which his teachings are concisely embodied. Early in life he set himself to the accomplishm.ent of three important purposes. The first was the organization of an American Medical Association which should unify the medical profession of the entire Union. The second was the foundation of a medical college in which a graded course of instruction should be inaugurated. The third was the publication of a text book upon the "Principles and Practice of Medicine." Each of these in due time he lived to see realized.

Personally Dr. Davis, though slight in form, was a man of almost unparalleled endurance, which, with intense adherence to his convictions, coupled with untiring industry, made him eminently successfuPin the accomplishment of his purposes. He was a man of strong religious convictions and an active member of the Methodist Episcopal church, and one of its most constant attendants. His home relations were ideal. Until almost the last he continued his daily visits to his office. When at last he fell asleep his loving family was at his side. He died June i6, 1904, aged eighty-seven years.

where, aside from the advantages of a good district school, he derived a still more valuable instruction from a gifted mother. He had the sad misfortune while yet a youth to suffer from a severe attack of acute bronchitis, from which in a chronic form he never fully recovered. Though tuberculosis was never developed, the affection was the occasion of repeated attacks of pneumonia, and these often so severe ,as to imperil his life. Gradually his health began to improve, and at the age of eighteen he entered the Romeo Academy, and from thence the sophomore class of Michigan University. During the second year of his course his health so failed that he was obliged to leave college, as his friends thought, not again to re-enter. Though seemingly thwarted in his purpose, his tireless ambition never permitted him to falter. He soon- found himself at the head of a select school in Vandalia, Illinois, and while thus engaged pursued the college curriculum of studies. He returned to the university in time to pass his examination and graduated with his class in 1849. I' or years it had been his purpose to enter the medical profession. In the furtherance of this design he came to Chicago and registered as a medical student with Dr. W^m. B. Herrick, then one of the leading practitioners, and a professor in Rush Medical College. At that time Mercy Hospital, the first to be established in Chicago, was being organized, and Dr. Johnson, though not yet a graduate, was Chicago's first medical interne. He graduated from Rush Medical College in 1852, and only a year later became a member of its faculty. These relations continued until 1858, when he resigned from Rush, having in mind, with others, the organization of a new college in which to inaugurate a graded system of instruction. In 1859 that purpose was accomplished by the development of a medical department in Lind University, afterwards the Chicago Medical College, and later the Medical School of the Northwestern University. In addition to professional and college labors, he was also editor-in-chief of the Northwestern Medical Journal.

When by reason of the Chicago fire the Relief and Aid Society was formed he was one of those most active in its organization, through which important agency millions of dollars were distributed, and that without the shadow of a criticism. Such incessant labors so told upon his strength that he never fully recovered his former health. In civic life he bore a conspicuous part, not ostentatiously, but with signal effect. Many honors came to him and he bore them with that modesty becoming the man. Through life Dr. Johnson was a prominent member of the Masonic fraternity. Its highest honors came to him unsouo-ht. In his religious connection, in earlv life he was a member of the Methodist Episcopal church. In later years he was prominently identified with the Central Church of Chicago under the ministration of Prof. David Swing. Dr. Johnson was exceptionally happy in his home relations. Soon after his graduation he was married to Miss Margaret Seward, a relative of Senator Seward, a lady of elegant culture and refinement. To them were born a darling dau"-hter, who died while vet in the bloom of vouth. and an only son, Frank Seward Johnson, who became dean of the college his father helped to found and president of its board of trustees. He ranks as one of Chicago's most prominent physicians. Dr. Johnson's health had been gradually failing, and an unfortunate exposure while visiting an old patient accelerated the result, and he sank to his rest February 26, 1 89 1, at the age of sixty-nine years.

Dr. Andrews was born in 1824 and died at his residence in Chicago January 24, 1904. He was in its fullest sense a manly representative of the old New England stock. His mother a descendant of the celebrated Lathrop family. His academic days were spent in the Rochester Collegiate Institute, New York, and in the Romeo Academy, Michigan. He matriculated in the Michigan University in 1846, and graduated in 1849. He then entered the medical department of that institution and received his diploma in 1852, and at the same date the degree of A. M. The following three years he was engaged in medical practice in Ann Arbor, the seat of the university. During that time he occupied the position of demonstrator of anatomy, and of comparative anatomy. During these years he edited and published the Peninsular Medical Journal, of which he was both editor and proprietor. His ability as a writer was at once conspicuous. A larger field was awaiting him and in 1856 he became a resident of Chicago, and during that year was appointed demonstrator of anatomy, and professor of comparative anatomy in Rush Medical College. Three years later he was one of the prime movers in the organization of the medical department of Lind University, in which he occupied the chair of principles and practice of surgery and of clinical and military surgery. He held this position during his active service through life and later as an emeritus. He was surgeon in chief in Mercy Hospital, and in continuous service there since 1859, except while on duty in the field during the Civil war, or when absent on his summer vacation. He maintained active membership in the local societies, the State Medical Society, the American Medical Association, the Society of Physicians and Surgeons of Michigan, and was an honorary member of several foreign bodies. He was also the surgeon of the First Regiment, Illinois Light Artillery, and saw active service in the field at Corinth, Shiloh, Pittsburg Landing, and elsewhere. He was eminently a lover of science. In its interests he thought and wrote so much that one was not long in his presence before being led into the discussion of some scientific subject, or to a visit with him to some far off unfrequented glen, or mountain side well nigh unknown where in his vacation hours he had heart to heart revels with wilds of nature not yet desecrated by the hands of man. Such were his in\estigations with reference to the geological conformation of the Northern States and British America that on these subjects he was considered one of the most competent and reliable authorities. He was active in the organization of the Chicago Academy of Sciences, to which in its early years it mainly owed its success. He w^as also a member of the Academy of Sciences of Wisconsin. Dr. Andrews did not reveal to others his strength and fullness so fully as when, seemingly almost oblivious to things around, he gave himself to abstract reasoning, for things he knew not he profoundly sought to learn. His methods of investigation were so manifest in his teaching as to leave lasting impressions upon the minds of his many pupils.

He was a man of strong and settled religious conviction, a critical student of the Bible, of which for many years he was a gifted instructor. His home relations were of all others most dear to him, and there he passed peacefully to rest, aged eighty years. Memorial services were held in the Second Presbyterian church, at which time Michigan University was represented by some of her ablest men, and successive speakers seemed to vie with others in paying loving tribute to his memory. There was nothing of fulsome adulation, but such portrayal of his character and work as well became the man.

commenced the study of medicine in Clyde, New York, under the tutelage of Dr. Lemuel C. Paine. Relinquishing his medical studies only for a time, he came to Chicago in 1836, when the great land craze was at its height, and in connection with his father's family located government land near the present city of Wilmington. Illinois, where, while farming, he resumed the study of medicine. In 1844, he was married to Miss Iimily Holden. daughter of Phincas Holden of Will countv. Mrs. Freer died within two vears of their marriage. Though Dr. Freer had been successful as a business man, this sad event led to an entire change in his plans, and his fondness for the medical profession was such that he closed out his farming interests, came to Chicago, entered the office of Dr. Daniel Brainard, and graduated from Rush Medical College in 1849. He soon came to hold very intimate relation, both personal and professional, with Dr. Brainard and was his trusted assistant in a great number of capital operations, laying broad and strong the foundation of an extended surgical practice to which he soon' attained. While yet a medical student he served as demonstrator of anatomy, and when Professor Herrick was transferred from the professorship of anatomy in Rush College, Dr. Freer was elected to fill the vacancy. Soon .after his graduation he married Miss Katharine Gatter of Wurtemberg, Germany. Three sons and a daughter were the fruitage of the union, each attaining to prominence in early life. One an eminent artist, another following in the footsteps of his father, a prominent physician in his native city. Dr. Freer was deservedly popular with the medical students who at his decease had come to be numbered by hundreds. In the organization of the faculty in 1859, at his request he was transferred to the chair of physiology and microscopical anatomy. In his pursuance of his physiological investigations he gave much time to vivisection, not only before his classes but also by request in the presence of the State Medical Society. In connection with the hospital his labors were varied and arduous. In the United States Marine Hospital he was in active service with Dr. Brainard during the entire period that the latter was surgeon-inchief of that institution. He was also a member of surgical staff at Mercy Hospital. At the reorganization of the County Hospital at the close of the Civil war he was appointed a member of the medical board and held that position until his death. At the outbreak of the Civil war he entered the military service and was immediately promoted to the rank of brigade surgeon. His health being unequal to the labors incident to that position he was obliged to resign. Later he received the appointment of enrolling surgeon for the Chicago district and rendered most important service in deciding upon the fitness of those who were applicants for appointment in the army. For several years after the war Dr. Freer spent much time in Europe, repeating his visits until he was familiar with all the main medical centers of the old world. For years he had been making rare collections illustrative of his teachings, all to be swept away by the fire of 1871. After the death of Dr. Brainard in 1866, Dr. J. \'. Z. Baleny succeeded to the presidency of the college, but his health soon failing he was obliged to resign the position and Dr. Freer succeeded to the presidency in 1872 ; thus the student who graduated in 1849 ^^^^ been steadily advanced in position and in influence until after twenty-three years of active service he became the president of his alma mater. For five years after the Chicago fire he struggled manfully to retrieve his wasted fortune and in this he was rapidly succeeding. His plans for the future were wisely made and only needed time for their maturing, but this was not to be. Gradually he sank under failing health and died in April, 1877, at the age of sixty-one years.

Dr. William Heath By ford was born in Easton, Ohio, May 21, 18 1 7. While yet a child his parents removed to New Albany, Indiana. His father died when he was nine years old to a tailor in Palestine, and later completed his apprenticeship in Vincennes, Indiana. The beginnings of the man to be were in him from the first. His desire to obtain a liberal education was such that while faithfully plying his needle he not only mastered the primary branches of an English education but also a sufficient knowledge of tlie Greek and Latin classics to fit him to enter the sophomore class in a literary college. For a long time it had been his desire to fit himself for the practice of medicine. With this purpose in view he registered as a medical student with Dr. Joseph Matteson, then one of the leading physicians in Vincennes, and such was his progress, that in eighteen months he passed the requisite examination, was granted a certificate by the examining board, and entitled to practice medicine and surgery. For two years he was thus engaged when he removed to Mount Vernon, Indiana, and became the partner of Dr. Hezekiah Hammond, the daughter of w^hom, later, became his wife. Dr. Byford received his medical degree from the Ohio Medical College in 1844. In 1850, he was invited to the chair of anatomy in the Evansville College, and a year later was transferred to that of the theory and practice of medicine. He became one of the vice-presidents of the American ^ledical Asso- ciation in 1857. The same year he accepted the chair of obstetrics and diseases of women and children in Rush Medical College. When the medical department of the Lind University was organized in 1859 he transferred his relation to a like position in the new institution. Dr. Byford, though a wise and conservative teacher, was at the same time a bold and successful operaiior. He was the founder of gynecology as a specialty in Chicago, and by common consent has been termed its father. He was eminently successful as an organizer. The institutions which he was largely instrumental in founding he lived to see permanently established. He first projected a Women's Hospital in 1865, and a year later gave liberally of his time and money to the founding of a Women's College, which later came into the possession of a college building in immediate proximity to the City Hospital, where accommodations for two hundred students were provided at a cost of $40,000. In 1876, he was active in the organization of the American Gynecological Association, was one of its first vice-presidents, and then became its president. He was also prominent as a medical writer. In 1875 he became editor-in-chief of the Chicago Medical Journal and Examiner, which he conducted until its management was assumed by the Chicago Medical Publishing Society. He published an extended treatise on "Chronic Inflammation and Displacements of the Womb." This was soon followed by his elaborate text-book entitled, "The Practice of Medicine and Surgery as Applied to Women," which passed through a series of editions. His writings were founded largely upon the results of his personal observations, and in many instances show that he was blazing the way in which other footsteps were to follow. Just at the time when he seemed to have reached the zenith of a successful life and the fulfillment of a most commendable ambition, in an hour least anticipated, his career was suddenly closed, and a family dearly beloved, and a retinue of friends were left to bemoan this sudden bereavement. Though brief, his life was full orbed, and he died at the age of fifty years.

Medical College in 1852. As surgeon of a ship, he J ' crossed the ocean and visited many of the prominent foreign medical institutions. Returning he came to reside in Chicago in 1856. He soon gained the favorable notice of Dr. Brainard, president of Rush College, then the leading surgeon of the north.west, and l)y this means, and his own native merit, his relations with llic medical profession and with the community at large were soon successfully established. At lirst he was a partner of Dr. Norcom, but later was associated with Dr. David Rutter, formerly a noted obstetrician, from Philadelphia, but now retired from practice. ]t was in this office that in conjunction with Dr. Rutter and himself. Dr. Hosmer A. Johnson and Dr. Edmund Andrews met for a conference which resulted in the development of a medical department of Lind University. When the faculty of that institution was organized he assumed the chair of surgical anatomy and of operative surgery. Later when the college was reorganized and incorporated as the Chicago IMedical College, he held the chair of principles and practice of surgery and of clinical surgery. He held many important professional positions. Not only did he give largely of his time and means to the building of the college with which he was connected, serving as its secretary for years, but he was actively employed elsewhere. For years he was surgeon-in-chief of the Marine Hospital ; he w^as also surgeon of the Chicago Hospital, besides holding the posit-ion of surgcon-in-chief of the great Northwestern ]\ailway System. As a skillful and successful operator to the end of life he held a prominent position in the profession. By marriage he was related to the family of George \V. Snow, one of the leading pioneers of the city, and his home became one of the noted ones in the north division. Ample means gave him the opportunity to gratify his tastes along literary lines; his library was ample and of rare excellence ; his summer home at Lake Geneva was a favorite resort ; his early church relation was with the Second Presbyterian church ; he was afterwards one of the leading men associated with Professor Swing. His son, George S. Isham, succeeds his father in the profession and college relations. Dr. Isham died at his home in Chicago, iVIay 27, 1904.

gree at Middlebury College and received his medical diploma at Castleton Medical College, 1846, when only twenty-one years of age. In 1847 ^"^^ located in Kalamazoo, Michigan, and the same year was married to Miss Mary Marsh of that village. While there engaged in practice, when the medical department of Michigan University was organized in 1850, he was called to the chair of physiology and pathology. Here he entered upon his brilliant career as a medical teacher. He was a prominent member of the Michigan State Medical Society, of which he was president in 1858. In 1859 he was invited to the chair of principles and practice of medicine in Rush Medical College, which position he held for thirty-one years, and which only failing health compelled him to relinquish. He was a brilliant lecturer and an able instructor. Thousands of students who listened to his lectures have a fond memory of "Uncle Allen." He was a man of exquisite literary taste, and his fondness for ancient classics was remarkable. His library was composed of exceptionally rare books. He also gave his vacations to foreign travel. In Morocco, in Egypt, in Palestine, in England and upon the Continent he was alike at home. He was a prominent member of the Masonic fraternity, its highest honors came to him unsolicited, and on many a public occasion he was the chosen orator. As a citizen and patriot, as a professional man and personal friend, few are permitted to achieve such distinction as that which was worthily won by Dr. Allen. After a brief illness he died at his residence in Chicago in 1890. Rush College accorded to him its highest honor and was richly requited by his thirty years of personal service.

department of the Michigan University was organized he was elected to the chair of surgery, which position he held for seventeen years. In 1848 Dr. Gunn was married to Miss Jane Augusta Terry, and made his residence in Detroit, though still continuing his connection with the university. The degree of A. M. was conferred upon him by Geneva College in 1856, and in 1877 he received the degree of LL. D. from the Chicago University. At the call of his country in 1861 he entered the army, and while thus serv- ing he was perfecting himself in military surgery. At the close of the war he was called to the chair of surgery in Rush Medical College, made vacant by the death of Dr. Brainard. which position he held for twenty years preceding his dcatli. As a surgeon he was held in high repute, and as a lecturer was always attractive and instructive. 1 le was a man of remarkably fine physique, and in whatsoever sphere was one always to be noted. After a protracted illness he died at his home in Chicago, November 4, 1887, in the sixty-sixth year of age.

^ tor tour years was engaged m school teachmg. During this period he was pursuing his studies, having in view the medical profession. He graduated from Geneva Medical College in 1842. He first engaged in practice in Lockport, N. Y.. and then removed to Flint, Michigan, where he built up a fine lucrative practice. In 1852 he removed to Chicago, and entered into partnership with Dr. A. D. Palmer, who later was called to the chair of theory and practice of medicine in Michigan University. In 1859 Dr. Miller was appointed professor of obstetrics and diseases of women in Rush Medical College, and he held that position with great acceptance for thirty years. He traveled extensively in Europe, acquainting himself with the prominent teachers in the old world, observing critically their methods and their facilities with a view to a betterment of medical teaching in this country. He went also as a delegate to the Seventh International Congress which was held in London in 1 88 1. He was honored with the chairmanship of the obstetrical section of the International Congress when it met in Washington in 1887. His popularity at home was attested by the fact that he was appointed consultant in his department in St. Luke's, Cook County, Presbyterian and Michael Reese hospitals. He was a member of the local society at Chicago, of the State Medical Society, and of the American Medical Association. Pie was also honored by a life membership in the British Gynecological Society of London.' As a member of various Masonic orders he was especially conspicuous and won for himself the highest honors at their command. Plis religious affiliation was with the Episcopal church, of which he was an honored and exemplary member. He was an ardent patriot, an honored citizen, a boon companion. His manly bearing, his lucid teaching and his kindness of heart never failed to impress for good the thousands of students who listened to his teachings. Thus he lived and thus he died, July 9, 1903, aged eighty-five years.

College in 1848. For twenty-two years he practiced medicine in- Stroudsburgh, Pennsylvania. During the Civil war he was assistant medical director of the United States Army of Virginia. In 1871 he accompanied an expedition from New York to Palestine as ship surgeon. In his "Innocents Abroad," Mark Twain makes pleasant mention of the doctor, who was his boon companion. He came to reside in Chicago in 1850, and immediately set about the founding of a women's hospital, of which he became surgeon in chief in 1872. At that date he became lecturer upon gynecology in Rush Medical College and continued that relation until professional labors compelled him to resign. He will be longest remembered in connection with the founding of the Chicago College of Physicians and Surgeons, of which he was president, having as his associate founders, Drs. D. A. K. Steel, S. A. McWilliams, Leonard St. John and Charles Warrington Earle. Dr. Jackson achieved to such prominence in gynecological practice as to make large drafts upon diis time and strength and yet found time for much literary work. He was for several years the editor of the Chicago Medical Register. He was also associate editor of the Independent Practitioner of New York City, and also editor of the Western Medical Reporter, published in Chicag-o. Aside from his gynecological studies and practice, he gave much time to medical jurisprudence, and was coming to be regarded as an authority in that department. During the performance of a gynecological operation he had the sad misfortune of becoming infected, and gradually developed arterial atheroma, ending in apoplexy. He died suddenly at his home November 15, 1892, aged sixty-five years. He had achieved prominence in his profession and his death was recognized as a serious loss.

^ to wm and ot hiy;h moral tone of character so characteristic of that people. Having the advantage of a thorough preliminary education, he entered upon his medical studies at the early age of seventeen. He applied himself earnestly to the attainment of his profession, attended three full courses of lectures at Jefferson Medical College, from which he was graduated in 1836, when he became a resident of Chicago. For several years he had been studying the tenets of Hahnemann, and in 1843 announced himself as a practitioner of homeopathy. His partner, Dr. Adams, became his associate in the same practice, and Dr. Aaron Pittman, who had moved hither from Jordan. New York, completed the nucleus from which homeopathic practice and homeopathic institutions were to be developed in Chicago. Dr. Smith has been styled the "father of homeopathy" in Chicago and in the northwest. It was through his instrumentality that a charter was obtained and the Hahnemann College of Chicago was founded. For many years he was its treasurer and most active promoter. The honorary degree of doctor of medicine was conferred upon him in 1856 by the Homeo-. pathic College of Cleveland. He was made secretary of the American Institute of Homeopathy, and in 1858 became its president and still later served as its treasurer. Dr. Smith was a man of fine physique and manly bearing, affable alike to rich and poor, serving each and all regardless of station with the" faithfulness due to his profession. By reason of impaired health he was obliged to relinquish active practice for a while and repaired to the village of W'aukegan, Illinois, that he might secure the needed respite. He returned to the city with health somewhat improved, but again his failing health demanded another vacation and in 1866 he, with his family, visited England and the continent. While closely allied to his pn^fession through life and was president of Hahnemann College until his death, he was at the same time an able financier. He died April j8, 1891. aged seventy-five years. Of four children born to Dr. and Mrs. Smith, but two survive; the one, the wife of Major Whiteside of the I'nited States Army, the other the wife of J. L. Ely. a resident of New York City.

to Evanston, Ihinois, where he died in 1868. Dr. Reuben Ludlam was born in Camden, October 7, 1 83 1. Under his father's tutelage he early became proficient in medical studies while yet pursuing his literary career. At the. age of twenty-one he received his medical diploma from the University of Pennsylvania. He soon located in Chicago and became one of the leading practitioners in the city of the homeopathic school When the Hahnemann Medical School of Chicago was organized he was a member of its first faculty, and accepted the chair of physiology and pathology. He taught in that department for four years. He was then transferred to the chair of obstetrics and diseases of women and children. This was the department which he had most preferred and in which he achieved a national reputation, as a bold, yet conservative and successful operator in uterine surgery. Like his associate, Dr. Small, Dr. Ludlam was eminent in the homeopathic profession as a medical writer. His first essay in the journalistic line was the issue in connection with Dr. D. S. Smith, of a monthly periodical in 1853, entitled the Chicago Homeopath, which they jointly conducted for three 5^ears, when its publication was suspended. For a number of years Dr. Ludlam was connected as an editorial writer with the American Joitrnal of Homeopathy, published in New York. His chief journalistic labors were in connection with the publication of the United States Medkal and Surgical Journal, with which he was connected editorially for nine years. He was also the author of several works which were well received ; the one entitled "Clinical and Didactic Lectures on the Diseases of Women" earned for him an international reputation. It became a text-book with teachers and students in the homeopathic school of this country and a translation served a like purpose in France. Dr. Ludlam was popular as a lecturer and an instructor. An attempt was made to induce him to accept the corresponding chair in the New York Homeopathic College. While he appreciated the compliment, and thought well of New York, he thought better of Chicago and declined the invitation. He was appointed president, successively, of nearly all the prominent homeopathic organizations of this country, both local and national. He was the homeopathic representative on the Illinois State Board of

Health ; a member of the ReHef and Aid Society, and served in connection with the Chicago Fire ReHef. Dr. Ludlam was first married to Miss Anna Porter of Greenwood, New Jersey, who died three years later. His second wife was Miss Anna G. Perrin. One son bearing the father's name was their only surviving child. Dr. Ludlam completed the years of a well rounded life and died at his home in Chicago, April 29, 1899, aged sixty-seven years and six months.

^ Havmg entered upon a medical education he pursued his studies under the tutelage of the distinguished Dr. Greene of Saco, Maine. He then went to Philadelphia and completed his course at the University of Pennsylvania. After engaging in medical practice in the country for two years he settled in Philadelphia and became a practitioner of homeopathy, in which he became eminently successful. When the Homeopathic College of Philadelphia was organized he was one of its most active promoters and was assigned to the chair of physiology and pathology. Four years later he was appointed professor of institutes and practice of medicine. In 1856, he changed his residence to Chicago. The popularity of his writings had so preceded him that he entered immediately upon an extensive and lucrative practice. As he had been one of the founders of the Homeopathic College in Philadelphia, so here in 1859 he was active in the organization of the Hahnemann Medical College of Chicago, and was made dean of the faculty and accepted the chair of theory and practice of medicine. The courses of lectures were continued till the end of his life and were received with the utmost satisfaction bv the successive classes that turned to him for - instruction. He was a voluminous writer. His manual of homeo pathic practice passed through many editions and was translated into several foreign languages, and as widely used as a text-book by teachers and pupils both at home and abroad. Dr. Small gave much time to the investigation of scientific subjects, and his writings upon these were varied and numerous. He was a member of the Chicago Academy of Sciences, the Chicago Historical Society, etc. He was honored with the presidency of the Illinois Homeopathic Association and

Illinois. In 1845, he was married to Miss Fannie E. Boardman of Connecticut, and in 1846 they came to reside in Chicago. He soon became one of the leading Homeopathic practitioners, and during his' life one of its most able representatives. -He took an active part in the organization of the Western Homeopathic Association. He was especially conspicuous in the organizatiofi of Hahnemann College in 1855 and in its faculty occupied the chair of materia medica and therapeutics. In connection with college and professional labors the one thing for which he will long and gratefully be best rememabered was his development of the Foundlings' Home, to the maintenance of which he not only devoted his time unstinted, but very largely the means for its support. It is safe to say that but for him the Foundlings' Home would not have been, nor that beneficent work accomplished lasting through many years. Although thus occupied with the Foundlings' Home, college duties and a large medical practice, Dr. Shipman was a prolific writer. For four 3^ears, commencing in 1848, he published the Northzvestern Homeopathic Journal, the pioneer, of the homeopathic journals in the northwest. In 1865, he was appointed editor-in-chief of the United States Medical and Surgical Journal, under the auspices of the Western Institute' of Homeopathy, and was for years a valuable translator of foreign literature.

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Lucius P. Cheency. He soon became atending physician at the Protestant Orphan Asylum, and also one of the attending physicians at the State Reform School, then located in Chicago. He was married in 1856 to the daughter of the late Tuthill King, one of the prominent' and wealthy pioneers of Chicago. His home was one in which elegance and comfort were combined, and where hos- ])itality and good cheer, so manifest in himself and his wife, found full expression. As a business man and an organizer. Dr. Ross was especially conspicuous. He was largely responsible for the inception and development of the hospital on Eighteenth and Arnold streets, which later developed into the City Hospital. As a member of tlie county board of supervisors he was influential in securing for it its present location, and in shaping its development. The location and rebuilding of Rush College in immediate proximity with the City Hospital was likewise mainly secured through his influence. He was also one of the prime movers in the forming of the Presbyterian Hospital ; also in close relation with the college, thus affording abundant facilities for clinical instruction. He was prominent in his profession. He held the chair of clinical medicine and chest diseases in Rush Medical College for twenty-one years, and onl}- by reason of ill health relinquished that position in 1889. He held an official position in the Presbyterian church of which he was an influential member. He was esteemed alike for his benevolence and personal worth. He attained a high standard of citizenship and was an al^le and worthy representative of his profession. After two years of lingering sickness, he was released from suffering January 15, 1890. The parents of Dr. Dyman were of New England antecedents, and went as missionaries to the Sandwich Islands, where he was born

^ graduate of \Vuhams College m 185b, and was valedictorian of his class. He attended a course of lectures in Harvard University and a year later, entered the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York, from which he graduated in 186 1, being here honored as the class valedictorian. He entered l)cllc\nc Hospital as house surgeon for a year, and in 1862 was appointed surgeon in the United States Army, and was detailed for service in the United States Plospital at Naslnille. His health became impaired and he was obliged to resign from military service.

During the year 1863 he was married to Miss Sarah Clark, of Roxbury, Massachusetts, and in the autumn of that year they came to reside in Chicago. For ten years he was a member of the medical staff of Cook County Hospital. In 1871, he was appointed to the chair of chemistry in Rush College, and held that position for five years, when he became professor of mental and nervous diseases, which chair he held until the death of Professor Allen in 1890, when as his successor. Dr. Lyman was called to fill the chair of principles and practice of medicine thus made vacant. He became dean of the faculty in 1899, and held that position until failing health obliged him to relinquish all college work. In connection with his labors in Rush College, he also held the like chair in the Women's Medical College for eight years. From the time of its organization until the failure of his health, he was the senior member of the medical staff of the Presbyterian Hospital. He was a ready and lucid writer. The wide extent of his reading and acquaintance with historical and scientific subjects was phenomenal. His memory was most remarkable, enabling him, as it did, to recall and speak accurately at all times concerning historical and scientific questions. He was a genial gentleman, a delightful companion, a broad-minded, generous-hearted man, an honor to his profession and the city which was his home. He issued a small volume upon "Anesthesia and Anesthetics," and another on "Diseases of Sleep," but his final work on "Theory and Practice of Medicine" was his crowning contribution to medical literature. He was an invalid for several years, spending much of his time in California in search of health. He died in Chicago.

Massachusetts. At the age of fourteen, young Ingalls came to Illinois. Here, in addition to his previous studies, he pursued his literary course at Princeton and at Illinois College. In 1845, at the age of twenty-one, he entered Rush Medical College as a medical student and graduated in 1847. He settled in Lee county, Illinois, and for ten years knew all the varied experiences of a country doctor. In 1858, he came to reside in Chicago, and was soon established in a lucrative practice. At that time Dr. Brainard was editing the Chicago Medical Journal, and Dr. Ingalls became associate editor. A year later he was made professor of materia medica and medical jurisprudence in Rusli Medical College. lie held this position for twenty-one years, and it is said of him that not in all that time did he, save in a single instance, fail to meet his classes promptly on time, in that instance, to have left his patient would have been criminal. He gave liberally for the building of the present college, the former one having been swept away by the fire of 1871. Another instance of his generosity was the contribution of $10,000 to the Chicago Medical College in token of his appreciation of its first establishing graded courses of instruction in medical schools. He was the apostle of medical ethics. In the State Medical Society he was not only honored with its presidency, but more than almost any other he was successful in harmonizing the various sectional interests in the state. Few members exerted more beneficial influence in the meetings of the State Medical Society. He was a member of the American Medical Society. His popularity at home is attested by the fact that at three different times he was elected president of the Chicago Medical Society. He was possessed of fine literary taste and enjoyed the perusal of" the classic literature of all time. Though not actively engaged in teaching in his later life, he maintained close relations with the college and was an emeritus of Rush College at his 'death.

He entered Harvard University as a medical student 'in 1848, but owing to the Webster-Parkman tragedy, which occurred that winter, he transferred his relations to the University of Pennsylvania from which he graduated in 185 1. For the next two years he was connected with almshouse in South Boston. Fie came to settle in Chicago in 1853, where he built up a very desirable and lucrative practice. In the cholera season of 1854 he stood manfully at his post of a terror-stricken people. He told the writer that in a single night there were eleven deaths in a public house where he was in attendance. Again in 1866 he had a similar experience, yet by no means so severe. He was one of the six physicians first detailed to care for the ConfecTerate soldiers at Camp Douglas. In 1868, he spent a year abroad visiting nearly all the principal medical schools and hospitals in England, France and Germany. Later he was an associate with Dr. Byford in the development of the Hospital for Women and Children, in which he served as consultant physician. He held the same position in the Presbyterian Hospital. He was also a member of the board of trustees of the Hospital for Incurables. Dr. Smith was a man of unusual ability and fine literary culture. He drew around him a class of men of unusual culture, by whom his attainments were best appreciated. He was president of the Harvard Club of Chicago, president of the Chicago Literary Club, and president of the Club of Medical Graduates of the University of Pennsylvania. In 1873, he was married to the youngest daughter of the Hon. Erastus Gaylord, of Cleveland, Ohio, a woman of rare culture and of social prominence. Dr. Smith's literary tastes led him to the creation of a library of rare excellence, one of his peculiar specialties being the accumulation of three volumes of quaint epitaphs. He died in 1894 at the age of sixty-six 3^ears, his widow alone surviving him.

overcame every obstacle in her way to success has commanded the admiration of all who knew her. Her birth occurred at Ft. Ann, New York, in 1829. She was educated at Ft. Edwards' Collegiate Institute, and then engaged in teaching, and the bent of her mind toward her future vocation is clearly indicated by the fact that she established courses of study in physiology and anatomy in her curriculum of study, a new departure in ladies' schools in those days. She commenced her medical studies in the New England Female Medical College, Boston, and later graduated from the New York Female Medical College, and during the course of her studies was a diligent attendant of the clinics given at the Bellevue hospital. She graduated from the Chicago Medical College in 1870, and the writer had the honor of signing her diploma. Dr. Thompson was specially instrumental in establishing the Chicago Hospital for Women and Children, bringing to her aid such eminent physicians as Dr. William H. Byford, Dr. Godfrey Dyas, and others, out of which sprang the

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Women's ^Medical College, each of which became conspicuous in our medical history. She, with her associates, also early developed a training school for nurses, thus leading to the creation of a new industry and service, bringing joy and comfort to many a home. Dr. Thompson was also a skill fuh surgeon and performed many major operations with commendable success. In the Women's College she w-as an able teacher, and her commanding dignity, allied with her unassuming modesty, did much to command respect for the school. She died suddenly from cerebral hemorrhage, May 21, 1895, aged seventy-six years. Since her decease, as a tribute to her memory, the hospital will hereafter be known as the Mary Thompson Hospital for Women and Children.

physical form, trained to vigorous service. At the age of sixteen years, when Fort Sumter was fired upon, he joined Company I, Fifteenth Regiment, Illinois Volunteer Infantry. On account of an injury he was mustered gut. Upon his recovering he entered the service the second time. This time he joined the Ninetysixth Regiment, Illinois Volunteers. Before he was eighteen years old he was made second lieutenant. In the terrible encounter at Chickamauga he stood almost alone as commander of his company, bearing the colors of his regiment, his comrades having fallen on every side of him in the battle. The story of his capture, his lot in Libby prison, his escape through the tunnel, his six days' w^andering before he reached the Union line, and his promotion for gallant services, form a wonderful chapter in his life history which cannot be repeated here. At the close of the war he w^as a student in Beloit College for three years, when he entered the Chicago Medical College, from which he was graduated in 1870. He was active in the organization of the Women's Medical College, and upon the death of Dr. Byford, became its president. He was one of the founders of the Chicago College of Physicians and Surgeons, and at the time of his death held the offices of both dean and treasurer of that institution. In its faculty he held the chair of obstetrics. He also occupied the chair of opera- *-n'p obstetrics in the Post-o-raduate Medical School. He was a mem- ber of the American Medical Association, ex-president of Illinois State Medical Society and at the time of his death was president of the Chicago Medical Society. He was a charter member of the Chicago Gynecological Society, the Pathological Society, the Practitioners' Club and the Medico-Legal Society. He was also a member of the British Medical Association. For eighteen years he was physician-in-chief of the Washingtonian Home, where he made special, studies of inebriety. He was an honored member of the Union Park- Congregational church. Fraternally, he belonged to the Royal League. He was married to Miss Fanny L. Bundy, of Beloit, Wisconsin, in 1 87 1. To them two children were born, Carrie and William Byford. His was an ideal home. At intervals he had visited all the prominent medical centers of the old world. As a medical writer he was also prominent. While yet in the prime of life, which had promise of many years of usefulness, he died suddenly in 1893, aged forty-eight years.

Dr. Edward Lorenzo Holmes was a native of Massachusetts, born in Dedham, January 28, 1828, and was graduated from Harvard College in 1849. He received his medical degree from

L. Holmes. , , - - ^ 1 - - 1 -r^ - , ^reral hospital, m 1854-55, he visited Pans and Vienna. He had chosen diseases of the eye and ear as his specialty. He located in Chicago in 1856 and was the first to devote himself exclusively to that specialty. He became a prominent member of the Illinois State Medical Society and his annual contributions were always valuable and well received. He was mainly instrumental in the founding of the Illinois Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary in 1858, and was at the head of its medical and surgical staff for thirtynine years. In 1871 the infirmary, which had hitherto been sustained by the contributions of benevolent citizens, was assumed by the state and became one of the most prominent institutions of its kind in this country, to which reference is elsewhere made. In 1867 he was appointed to a full professorship in Rush Medical College, and in 1890 became dean of the faculty. He was active in the development of the Presbyterian Hospital and from its opening until his death was an active member of the staff - a consultant and finally an emeritus. He commanded the profound respect of the entire profession. His life was a generous contribution to the afflicted, and in

The medical colleges of Chicago have attained to such a degree of excellence as to be held in high repute by the profession at large. This is evident from the constantly increasing number of students that congregate here for medical instruction. Their importance and their intimate connection with the medical history of the city warrants a somewhat extended reference to their origin and development.

Rush Medical College was the pioneer college in the northwest, the schools in Cincinnati and Louisville being in nearest proximity. Although a charter for its organization had been secured in 1837, such was the unparallelled depression following the panic of that year that the school was not formally opened until 1843. ^^ occupied two rooms near the corner of Clark and Randolph streets. At the close of the session William Butterfield was the only graduate, the other members being first-year students. During the next season a lot was donated on the corner of Dearborn and Indiana streets and the second year's course of lectures was given in its own building on its own ground. The classes steadily increased until in 1854 the matriculates numbered 150, with T,y graduates. During the ten years the college had entirely outgrown its accommodations and a new building was erected on the same corner in 1855 at the cost of $15,000. In 1867 a still larger one was built, the former being utilized as an annex. This building, at a cost of $70,000, was entirely destroyed in the Chicago fire in 1871. Nothing daunted, the faculty secured ground in proximity to the Cook County Hospital, then located at the corner of Eighteenth and Arnold streets, where temporary barracks were erected.

Recurring to its early history, the first course of lectures commenced December 4, 1843, ^"<J continued sixteen weeks. Dr. A. \V. Davisson, who was then prosector for Dr. Brainard. once told the writer that when Dr. Brainard concluded his first lecture antl returned to the ante-room he made a clean jump over a Windsor chair in token of his success. The faculty at that time was constituted as follows :

The introductory exercises were held in the new edifice December II, 1844,'and fully reported in the daily papers. Dr. Robert W. Paxton officiated as chaplain, Dr. Brainard delivered the inaugural address. The faculty had now been materially reinforced and was conshtuted as follows :

Daniel Brainard,. M. D., professor of surgery; Austin Flint, M. D., professor of institutes and practice of medicine; G. N. Fitch, M. D., professor of obstetrics and diseases of women and children; James V. Z. Blaney, M. D., professor of chemistry and pharmacy; John McLean, M. D., professor of materia medica and therapeutics; Wm. B. Herrick, M. D., professor of anatomy; A. W. Davisson, M. D., prosector to the chair of anatomy.

During the succeeding years various changes occurred in the personnel of the faculty. Dr. Flint resigned at the end of the second course, in 1848, and Dr. Thomas Spencer succeeded him. In 1849 Dr. Fitch resigned the chair of obstetrics and was succeeded by Dr. John Evans, who held that position until 1855, when he was followed by Dr. William H. By ford. In 1850 Dr. Thomas Spencer resigned from the chair of principles and practice of miedicine and was succeeded by Dr. Nathan Smith Davis, who, during the term of 1849 and 1850, had held the chair of physiology and pathology. In the meantime Dr. Hosmer Allen Johnson had been elected to the chair of physiology and microscopy. In 1855 Dr. Edmund Andrews was called to the professorship of comparative anatomy and demonstrator of anatomy. In 1859, Drs. Davis, Johnson, By ford and Andrews having resigned with the purpose of organizing a new college, the faculty was reorganized and was constituted as follows :

Daniel Brainard, M. D., professor of surgery; Jonathan Adams Allen, M. D., professor of principles and practice of medicine and of clinical medicine; James V. Z. Blaney, M. D., professor of chemistry and pharmacy, followed by Dr. Walter S. Haines; DeLaskie Miller, M. D., professor of obstetrics and diseases of women; Ephraim Ingalls, M. D., professor of materia medica and therapeutics; Joseph Freer, M. D., professor of physiology and pathology; Robert L. Rea, M. D., professor of anatomy.

Since 1859 ^lie college faculty has continually enlarged to meet the necessities incident to its rapid growth. Upon the death of Dr. Brainard in 1866, Dr. Moses Gunn was called to the chair of surgery. Drs. Henry M. Lyman, Norman Bridge, Frank Billings, Daniel Brower, John M. Dodson, James B. Herrick, Alfred C. Cotton, Henry B. Favill and Bertram Shippey now represent the single chair of medicine. The chair of surgery in the announcement of 1907 was represented by Professors Nicholas Senn (since deceased), Arthur Dean Bevan, John B. Murphy, Dr. D. W. Graham and thirtynine associate professors, assistant professors, lecturers and clinical lecturers. Each of the professorships have been greatly expanded and have a correspondingly enlarged teaching force. Quoting from the announcement for 1907, the faculty numbers thirty-one professors and one hunded and forty-three associates, lecturers and assistants. The announcement for May, 1907, gives also the following summary: . Freshmen and sophomores, including special students. 270; juniors, 78; seniors, 96, post-graduates and special students, 123; total,

In 1887 it became the medical department of Lake Forest University. By mutual consent this relation was terminated in 1898, and a little later the college became the medical department of the Chicago University, under whose auspices its announcements are now made.

LiND University, Chicago Medical College and Northwestern University Medical School. These are the three names by which this institution has been known. Although the classes of students in Rush Medical College had been steadily increasing in numbers and ample provision had been made for their accommodation and the relations in the faculty having been entirely cordial, yet, on the part oi several of the members there had been growing a pronounced dissatisfaction with the methods of medical teaching then prevalent throughout the entire country. Up to this time it had been the custom in all the schools to give courses of instruction extending usually through a period of about four months. Students who had attended a first course were required to attend a second as a condition of graduation. This, second course was simply a repetition of the lectures of the previous year, and the second-year students were on the same plane with those just matriculated. It seemed to a portion of the faculty that a graded course of instruction was as essential in the teaching of' medicine and surgery as in other literary institutions, and that second-course students should not be compelled to fall back and retrace the ground with those of the first course.

They argued that a first course should embrace the primary branches and be taught by one corps of professors and that a second course taught by another corps of teachers should embrace the practical applications of the teachings of the first year, embracing the practice of medicine and surgery and the chairs associated therewith. An opportunity was now offered for the org-anization of a second school in connection with Lind University in which a graded system of instruction should be inaugurated.

On the evening of March 12, 1859, Dr. Hosm^r A. Johnson and Dr. Edmund Andrews met Dr. Ralph N. Isham and Dr. David Rutter at the office of the two latter gentlemen. At this preliminary meeting the matter was fully discussed and resulted in the adoption of a resolution to organize a school in which, for the first time in this country, a graded system of instruction should be incorporated as one of its features.

In the formation of the new faculty, Dr. Nathan S. Davis was tendered the chair of theory and practice of medicine and Dr. William H. Byford the chair of obstetrics and diseases of women and children. The faculty of Rush College, being unwihing to inaugurate the graded course, these gentlemen accepted those positions in the new school that they might carry out the views that they had long cherished, and strongly advocated. The faculty of the new school consisted of the following professors :

David Rutter, M. D., Emeritus, professor of obstetrics and diseases of women and children; Hosmer Allen Johnson, M. D., professor of pathology and pathological anatomy and dean of the faculty; Edmund Andrews, M. D., professor of principles and practice of surgery; Nathan Smith Davis, M. D., professor of principles and practice of medicine; William H. Byford, M. D., professor of midwifery and diseases of women and children ; John Hamilcar Hollister, professor of physiology and histology; F. Mahla, Ph. D., professor of chemistry; M. K. Taylor, M. D., professor of general pathology

Rooms were fitted up in the upper stories of the Line! block, situated on the corner of Market and Randolph streets. The opening exercises were. conducted by Dr. H. A. Johnson, dean of the faculty, in the building thus arranged. On the evening of October 9, 1859, a popular lecture was delivered before a crowded audience by Dr. N. S. Davis. The first didactic lecture was delivered on the following morning by Dr. J. H. Hollister.

Like Rush College, it was to be developed from small beginnings. During the first course the class contained but thirty-three students, and at the close of the term there were nine graduates. After five years it seemed desirable to terminate the connection of the medical department with Lind University and to continue its work under an independent organization. By mutual consent the severance was made.

An act of incorporation was obtained from the state legislature giving full power for such organization for the purpose of medical teaching. By the act of incorporation the name became "The Chicago Medical College." The following were the corporate members of the board of trustees, with power to elect their successors : Hosmer A. Johnson, Nathan Smith Davis, Edmund Andrews, \\'illiam H. Byford, Ralph N. Isham, Henry W^ing, John H. Hollister and James Stewart Jewell.

When duly organized Dr. Johnson was made president of the board of trustees and Dr. Davis was dean of the faculty. It was during this year that it entered new quarters in a building constructed for its use near the corner of State and Twenty-second streets. In its new location during the next six years its classes steadily grew and the efficiency of a graded course of instruction was indicated by the unusual number of students who, in competitive examination, secured positions in the various hospitals. It had now so far outgrown its home that another change became necessary, and in 1870, it became affiliated with the Northwestern University, and entered its new building constructed under its own supervision on the corner of Twenty-sixth street and Prairie avenue, at a cost of $25,000.

struction with separate groups of studies for_ each of the three years. It may be proper to remark that at the present time nearly every reputable college in the United States has adopted the plan of graded instruction first proposed on the evening of March 12, 1859, by Drs. Johnson, Andrews, Isham and Rutter. Later the medical faculty conveyed its property interest to the Northwestern University and assumed the name of the Northwestern University Medical School, and, with liberal appropriation from that institution, it is now permanently established with ample and commodious buildings on Dearborn street, near the corner of Twenty-fourth street, in close proximity to the Wesley and Charity Hospitals and the Post-graduate Medical School Hospital. Its faculty in 1907 numbered thirty-two professors, twelve associate professors, ten assistants and twenty-nine instructors. ^

Women's Hospital Medical College. Northwestern University Women's Medical School. Under the first name this institution was organized in 1870. Its special promoters were Dr. William H. Byford, Dr. Godfrey Dyas, and Dr. Mary H. Thompson, in connection with President E. O. Haven of the Northwestern University. The faculty of the college as first constituted was as follows :

Its requirements for graduation were a satisfactory preliminary education, attendance upon three full courses of lectures of six months each in the graded system, and requisite attendance upon clinical lectures in the hospital. Previous to the Chicago fire the school was located in temporary rooms on the north side. Immediately after this disaster a location was secured on Adams street in the west division. Lectures were immediately resumed, the class of that session numbering eighteen. Here the college remained for six years. In 1878, a desirable lot was secured opposite Cook County Hospital. Here a commodious building was erected, capable of accommodating two hunderd students and was occupied in 1879. During the succeeding twelve years the college steadily increased in the number of its students and in the efficiency of its work. Material changes occurred in the personnel of its faculty, but the efficiency of its teaching was fully maintained. The need for such an institution is apparent from the fact that as early as 189 1 the ladies in attendance numbered one hundred and twenty-five, and of these twenty-four were graduated at the close of that session. At that date, with its achievement of success as an independent organization fully assured, it yet seemed desirable that it should become an integral part of the Northwestern University, henceforth to be known as the Northwestern University Women's Medical School.

Chicago College of Physicians and Surgeons. Chicago was fast approaching the two million mark in the number of its inhabitants. It had reached the point where it was soon to be the leading medical center in this country. It was evident to not a few that the time had corne when another college with a high order of requirements was warranted, and the result has fully justified that view. Dr. A. Reeves Jackson and Dr. Charles Warrington Earle are credited with its inception. At the first meeting called to consider the question, Dr. Jackson acted as chairman, and Dr. D. A. K. Steele was secretary. It was decided to procure an act of incorporation. The sum to be named in the certificate was $30,000, which was subscribed by those then present. A lot was purchased at the corner of Harrison and Honore streets, at a cost of $5,000, and a splendid spacious and well adapted building was erected directly opposite the main entrance of Cook County Hospital at a cost of $57,000. The first session of the college opened September 26, 1882. Its faculty was constituted as follows : fessor of clinical medicine and diseases of the chest; Dr. D. A. K. Steele, professor of orthopedic surgery; Dr. Leonard St. John, demonstrator of surgery, surgical appliances, and minor surgery; Dr. Charles Warrington Earle, professor of obstetrics ; Dr. Henry Palmer, professor of operative surgery, clinical surgery, and surgical pathology; Dr. R. L. Rea, professor of principles and practice of surgery, and clinical surgery; Dr. Frank E. Waxam, professor of diseases of children.

1 o the original faculty large additions were made, and enumerated in the successive announcements. The requirements on the part of the students were as follows: First, a good moral character; second, twenty-one years of age; third, three years of study with a physician in regular standing; fourth, attendance upon two or more winter courses of lectures, one of these at this college; fifth, dissection of each part of a cadaver; sixth, attendance upon two courses of clinical and hospital instruction; seventh, satisfactory examination. The enrollment of students for the first year numbered one hundred and sixty-five. At the close of the session fifty -two of these were graduated. The faculty has been steadily enlarged to meet the increased requirements, and each year there has been a steady increase in the number of its students. In the announcement for 1907 the enrollment numbered five hundred and two. In 1897 the college became affiliated with the Illinois State University, the president of the university being president ex officio of this department, Dr. D. A. K. Steele president of the board of trustees, and W. E. Quine dean of the faculty. The faculty for 1907 was represented as follows : Forty-seven professors, thirty-eight associate professors, and fifty-nine instructors. The present class numbers five hundred and two students.

Hahnemann Medical College. Through the special efforts of Dr. D. S. Smith, ably seconded by those of Hon. Thomas Hoyne, a charter for the college was procured in 1855. Its board of incorporators was constituted as follows, the same acting as a board of trustees : Dr. D. S. Smith, Thomas Hoyne, Orrington Lunt, George A. Gibbs, Joseph A. Daggett, George E. Shipman, John M. Willson, William H. Brown, Norman B. Judd and J. H. Dunham. In the organization of the board J. H. Dunham became president, Dr. D. S. Smith vice president, and Dr. George E. Shipman secretary and

Dr. David S. Smith, president of the faculty and ex-ofhcio president of the board of trustees; Dr. E. A. Small, professor of theory and practice of medicine; Dr. George E. Shipman, professor of materia medica and therapeutics; Dr. H. K. W. Boardman, professor of surgery; Dr. J. L. Kellogg, professor of obstetrics; Dr. Reuben Ludlam, professor of physiology and pathology; Dr. N. E. Cook, professor of chemistry and toxicology; Dr. G. D. Beebe, professor of anatomy; George Payson, Esq., lecturer in medical jurisprudence.

Dr. A. E. Small was elected dean and Dr. R. Ludlam secretary of the faculty. The college at first was located at 168 North Clark street. The length of the college term was twenty weeks. The first course of lectures opened October 15, i860. Here, for eight years annual courses of lectures were given to steadily growing classes. For a brief period the location of the college was changed to 1237 State street. In 1870 the Hon. J. Y. Scammon presented to the college a desirable lot on Cottage Grove avenue, between Twenty-eighth and Twenty-ninth streets, well suited for both college and hospital purposes, and here in a building amply constructed and well appointed, the college and hospital are permanently located. Although all the original members of the faculty have been removed by death, it still maintains the ability and efficiency imparted by its founders.

At the date of the withdrawal of a portion of the faculty in 1S76 for the organization of a new college, there remained of its permanent members, Drs. D. S. Smith, A. E. Small, A. G. Hall, T. S. Iloyne and Reuben Ludlam. The following became members of the faculty at that time: Drs. C. H. Vilas, E. S. Bailey, S. Leavitt. H. P. Cole, 11. B. Fellows and N. J. Hawkes. At the death of Dr. D. S. Smith, who had been president of the faculty since its organization, Dr Reuben Ludlam succeeded, and upon his death, Dr. G. F. Shears was his successor, and is now its president. Dr. H. R. Chislett is dean of the faculty. Among those who are members of the present staff and who prominently represent the institution the names of Drs. E. Stillman Bailey, N. B. Delamater, Clifford Mitchell, H. V. Halbert, W. M. Stearns, A. L. Blackwood and B. A. McBirney are worthy of special mention. By the union of the Hahnemann and Homeopathic colleges in 1904, an able faculty has been secured and renders the college one of the most prominent of the homeopathic colleges in this country. Its course, of study is in full accord with the requirements of the Illinois state board of health. Its faculty is represented by thirty-nine professors and twenty-six adjuncts and teachers.

Chicago Homeopathic College. This college was incorporated under the general law of the state of Illinois in 1876, and its first session opened in September of that year. The location of the college was on Van Buren street and Michigan avenue. With a view to permanency, for the enlargement of its quarters and for the advantages of clinical teachings, a lot was secured on Wood street, in immediate proximity with the Cook County Hospital, and a fine building erected at a cost of $45,000 was opened for students in 1881. It was ample in its appointments and its amphitheater had a capacity for five hundred students. It was represented by a full corps of clinical teachers in Cook County Hospital. The following was the constitution of the first facultv :

Dr. George E. Shipman, Emeritus, professor of materia medica; Dr. A. C. Gatchell, professor of physiology and public hygiene; Dr. Rodney Welch, professor of chemistry and toxicology; Dr. Leonard Pratt, professor of special pathology and diagnosis; Dr. J. S. Mitchell, professor of clinical medicine and throat and chest diseases; Dr. S. P. Hedges, professor of institutes and practice of medicine; Dr. A. G. Beebe and Dr. Clias. Adams, professors of practice of surgery and clinical surgery; Dr. Willis Danforth, professor of gynecology and surgery; Dr. John W. Streetor, professor of diseases of women and children; Dr. R. N. Foster, professor of obstetrics; Dr. W. H. Woodyat, professor of opthalmology and otology; Dr. A. M. Hale and Dr. A. W. Woodward, professors of materia medica and therapeutics; Dr. E. H. Pratt, professor of anatomy; Dr. J." R. Kippax, professor of dermatology and medical jurisprudence; Dr. R. F. Tooker, professor of physiology; Dr. Romeyn Hitchcock, professor of chemistry and toxicology; Dr. N. B. Delamater, professor of electro-therapeutics and proovings.

The officers : J. S. Mitchell, president ; Chas. Adams, secretary and treasurer; Albert G. Beebe, business manager. The college had its private hospital advantages and its corps of clinical professors in connection with Cook County Hospital. With the necessary changes in the faculty incident to the deaths and removals, it continued its annual sessions with gratifying- success for thirty-three years, when, in 1904, by mutual agreement, it was merged with Hahnemrmn College, in which a portion of its faculty is represented.

Bennett College of Medicine and Surgery. Bennett CollcL^e of Eclectic Medicine was founded by a special act of the state legislature in 1868. It was thus named in honor of J. Hugh Bennett, of Edinburgh, Scotland. His views as to use of the lancet and especially his objection to the use of mercurial preparations in the treatment of diseases were so fully in accord with the Eclectic physicians in this country that when an Eclectic college was to be established in Chicago, it seemed to its projectors most fittingly appropriate to give it the name of this distinguished teacher. Its first location was on the corner of Kinzie and North LaSalle streets. The corporate members were Drs. L. S. Major, W. D. Achinson, H. C. French, H. D. Garrison, William M. Dale, H. J. Whitford, A. L. Clark, John Foreman, W. M. Teegarden, R. A. Gunn, A. L. Brower and J. F. Cook. Dr. L. S. Major was elected president and held that office for four years, when, in 1872, he was succeeded by Dr. A. L. Clark, who has been president of the institution for thirty-five years. The first course of lectures commenced November i, 1868. There were thirty students registered, and at the close of the term there were ten graduates. A more eligible location was secured and the second course was given in rooms specially fitted up at 180 Washington street, where they were destroyed by fire in 1871. A building was purchased at 461 South Clark street. After three years this property was disposed of and a college building and hospital, well suited to its needs, was erected at 51 1-5 13 State street. Business began so to encroach upon this location that in 1889 it was deemed expedient to dispose of this property also and seek a location in proximity to some of the large hospitals, where better clinical instruction could be secured. .\ lot was purchased and the present spacious building was erected on the corner of Ada and Fulton streets. It has all the appointments needful to meet the requirements of a modern college and its classes of students well sustained the institution. It ranks as the leading Eclectic school in this country. Its courses of study have been enlarged and the length of the college extended. In 1879 the length of the course was extended to six calendar months, and in 1898 it was again extended to eight months. Ladies are admitted on equal footing with gentlemen, many of whom have made especially good records. The college faculty, which, at the first, numbered only seven members, now numbers over thirty. It has on its ground a fine hospital in which, in addition to the general hospital, special advantages are secured for clinical instruction. Its college faculty includes thirty-seven professors and twelve associates and instructors.

The time had come when large numbers of medical men were desirous of leaving their fields of practice for a little time and, while enjoying temporary respite, availing themselves of a thorough review of the branches of medicine and surgery in which they were specially interested. For several years the colleges had attempted to meet their wants by instituting short special courses at the close of the regular sessions. While these were, in a measure, satisfactory, it was evident to both instructors and physicians that they did not meet the requirements. More and more it was apparent that colleges and hospitals adapted to the needs of graduated physicians must be developed and conducted. The result has been the organization of two such schools in Chicago, each of which has achieved eminent success.

The Chicago Polyclinic School and Hospital was at first located in a rented building on the corner of Chicago and LaSalle avenues. It began its first course of lectures in July, 1886. To name its professors is to indicate the ability of its faculty. Dr. Truman Miller, its president, was professor of general urinary surgery. Its active surgeons were Drs. Nicholas Senn, Christian Fenger and Malcolm T. Harris. Active physicians. Dr. John H. Chew, treasurer, and Dr. Joseph T. Patton; gynecologists. Dr. Fernand Henrotin, - secretary; orthopedic surgery. Dr. A. E. Hoadley; obstetrics. Dr. Henry Hooper; diseases of skin and venereal diseases, Dr. R. D. McArthur; dermatology. Dr. Henry G. Anthony; neurology, Dr. Archibald Church. To this faculty numerous additions were soon made. Three years had hardly elapsed until, in 1889, the school and hospital had so outgrown their quarters as to compel removal. The strength to which the institution had attained is evident from the fact that it was able to enter a building of its own, situated at 174-176 Chicago avenue, at a cost of $70,000. Still later it has been greatly enlarged and its facilities perfected at a total cost of $100,000. The numbers in attendance and the satisfaction expressed by physicians emphasize the fact that post-graduate schools and hospitals have been developed to meet an imperative need. The Chicago Polyclinic is complete in its appointments. Its schools, its hospital, its chemical, biological, physiological and pathological laboratories, with its anatomical department and its clinical advantages offer exceptional facilities for general review and for original research.

The Post-Graduate Medical School and Hospital of Chicago. In 1889 a portion of the faculty of the Polyclinic School, having resigned from that institution, united with others in forming a second school known as the Post-Graduate Medical School and Hospital of Chicago. It first occupied rooms fitted for the purpose on Washington street, where the annex of Marshall . Field and Company's store now stands. Here a number of beds were installed where clinical lectures were given. In 1890, leaving this business center, a fine building was erected in Plymouth place. Business encroaching here also, a location was secured adjoining tlie City Hospital, and the College of Physicians and Surgeons. The latter, desiring the building for clinical purposes, purchassd it and the Post-Graduate School proceeded immediately to erect a fine five-story hospital building at 2400 Dearborn street, where clinical instruction could be afforded not only in its own ward but in the Charity Hospital and Wesley Hospital, each in close proximity. Its appointments embraced the latest improvements and its private rooms suited to the needs of patients most fastidious are at command when vacancies occur. Full courses in all the specialties iu, medicine and surgery are given, and physicians from all parts of the Union are found in its classes. Its active staff on duty is composed as follows : Present board of trustees, W. Franklin Coleman, president; Arthur R. Elliott, vice president; Franklin FI. Martin, secretary; W. L. P>aum, treasurer, and Frederick A. Beasley. The faculty is constituted as follows :

We are not to infer from the fact that Chicago has eighty-hvv accredited hospitals that it is not the healthiest city of its size in the world. It is rather to its credit that it makes such abundant provi sion for the care of its sick. A large number are private hospitals, well furnished and in which the best of treatment is at command, and where every possible comfort is assured. Our limits permit only brief reference to a few of the older public hospitals which, in part at least, are dependent upon the benevolent contributions of a generous public.