Chicago City (part 21 of 57)

As an evidence of the strength of the new institution in teaching power, it is sufficient to say that, of the faculty of some seventy-five to eighty professors and instructors selected with reference to their ability as teachers, not only from various parts of this country, but from Europe also, there are, besides President Harper, at least seven members of the faculty who are expresiderTts of well-known institutions of learning. These include Rev. E. G. Robinson, D.D., LL.D., professor of ethics and apologetics, president of Brown University from 1860 to 1872; Rev. Galusha Anderson, A.M., S.T.D., LL.D., professor of homiletics, who was president of the old Chicago University from 1879 to its suspension in 1885; Rev. Geo. W. Northrup, D.D., LL.D., professor of systematic theology, president of the Baptist Union Theological Seminary from 1867 to 1892; Rev. Eli B. Hurlbert, D.D., professor of Church history, and dean of the Divinity School, former acting president of the Baptist Union Theological Seminary : Thomas C. Chamberlin, Ph.D., LL.D., head professor of geology, and dean of the College of Science, president of Wisconsin University, 1887-92; Albion W. Small, Ph.D., head professor of social science, and dean of the College of Liberal Arts, late president of Colby University; Mrs. Alice Freeman Palmer, who has been made famous by her service as president of Wellesley College from 1881 to 1887. In addition to these it would be unjust not to mention Professor von Hoist, the well-known author of the " Constitutional History of the United States," who has gained distinction by his work in connection with various German universities, while President Harper himself has won a national reputation as professor of Semitic languages and biblical literature in Yale College, and by his labors at the head of the Chautauqua movement for "university extension."

It should have been stated earlier that the Chicago University is organized on the most liberal lines as to the admission of women to the advantages of its course of instruction on equal terms with men, as shown by connection of Mrs. Palmer and several other notable lady teachers with the faculty. Neither has the physical well-being of the students been neglected, as indicated by the employment of competent teachers of physical culture, while the range of sciences covered by the various department^, from gymnastics to theology, proves the broad basis on which the institution has been founded.

The character of the buildings already erected, and the plans of those to be erected during the coming year, indicate that taste, utility and permanence are to be taken into account. The work of practical instruction in the various departments commenced in October 1891. In December there were 589 registered students in all departments, which are confidently expected to be increased to 1,000 before the close of the year. Of these about 250 are graduates of other institutions, including some of the oldest institutions in the land and several in foreign countries, and coming from nearly every northern State. With its princely endowment and building funds, aggregating something like $5,000,000, and its strong force of practical and experienced teacher?, the new university appears already to have passed the crisis of its fate, and is evidently destined soon to take a place beside the older universities, prepared to dispense the benefits of a liberal education to the young men and young women not only of the Mississippi Valley, but of the whole country, assisting to make Chicago as pre-eminent in educational matters as it is in commercial affairs.*

A college paper, the University of Chicago Weekly, has already been established, followed by the Journal of Political Economy, a quarterly publication issued under the auspices of the university as a medium for the discussion of economic questions by the best writers of Europe and America. To these are expected shortly to be added The University Extension World, devoted to the work of university extension, the Biblical World and a Journal of Biology, and possibly others. These movements show that the literary and scientific departments of the university will have ample avenues of communication with the public.

THEOLOGICAL SEMINARIES. - Chicago (or its immediate vicinity) is the seat of seven theological seminaries, of which the Oarrett Biblical Institute, the Norwegian -Danish and Swedish Seminaries and the Baptist Union Theological Seminary have already received attention in connection with the universities of which they were or still are a part. The others will be noticed in the following pages:

* Since these pages were prepared, Mr. Rockefeller and others have made additional contributions to ihe funds of the University, increasing- its resources over $1.0UU,UOO, and placing: it in the rank of the most liberally endowed institutions in the country.

[Communicated by Eev. G. S. F. Savage, secretary of the board of directors.] "Of Chicago Theoiogi- the seven tlieolpgical semicai seminary. narjeg established ill Chicago, and its immediate vicinity, the Chicago Theological Seminary (Congregational) was the first. It was organized September 26, 1854, by a convention of Congregational ministers and delegates of Congregational churches, from the States of Illinois, Michigan, Indiana, Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota and Missouri. February 15, 1855, it received from the legislature of Illinois a special and very liberal charter, exempting from taxation all its property. It is governed by a board of twenty-four directors, elected by triennial conventions, made up of Congregational ministers and delegates of Congregational churches in the States and territories west of the Ohio and east of the Rocky Mountains. The directors are elected for six years, one half being elected at each triennial convention. The Seminary has thus from the first been under the responsible supervision and direction of Congregationalists, but its privileges are open to students of all denominations of Christians. The present officers of the board of directors are E. W. Rlatchford, president; H. N. Holdenand David Fales, vice presidents ; Rev. G. S. F. Savage, D. D., secretary; Henry W. Chester, treasurer: Auditors - Lyman Baird, 0. Davidson and 0. B. Taft. The executive committee are H. N. Holden, chairman; Rev. G. S. F. Savage, D. D., secretary; I. N. Camp, E. W. Blatchford, Rev. J. C. Armstrong, David Fales, Charles H. Morse and J. H. Pearson.

'-'The Seminary was formally opened for students October 6, 1858, with two professors - Rev. Joseph Haven, D. D. and Rev. S. C. Bartlett, D. D. - with twenty-nine students the first year. Over one thousand students have been enrolled in the institution, embracing graduates from over forty colleges, and of almost every nationality, and its graduates are serving churches in every State of the Union, and in missionary fields in every quarter of the world. In addition to the regular course of study, which is equal to that in the best and oldest seminaries of the country, a special course of study is provided for those who, though not able to acquire a liberal education, may yet possess both the talents and the piety requisite for the Christian ministry. A German, a Scandinavian and a Dano-Norwegian department has also been established, giving such instruction and training, additional to the regular studies of the Seminary, as will best qualify students of those nationalities to preach the .gospel in their mother tongue as well as in English, thus meeting the great needs of the multitude of our foreign-born citizens.

" The present faculty consists of eight professors and nine instructors, viz.: Rev. F. W. Fisk, D. D., Wisconsin, professor of sacred rhetoric; Rev.G. N. Boardman, D.D., Illinois, professor of systematic theology; Rev. S. Ives Curtiss, D. D., New England, professor of Old Testament literature and interpretation ; Rev. G. B. Willcox, D. D., Stone professor of pastoral theology and special studies; Rev. H. M. Scott, D. D., S weetser, Michigan, professor of ecclesiastical history; Rev. G. H. Gilbert, Ph. D., Iowa, professor of New Testament literature and interpretation ; Rev. E. T. Harper, Ph. D., professor of Semitic biblical literature; Rev. Graham Taylor, D. D., professor of christian sociology and the English Bible; J. R. J. Anthony, instructor in elocution on the J. W. Scoville* endowment; Rev. J. K. Herman, Ph. D., instructor in the German department ; Rev. R. A. Jernberg, B. D., instructor in the Dano-Nonvegian department; Rev. 0. C. Graves, instructor in Dano-Norwegian department ; Rev. Fridolf Risberg, S. M. C., instructor in the Swedish department ; Rev. M. E. Peterson, instructor in the Swedish department; Rev. M. W. Montgomery, B. D., instructor in English in the Scandinavian department; Rev. M. E. Eversz, D. D., instructor in German de- *Recently deceased.

"Forty-two scholarships are endowed, the income of which is devoted to the aid of students in the seminary who need it ; aid being given to the extent of $150 or $200 each year, conditioned upon a given amount of labor in connection with the City Missionary Society.

"The library numbers about 12,000 volumes, besides a valuable collection of manuscripts, pamphlets, etc. Several alcoves in the library are endowed - one of $10,000; three of $5,000 each; one of $2,000, and two of $1,000 each, the income of which is devoted annually to the purchase of books. There is also a reading-room, supplied with the leading reviews, magazines and newspapers. In addition to the Hammond Library Building, there are three buildings upon the Campus, with rooms for offices, reception-rooms, professors' studies, lecture rooms, and study and sleeping rooms for nearly 200 students. These are Keyes Hall, erected in 1865, from the proceeds of a donation by the late Willard Keyes, of Quincy, 111.; Carpenter Hall, erected in 18G9, named in honor of Philo Carpenter, of Chicago, one of the earliest and most liberal patrons of the institution, and Fisk Hall, erected in 1890. The rooms in these buildings are furnished by individuals and churches, and are rent-free to the students. No tuition is charged to any.

" The productive assets of the seminary, in addition to its grounds, buildings, library, etc., amount to $515,491. The estimated value of all its property is $950,000. Fifty thousand dollars has been given for the erection of a chapel, and Dr. D. K. Pearson has pledged $100,000 on condition that $350,000 more is contributed by May 1, 1894. An earnest effort is being made to secure this sum, with confidence that it will be accomplished.*

* Since the above was prepared, the sum called for by the conditions of the Pearson donation has been raised, so that the amount contemplated will be available.

In the thirty-eight years of its existence it has attained a growth equal to the oldest and largest seminaries of the country, and furnishes to theological students ample privileges and instruction. With its able faculty, its central position, and the large and continually-increasing number of churches embraced in its constituency, its future growth, prosperity and usefulness are assured. "REV. G. S. F. SAVAGE,

The McCormick Theological Seminary of the Presbyterian Church is the outgrowth of McCormick Theo- an institution originally eslogicai seminary, tablished in connection with Hanover College, Ind., in 1830. Ten years later it was removed to New Albany, Ind., and in 1859, it was again removed to Chicago, the late Cyrus H. McCormick having offered a permanent endowment fund of $100,000. It was opened in September, 1859, with a class of fifteen students. In 1863, a brick and stone building costing $16,000 was erected on the seminary grounds on North Halsted street, between Fullerton and Belden avenues, the site of twenty acres being the contribution of the late W. B. Ogden and his partner, Mr. Sheffield, of New Haven, together with Mr. William Lill and Michael Diversey. In 1875, additional buildings were erected by the contributions chiefly of Mr. McCormick, with a few others. The seminary buildings now consist of (1) Ewing Hall, erected 1863, containing thirty-five rooms for students, a reading room and a gymnasium ; (2) the chapel, erected 1875, containing chapel, library, and two lecture rooms; (3) the Mc- Cormick Hall, erected 1884, containing fiftyone suites of rooms for students, the office and the parlor; (4) the Fowler Hall, erected 1887, containing sixty-one suites of rooms for students, and two lecture rooms; (5) five houses for professors. The buildings described, including professors' houses, represent an outlay of $315,000, of which $285,000 were contributed by the late Hon. C. H. McCormick and his heirs.

The course of study includes didactic and polemic theology, biblical and ecclesiastical history, sacred rhetoric and pastoral theology, church government and the sacrament, new testament literature and exegesis, biblical philology, old testament literature and exegesis, apologetics and missfons - the entire course embracing three years. The number of students in all departments, shown by the catalogue for 1891-92, was 198. Of these eleven were resident graduates, and forty-seven of the senior class. A large majority of the students were from the Central Western States, but there were students from many of the other States, with representatives from Bulgaria, England, Germany, Persia, Nova Scotia, Scotland and Syria. The seminary term covers a period seven months of each year.

The faculty for 1S91-2 was constituted as follows, with Prof. Herrick Johnson as Chairman: Rev. Le Roy Jones Ilalsey, D.D., LL.D., professor emeritus of church government and the Sacraments ; the Rev. Thomas Harvey Skinner, D.D., LL.D., professor of divinity, (deceased); the Rev. Willis Green Craig, D.D., LL.D., Cyrus II. McCormick professor of didactic and polemic theology ; the Rev. David Calhoun Marquis, D.D., LL.D., professor of New Testament literature and exegesis ; the Rev. Herrick Johnson, D.D., LL.D., professor of sacred rhetoric and pastoral theology ; the Rev. John DeWitt, D.D., LL.Di, professor of apologetics and 'missions ; the Rev. Andreas Constantinicles Zenos, D.D., professor of biblical and ecclesiastical history ; the Rev. Augustus Stiles Carrier, A. M., adjunct professor of biblical philology and librarian ; Edward Munson Booth, A. M., instructor in elocution and voice culture.

The Western Theological Seminary of the Episcopal Church is located 011 the north side TI». western Theo- of Washington boulevard, logical seminary. near California Avenue. It was founded in 1883 through the munificence of Dr. Tolman Wheeler, and was opened for students two years later. It has two buildings of a superior order of architecture - one including the school and lecture rooms and the other a dormitory. A hospital and gymnasium are attached to the dormitory, and a school for boys on the first floor of the school building. The main building is known as Wheeler Hall. The institution is under the supervision of Bishop McLaren, of the diocese of Chicago.

The German Theological Seminary of the Lutheran Church is situated at the corner German Theological of Ashland Avenue and seminary. Augusta street. Its field is

Professional And Technical Schools

PROFESSIONAL AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. - Chicago is well supplied with medical and technical schools of a high grade, which attract pupils from distant States. Rush Medical College, the Chicago Medical College, the Woman's Medical College, the Illinois College of Pharmacy and the Colleges of Dental Surgery and Oral and Dental Surgery have already been mentioned in connection with the Northwestern and Lake Forest Universities, to which they are severally attached. Among the other institutions of this character worthy of mention are the following:

Medical college. Cottage Grove avenue, erected during the past year, is the oldest homeopathic institution of the kind in the West, having been incorporated in 1855 under a charter, drafted by Abraham Lincoln. Dr. DavidShephard Smith, who was a leader in the enterprise, had established a homeopathic pharmacy here as early as 1844, and in 1854 a homeopathic hospital was got under way. The first board of trustees included such well-known names as Dr.D.S.Smith, Thomas Hoy lie, Orrington Lunt, Geo. E. Shipman, M. D., John M. Wilson, Win. H. Brown, N. B. Judd and J. H. Dunham. A faculty was organized with Dr. Smith as president, and instruction commenced in rooms at 168 Clark street, in 1859. A college building was erected on Cottage Grove avenue, on the site of the new structure, in 1870. Hospital practice is afforded by the hospital situated on the rear of the block.

The Chicago Homeopathic College, at the corner of Wood and York streets (opposite Chicago Homeo- tne Cook County Hospital), was incorporated June, 1876, and opened for the reception of students in October following. It has a large three-story building, with commodious lecture and clinic rooms, chemical and microscopical laboratories, anatomical museum, well-stocked reference library, with first-class appointments for the accommodation of several hundred students and the treatment of patients.

the following year. Burnt out in 187L, it has moved several times, but finally found a home at its present location on the Northwest corner of Ada and Fulton streets. As indicated by its name, its course of instruction is "eclectic." It is open to students of both sexes.

The College of Physicians and Surgeons is one of the youngest medical schools of Chicoiieife of Physicians cag°» having been organized in 1881, beginning its first regular session September, 1882. It has a fine modern four-story building, containing spacious lecture and operating rooms, library, chemical laboratory, etc., with hospital attached. The West Side Free Dispensary is located in its building. The students have opportunity of practice and witnessing operations in the Cook County Hospital and Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary.

The Illinois Training School for Nurses, located on Honore street in close proximity Illinois Train- *° the Cook County Hospital, ing school. wag foun(3ed in 1881, and is filling a worthy and beneficent place among th institutions of Chicago. Pupils are admitted between'the ages of twenty-five and thirtyfive years, those who pass one month's probation receiving the most thorough training in the care of the sick, including cooking, dressing wounds, ventilation and heating of the sick chamber, observing the temperature and other conditions of the patient, the effect of medicine, etc. At the end of two years the pupil receives $100 and a diploma, which is renewable or may be revoked, at the discretion of the authorities, in case of negligence or other disqualification. The result of this mode of instruction is to furnish an accomplished and efficient class of nurses who take pride in their profession, many of whom have made their mark in the higher departments of medicine.

The Kent (formerly Union) Law School of Chicago, is the successor of the old Uniou Law School, which is a part of the Northwestern University and took the name of the parent institution two years ago. The new school is located on the fifth floor of the building occupied by the Bryant & Stratton's Business College, at the northeast corner of Wabash avenue and Washington street, and was opened September 15, 1892, with a faculty of eight professors and lecturers, of which Marshall D. Ewell, LL.D., M. D., is president. A circular issued a few months after its opening, shows a total of about 100 students.

this respect no educational enterprise in the city is more worthy of commendation and encouragement than the " Chicago Manual Training School," which, although not a part of the public school system, is closely related to it. It is the direct outcome of a movement inaugurated at a meeting of the Chicago Commercial Club, held March 25, 1883, in which Mr Charles M. Ham was the prime mover. It contemplated furnishing the boys of Chicago with opportunity for practical instruction in the mechanic arts, while receiving instruction in mathematics, drawing and the ordinary English branches taught in the high schools. The sum of 857,000 was raised on the spot by the subscriptions of business men present, to which pledges amounting to $100,000 were subsequently added and a committee, consisting of J. W. Doane, Marshall Field, E.T. Crane, John Crerar, N. K. Fairbank, E. W. Blatchford and 0. W. Potter, was appointed to prepare a plan of organization. A report was made Dec. 30 following, and a board of trustees was appointed, which organized in January, 1883, with E. W. Blatchford, president, Marshall Field, treasurer, and Win. A. Fuller, secretary. Other members of the board were J. W. Doane, John Crerar, N. K. Fairbauk, Edsou Keith and Geo. M.Pullman. The present site of the institution, at the northwest corner of Michigan avenue and Twelfth street, was selected, a building erected during the next fall, and on the 4th of February, 1884, the school was opened with a class of seventy-two members. H. II. Belfleld, who had been principal of the North Division High School, was appointed director, with two assistants, one in charge of woodwork and the other instructor in drawing. The course embraces three terms of twenty weeks each, for which a tuition fee of $40, $50 and $60, respectively, is exacted, though free tuition is granted to a limited number of indigent and deserving boys. One hour each day is devoted to instruction in drawing, two hours to work in the shops and the remainder of the time to ordinary study. The work-rooms are furnished with cabinet-makers' benches, forges and appropriate tools, the power being supplied by a 52-horse power Corliss engine.

The first class was graduated in September, 1886. In 1892 the teachers numbered thirteen, of whom two were women, while the pupils had increased to 339. The success of the enterprise has been very satisfactory to its projectors.

An enterprise of similar character, but established on a broader and more munificent The Armour basis> Pr<>m'ses to be inaugurated institute. before the close of the World's Fair. During the closing months of 1892 a large six-story building has been in course of erection on Thirty-third street, near Armour avenue. This was supposed to have some connection with the Armour flats in the immediate vicinity, as they all belonged to Mr. P. D. Armour, the millionaire beef and pork packer. The building is constructed in the most perfect manner, being practically fire-proof as well as highly ornamental. After the departure of Mr. Armour for Europe, about the middle of December, the authoritative announcement was made that the building was intended for a manual training school, which, under the name of the "Armour Institute," will prove to Chicago "all that the Drexel Institute is to Philadelphia, and the Pratt Institute is to Brooklyn." This gift - valued at $200,000 - is to be supplemented by a further donation from Mr. Armour of $1,400,000 as an endowment fund, which, with the completed building, will be turned over to directors in time for the opening of the school by September 1, 1893. The following newspaper description of the building is worthy of quotation :

Absolutely no expense has been spared in its erection. There is a beautiful and lavish use of marble, the wainscoting being of that material on every floor, and marble columns and arches appearing in profusion. In the basement will be placed the electric plant, and here will be located the students in forging and iron work. On the first floor is a superbly lighted library, sixty feet square. Woodworking rooms and the rooms for reception and for the president of the institute are also located here. On the second floor are the chemical laboratory, the chemical lecture room, the physical laboratory, the physical apparatus room, the physical lecture room and electrical rooms. The third floor will be used by students in free-hand drawing, mechanical and architectural drawing, and in commerce and business. The fourth floor is devoted to the domestic sciences - there being departments of cooking, dressmaking, millinery and kindred studies. On this floor are also recitation, lecture and class rooms. At one end of the fifth floor is the gymnasium - sixty by fifty-three feet. At the other end is the technical museum. Connecting the two are dressing-rooms for the gymnasium and elaborate bath-rooms fitted up in white marble. . . . The idea is to establish an institution for the education of head, hand and heart. Mr. Armour's idea in manual training is that all shall be taught and done so that the muscles shall not be more thoroughly trained than the moral character and the perception of truth and beauty. The student in Chicago's great manual training school will be given the comprehensive basis of a liberal culture.

The institution will have a close relation to the public schools, and the university, and will be open to both boys and girls, whom it is proposed to instruct in those branches which will be most valuable to them in their appropriate spheres in life. There will be a model kitchen and gymnasium, where practical physiology and hygiene will be taught, physical and chemical laboratories furnished with every appliance needed for their most successful use. The conception is worthy of a prince, and Mr. Armour evidently intends to carry it out in the most princely manner.

School - the training of its pupils in handicraft, while giving them an opportunity of studying the branches taught in the schools. It is designed, however, to meet the wants of a less advanced class of pupils. It has a fine four-story building on Judd between Clinton and Jefferson streets,~erected by the Jewish Manual Training School Society, and

Both the Catholics and the Lutherans have been active in establishing church and Church parochial schools of various grades. Schools. Among the former, St. Xavier's Academy for girls, founded in 1846, now located at Twenty-ninth and Wabash avenue; St. Ignatius College; St. Mary's Training School for Boys, at Feehanville, and St. Aloysius' School on Maxwell street and St. James' School, for boys and girls, at 2924 AV abash avenue, are the largest and most important. In some of these the number of pupils exceed 1,000.

School. at Stewart avenue and Sixtyseventh street. It was established in 1807, being first located at Blue Island. Buildings were erected on the present site in 1874. Tuition is free to residents of the county, while non-residents are charged $30 a year.

The Illinois Military Academy at Morgan Park is a boarding and day school for boys, MI t»r ' wnere students are prepared for Academy, college, or for commercial business. A strict military discipline is maintained as a means of improving the physical health of the pupils, and imparting a military bearing.

coiiuKes, etc. etC- Prominent among the former are Bryant & Stratton's Business College at Wabash avenue and Washington street; the Chicago Business College, at 45 Randolph street; the Metropolitan Business College; at the northwest corner of Michigan avenue and Monroe; Jones's Commercial College, at 582 West^Madison and 249 Blue Island; West Side Business College, at 27C-80 West Madison street. The leading schools of short-

In the department of languages and classical training the following stand prominent: scientific and Berlitz School of Languages, Art Schools. Auditorium building; School of Language, Central Music Hall; Harvard School, Dearborn Seminary, Loring School and Schutt's German-English School, at 621 Wells street.

In the department of art and music, the following are in the van: Art Institute, Chicago Conservatory of Music in the Auditorium, the Chicago Musical College in Central Music Hall, etc. The presence of the World's Fair in Chicago has given an impulse to both the mechanic and fine arts that will show important results in the future. Several of the most successful artists connected with the decorative work on the World's Fair buildings - conspicuously, Mr. Lorado Taft, sculptor of the Horticultural building - are identified with Chicago art. Mr. Taft is a leading teacher in the Art Institute.

Under the head of "Miscellaneous" may be classed a school of telegraphy, a school of journalism and literature, a school of design for newspaper illustrators, etc.

The Art Institute building, now in course of erection on the Laie Front, opposite Van Buren street, at a cost of over $200,000, will eventually furnish a permanent home, not only for the Art School, but for the Museum of which Chicago may well be proud.

Within the past few months Mr. Matthew Laflin, an early and wealthy citizen of Chicago, has made a donation of $75,000 for the academy of science, which has been located in Lincoln Park. Though not immediately identified with the public school system, these several enterprises, together with the magnificent Public Library, Newberry Library, John Crerar Library (shortly to be established), besides law and medical libraries, will make Chicago a most attractive centre for students and scholars of all classes.

of all Grades. - no); connected with the public school system - in the city of Chicago, according to the school census of 1892, with the number of pupils in each class:

Teach'Hs Total

These figures indicate some noteworthy changes as compared with the previous year. The number of teachers engaged in kindergarten work is increased 45 and the number of pupils 1,027. Both the teachers and the pupils in the private schools are reduced in number - the former by 29 and the latter by 79-4. The teachers in the parochial schools are diminished by 53 while the pupils are 1,070 more than the preceding year. The teachers engaged in the business colleges are increased by 227 - over 150 per cent - while the pupils in the same schools are increased by 5,737 - more than 160 per cent. The whole number of teachers is reduced by 192, while the whole number of pupils of all classes is increased by 7,240.

Enrolled

years), according to the census of 1892, was 329,797, of whom 191,181 were between six and fourteen. From the figures jnst given, it will be seen that the total enrollment in the schools of all classes, is more than ten per cent, in excess of the number of children between six and fourteen years of age, while it is less than two-thirds of those between six and twenty-one. The number of teachers employed in private and parochial schools is nearly two-thirds of the number employed in the public schools, while the number of pupils in the former is a little more than half the number in the latter.

school of art. Chicago was not without earlier art movements, which were sustained by old citizens with a public spirit which ought not to be forgotten, and which were perhaps only prevented from permanent success by the catastrophe of the great fire. To these movements the Art Institute is in some sense a successor. The first president of the Art Institute was George Armour, elected May 30, 1879. He was succeeded first by L. Z. Leiter, elected May 27, 1880, and second, by Charles L. Hutchinson, the present president, elected April 27, 1882. For the first three years the Art Institute occupied rented rooms at the southwest corner of State and Monroe streets. From the beginning a good art school was maintained, and the school is therefore now in its fifteenth year. In the spring of 1882, measures were entered upon which resulted in the purchase of the property at the southwest corner of Michigan avenue and Van Buren street, at a cost of $45,000. The size of the lot was 54x172 feet, to which 26 feet were afterwards added upon the south. The considerations which led the trustees to the selection of a site upon Michigan avenue have been fully justified by experience. The situation is of itself beautiful, and Michigan avenue will no doubt continue to be regulated as a boulevard, and property will retain its select character. The proximity to the heart of the city is an overwhelming recommendation in the eyes of the trustees, for no object is more distinctly entertained by them than the benefit of the great masses of the people to whom convenience of access is essential. During 1882 a brick building containing exhibition galleries and school rooms, and fronting upon Van Buren street was built upon the rear of this propertv. Up to this time the Art Institute had come into possession by purchase or gift of a few good pictures, marbles and casts. During 1884 a collection of casts costing about $1,800 was imported and placed on permanent exhibition. In the summer of 1885 the trustees determined upon the erection of a permanent, fire-proof building. During 1886 and 1887 a new building, Romanesque in design, and planned by John W. Eoot, architect, 80x100 ft. and four stories high was erected upon the southwest corner of Michigan avenue and Van Buren street. This building was opened November 19, 1887. During the next five years the building was outgrown, and in 1892 it was sold to the Chicago Club, which now occupies it. Advantage was taken of the opportunity offered by the Columbian Exposition to obtain a footing upon the Lake Front. By a city ordinance passed in March, 1891, permission was given to the Art Institute to build upon the Lake Front opposite Adams street; and between February, 1892, and May, 1893, a museum building, after plans furnished by Shepley, Rutan & Coolidge, architects, of Boston, was completed. The cost of this building has been about $600,000, of which the Columbian Exposition paid 8200,000, upon condition of using it during the Exposition for World's Congresses. The ownership of this is vested in the city of Chicago, while the right to the use and occupation of the building is vested in the Art Institute, so long as it shall fulfill the purposes of an art museum, and shall open the museum free AVednesdays, Satur- day s, Sundays and legal holidays. The mayor and comptroller of the city are exofficio members of the board of trustees. The new building is built of Bedford limestone, thoroughly fire-proof, and may be described as in style, Italian Renaissance, the details classic, and of the Ionic and Corinthian orders. The front is 80 feet back from .Michigan avenue, the building 320 feet long, the main depth 175 feet, with projections making 208 feet depth in all. It was planned with great care for exhibition purposes, and with respect to lighting, ease of access, and convenient classification will compare favorably with any museum building in the world. It was opened as a permanent museum by a public reception, December 9, 1893.

During the last five years the Art Institute has accumulated valuable collections of various kinds, of which the most important are: The Elbridge G. Hall collection of casts of antique and modern sculpture, presented by Mrs. A. M. H. Ellis, which is now the second in extent in the United States.

A collection of reproductions of antique bronzes from Herculaneum and Pompeii, the originals of which are in the Naples museum, presented by H. N. Higinbotharn.

The Henry Field Memorial, a collection of forty-one pictures by Millet, Breton, and other artists of the Barbizon school, presented by Mrs. Henry Field as a memorial of her husband.

A collection of large permanent photographs of works of art, known as the Mrs. D. K. Pearsons collection, nearly 20,000 in number, presented by D. K. Pearsons.

and ornamental objects, presented by the Chicago Society of Decorative Art, an association of ladies, and many individual pictures, marbles, metals, drawings, engravings, musical instruments, etc., belonging or loaned to the museum.

The Art Institute is not a stock company, but an association purely for the public good, and all its receipts are applied to the promotion of art interests. It has no endowment, nor any assistance from State or city, but derives its income wholly from admission fees, membership dues and tuition fees, together with occasional gifts. It has members of three classes, 1st, honorary members, persons distinguished as artists or benefactors of the Art Institute; 2d, governing members, who pay $100 admission fee, and are eligible as trustees; 3d, annual members, any person who may pay $10 a year. All members are entitled, with their families and visiting friends, to admission to exhibitions, receptions, public lectures, and entertainments of the Art Institute, and to the use of the Deference art library. The control of the Art Institute is vested in a board of trustees. The names of trustees and officers are as follows:

By Paul Ski.By

THE pioneer settlers of Chicago early gave evidence of their literary tastes by beginning the collection of a library as a means of popular entertainment and improvement. The first step in the direction of an organization for this purpose, of which any record is furnished, was taken by a number of citizens on the second of December, 1834, when the Chicago Lyceum was formed. Its existence appears to have been merely nominal, however, for nearly a year, as it was not until December 22, 1835, that a constitution and by-laws were adopted. The first board of officers included A. Cowles, George Manierre, William Jones and 0. M. Donuan, vice-presidents, (no president named); George 0. Haddock, recording secretary ; E. I. Tinkham, treasurer, and H. K. W. Boardman. The late Thomas Hoyne was an early member, being secretary in 1840. Other early members were J. C. Butterfield, E. G. Ryan, (afterwards chief justice of Wisconsin), Buckner S. Morris, Dr. W. B. Egan, S. Lisle Smith, J. II. Foster, J. Young Scammon, Dr. Levi D. Boone, Dr. C. V. Dyer, Dr. John T. Temple, Mark Skinner, and Rev. I. T. Hinton, pastor of the Baptist church. Mr. Hoyne, in some reminiscences, published shortly before his death in 1883, says of it: "It was the foremost institution in the city when I came here in 1837. At the time I became a member, not a man of any note, not a man of any trade or profession who had any taste for intellectual and social enjoyment, who loved books, conversation and debate, but who belonged to the

Lyceum.'' This indicates its democratic and popular character, and the class of men who took part in its meetings, which seem to have supplied the place of the theatre, and the music and lecture halls of the present day, as a means of popular entertainment. During a part of its existence, weekly meetings were held, at which questions of popular interest were discussed. Though there is no evidence that it had a " local habitation" of its own, according to Mr. Hoyne, it " had, for those days, an excellent library, consisting," as he remembers, of "over 300 volumes. Its meetings were generally in the old court room, corner of Randolph and Clark streets." It maintained an active existence until about 1843-4, when, in consequence of the division of interests in a rapidly-growing city, its meetings were discontinued, arid in the following year (1845), its library passed into the hands of the Young Men's Association (which see).

A second and more successful attempt to collect a library was made in the organization Mechanics' °^ l^e Mechanics' Institute early institute. jn ig37. A preliminary meeting was held at the Eagle Coffee House on the evening of January 3 of that year, when a committee was appointed to draft a constitution. A report was made, January 21, officers elected and arrangements made for establishing a library and museum. In 1843i a re-organization was had and the Institute was formally incorporated, the corporators being Charles M. Gray, A. S. Sherman, Elijah Smith and Ira Miltimore. The first officers were Ira Miltimore, president; J. M. Adsit and G. F. Foster, first and second vice-presidents; J. B. Weir, recording secretary; John Gage, corresponding secretary, with a treasurer, librarian and assistant librarian. Others prominently identified with the Institute during its history were John M. Van Osdel, Dr. Jonathan A. Kennicott, W. W. Boyington, John Wentworth, N. S. Bonton, Amos Grannis, Isaac Speer, William Bross, Thomas Bryan and George C. Trussing. The objects of the organization, as set forth in the constitution, were: "To diffuse knowledge and information throughout the mechanical classes; to found lectures on natural, mechanical and chemical philosophy and other scientific subjects; to create a library and museum for the benefit of mechanics and others, and to establish schools for the benefit of their youth and to establish fairs." The Prairie Farmer, then a popular paper and widely read, especially among the industrial classes, was made the official organ . By the close of the first year a library of nearly 1,000 volumes and pamphlets had been gathered, chiefly by donations, and arrangements had been made for a series of lectures from home speakers and others. Successful agricultural and mechanical fairs were held under the auspices of the Institute in 1855 and 1856. Its meetings were held monthly until the latter year, when they became weekly. Its library was divided into circulating and reference departments. As a result of the business revulsion of 1857, the Institute was seriously crippled financially and the Young Men's Association, to a great extent, occupied its field. Having been made the beneficiary of a liberal bequest by the will of Azel Peck (who was its president in 1848), the organization of the Mechanics' Institute was maintained, though its books and other property were swept out of existence by the great fire of 1871. It eventually (in 1875) found a home with the Chicago Athenaeum, where the educational features were carried out under the Peck bequest until the beginning of the present year (1893). It was then removed to 139 Madison street, where an arrangement has been effected with the "Columbian Trade and Business School" for carrying out its plans for imparting gratuitous instruction to a limited number of pupils. Its income has increased within the last few years to about $4,500 per annum, by the appreciation of real estate acquired through the Peck bequest, and a still further advance is expected from still more advantageous leases to be made at an early day. Since the complete destruction of its property by the fire of 1871, the Institute has not carried out that part of its plan which contemplated the maintenance of a library, but a beginning has recently been made in that direction from which, as its revenues increase, valuable results are expected. The present officers of the Institute are Geo. C. Prussing, president ; John Wilkinson, first vice president; J. W. Hosmer, second vice president; Amos Grannis, treasurer and Joseph Silvers, librarian and secretary. Some of the well-known names of early members of the Mechanics' Institute are, John M. Van Osdel, Dr. Jonathan A. Kennicott, W. W. Boyington, John Wentworth and William Bross.

January 30, 1841, to establish a library association. February 6, a constitution was adopted, and the following officers elected: President, Walter L. Newberry; vice-president, Mark Skinner; corresponding secretary, Hugh T. Dickey; recording secretary, Leroy M. Boyce; treasurer, Walter Vail. Others associated with the movement were Peter Page, Walter S.Gurnee and Norman B. Judd. A reading-room was opened at the northwest corner of Lake and Clark streets and the nucleus^of a library furnished by Mr. Newberry, to which additions were made by donations from prominent professional gentlemen of the city. It was incorporated in 1851 as a subscription library open to paying subscribers. Beginning with about 100 volumes, in

History Of Uu1Caoo

1851 it had over 2,500, and in 1866 there were nearly 9,000 volumes on its shelves, composed chiefly of standard publications in the departments of fiction, travel, art, science history and biography. In its earlier years, the library was supported chiefly by dues of annual and life members, voluntary donations and the proceeds of lecture-courses. Among those connected with the latter appear the names of all the most distinguished lecturers of the period, including Henry Ward Beecher, Wendell Phillips, E. H. Chapin, Thomas Starr King. Bayard Taylor, James Eussell Lowell, AVtn. Lloyd Garrison, George William Curtis, George D. Prentice, John B. Gough, and many others whose names have passed into history.

Chicago Library name of the Chicago Library Association. Association, to distinguish it from the Young Men's Christian Association, with which an unsuccessful attempt was made to unite it a few months before the fire of 1871. Owing to decline in its revenues from the loss of membership during the war and other causes, it fell into financial embarrassment, and the loss of its property by the fire led to its extinction. During the last year or two of its existence, a zealous effort had been made by its leading members to enlarge its scope by making it a free public library, supported by the public revenues,and this scheme was finally realized in the establishment of the "Chicago Public Library" a few months after the fire, to which that event no doubt indirectly contributed. So that the Young Men's Association and its successor, the "Chicago Library Association." maybe regarded as the legitimate ancestor of the great Public Library which is the pride of every citizen of Chicago to-day.

Tountr Men's been little more than a debating Lyceum. society, and to have been shortlived. Little can be learned of its history. Its first president was Daniel D. Griswold.

While, with the exception of the last, the organizations so far named, seem to have been attempts to found libraries of a more or less popular and comprehensive character, they have all either ceased to exist, or been merged into other organizations and so lost their distinctive features as library enterprises. The subsequent portion of this chapter will deal with organizations still in existence.

Chicago His- the oldest of the existing ortoricai society, ganizations in Chicago established for the purpose of maintaining a library, is The Chicago Historical Society, organized April 24, 1856, with the following objects, as announced in its constitution:

Its first board of officers consisted of William H. Brown, president; W. B. Ogdeu and J. Young Scammon, vice-presidents; Samuel D. Ward, treasurer; Kev. William Barry, recording secretary and librarian, and Charles H. Eay, corresponding secretary. Mr. Barry was especially active in the effort to secure the organization, and devoted himself with great earnestness to the promotion of the objects of the society. The list at the time of its organization includes the following early citizens: Mark Skinner, Mason Bray man, George Manierre, John H. Kinzie, Dr. J. V. Z. Blaney, Isaac N. Arnold, E. I. Tinkham, Gen. J. D. Webster, Van H. Higgins, Dr. N. S. Davis, Mahlon D. Ogden, while Ezra B. McCagg and Luther Haven became members within the year. About 3,300 volumes, including 335 newspaper files, were collected during the first year.

Libraries And Authors

The society was formally incorporated in February, 1857, most of the gentlemen named above being in the list of incorporators, while the number of resident members was limited to sixty. During the year it received a number of important accessions to its membership, including Geo. F. Rumsey, Thomas Hoyne, John High, jr., H. A. Johnson, Walter S. Gurnee, Walter L. Newberry, B. F. Carver, John H. Foster, Rev. Dr. R. W. Patterson, B. W. Raymond and others, besides several life members. The effect of the organization was evident almost immediately in the zeal manifested in the collection of historical records and publications, and in the preparation of original historical matter by the members. Early in 1858, its collection amounted to 13,000 volumes, when in March, of that year, Mr. Newberry offered it the use of a large room in a building belonging to him at the corner of North Wells and Kinzie streets. It continued to prosper this year, so that, before its close, the number of volumes on its shelves amounted to over 18,600. In May, 1859, was held an exhibition of fine arts, under the auspices of the society, which proved very successful.

The Historical Society has been the recipient of some liberal gifts as well as sustained some heavy losses. Among the former was the bequest from the estate of Henry D. Gilpin, of Philadelphia, in 1860, for founding "The Gilpin Library of the Historical Society of Chicago," which, with a further bequest of $6,000, available on the death of Mrs. Gilpin in November, 1892, with interest, amounted to $115,030. The accrued interest, amounting to over $60,000, has been appropriated towards the construction of the new building of the society now being erected (Nov. 1893). Other bequests were those of Mr. Jonathan Burr, a liberal and public-spirited citizen of Chicago, amounting to $2,000; the donation of the Atwater collection in 1878 from Mrs. Elizabeth E. Atwater, of Buffalo, and the gift of valuable real estate (the proceeds from which amount to $13,500) ; a collection of books, maps and paintings by Mrs. Lucretia Pond, of Petersham, Mass.; the Philo Carpenter legacy of $1,000, besides donations from a number of individual members of the society. November 19, 1868, the society took possession of a building of its own, erected on the northwest corner of Dearborn avenue and Ontario street, at a cost of $60,000, Hon. J. Young Scammon and Isaac N. Arnold delivering dedication addresses. The death of Mr. Walter L. Newberry, who had been one of the most liberal patrons of the society in its infancy, was a severe blow to it this year. Its building, with its library of over 60,000 bound and unbound volumes and pamphlets, 1,738 files of newspapers and many thousand valuable manuscripts, including among the latter the original draft of President Lincoln's emancipation proclamation, was totally swept away by the fire of October, 1871. Left with a considerable debt on its hands, the society was in a condition of virtual paralysis until July, 1874, - when it was subjected to a new disaster by the destruction by fire of all its property - including several cases of books which had been gathered after the fire of 1871 - saving only a catalogue of the books, a few portraits and some records. It was not until January, 1877, the Hon. Isa|c N. Arnold having been elected president, that a successful effort was made to again put the society on its feet. At this time, some fifteen members in response to an appeal contributed funds for the erection of a temporary building, which continued in use from October, 1877, to August, 1892, when it was demolished to make room for the edifice now in course of erection, on its old site at the northwest corner of Dearborn avenue and Ontario street.

A contract having been made for the erection of this building, ground was broken for the foundation, August 11, and the cornerstone was laid with appropriate ceremonies on November 12, 1892. Addresses were delivered by President Mason and Rev. Frank

M. Bristol, and an air-tight lead box, 12x8x8 inches, which contained copies of the Chicago daily papers, the constitution and 'by-laws of the society, the Fergus series of historical pamphlets, and various other papers, was placed by Secretary John Moses in the stone at the southeast corner of the building. A large number of the members and friends of the society signified their interest in the proceedings by their presence.

The new building is constructed of Wisconsin granite, and is in what is termed the Romanesque style. It is 110 feet on Dearborn avenue, by 100 on Ontario street, two stories and basement in height, with roof of red tile. The library room is 73 by 37 feet, and the auditorium 57 by 46 feet. The reading and reception rooms are on the first floor, and the museum on the second. The building is to be strictly fire-proof, and is to cost $150,000, complete. It was contracted to be finished by May 1, 1893, but owing to delays and hindrances it will hardly be ready for occupation before May 1, 1894. In the meantime its collections of twenty thousand bound volumes and forty-five thousand unbound volumes and pamphlets, and relics and works of art remain boxed up in store.

Among those who have held the office of vice-presidents are the following : W. B. Ogden, J. Y. Scammon, W. L. Newberry, George Manierre, Thomas Hoyne, E.B. Mc- Cagg, Geo. F. Rumsey, Robt. T. Lincoln, John Wentworth, A. C. McClurg, Geo. W. Smith.

The society has done a most important work in the collection and preservation of valuable historical' records, both printed and in manuscript form, and has contributed to the wealth of the historical libraries of the country, by securing the publication of several volumes of original papers bearing upon the early history of the State. In this work it has been most efficiently aided by generous contributions from several public-spirited capitalists, especially Messrs. L. Z. Leiter and Marshall Field. Others who have materially aided it by liberal contributions have been Judge Mark Skinner, E. H. Sheldon, Henry J. Willing, Dr. Daniel K. Pearsons, Samuel K. Nickerson, A. A. Munger, Byron L. Smith, Thomas Hoyne and John Wentworth.

The society was singularly fortunate in the selection of its first secretary, the Rev. William Barry, to whose untiring industry, scholarship and intelligent appreciation and encouragement of historical research, the Society is almost alone indebted for its early growth and influence.

Mr. Albert D. Hager also served the society as secretary and librarian with great faithfulness for ten years, and was the principal agent, after the fire of 1874, in securing those accumulations which are valuable to adorn and illuminate the shelves of the new building.

The present secretary was installed in 1887 and found the shelves already full. A new room was partitioned in the 'basement, where shelves were erected sufficient to contain a large number of books, to which were consigned those not so commonly in use.

During his administration, while donations were not solicited, the Society was constantly in receipt of valuable books and manuscripts and works of art, and for the first time a

The fondness of Judge Moses for historical studies has found expression in an exhaustive History of the State of Illinois, in two volumes, which was nearly completed when he entered upon the discharge of his duties. He is the joint author and editor with Maj. Joseph Kirkland of this work, and is also the author of " Personal Recollections of Abraham Lincoln" and "Richard Yates, the War Governor of Illinois," papers which were read before the society, and also of many other historical pamphlets and addresses.

At the last annual meeting of the society (November 21, 1893) the evolution of its management and control was fully accomplished in the adoption of anew constitution and by-laws, by which the society provides that the executive committee "shall alone hold, manage, administer and control all the money, property, effects and affairs of the society." The power even of electing a seQretary, librarian and treasurer, is surrendered to this committee, as is also that of the admission of new members.

As this is not a corporation for the purpose of money-making, but purely of a literary character, for the promotion of historical research, the preservation and use of historical monuments, and is supported from the dues of members and voluntary contributions, the reason for this change, which was not demanded by any members outside of the committee, is difficult to perceive.

The society has attained its present prominence, growth and usefulness under its old constitution and by-laws, and it remains to be seen whether the change by which the members surrender the rights given to them in their charter, and provide for an internal administration through a committee, however capable, whose presence it may be difficult to obtain, instead of through a responsible officer, who by his daily presence is in touch with the public and the needs of the society - a change which is an entire departure from the management of all other similar societies in this country - will better serve the great objects to be attained.

The next notable movement connected with the growth of libraries in Chicago, was Chicago Academy the organization of theChiof sciences. Cago Academy of Sciences, in 1857, the original founders being Drs. J. V. Z. Blaney, Nathan S. Davis, J. W. Freer, C. Helmuth, Hosmer A. Johnson, Edmund Andrews, Henry Parker and Franklin Scammon, and Messrs. R. K. Swift, J. D. Webster, E. W. Blatchford and H. W. Zimmerman. Most of these gentlemen had been connected with nearly every previous movement of a similar character in Chicago, though but few of them still survive. "The Academy" found its first abiding place in the old Saloon Building on the corner of Clark and Lake streets, which was the home of so many newspapers and other literary ventures in the early history of Chicago. It was seriously crippled, however, by the financial crisis of that year, but was re-organized and incorporated in 1859, when it entered upon a new and more vigorous life, which was continued for several years. It again underwent a reorganization under a new charter in 1862, when it received some important accessions to its active membership, including, in addition to those previously named, Messrs. J. Young Scammon, George C. Walker, H. G. Loomis, E. B. McCagg, Wm. E. Doggett, Oliver F. Fuller, Benj. F. Culver, William Bross, Robert Keunicott and others. The latter, who was an ardent and enthusiastic young naturalist, was one of the leading spirits of the enterprise, and having, between the years 1859 and 186«J, made an extensive tour of arctic exploration, extending from Hudson's Bay to Behring's Strait, he enriched the collections of the academy by some valuable donations. In the winter of 1863-4, much interest was awakened in the affairs of the academy among the citizens of Chicago, by a visit from the distinguished Prof. Louis Agassiz, of Cambridge, during which he delivered a lecture in its behalf. In a second expedition undertaken by Mr. Kennicott in 1855, under the auspices of the Western Union Telegraph Company, he died on the banks of the Ytikon Eiver in Alaska. On the departure of Mr. Kennicott, the museum was placed in charge of Dr. William Stimpson, who had been, for many years, attached to a department of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington. In June, 1866, the society met with a serious loss in the destruction by fire of the building in which its museum was located. A considerable portion of its collections was badly damaged or wholly destroyed. A "fire-proof" building was then erected for it on Wabash avenue, near Van Buren street, which was opened in January, 1868. This, however, with all its contents, consisting of specimens, manuscripts, library and apparatus of great value, was totally destroyed by the great fire of October 9, 1871. Besides many valuable private collections here deposited for safe keeping, the museum represented the results of many years of patient labor by Dr. Stimpson. Its loss was a great shock to him, and he died in May following. Later, a new building was erected, but this it was compelled to surrender to satisfy the heavy debts which its misfortunes had entailed upon it. Of late years the fact has been made known that previous to the fire three friends - Messrs. E. W. Blatchford, George C. Walker and Daniel Thompson - had contemplated the erection of a building at a cost of $100,000 and its presentation as a permanent home for the academy, but this munificent design was defeated by personal losses sustained in the general calamity. For several years the academy was allowed space for its valuable collections in the old Inter-State Exposition Building on Lake Front Park,until the demolition of that structure to make room for the new Art Institute. During this period of doubt and uncertainty Dr. J. W. Velie continued to be the secretary and curator of the academy, and to him a large share of credit is due for keeping its museum intact and maintaining it in

A most important result was achieved during the past year, when Mr. Matthew Laflin, a wealthy pioneer resident of Chicago, decided to make a donation of $75,000 to the academy for the erection of a building for its use. To this sum the North Park Commissioners of the city of Chicago, besides granting a site, have added a donation of $25,000, with a view to securing office room for the commission in the building. The edifice was finally located in Lincoln Park, opposite the foot of Center street, and after some delay growing out of differences of opinion between the officers of the academy and the Park Commissioners in reference to some minor details connected with the plans, the work of construction was commenced. The corner-stone was laid on the 10th of October, 1893 - one day after the anniversary of the destruction of the home of the academy twenty-two years previous - Dr. J. W. Peabody, the curator, delivering an address recounting the history and struggles of the association. At the date of this writing (November, 1893,) the work of construction is in full progress, with every prospect that some portions of the building will be in condition for occupancy early in 1894. The membership of the academy now numbers over four hundred, while its working members are organized into nine groups for practical investigation, including the departments of microscopy, chemistry, astronomy, ethnology, pathology, photography, biology, geology and physics, which may be still further enlarged. At no period in its history has the society shown greater evidences of a vigorous life than during the last year.

visitors. It dates its origin from June 20, 1858, was incorporated by act of the legislature in February, 1861, and re-organized under an amended charter six year later. During the war it proved an efficient co-laborer of the Christian and sanitary commissions in the distribution of bibles and other religious publications, and in hospital work among the soldiers in the field, and about the close of the war established an employment bureau, which has been of great benefit to many thousands of deserving persons. Though backed by many of the leading business men of Chicago, its financial history has been a checkered one, owing to a succession of remarkable disasters. On the 7th of January, 1868, Farwell Hall, which had been completed only a few months before, at a cost of $300,000 for the use of the association, was destroyed by fire. Having been rebuilt through the liberality of the business men of Chicago and others, and dedicated in January, 1869, it was again destroyed by the fire of October, 1871. In November, 1874, the association took possession of a building erected on the site of the old one at 148 Madison street, which it has since occupied. During the past year a thirteen-story building, of ornate and imposing style of architecture, has been in process of erection at the corner of La Salle street and Arcade court, in which the association will have its various halls, offices, library and reading rooms, the remainder of the building being devoted to business purposes. The library, which now amounts to several thousand volumes, will receive large accessions after the association enters its new quarters. Cyrus Bentley was the first president of the association, and among its officers and most active and liberal supporters have been such business men as J. V. Farwell, C. M. Henderson, Cyrus H. McCormick, E. W. Blatchford, George Armour, E. B. McCagg, T. W. Harvey, N. 8. Bouton, E. G. Keith, J. L. Houghteling, Lyman J. Gage, B. F. Jacobs, Orrington Lunt and others, while it has received efficient aid during the period of its greatest

The Union Catholic Library Association dates its origin from 1868, its object being the union catholic establishment of a Catholic Library Association. pubiic library and reading room, to provide for courses of lectures on topics of general interest to persons of the Catholic faith and generally to promote the literary and intellectual interests of this class. Its first location was in the Oriental building on La Salle street, with Roger J. Brass as its first president and Wm. H. Naulty, secretary. Among the early members of the organization were Albert H. Van Buren, Wm. J. Onahan, Thomas A. Moran, Edward E. Ryan, Wm. A. Amberg and Thomas Brennan, while among its later members and officers appear the names of William Condon, Washington Hesing, Hugh J. Maguire and others. The officers at the beginning of the year 1893 were Hon. Marcus Kavanaugh, president; E. E. S. Eagle, first vice president ; Hon. James O'Connor, second vice president; James Conlan, Jr., financial secretary; Frank A. O'Donnell, corresponding secretary; James F. O'Connor, recording secretary; Walter M. Plautz, treasurer, and Miss Alice Coffey, librarian. The present location of the Association is at 94 Dearborn street, where it has library, assembly and reading rooms open to members and visitors. The library contains about 3,000 volumes to which additions are being constantly made, while the reading room is supplied with leading European and American periodicals.

The Chicago Atheiifeurn is the earliest of those organizations which, originating in an Ciiica o effort to furnish aid to the snffer- Athenseum. jng citizens of Chicago immediately after the great fire of October, 1871, afterwards developed into an educational enterprise, with a library as an incidental feature. It was organized October 17, 1871, under the name of the YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN UNION OF CHICAGO, among its chief promoters being Rev. C. W. AVendte, Robert

Collyer and Robert Laird Collier, aided by Wm. H. Baldwin, president of the Young Men's Christian Union of Boston. Its first officers were David A. Gage, president ; Charles Hall, vice-president; Rev. C. W. Wendte, corresponding secretary; John H. Roberts, recording secretary, and W. F. Coolbangh, treasurer, with Geo. M. Pullman, Rev. L. F. Chamberlain, L. L. Coburn, Samuel Collier, Geo. W. Montgomery and Wm. Stanton constituting the first board of directors. Within the next six months it distributed to needy citizens of Chicago a large amount of merchandise contributed by residents of eastern cities and of England. In May, 1874, it took its present name, and assumed the more distinctive features of an educational association. At different periods since its organization it has occupied quarters at 758 Michigan avenue, 114 Madison street, 63 and 65 Washington street and 48 to 54 Dearborn street. Its present location is at 18 to 26 Van Buren street, of which it took possession in March, 1891. Rev. Edward I. Galvin has been the superintendent since 1881. Its officers have embraced some of the most public-spirited business men of Chicago, including Henry Booth, Franklin H. Head, Lyman J. Gage, Edward B. Butler, Hugh A. White, Joseph Sears, Ferd. W. Peck, Charles J. Singer, Wm. R. Page, A. C. Bartlett, J. J. P. Odell, Alex. H. Revell, John Wilkinson, H. G. Selfridge, H. H. Kohlsaat and G.B.Shaw. Its library condsts of about 3,000 volumes, including valuable works of reference on the arts and sciences, with a circulating department subject to the uses of the pupils. A reading-room is attached for the convenience of students.

Chicago Public citizens take a greater pride Library. than the Chicago Public Library. It is essentially a people's institution, open to all who comply with the prescribed conditions, and directly patronized by a large percentage of the whole population, including all classes - the poor as well as the rich, the artisan, the student, the man of leisure, of letters and of business, the youth in the public schools as well as their parents and teachers. In its present condition it is the direct outgrowth of the city's greatest calamity - the fire of 1871 - and may properly be classed as a most enduring monument of that event. While the establishment of such an institution had been actively agitated before the fire by members of the then existing Chicago Library Association, and would undoubtedly have been eventually accomplished, the sympathy excited for the stricken city in the minds of prominent literary men of England led to a much earlier realization of the enterprise than could otherwise have been expected. The most conspicuous leader of the movement was the distinguished Thomas Hughes, M. P., author of "Tom Brown's School Days" and of other popular works. An appeal, headed by the queen, and addressed to authors, publishers and booksellers, received the signatures of Thomas Carlyle, Disraeli, Gladstone, Sir Charles Lyell, Sir John Lubbock, Herbert Spencer, Prof. Tyndall, the poet Tennyson, and other authors of world-wide distinction, and the Longmans, Macmillans and others among publishers. The response it evoked was most generous, about seven thousand volumes being contributed. Among the most noteworthy was a copy of "The Early Years of the Prince Consort," with an autograph inscription by the queen. Generous donations were also received from the relatives of deceased authors, including the historian Macaulay and Dr. Arnold, of Rugby, besides the distinguished publishing houses of Chambers, of Edinburg, and Trubner & Co., of London, while documentary and official publications were contributed by various departments of the government, societies, universities, etc., including the celebrated "Domesday Book," the "Chronicles and Memorials of Great Britain," and "Calendar of State Papers" from the Master of Rolls, the publications of the British Museum, etc. There was considerable con- troversy for a time as to who was entitled to the credit of the enterprise in Chicago, but there is no doubt as to the value of what was accomplished for the city.

A meeting to discuss the library scheme was held at the old Plymouth church, on Wabash avenue, on the evening of January 8, 1872, in response to a call signed by some thirty prominent citizens, including Philip Wadsworth, Henry M. Shepard, Wirt Dexter, N. K. Fairbank, E. C. Lamed, Marshall Field, L. Z. Leiter, F. A. Eastman, C. M. Henderson, C.C. P. Holden, Rev. Dr. Ryder, Isaac N. Arnold, C. H. Mc- Cormick, T. D. Lowther and others. Mayor Medill presided, and a committee consisting of twenty members, with Thomas Hoyne as its chairman, was appointed to prepare a free library bill and secure its presentation to the legislature then in session. Among the members of this committee, in addition to some of those already named, were S. S. Hayes, D. L. Shorey, W. B. Ogden, Henry Greenebaum, George Schneider, J. V. Farwell, J. Y. Scammon and Carter H. Harrison. A bill based upon one which had been previously introduced by Mr. Caldwell, of Peoria,* was submitted to the legislature early in February, was passed and became a law March 7, 1873. And thus the free library act, which has resulted in establishing libraries supported by taxation in the leading cities of the State, came into existence.

The act was accepted by the Chicago city council one month later, and the following board of nine members, nominated by the mayor, was confirmed, viz. : Thomas Hoyne (who was elected president), Willard Woodard, Hermann Raster, Robert F. Queal, S. S. Hayes, Elliott Anthony, D. L. Shorey, James W. Sheahan, and Julius Rosenthal. The first location was in the second story of a building occupied as a temporary city hall,

* It has also been claimed that Mr. D. L. Shorey, who had been an active supporter of the library enterprise, drafted the first free library bill which was introduced in the House of Reoresentatives as early as February, 1871, by Hon. VVm. H. Kin?, then a representative from Cook county.

on the southeast corner of La Salle and Adams streets, where the formal opening of a free reading room took place January 1, 1873, Mr. Hoyne and Mayor Medill delivering addresses. In October following, Dr. Wm. F. Poole - then in charge of the public library at Cincinnati, but still earlier of the Boston Athenfeum - was appointed librarian, entering upon his duties January 1, 1874. Four months later (May 1, 1874), the library was opened to the public, containing at that time 17,355 volumes, of which about 13,000 were adapted to general circulation. Previous to this date (March 16, 1874), a removal was had to the corner of Wabash avenue and Madison street, where the library remained for several years, when it removed to the " Dickey building " on the corner of Lake and Dearborn streets, whence it was finally taken to its present location in the fourth story of the city hall, in 1837. Dr. Poole retired August 1, 1887, to assume a similar position in connection with the new Newberry library, having seen the number of volumes in the public library increased more than seven-fold during his administration of between thirteen and fourteen years. He was succeeded in the office of librarian by Mr. Frederick H. Hild, who had had many years experience as assistant librarian, and who still occupies the first mentioned position.

The library proper consists of (1) a circulating department, open, to all residents presenting applications properly endorsed by some tax-paying citizen ; (2) a reference room ; (3) a reading room, where the leading periodicals are issued, on personal application for immediate use : (4) a patent department, and (5) a card catalogue department. Besides these there are twenty-nine delivery stations - an increase of one in the past year - through which patrons may obtain books without visiting the main library. There are also six branch reading rooms (one having been added during the year), conveniently located, for the accommodation of people in parts of the city at a distance from the central library. The whole number of volumes in the library at the date of the last report (June, 1893) was 189,350 - a net increase over the previous year of 12,172. Additions are being constantly made by purchase or donation, and these are announced at periods of every three months b'y the issue of supplements to the main catalogue, as well as by the posting of "bulletins" for the convenience of patrons. During the year 1893 a library for the blind was opened in connection with one of the branch reading-rooms. The total number of books and periodicals issued during the year was 2,094,094, of which 988,601 volumes were from the circulating department for home use - being a decline of about 2£ per cent, as compared with the issues of the previous year - a fact due, no doubt, to the diversion caused by the World's Columbian Exposition. As usual with libraries of this character, the largest drafts are in the department of English prose fiction, the demand for juvenile books coming next, with history and biography third. There is a handsome list of books in various foreign languages, the German being most liberally represented, with the French, Scandinavian and Bohemian languages following in the order named . Even the Japanese and Chinese languages are not omitted, the accessions of the former for the past year being contributions from a prominent publisher of Tokio. The whole number of volumes in eleven foreign languages is over 40,000.

The employes in the various departments of the library in the past year numbered ninety-five persons - sixty-one in the day service, eleven in the evening service, the remainder being janitors, expressmen, etc. The aggregate of salaries for the year amounted to $61,672.76. William B. Wickersham still fills the place of secretary, to which he was elected July 20, 1872, as successor to the late James W. Sheahan, who served as acting secretary during the first few months after the organization of the first board. The following gentlemen constitute the board of directors for the year 1893: Emil G. Hirsch (president), Azel F. Hatch, Bernhard Moos, R. J. Smith, Pliny B. Smith, E. S. Dreyer, W. Kaspar, John M. Smyth and John G. Shortall. Since the establishment of the library there have been twelve presidents of the board of directors, holding office as follows: Thomas Hoyne, 1872-1875; Daniel L. Shorey, 1875-1880; B. Loewenthal, 1880; W. J. Onahan, 1880-1881; J. B. Walker, 1881-1882; Harry Rubens, 1882-1885; B. Callaghan, 1885-1886; George J. Brine, 1886-1887; J. W. Enright, 1887- 1888; W. H. Beebe, 1888-1889; J. G. Shortall, 1889-1892; Emil G. Hirsch, 1892-1893.

The fund for the support of the public library is derived from the taxation of property within the limits of the city of Chicago At first the rate was one-fifth of a mill per $100, but it was subsequently increased to one-half mill. By act of the legislature of 1891 authority was granted to increase the rate of taxation to two mills on the $100 for a period of five years, the excess over the proceeds from the half-mill, devoted to the support of the library, being for the purpose of erecting a library building.

This building is now in process of construction on the east half of the square surrounded by Randolph street, Michigan and Wabash avenues and Randolph and Washington streets, occupying a part of the old Fort Dearborn reservation known as "Dearborn Park." The building is described as of the "Romanesque" style of architecture, combining massiveness with utility. The dimensions embrace 355 feet on Michigan avenue and 150 feet each on Randolph and Washington streets. The height will be 100 feet, divided into five stories on the Washington street end and three stories on Randolph street, besides basements for storage and packing purposes. A large court on the west of the building along Garland Place (which extends from Washington to Randolph street)

The plans were adopted after the most careful and thorough study and comparison of all the great library buildings of this country and Europe, and are believed to combine all that is excellent in each. The building will be strictly fire-proof in every part, and special care has been taken to secure abundance of light in all the rooms. A space 150 by 100 feet has been set apart for a " Soldiers' Memorial Hall " on the second floor of the Randolph street front, for a period of fifty years, when it reverts to the library. The corner-stone of this part of the building was laid with appropriate ceremonies on Decoration Day of 1893, Hon. Kirk Hawes delivering the address. With this excepticn, the whole structure will be devoted to library purposes, rendering all the offices, reading-rooms and other departments conveniently accessible from the street. With a view to greater security, the main library room will be capable of separation into four apartments, by means of fireproof iron screens or partitions, which can be placed in position in a short space of time.

Work upon the foundation of the building was begun July 27, 1892, by Messrs. Moss & Arnold, under a contract requiring the completion of this part by February 1, 1893. Owing to difficulties encountered in reaching solid ground, there has been some delay in this part of the work, but these have been overcome, and in October, 1893, work upon the superstructure is in progress. The foundation rests upon blue clay at the depth of 84 feet below street-level, and is believed to be one of the most solid of the many heavy buildings erected in Chicago. The contract cost of this part of the building is $159,000, and of the superstructure $617,602, making a total of $776,602. The inside finishing and furnishing, it is estimated, will raise the entire cost to $2,000,000, which it is believed will be amply met by the tax already provided for. It is expected that the building will be ready for occupancy by September 1, 1895. The work of construction is proceeding under the direction of Nicolas B. Weydert, superintendent, and the committee on Buildings and Grounds, consisting of Messrs. Bernhard Moos (chairman), E. S. Dreyer, R. J. Smith, Azel F, Hatch and John G. Shortall.

its efforts for the collection of a library in keeping with its broad and liberal foundation. In this it has been aided by the work done for the old University of Chicago, over thirty years ago. Though restricted in use to those connected with the University, its extent, the wide range of topics covered and the large number who will draw upon its stores of knowledge, justify some notice of it here. As now organized, it consists of a reference library, divided into more than twenty departments, besides the general library, including the cataloguing and circulating departments. At present it is temporarily housed in a modest one-story structure on the northeast corner of the campus, while its permanent home is in course of preparation. One is surprised at the vast array of imposing tomes - some of them of almost priceless value - deposited in these humble quarters. It is peculiarly rich in rare volumes gathered from some of the choicest collections in Europe. Among these the most important are what have been known as the Hengstenberg, the Ide and the Conant collections, which constituted a part of the library of the Baptist Theological Seminary at Morgan Park, now the Theological Department of the University. To these have been added the remains of the old Chicago University library, together with several private collections, including among the latter the libraries of Prof. Edward Olsen and of Robert Cotten of England, and finally the large and val- uable collection of the Calvare brothers of Berlin. The number of volumes was estimated in the early part of the year 1893 at not less than 280,000, to which important additions have since been made. Some of these collections include some exceedingly rare and valuable manuscripts. While abundantly supplied with practical aids for the student in his every day work, some of its choicest treasures are to be found in the departments of the Hebrew and Greek classics, and in early German and English Bibles. In these respects, and in its store of illuminated editions, there is probably nothing of superior value to be found in this country outside of the older universities, such as Yale and Harvard .

The library is under the personal supervision of Mrs. Zella Allen Dixson, assisted by Jean Elizabeth Colville and Wm. Howard Herrick in the cataloguing department, Minnie Jones in the loan department, and Julia Morehouse Angell in the accession department. The permanent library building will be erected in the center of the quadrangle of university buildings, and in style of architecture will be in harmony with them.

unsurpassed by any other city in the country. The first of these gifts came from the late Walter L. Newberry, who died November 6, 1868, leaving, by a conditional bequest, onehalf of his estate for the purpose of founding a "free public library," to be "located in that part of Chicago known as the North Division." By the conditions of his will this became available on the death of the last of his two daughters without issue in February, 1874, though this was resisted by other heirs, leading to protracted litigation, which was finally settled by the judgment of the Supreme Court of the State in favor of the trustees appointed by his will to carry out his purposes, rendered in February, 1880.

Mrs. Newberry (his widow) having died December 9, 1885, the trustees took steps to carry out the conditions of the will. The value of the entire estate at that time was estimated at $4,298,403.20, giving to the library enterprise $2,149,201.60. The larger part of that being in real estate, has since materially increased in value. On the first of July, 1887, practical steps were taken by the trustees with a view to founding the library in accordance with the provisions of the will, and as an appropriate tribute to the memory of the founder, it received the name of the Newberry Library, and being entrusted with the duty of fixing conditions, they decided that it should be a library of reference, open to the use of the public on the premises. About the same time, Dr. Wm. F. Poole, who had been in charge of the Chicago Public Library forever thirteen years, was appointed librarian, entering upon his duties August 1, 1887. In their first report, under date of January 5, 1888, the trustees estimate the net income of the library fund up to that time at $67,778.12, while nearly 6,500 volumes and 5,000 pamphlets had been collected - the larger part of the former (about 4,500 volumes) being in the department of American history, genealogy and biography.

The first temporary home of the library was at No. 90 La Salle street, but in April, 1888, it was removed to No. 338 Ontario street, where it remained two years, being then removed to temporary quarters in a building erected for it at the northwest corner of North State and Oak streets. Steps were taken as early as 1888 looking to the erec. tionof a permanent building, and the square bounded by Ontario, Pine, Erie and Hush streets, which had formerly been Mr. Newberry's home, was selected for this purpose. This choice was changed, however, in 1889 to what was known as the " Ogden block," surrounded by Dearborn avenue, Walton Place, Clark and Oak streets, where the erection of a permanent library building was begun in the fall of 1890, in accordance with plans prepared by Mr. Henry Ives Cobb, and so far finished as to be ready for partial occupancy in the fall of 1893. The building fronts on Walton Place, directly opposite Washington Park, is constructed of New England gray granite, in an appropriately ornamental style of architecture, and will be finished in a most attractive manner. The dimensions of the part now in process of construction are 300 feet in length by 60 feet in depth and four stories in height, with a capacity for the storage of 1,000,000 volumes. The plan of the building contemplates the erection of three other fronts - east, north and west - when the demands of the library require it. It will then have an estimated capacity for 4,000,000 volumes.

The interior of the building is richly and substantially finished, with wainscoting of Tennessee marble, marble stairways and iron railings in ornamental designs. The main floor is of white, marble and those of the upper stories of red tile, thus securing complete security from fire as far as practicable in a building of this character. The main offices are on the first floor, together with a periodical, a reading room and an auditorium for lecture purposes, capable of seating nearly 500 persons. The main reading rooms are on the upper floors, which are reached both by stairways and elevators. Books are classified by subjects, each section being conveniently accessible from the rooms set apart for it. One of the largest of these reading rooms is that devoted to encyclopedias, dictionaries and bound sets of periodicals, on the second floor, being 50x161 feet. The historical room on the same floor has a space of 30x50, with a capacity for nearly 30,000 volumes. Heat is furnished by steam and light by an Edison electrical plant, while artificial ventilation is maintained by revolving fans and blowers located in the basement.

The number of volumes in the library in January, 1892, according to the report for that year (the last published), was 78,179 and 27,807. The accessions to these during the year 1892, amounted to 28,987 books and 11,694 pamphlets, making the total for the beginning of 1893 (with a trifling change for the correction of previous figures) 107,157 volumes and 39,501 pamphlets. Considering that these had been gathered within a period of five and a half years, the growth of the library may be regarded as phenomenal. The same ratio of growth (about 19,500 per year) will give to the library at the beginning of the year 1894, over 120,000 volumes, and 45,000 pamphlets.*

In the selection of books for the Newberry library, preference seems to have been given to works of a solid character. There has consequently been an accumulation of many rare and choice volumes on a great variety of subjects. Not only history, biography and archaeology are liberally represented, but the sciences and the choicest cyclopedias have a prominent place on its shelves. For a year or two previous to the World's Columbian Exposition, a vast mass of literature bearing upon the life of Columbus and the discovery of America was collected . A few years ago, the Chicago Public Library turned over to the Newberry its collection of medical works, amounting to some 6,500 volumes, which has since been largely increased by purchase and donations, making a total of some 17,000 volumes. Some of the valuable accessions have been acquired from private libraries, especially those of Henry Probasco of Cincinnati, and the late Gen. S. L. M. Barlow of New York. The celebrated Chicago artist, Mr.G.P.A.Healy.-a few years ago donated to the library his collection of pictures, including portraits of a large number of distinguished people, which will furnish a magnificent gallery of portraits in the new library building. The library is open to the public on week days between the hours of 9 a.m. and 5 p. m.,and from 7 to 10 in the evening. Nearly 350 current periodicals, in which English, French, German, Italian, Spanish and Dutch languages are represented, are on

* The removal of the Newberry library into its new quarters was beprun about the middle of November, 1893. The number of bound volumes at that time was estimated at 117,000, and of pamphlets at 4P,000.

An event of painful interest in the history of the library was the death, on March 1, 1892, of William H. Bradley, who had been appointed one of the testamentary trustees of the will of Mr. Newberry on the resignation of the late Mark Skinner in 1871, and had served from that date. This left Mr. E. W. Blatchford as sole surviving trustee. In April, 1892, the Newberry Library was therefore incorporated under an act adopted by the general assembly of 1891, when the following board of trustees was elected, viz.: Eliphalet W. Blatchford, president; Edward S. Isham, first vice-president; Lambert Tree, second vice-president, and the following additional members: Hon. Geo. E. Adams, Edward E. Ayer, Wm. H. Bradley, Daniel Goodwin, Franklin H. Head, Gen. Alex. C. McClurg, Franklin MacVeagh, Gen. Walter C. Newberry, Henry J. Willing and John P. Wilson.

Another munificent bequest, similar to that upon which the Newberry Library is based, was made in the will of the late John Crerar, a publicspirited and philanthropic business man of Chicago, who died October 19, 1889. After making a number of other bequests, chiefly for religious and benevolent purposes, amounting in the aggregate to about $1,- 600,000, Mr. Crerar bequeathed the residue of his estate (estimated as aggregating $4,000,000) for the purpose of founding a public library for the city of Chicago.

Huntington W. Jackson and Norman J. Williams were named as executors and charged with the duty of carrying out this provision of his will. The usual attempt has been made (in this case by relatives of the deceased living in Canada) to break the will, but unsuccessfully, as after a period of litigation extending over some two years, the Supreme Court has sustained an unbroken line of decisions in the lower courts affirming the validity of the will. The usual notice of a motion for a re-hearing of the case was filed, but as the time for commencing proceedings has been permitted to expire without action, the John Crerar Library may be regarded as one of the established facts of the near future.

Although Mr. Crerar did not restrict his executors as to the location of the library to bear his name, he expressed a preference that, in view of the establishment of the Newberry library on the North Side, it should be located on the South Side, and his wish in that respect will undoubtedly be carried out. It is also expected that the Crerar library will be, like the Newberry library, for reference purposes solely, and will therefore not come in competition with the public library, which has been popularized by the establishment of reading rooms and branch stations in different parts of the city. The following extract from the Crerar will, indicates the character of books which the donor desired selected: "I desire that books and periodicals be selected with a view to create and sustain a healthy moral and Christian sentiment. * * * 1 want its atmosphere that of Christian refinement and its aim and object the building up of character." The value of that portion of the estate devoted to library purposes was estimated, at the date of the final decision of the supreme court, at $2,500,000. The first board of trustees will probably include the following names, as proposed by Mr. Crerar's will : Norman Williams, Huntington W. Jackson, Marshall Field, E. W. Blatchford, T. B. Blackstone, Robert T. Lincoln, Henry W. Bishop, Edward G. Mason, Albert Keep, Edson Keith, Simon J. McPherson, John M. Clark, and Geo. B. Armour.

Among professional libraries in Chicago, the most conspicuous is that of the Chicago Chicago Law Law Institute, located on the institute. fourth floor of the county building. According to the official report of the institute for January, 1893, it had a total of 26,0(i3 volumes, being an increase of 1,201 during the preceding year. This showing enables it to rank as third among the law libra- ries of the United States, coming next to the law library of congress and the New York law library. It is sustained by a matriculation fee of $100 each, on new members, and an annual assessment of $10 to $12 on old ones. The volumes on its shelves embrace the statutes of all the States of the Union, besides English, Scotch and Irish reports, elementary works, treatises and digests. While intended specifically for the use of members of the institute, its books may be freely consulted by the public at the library room. Over .lOO periodicals are taken. The following constituted the board of officers for 1893: President, John S. Miller ; first vice-president, Edward J. Whitehead; second vicepresident, Frederick A. Smith ; librarian, Julius Rosen thai; treasurer, Wm. H.Holden; secretary, Horace S. Oakley, with a board of nine managers.

MISCELLANEOUS. - Several other libraries demand recognition in these pages. Prominent among these are the HAMMOND LIBRARY.* belonging to the "Chicago Theological Seminary" and the McCoRMiCK THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY LIBRARY identified with the institution of that name, with 10,000 to 12,000 volumes each; the WESTERN THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY LIBRARY at 1113 Washington boulevard, with some 6,000 bound volumes and -several thousand pamphlets; the ARMOUR INSTITUTE and ARMOUR MISSION LIBRARIES, though still in their infancy, are destined to grow with institutions founded by the princely beneficence of a Chicago business man; the libraries of the Catholic institutions, St. Xavier's Academy and St. Ignatius College - the latter comprising (as estimated) 15,000 to 16,000 volumes; the PULLMAN PUBLIC LIBRARY, at Pullman, containing 5,000 volumes ; South Chicago and Ravenswood Public Libraries - all in former suburbs of Chicago, now a part of the city - besides newspaper, social club and Sunday school and day school libraries, representing in the aggregate many thou-

*The Hammond Library i» noticed more fully in connection with the history of the Chicago Theological Seminary under the head of "Education."

sands of volumes. A noteworthy and most commendable enterprise is the WORKINGMEN'S FREE LIBRARY, established by the Building Trades Council in the early part of the year 1893, and open to both sexes. With such centres of light and knowledge open to them and receiving constant accessions, the citizens of Chicago who choose to avail themselves of the facilities thus afforded them, ought not to suffer for the means of either instruction or intellectual entertainment.