Chicago City (part 34 of 57)

On the evening of Friday, May 6, three parties left Washington, one destined for each of the three points named and on the following Monday raids were made. An inkling of the movement had reached the guilty parties, most of whom had, as they believed, fully prepared for it. But they had little conception of the extent and damning character of the evidence accumulated against them. Sixteen distilleries and a like number of rectifying establishments were seized the first day, yet it was not until Wednesday that those implicated realized the magnitude of the crusade, when arrests of those who had received the "crooked" spirits were made from Boston to Galveston and from Milwaukee to the Gulf.

three cities referred to reached the sum of $3,350,000 ; 238 indictments were returned, of which eighty-six were against Federal officials, the remainder being against distillers, rectifiers, wholesale dealers and other private parties. Among the latter, it is humiliating to say, were not a few men whose names had been regarded as synonyms for probity. The episode, viewed from every possible standpoint, constitutes a grievous blot upon the trade and casts a dark shadow over the fair fame of the city.

The variation in the price of high wines from 1871 to 1885 amounted to about 1 5 cents per gallon, and between 1871 and 1882 to fully 25 cents. During the twenty years following the fire, the highest price varied from $1.95 in 1871 to 91 cents in 1872, but averaging about $1.12 ; and the lowest from $1.15 in 1883 to 83 cents in 1872, averaging about $1.07.

This fluctuation in prices detracted from the profits of the manufactured article, imparting to the market an unsteady tone. The result was the formation of various " pools," whose object was to curtail overproduction and put a stop to the financial evils which it brought with it. The pooling system, however, was not found to be as great a success as its originators had hoped, and in 1889 the American Distillers' and Cattle Feeders' Trust was formed, which soon controlled nearly all the principal distilleries in the West. The headquarters of the trust were located at Peoria, and monthly meetings of an executive board were held. Most of the Chicago distilleries were among the first to enter the combination, among them being the Phoenix, the Empire, the Chicago and the United States companies. Two of the most extensive concerns, however, persistently refused to sell their plants to the trust. These were the Calumet distillery and that of H. H. Shufeldt & Co., the latter one of the largest in the West. But in 189] sufficient inducements were held out to persuade them likewise to enter the fold.

This method of regulating business proved far more satisfactory to the distilling trade than any that had preceded it, bnt owing to adverse legislation it was determined, in 1891, to change somewhat the nature of the organization. The " trust " element was eliminated and a new corporation was formed under the name of the "Distillers' and Cattle Feeders' Company."

Owing to the fact that in 1878 the Commissioner of Internal Revenue undertook to collect valuable statistical information regarding the production and handling of spirits, it is possible to lay before the reeder a far more exhaustive table for the period following that date. The following tabular statement affords a comparative view of the condition of the business during the years 1878 to 1891. The figures relate to the entire first Illinois district, but, as has been remarked, Chicago forms one of the chief centers of production.

The exportation of alcohol and liquors to foreign countries from the port of Chicago has not yet reached remarkably large proportions. Prior to 1876, very little was done in this direction. In that year the direct exportations to Europe amounted to 7,200 gallons, which was increased to 16,475 gallons in 1877, rose to 21,900 in 1878, and to 26,774 in 1879. From that time the record shows a falling off. The exportation in 1880 was reduced to 18,085 gallons, which fell to 6,569 gallons during the following year; in 1882 it was 6,090 gallons, and rose again in 1884 to more than 9,000 gallons.

Twenty-six barrels of liquor were registered at the custom house for exportation to Canada in 1885, the most of which was pure alcohol. In 1886, 300 barrels were shipped by lake to the dominion, representing a value of 13,325. Three years later the exportation had risen to 32,269 gallons, the value being $18,824.

The number of distilleries in the Chicago district was seven in 1878, eight in 1879, seven from 1880 to 1881, and six since that date. The largest number of gallons of tically completed a second line between Davenport and Des Moinos. The total mileage of road operated by the company was thus increased to 1,381 miles.

The history of the succeeding two years presents no items of special interest. A steady reduction in freight rates and a general depression in business caused a reduction in earnings. The demand for the company's land still continued, the average price received per acre being $9.63 in 1884 and $10.91 in 1885, and the number of acres unsold, to which title was believed to be perfect, on March 31st of the latter year was only 18,652.

During 1885-6 the St. Joseph & Iowa railroad company - a Missouri corporation - began the construction of a line from Altamon, Mo. , a station on the southwest division of the C., R. I. & P. railroad, to St. Joseph, Mo. ,49 miles in length, with a branch from the latter point to Rushville, Mo., a station on the Atchison branch of the Rock Island, a distance of fourteen miles. Construction bonds for this route were issued by the 0., R. I. & P. railroad company to the amount of $960,000, bearing interest at five per cent. The proceeds of the sale of this issue were used in the building of the line and in obtaining stations and terminal facilities at St. Joseph. As security for the investment, the company received the entire issue of the six per cent, bonds of the St. Joseph & Iowa company ($960,000) besides all the capital stock of the latter corporation. An advantageous traffic agreement between the two companies was made at the same time.

In 1887, the Rock Island company executed a lease (to date from January 1, 1887) of the Des Moines & Fort Dodge railroad, a line running between the points named in its title, 144 miles in length. The lease included the extension to Ruthven, Iowa, and all the property and equipment of the lessor. The rental price was on the basis of 30 per cent. of the annual gross earnings of the leased line, the C. R. I. & P. company guaranteeing that the same should amount to a sum sufficient to pay the interest on the bonded indebtedness of the Des Moines & Fort Dodge company, which amounted to nearly $105,000. The line thus leased traversed a rich agricultural district, and the directory was satisfied that the contract would prove a valuable one.

During the fiscal year ending April 1, 1888, the company acquired virtual ownership of the Chicago, Kansas & Nebraska railway, a line of considerable length and great importance. The company named was incorporated under the law of Kansas on March 17, 1886, with a capital stock of $15,000,000, which was increased to $30,- 000,000 within a year. The entire issue of bonds, together with all the stock, was pledged to the C., R. I. & P. company as security for advances made, which amounted, on March 31, 1888, to $21,185,734.79, the outlay including the expenditure of $816,423.68 for terminal facilities at Kansas City, Mo. At the time when the Rock Island company assumed control of the road, 1,630 of the 1,840 miles of the proposed line had been completed, and the sum of $2,750,000 had been actually expended by the way of equipment. The value of the feeder to the Rock Island line could hardly be over-estimated. The road is not only one of considerable length, but it also traverses a district which is destined to prove, at no distant date, one of the chief grain-producing centres of the country.

On May 1, 1888, an agreement was entered into between the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific, the Union Pacific, the Selma & Southwestern, the Omaha & Republican Valley and the Chicago, Kansas & Missouri companies granting to the Rock Island company the use of tracks and bridge across the Mississippi river at Omaha, Neb., a distance of seven miles, and from Lincoln to Beatrice, Neb., a distance of 40 miles. During the same year a line of road was constructed between South Omaha and Lincoln, Neb., a distance of about 55 miles. By the lease and the construction of the new line, the distance between Chicago and Denver over this route was reduced some 25 miles, the result being a proportionate reduction in time and cost of operation on all through business between Colorado points and the Pacific coast.

By the purchase, January 1, 1889, of the property of the Kansas City & Topeka railway company, the R. I. & P. company came into possession of additional terminal facilities at Kansas City, consisting of right of way in Kansas City, Mo., and Kansas City, Kan., together with valuable real estate, also 4.4 miles main and second track, 5.7 miles side track, an iron bridge 561 feet in length over the Kansas river, freight houses in Kansas City, Mo., and Armourdale and an eight-stall engine house, beside other buildings.

On the same date the land commissioner reported 3,642 acres unsold, with sales for the year amounting to 3,011 acres, at an average price of $10.96 1-2 per acre.

Rentals, Etc

Ransom R. Cable has been the efficient and successful president of this great corporation since 1880, the other principal Chicago officers (1895) being: W. G. Purdy, second vice-president, treasurer and secretary; W. H. Truesdale, third vice-president and general manager; II. A. Parker, assistant to the president; J. F. Phillips, assistant treasurer and assistant secretary; W. I. Allen, assistant general manager; W. M. Sage, traffic manager; 0. Dunlap, general superintendent; S. C. Matthews, auditor; John Sebastian, general ticket and passenger agent; J. M. Johnson, general freight agent - lines east of the Missouri river; P. A. Marsh, purchasing agent; Robt. Mather, general attorney.

include only establishments which reported a product of $500 or more during the census year, and, as far as practicable, only those establishments operating works located within the corporate limits of the city.

Comparative Statement Of Totals Of All Industries Under General Heads

Table 1 presents the statistics of 1880 and 1890 in the form of publication used in the reports for 1880. In comparing industrial statistics for 1880 and 1890 it should be borne in mind, as stated by the superintendent of census, that radical changes were made in 1890 as well in the form and scope of inquiry as in the method of presentation.

The totals given for 1890 in the preceding table are increased as follows by the inclusion of the industries omitted in the census reports of 1880.

Wages

Agricultural implements Carriages and wagons Cars - steam railroad and repairing Clothing - men's custom work Clothing - men's factory product ....

Foundry - machine shops .. Furniture cabinet makingrepairing and upholstery... Furniture - factory product Leather - tanned and curried . Liquors distilled

(*) Includes, taxes, insurance, ordinary repairs of buildings and machinery, amount paid to contractors, rent paid tor tenancy, amount paid for interestou cash used in the business, and all sundries not elsewhere reported. (T) Includes, fuel, rent of power and heat, and mill supplies.

By John Moses

NATIONAL and international expositions have, in every instance, proved potent factors in the encouragement of trade and manufacture, in the extension of knowledge and - indirectly - in the promotion of civilization. The achievements of brain and brawn there exhibited at once stimulate and foster progress in science, art, mechanical inventions and commerce. Comparison suggests improvement, and competition promotes advancement ; and the results of years of study and painstaking effort are comprehended at a glance. For centuries the secrets of manufacture were guarded with jealous care, and emissaries were privately dispatched into neighboring States to discover, if possible, methods which were carefully concealed. But with the enlargement of intercourse came an expansion of views. With the breaking down of the barriers of intolerance came a new and healthier rivalry, experience teaching tnat even selfish interests were best advanced by a freer interchange of knowledge. The first nation to move in organizing industrial expositions was the English, through the London Society of Arts, in 1791. Prizes were offered for agricultural and other machinery and inventions, which were to be exhibited in the rooms of the society, and the competition confined to the citizens of Great Britain. This was the commencement of national expositions, out of which have grown all the so-called "World's

Origin of - ^ was more valuable and Fairs. instructive as a precedent than as 'an exhibition, and the English public was slow in recognizing its advantages or in providing for and encouraging other expositions.

tori' sustained by his minister, Talleyrand, an exhibition of manufactures was held in Paris in 1798, with, however, but 110 exhibitors. A more successful effort was made in 1801, which was followed by a third the following year; and between that time and 1849 no less than nine national expositions were held, at the latter of which there were 4,500 exhibitors. All of these fairs resulted in giving a wonderful impetus to manufactures and trade and in developing the industrial interests and energies of that nation.

In the meanwhile the example of France was followed by Austria, Germany, Switzerland, Spain and Ireland, in each of which countries successful fairs were inaugurated.

After two or three unsuccessful attempts, another exhibition was held in London in 1845, which attracted wide attention, and suggested the holding of a great international exposition in that city, to the support and encouragement of which the aid of Parliament was secured, and a royal commission issued for the holding, of the great fair of 1851. The celebrated "Crystal Palace," which still stands, an ornament to the city, was constructed for the purpose. It was 1,851 feet long, 408 feet wide, with a projection on the north side of 936 feet. 5,048 visitors witnessed the opening ceremonies. The number of exhibitors was 13,937, of whom a little over one half were from Great Britain and Ireland. The price of admission was one shilling, raised to two shillings and sixpence for Fridays and five shillings on Saturdays. The entire amount realized from admissions was equivalent to $1,780,000. The receipts exceeded the expenditures by $1,000,000. The fair was kept open from May 1st to October llth and was a great success, both in its influence and results.

An unsuccessful attempt to hold a similar fair in this country was made at New York in 1853, under the name of "The Association for the Exhibiting of the Industries of all Nations," with a capital of $200,000. It was not aided by the State or Nation, and could boast of but 4,100 exhibitors. The cost of the buildings was $640,000; the receipts $340,050, and it was generally regarded as a failure.

Then came the "Universal Exposition," held at Paris in 1855, from May 17th to November 15th, which was a great success, botli in the number of exhibitors ( S3, 954 ) and visitors (5,162,230). The receipts, however, only amounted to $644,150, not sufficient to cover half of the expenses; but this loss was more than made up by the great stimulus to trade which it afforded.

In 1862, the second International Exhibition was held in London, May 1st to November 1st. The number of exhibitors was 28,- 653, and the total cost of the buildings $1,600,000, while other expenses swelled the outlay to $2,300,000. The number of visitors was about 6,225,000, and receipts from all sources about $2,900,000.

arranged for another exposition to be held in Paris in 1867, the principal buildings for which covered thirty-seven acres, the largest being 1,550 by 1,250 feet and 250 feet in height. The number of exhibitors was 50,200 and of visitors 10,200,000. The receipts reached $2,103,000, but were not sufficient to cover the outlay. The fair remained open from April 1st to November 3d. Then came the International Exposition at Vienna,m 1873, the principal building of which covered forty acres. The number of exhibitors reached 70,000, of whom 654 were from the United States. The cost of the exposition was $7,800,000, and there was a large deficit in the receipts. The main building was subsequently converted into a national museum.

an extent as to make any considerable impression or convey much idea of the wealth and progress of the nation. Upon the approach of 1876, the centennial year of American independence, therefore, it was determined to make a national effort to organize such an exhibition as would do justice to the growth, ingenuity and enterprise of the American people. Congress passed a bill creating a Board of Finance, made appropriations in behalf of the exhibition and gave it official recognition. The city of Philadelphia subscribed $1,500,000 and the State of Pennsylvania a similar amount, while many of the States made liberal appropriations to aid in their exhibits. Two hundred and forty acres at Fairmount Park were enclosed, in which the buildings, over 160 in all, were erected. The main one of them, 1880 by 464 feet, covered 870,464 square feet. The total number of exhibitors was about 31,000, of whom 8,175 were from this country, while the others represented over thirty nations of the world. The failopened May 10th and closed November 10th, during which time 8,004,274 visitors were received, who paid fees for admission, and

Republican Prance, to show the world that her people had lost nothing by the overthrow of monarchy, organized an "Exhibition of the Works of Art and Industries of all Nations " in 1878, and the result was a vindication of the continued progress of that nation. The buildings covered 100 acres, and the exhibitors numbered 40,366, of whom 1,229 were from the United States. The total number of visitors was 16,032,725, of whom 75,000 were from this country; and the daily average attendance was 82,650. The total receipts from admissions were equivalent to $2,531,650. The largest attendance any one day (June 10th) was 200,600. It was open from May 1st to October 10th.

International expositions were held in Sydney in 1879-80, and in Melbourne in 1880, which attracted very considerable attention on account of their locality and the enterprise of that remote people.

France, which has always been in the lead in this respect, held another exposition at Paris in 1889, this time in commemoration of the French revolution. The space occupied on the Champ de Mars was 173 acres, and the largest building, the Machinery Palace, was 1,378 feet in length by 406 in width and 166 in height, and cost $1,500,000. Among the conspicuous sights was the Eifel tower? which was 984 feet high. The number of exhibitors was 55,100, of whom 1,750 were from the United States. The receipts, in round numbers, were $10,000,000, and the expenditures $8,300,000, leaving a profit of 1,700,000, the best showing in immediate financial results ever made by a World's Fair. Besides this, it was estimated that the city of Paris must have gained in trade from the large influx of visitors over $1,000,- 000.

The origin of the grand conception of holding an international world's fair in the United States upon the quartocentennial anniversary of the discovery of America by Columbus, in 1492, is somewhat difficult of determination, but the first to connect Chicago with such a proposition was Dr. A. W. Harlan, of that city, who, in a communication over his own signature to the Chicago Times, of February 16, 1882* used these words:

"I wish to suggest the holding of an international exhibition in Chicago in 1892, which will be the 400th anniversary of the discovery of the New World by Columbus." He went on to say that Chicago would by that time contain a million of inhabitants, and that the occasion ought to be used to show the people of the old world what their children of the new had been doing.

The next in chronological order to call attention to the project was the Inter Ocean, in an editorial in its issue of May 16, 1883, under the headline of "Why not?" in which the holding of such an exposition was strongly advocated,and the claims of Chicago as the proper location to hold it particularly set forth.

No steps, however, were taken to further this view until the subject was taken up by the Chicago Inter-State Exposition on November 14, 1885, when the following resolution, suggested by George Mason, was introduced by Edwin Lee Brown:

" Resolved,that it is the sense of this meeting that a great World's Fair should be held in Chicago in the year 1892, the 400th anniversary of the landing of Columbus in America."

This resolution, by instructions from the executive committee, was laid before the Commercial Club for its approval by John P. Reynolds, secretary, but no immediate action was taken.

In the meantime the project thus emanating from Chicago was taken up by others( and through the efforts of Alexander D. Anderson, of Washington, a board was or- gauizjd to hold a fair and naval review at the Nation's capitol. The matter was brought before Congress on motion of Senator George F. Hoar, of Massachusetts, and a favorable report was secured from a committee.

Agitation of the subject awakened renewed interest, and on May 1, 1888, Judge Henry M. Shepard, of Chicago, brought it before the Iroquois Club, which endorsed the proposition to hold the fair, and recommended a conference between the different clubs of the city, which resulted in appointing the following committees, viz. : ,

In June, 1888, the subject, which had by this time attracted so much attention, was brought before Congress by Representative Belmont, of New York, upon whose bill, authorizing the holding of a Columbian Exposition at Washington in 1892, a favorable report was made. This fact stirred the home committees into active effort. At their suggestion the co-operation of the Board of Trade and other leading organizations was invited, and the mayor, DeWitt C. Cregier, was requested to lay the matter before the city council, which he did on July 22d. That body resolved that the mayor appoint a committee of one hundred citizens to take the necessary preliminary steps toward securing the location of the World's Fair in Chicago.

AVork now began in earnest. A meeting of the committee was called to convene August 1st. It was then discovered that many leading citizens had no faith in the success of the movement. Those present at this meeting, the first to act with systematic determination, were as follows:

Headquarters were selected in the Adams Express building (185 Dearborn street), and E. F. Cragin was placed in charge of the work. Various standing committees were appointed, relating to congressional and local action, and it was resolved to incorporate " The World's Exposition Company," with a capital of $5,000,000, with shares at $10 each. Mr. Cragin, secretary, on August 14th, 1889, paid $3.00 for the license, and thus became the first creditor of the great fair.

ck time drew nigh when it was necessary to compare figures it was found that not naif the desired sum of $5,000,000 had been taken. The task of raising the full amount now seemed rather hopeless, but a well-directed, systematic and persistent effort on the part of the sub-committee, composed of Otto Young, D. K. Hill and H. H. Kohlsaat, was entirely successful, so that, at the critical point when it became essential, the committee was enabled to telegraph to the representatives of the association at Washington that the $5,000,000 of stock was fully guaranteed.

In the meantime other cities, especially New York, who were anxious to secure the location of the fair, were actively at work in their own behalf. On the part of Chicago the somewhat familiar and easy task of "booming" that city was carried on with pen and voice. Representatives were sent to other States and cities, and circulars, bristling with facts, showing the superiority of Chicago over every other city, were scattered broadcast over the land.

Among those who distinguished themselves by indefatigable and successful exertions at this time in the way of visiting and canvassing may be mentioned: Carter H. Harrison, Robert A. Walker, J. W. Ela, George M. Pullman, Patrick Kelley, E. J. Martin, F. R. Southmayd, J. F. Woodruff, Richard Waterman, John B. Payne, Gov. Joseph W. Fifer, Lt.-Gov. L. B. Ray, W. A. S. Graham, Gen. John C. Black, J. B. Carron, J. M. Clark, C. T. Yerkes; W. C. Goudy, and F. W. Peck.

As the time approached for the meeting of Congress, on the first Monday of December (1889), preparations were made to send forward a strong delegation to represent the claims of Chicago. E. J. Cragin, the secretary, had been sent on in advance to prepare the way and make necessary arrangements, and on November 27th the advance guard, composed of Edwin Walker, A. E. Stevenson and E. S. Taylor, who were soon after joined by Messrs. G. M. Pullman, N. B. Ream, S.W. Allerton, Warren Leland and L. G. Thoman, proceeded to Washington. Early in December these were followed by Mayor Cregier, J. S. Runnells, John C. Black, Victor F. Lawson, T. C. MacMillan, J. C. Dore, J. B. Carson, Addison Ballard, Solomon Thatcher, Jr., W. C. Newberry, T. B. Bryan, F. S. Winston, E. T. Jeffrey, Lyman J. Gage and W. K. Ackerman.

President Harrison called favorable attention to the proposed World's Fair in his message delivered December 3d. On December 5th senator Ingalls, of Kansas, introduced a bill providing for the holding of the fair at Washington. On December 19th, senator Shelby M. Cullom, of Illinois, introduced a bill providing for the holding of the " World's Columbian Exposition of the

Arts and Industries, in commemoration of the 400th anniversary of the discovery of America," leaving the location to be fixed by Congress. A similar bill was introduced by congressman Geo. E. Adams, from Chicago, the same day in the House.

Senator Cullom's bill was referred to a special committee, consisting of the following senators: Hiscock, Sherman, Harvey, Wilson, Stanford, Eustis, Farwell, Kenna and Gray.

The committee met on January 11, 1890, before whom the cities competing for the location appeared to set forth their respective, claims. The speech for New York was made by Chauncey M. Depew, and those for Chicago by Mayor Cregier, T. B. Bryan and E. T. Jeffrey, the latter of whom illustrated and enforced his argument by exhibiting a map of the city.

The contest in the House of Ilepresentatives was exceedingly spirited, and the opponents of Chicago, having combined, secured the committee appointed to take charge of all World's Fair matters. Before this branch of Congress Col. George R. Davis, an exmember, had been designated to manage the contest in behalf of Chicago.

The vote was not reached in the house until February 24th, a special delegation of one hundred, headed by the late Carter H. Harrison, having been sent on from Chicago to assist in the final struggle. Eight ballots were taken, during the most intense excitement, the first of which, showing that Chicago was in the lead, being as follows: Chicago, 115 ; New York, 70; St. Louis, 61; Washington, 58 ; Cumberland Gap, 1. The following table gives the ballotings at length :

On the eighth and last ballot 154 votes being necessary to a choice, when the number 157 for Chicago was announced, amid breathless excitement, and it was seen that the great city by the lake had secured the requisite number and the coveted prize, generous applause broke out from all parts of the House and in the galleries.

This, however, was but the commencement of success and there was much work to be done before the bill finally became a law. Questions were raised regarding the validity and value of the subscriptions of stock, and as to whether or not Chicago would be able to raise the additional $5,000,000 required. Other questions arose also, relating to the management and control of the fair, but the House committee, having become satisfied as .to mooted points, upon consultation and agreementjRepresentative Chandler onMarch 19, 1890, introduced the bill, which, with some amendments, finally passed Congress - the Lower House, Mar6h 26th, by a vote of 202 to 49 and the Senate on April llth. Being sent back to the House for concurrence in the Senate amendments, the bill finally became a law April 25, 1890.

That an exhibition of arts, industries, manufactures, and products of the soil, mine, und tea shaM be inaugurated in the year eighteen hundred and ninety-two, in the city of Chicago, in the State of Illinois, as hereinafter provided.

SEC. 2. That a commission, to cons:st of two commissioners from each State and Territory of the United States and from the District of Columbia and eight commissioners at large, is hereby constituted to be designated as the World's Columbian Commission.

SBC. 8. That said commissioners, two from each State and Territory, shall be appointed within thirty days from the passage of this act by the President of the United States, on the nomination of the governors of the States and Territories, respectively, and by the President eight commissioners at large and two from the District of Columbia; and in the same manner and within the same time there shall be appointed two alternate commissioners from each state and Ten itory of the United States and the District of Columbia and eight alternate commissioners at large, who shall assume and perfoim the duties of such commissioner or commissioners as may be unable to attend the m( clings of the said commission; and in such nominations and appointments each of the two leading political parii- s shall be equally represented. Vacancies in the commission nominated by the governors of the several

States and Territories, respectively, and also vacancies in the commission at large and from the District of Columbia may be filled in the same manner and under the same conditions as provided herein for their oiiginal appointment.

SEC 4. That the Secretary of State of the United States shall, immediately after the passage of this act, notify the governors of the several States and Territories, respectively, thereof and request such nominations to be made.

SEC. 5. Provides for the acceptance by the commission of a site for the Exposition, which must be deemed adequate, and the commission satisfied that the Illinois corporation known as the World's Exposition of 1892 has secured $5,000,000, of bona-fide stock and has provided an additional $5,000,000.

SBC. 6. That said commission shall allot space for exhibitors, prepare a classification of exhibits determine the plan and scope of the Exposition and shall appoint all judges and examiners, besides appointing a board of lady managers and prescribe iheir duties.

SEC. 9. Directs the commission to provide for the dedication of the exposition buildings October 12th, 1 892, and for its opening to the public May 1st, 1893.

SEC. 10. That whenever the President of the United States shall be notified by the commission tli it provision has been made for grounds and buildings for the uses herein provided for, and there has also been tiled with him by the said corporation, known as "The World's Exposition of eighteen hundred and ninety-two," satisfactory proof that a sum not less than ten million dollars, to be used and expended for the purposes of the exposition herein authorized, has in fact been raised or provided for by subscription or other legally binding means, he shall be authorized, through the Department of State, to make proclamation of the same, setting forth the time at which the exposition will open and close, and the place at which it will be held; and be shall communicate to the diplomatic representatives of foreign nations copies of the same, together witli such regulations as may be adopted by the commission, for publication in their respective countries, and he shall, in behalf of the Government and people invite foreign nations to take part in the said exposition and appoint representatives thereto.

SEC. 19, 20, 21 and 22. Provide for the compensation of the commi-sinners, 16. U) a d«y and transportation - the United Siatts not to be liable for any debt or cliiim created by the commission, but this provision was not to interfere with the law of contracts of the States.

"World's Exposition of 1892" was called for April 4th, to elect forty-five directors, which resulted in the choice of the following stockholders:

The board organized by the election of the following officers: President, Lyman J. Gage; first vice-president, Thomas B. Bryan; second vice-president, Potter Palmer; secretary, Benjamin Butterworth; treasurer, Anthony F. Seeberger; auditor, Win. K. Ackerman.

The salaries fixed for these officers were: President, $6,000; first vice president, $12,- 000; treasurer, auditor and secretary, $5,000 each.

The consent of the city council having been obtained to subscribe $5,000,000 to the stock of the company by the city of Chicago and to issue bonds therefor, which would require legislative action to authorize, at the request of the board of directors, Governor Fifer issued his call for a special session of the general assembly, to convene July 23d.

District Of Columbia

President, Thomas W. Palmer, of Michigan; vice-presidents, Thomas M. Waller, of Connecticut; M. H. DeYoung, of California, D. P. Penn, of Louisiana; Gorton W. Allen, of New York, and Alexander B. Allen, of North Carolina; secretary, John T. Dickinson, of Texas.

the local board of directors, and on its nomination, George R. Davis was appointed to tlie position of Director-General at a salary of $15,000.

Legislation. citv fatliers in evel7 particular; the city's subscription for stock and the issue of bonds in aid thereof being duly approved and authorized. Permission was also granted for the use of the parks as a site.

The question of location was one surrounded with many difficulties and perplexities. Antagonisms, the clashings of personal interests and the speculative feeling were at fever heat. From July, to October The Site the debate proceeded, public sentiment veering at one time in one direction, and then again in another. The champions of a site upon the Lake Front, although nearly successful in June, were eventually out-numbered; and were compelled, though very reluctantly, to give way to the unquestionably superior advantages of the South Park and the Midway Plaisance, although they succeeded in having that location added as a "gateway," which idea was not finally abandoned until the following February (1891).

The site selected, nearly seven miles south of the city hall, all things considered, ifc is now generally conceded, was decidedly the best one in view, although at the time, the largest part of it was a swampy flat, containing low sand-ridges, upon which was a meagre growth of scrub oaks and other stunted trees. It had a frontage of two miles on Lake Michigan, but was capable of the highest improvement, and by the time it was ready for use it was not only '-beautiful for situation," but had been transformed into a splendid city by itself. Containing 666 acres, it is unquestionably the largest and finest location ever selected for an exhibition of the world's industries.

and preparing the grounds for the buildings was entered upon in earnest. Frederick Law Olmsted and Henry S. Cad man were appointed consulting landscape architects;

In November the several departments of the exposition were designated and established, Board of an& a board of control appointed as control, follows: From the commission - President, T. W. Palmer and Messrs. Mc- Kenzie Massey, Lindsay, De Young, Waller, Martindale and St. Clair. From the directory - President Gage* and Messrs. Baker, Bryan, Palmer, Peck, Jeffrey, Walker and Winston.

WHEREAS, Satisfactory proof has been presented to me that provision has been made for the adequate grounds and buildings for the uses of the World's Columbian E»- posi ion, and that a sum of not less than $10,0011,000, to be used and expended for the purposes of said exposition, has been provided in accordance with the conditions and requirements of section 10 of an act entitled, "An act to provide for celebrating the four-hundredth anniversary of the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus by holding an international exhibition of arts, industries, manufactures and the products of the soil, mine and sea, in the city of Chicago, in the Stale of Illinois," approved April 25, '1890.

Now, THEREFORE, I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States, by virtue of the authority vested in me by said act. do hereby declare and proclaim that such international exhibition will be opened on the first day of May, in the year eighteen hundred and ninety-three, in the citv of Cnicago, in the State of Illinois, and will not be closed before the last Thursday in October of the same year.

And in the name of the Government and of the peop'e of the United States. I do hereby invite all the nations of the earth to take par! in the commemoration of nn event that is pre-eminent in human history and of lasting interest to mankind, by appointing representatives thereto, and sending such exhibits to the World's Columbian Exposition as will most fitly and fully illustrate their resources, their industries and their progress in civilization.

Done at the city of Washington, this twenty-fourth day of December, in the year of our Lord, one thousand eight hundred and ninety, and the independence of the United States the one hundred and fifteenth.

As may be seen, just one-half of the old members were re-elected. At the meetingof the new board, April 24th, William T. Baker was chosen president, vice L. J. Gage, who declined to serve, II. 0. Edmonds was elected secretary; the other former officers being reelected. At the annual meeting of the stockholders April 2, 1892, the same board was re-elected with the exception of the following new members, viz.: G. H. Wheeler, E. S. Pike, Charles Henrotin, G. P. Englehard, Arthur Dixon, Washington Porter, C. H. Chappell and Benjamin Butworth. Mr. Baker was again chosen president and Ferdinand W. Peck vice-president, while Messrs. Seeberger and Ackerman were also re elected, treasurer and auditor, respectively. Mr. Baker having resigned the presidency August 18, 1892, Harlow N. Higinbotham was chosen his successor.

The question of conflicting jurisdiction and the right of control between the National commission and the local board of directors, which provoked considerable friction and clashing, was finally settled by the appointment of a council of administration composed of an equal number of members of the commission and the loc;d board, which was empowered to decide all questions as they arose, and which was constituted as follows : H. N. Higinbotham, chairman, and director C. II. Schwab and commissioners G. V. Massey and J. W. St. Clair.

The day fuel "by law for the dedication of the buildings of the Exposition was postponed to accommodate the change of the calendar, from Oct. 12th to Oct. 2 lit. The progress made in completing the structures and in preparing the grounds, considering the immensity of the undertaking, was, indeed, extraordinary.

exceeding all former attempts at decoration. The prevailing colors were terra cotta and maroon, a combination with red, white and blue, which excited the admiring gaze of the joyous throngs passing along the crowded street. The pageant included not only the military, in their gay and flashing attire, but also civic and benevolent societies, school children, and many governors of States and other distinguished guests.

October 21st (Friday) was a clear, and beautiful autumn day, as if even the elements had resolved to favor the ceremonies of dedication. These were inaugurated by a grand procession, formed in front of the Auditorium, which started on its marcn at 10 o'clock and was composed as follows:

The scene at the Manufactures' Building, where the formal exercises took place, was as inspiring as it was grand and imposing. Here were assembled the vice-president of the United States, judges of the supreme and State courts, foreign ministers, members of Congress, governors of States, dignitaries of the church, bench and bar, and many distinguished invited guests, who were escorted to their seats, especially prepared on a raised platform, in the presence of an audience of one hundred and fifty thousand.

The programme of exercises was opened at 2 o'clock, when the band, accompanied by a chorus of six thousand voices, struck the chords of the "Columbian March," composed for the occasion by Professor John K. Payne, which was rendered with striking effect. Prayer was offered by Bishop Charles H. Fowler, after which the director general, who was ex-officio master of ceremonies, entered upon his duties with the following introductory remarks:

LADIES AND GENTLEMEN : By virtue of my official position it is my pleasurable duty to present the noted per- 8 nages who, at this h^ur, in their several functions, ate to contribute to the exercises with which we here dedicate the grounds and buildings of the World's Columbian Exposition.

The citizen of our common country may be pardoned the pride and satisfaction with which we study the hi«toric steps by which our people have been led to their present exalted position.

Of the great n iti'ms of the world, the United States is the youngest; our resources are equal to those of «ny other nation. Our tixty millions of people are among the most intelligent, cultured, happy and prosperous of mankind. But what we are and what we possess as a nat on is not ours by purchase nor by conquest, but by vittue of the rich heritage that was spread out beneath the sun and stars, beneath the storms and rains and dews, beneath the frosts and snows, ages before a David, a Homer, or a Virgil sung, fr before Italy's humble and immortal son had dreamed his dream of discovery. This rich heritage is ours, not bv our own might, not nven by our own discovery, but ours hy the gift of the Infinite. It is fitting that, on the threshold of another century, we reverent y pause in the presence of the world, and with c 'nfession and supplication, with thanksgiving and devutedims, with pruise and adoration acknowledge our dependcii'-e on the Great' r of the universe, the God of nations, the Father of mankind.

A single century bus placed this people side by side with the oldest and most advanced nations of the \v rid - nations with a history of a thousand years.

But in the midst of our rejoicing no American citizen should forget our national starting point, and the quality of the manhood on which was laid the very foundation of our government. Our fathers were born under foreign flags. The very best brain and nerve, and muscle, and corsc'ence of the older governments found their way to this western cont nent. Our ancestors had the map of the world before them; what wonder that they chose this land for their descendants! Over the very cradle of our national infancy stood the spirit and form of the completed civilization of other lands, and the birth-cries of the Hepublic rang out over the world with a voice as strong as a giant of a thousand years. From the morning of our history the subjects of all nations have flocked to our shores and have entered into our national life and joined in the upbuilding of our institutions- They have spaded and planted, they have sown and gathered, they have wrought and builded, and to-day, everywhere overall this land, may be seen the products and results of this toil, constituting our national prosperity, promoting our national growth. To all such the doors of the nation are ever open.

The World's Columbian Exposition is the natural outgrowth of this nation's place in history. Our continent, discovered by Christopher Columbus, whose ideas were revived as his cause was espoused by the generous-hearted Queen sf Spain, has throughout all the years from that time to this, been a haven to all who saw here the promise of requited toil, of liberty snd of peace.

The ceaseless, resistless march of civilization, westward, ever westward, has reached and passed the ureat lake* of North America, and has founded on their fartheg' shore the greatest city of modern times. Chicago, the peerless has been selected for the great celebration which to-day gives new fire to progress, and sheds its light upon ages yet to come. Established in the heart of this continent, her pulse throbs with the quickening current of our national life. And that this city was selected as the scene of this great commemorative festival was the natural outgrowth of predestined events. Here all nations are to meet in peaceful, laudable emulation on the fields of art, science and industry, on the fields of research, invent:on and scholarship, and to learn the universal value of the discovery weconitnemorate: to learn, as could be learned in no other way. the nearness of man to man of the Fathcrh'-'od of God and the brotherhood of the human ra(-e. This is the exalted purpose of the World's Columbia^ Exposition. May it be fruitful of its aim.

Then followed the address of welcome and tender of the freedom of the city by Mayor Hempstead Washburne, who made an eloquent effort, closing as follows:

This, sirs, is the American city of your choice; her gates are open, her people at your service. To yon ami those you represent we offer greeting, hospitality and love.

To the Old World, whose representatives grace this occasion, whose governments are in full accord with this enterprise, so full of meaning to them and to us. to that old world whose child en braved unruly teas and treacherous fit rms to found a new state in an unknown land, we uive greeting, too, as children greet a parent in some new home.

We are proud of its ancestry, for it is our own. Weglnry in itshistory,for it wasour ancestral blood which inscribed its rolls of honor; and if to-day these distinguished men of more distinguish! d lands behold any spirit, thing or ambition which excites their praise, it is but the outcn.iiping of the Koman courage on a new continent, in a later a«e.

We'come to you men of oldercivilizationstothls young city, whose most ancient landmark was built within the span of a present life. Our hospitalities and our welc me we now extend without reserve, without regard 10 nationa Ity, creed or race.

Harriet Stone Monroe, followed the mayor's address. The next number was the presentation by the Director of Works of the master artists of the Exposition, and the award to them of special commemorative medals, which was followed by the rendition of Ilayden's " The Heavens are Telling," by the grand chorus.

And then came one of the most interesting features of the programme, the admirable address of Mrs. Bertha Honore Palmer, president of the board of lady managers, from which there is only room for the following extracts:

Official representation for women, upon so important an occasion as the present, is unprecedented. It seems peculiarly appropriate that this honor should have been accorded our sex when celebrating the great deeds of Columbus, who, inspired though his visions may have been, yet required the aid of an Isabella to transform them into realitii a.

The visible evidences of the progress made sin<e the discovery of this gr -at continent will be collected six monthi hence in these stately buildings, now to be dedicated.

Tae magnificent material exhibit, the import of which will presently be eloquently described by our orators, will not, however, so vividly represent the great advance of modern thought as does the fact that man's "si.ent partner" has been invited by the Government to 1 ave her retirement to assist in conducting a g'eat national enterprise. The provision ot the Act of Congress that the Hoard of Lady Managers appoint a jury of her peers to puss judgment upon woman's work, adds to the significance of the innovation, for never before was it thought necessary to apply this fundamental principle of justice to our sex.

Healiz ng the seriousness of the responsibilities dev Iving noon it, and inspired by a sense of the nobility of iis mission, the Board has, from the time of its organisation, attempted most thoroughly and most conscientious y to carry out the intentions of Congress.

It h*s been able to broaden the scope of its work a~d extend its influence through the co-operation and assistance so generously furnished by the Columbian Commission ana the Bojml of Directors of the Exposition. The letter took the initiative in making an appropria ion for the Woman's Building, and in allowing the b ard to cnll attention to the recent work of women in new fields, by si'lncting from their own sex the architect, decorators, sculptors and paint rs to create both the building and its adornments.

Rivaling the generosity of the directors, the National Commission has honored the Board of Lady Managers by putting into its hands all of the lute estsof women in corinc'cticin with the Expo il ion, as well as the entire c ntrul of the Woman's Building.

In ordt r th» more efficiently to perform the important function! assigned it, the board hastened tosecurc nee ssnry co-operation. At its request women were made nvmbera of the World sFair Hoards of almost every Stale and t( rritury of the Union. Inspired by this success nt home, it had the courage to attempt to e.xt nd the benefits it bad n ceived to the women of of er countries. It officially invited nil foreign governments which had decided to participate in the Exposition, to appoint committees of women t. - o-<ipunite with it. The active help given by the Department ot Slate wa« invaluable in pro -> ottng this plan, the success of which has been notable, for we now havcund r the patronage of royalty, or the h ads of Hovernnicnt, commit ees composed of the most influential. Intellectual and practical women in Krancc, Riiglan ', Germa y, Austria, Itussi -, Italy, Holland, Belgium. SwedC4>, Norway, Portugal, Japan, Siam. Algeria, Cape Col- P"VI Ceylon, Brazil, the Argentine Republic, Cuba, Mex ii-iYaiid Nicaragua, and, although committee shave not yet been aanounned, favorable responses have been leceiv^d from Spain, Columbia, Ecuador, Venezuela, Panama and the Sandwich Islands.

No organization comparable to this has ever before existed among women. It is official, acting under government authority and sustained by government funds. It is so far-reaching that it encircles the globe. * * *

Of all the changes that have resulted from the great ingenuity and inventiveness of the race, there is none that equals in importance to woman the application if machinery to the performance of the never-ending tasks that have previously been hers. The removal from the household to the various factories where such woik is now done of spinning, carding, dyei g. Knitting tlio weaving of textile fabrics, sewing, the euttin i and making of garments and many other laborious occupations has enabled her to lift her eyes from the drudgery that has oppressed her since pre-historic days. * * *

The result is that women, as asex, have been liberated. They now have time to think, to be educated, to plan and pursue careers of their own choosing. Consider the value ot the race of one-half of its member* being enabled to throw aside the intolerable bondage of ignorance that has always weighed them down ! See the innumerable technical, professional, and art schools, academies and colleges that have been suddenly called into existence by the unwonted demand! It is only about one hundred years since girls were first permitted to attend the tree schools of Boston. They were then allowed to take the places of boys, for whom the schools were instituted, during the season when the latter were helping to gather in the harvest!

Asa result of the freedom and training now granted them we may confidently await, not. a renaissance, but the first blooming of the perfect flower of womanhood. After c nturies of careful pruning Into conventional shapes, to meet the requirements of an artificial standard, the shears and proi'S have been thrown away. We shall learn, by watching the beauty and the vigor of th" natural growth in the open air and sunshine, how artificial and false was the ideal we had previously cherished. Our efforts to frustrate nature will seem grotesque, for she may always be trusted to preserve her types. Our utmost hope is, that woman may become a more congenial companion and fit partner for her illustrious mate, whose d stiny she has shared during the centuries.

We are proud that the statesmen of our own great country have been the first to see beneath the surface and to understand that the old order of things has pas?ed away, and that new methods must be inaugurated. We wish to express our thanks to the Congress of the United States for having made this great step forward, and also for having subsequently approved and endorsed the plans of the Board of Lady Managers, as was manifested by their liberal appropriation for carrying them out.

We most heartily appreciate the «ssistanee given us by the President of the United States, the Department of Sta e and our foreign Ministers. We hope to have occasion to thank all of the other gicat departments of the government before we finish our work.

Even more important than the discovery of Columbus, which we are gathered together to celebrate, is the fact that the general government has just discovered woman. It has sent out a flash-light from its heights, so inaccessib e to us. which we shall answer by a return signal when the Exposition is opened. What will be its next message to us?

The formal tender of the buildings by President Higinbotham to the president of the National Commission, next in order, was made in the following appropriate address:

But yesterday these surrounding acres> composed a dismal morass - a n sting-place for the wild fowls in their migratory fliiht. To-day they stand transformed by nrt and science into a beauty and grandeur unrivaled by any other spot on earlh.

Herein we behold a miniature representation pf that marvelous material development and that unprecedented growth of national givatness which, since the day of Ci'lumbus, have chai ucterizcd the history of this i\cw World.

The idle boy, strolling along the shore of th s inland sea, carelessly threw a pebble into the blue waters. From that center of agitation thi re spread the circling wave, which fninter and sti 1 fainter grew, until lust at last in the distant cnlm. Not so did the great thought come «nd vanish which has culni'- nated in these preparations for the World's Columbian Exposition. It was not the suggestive impulse of any single bruin or locality that oriaimited this noble enterprise From many minds and many localities there seemed to come, spontaneously and in unison, the suggestions for a Columbian celebration. Those individual and loeal sentiments did not die out litte the waves. but in an inverse ratio BI-BW more and more powerful until they mingled 11 ml culminated in the grand and universal resolve of the American people, " It shall be done.'*

To-day, sir, on behalf of the board of directors, representing the citizens of Chicacro to me has been assign <1 the pleasant duty of presenting to the World's Columbian Cemimis-ion these buildings, for dedication to the uses of the World's Columbian Exposition, in celebration of the four hundredth anniversaryof the discovery of America.

In viewing the work thus far accomplished, we gladly acknowledge ourselves debtors to the patriotic pride of our fellow-citizens throughout the land ; to the kindly interest manifested by the president of the United States; ti the generosity of the congress ; to the hearty sympathy of the civilized nations of the earth, and to the efficient co-op ration of the honorable commission which you represent.

The citizens of Chicago have cherished the ambition to furnish the facilities for an exposition, which, in character, should assume a national and international importance. They entertain the pleasing hope that they have not come short of the nation's demand and of the world's expectation. Permit us, sir, to believe that it is not a narrow ambition, born of local pride and selfishness, that asked for the location of the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago. Rather let it justly be said that it was in view of the fact that 25,000,000 of people live within a radius of 50(1 miles of Chicago, and that standing here, so near the center of population, Chicago would be accessible to a larger number of American people, who are th>; creators of our wealth and prosperity, than would any other city on the continent. The citizens of Chicago have been actuated by the most pitriotic sentiments in asking for the location of 'he exposition atthis place. Animated by the most public-spirited motives, they have made such preparations for the e \ position as we trust you cannot but look upon with satisfaction.

The fidelity and remarkable skill of the master artists < f construction must be a justifiea ion for the pride with which we point to the structures which rise about us in such graceful and magnificent proportions. In furnishing grounds and buildings which should meet the modern demand for utility und scientific adaptation, we have not done violence, let us hope, to that growing love for the b autit'ul which gratifies the eye and educates the taste. Nature, science and art have been called upon to contribute their richest gif is to make those grounds and buildings worthy of your acceptance.

The ' oard of directors now besrs leave to tender to the World's Columbian Commis-ion and to the narion th se buildings, in tullilment of Chicago's plejge and in honor of the great event we celebrate .

President Palmer, turning to the Vice- President of the United States, Lcvi P. Morton, President Harrison being unavoidably detained at the White House by the fatal illness of his wife, made the following response:

"When a structure designed for a beneficent purpose has reached completion and is about to he devoted to its object, it is deemed fitting, ia accordance with a custom which sprang from the a-pirations of man, and wh ch has received the sanction of successive generations, that its intent and aim shaU be declared amid imposing ceremonies, and the good will of the present and the ble-sing of the future invoked upon it.

If this occasion shall have as one of its results the inauguration of another festal day to enlarge the too meagre calendar of our people, the world will be richer ther by, and a name which has been hitherto held in vague and careless remembrance will be madea vital and elevating force to mankind.

Anniversaries are the punctuations of history. They are the emphasis giv- n to events, not by the aong of the poet or the pen of the rhetorician, but by the common ac -laim of mankind. They are the monuments of the heroes and the saviors of the race. They are the Memnons which fill the heart with promise, the eye with gladness, and the ear with so-g. « * *

Four hundred years ago to-day Kodri"o dc Triana, from the prow of the "Pin a *' cried ' L mil." That cry ni:irkeil the commencement of an en wherein has been conilcn-nl more of KOOd import to the race than in any other. Today, at the tloodtime of that era, we are reminded of what

There ar" no more continents to discover, but there is much to do to make both hemispheres the home of intelligence, virtue and consequent happines'. To that end no one material thing can contribute more than expositions to which are invittd, in a fraternal spirit, all nations, tribes and peoples, where each shall give and r. ceive according to their respective i apacities-

The foundations of civilization have been laid. Universal enlightenment, now acknowledged as the safe substructure of every State, receives an added impulse from the commingling of peoples and the fraternization of race*, such as are ushered in by the pageant of to-day.

Hitherto the work of the National Commission and of the Exposition Company has been on different, but convergent lines; to-day the roads unite, and it may not be amiss at this time to speak of the work already done Two years ago the ground on which we stand was n dreary wast-? of sand-dunes and quagmires, a home foi wild fowl and aquatic plants. Under skilled artists, supplemented by intelligence, force, industry and money this waste has been changed by the magic hand of laboi to its present attractive proportions. I do not speak of this work as an artist, but as one of the great body of laymen whom it is the high calling of art to uplift. To me it seems that, if these buildings should never be occupied, if the exhibits should never come to attract and educate, if our people could only look upon these walls, towers, avenues and lagoons, a result would be accomplished bj the influence diffused well worth all the cost.

It was an act of high intelligence which, in the begin, ning, called a congress of the most eminent of our architects for consultation and concerted action. No one brain could have conceived this dream of beauty, or lured from fancy and crystallized in form these habitations where art will love to linger and science, Cornelia-like, shall ejtpost her children to those who ask to see her jewels.

Of the commission and its agencies, its director-genfralandthe heads of its departments, its agents end en voys, 1, although a part of the nntional organization may be permitted to speak . Called together by the Presi Hent two years ago, its organic law difficult of construction, with room for honest and yet contradictory opinions, it has striven honestly, patriotically and diligently tc do it-* whole duty. Through its agencies, it has reached tt the uttermost parts of the earth to gather in all that coulr contiibutn to make this not only the museum of the savant and the well-read, but the kindergarten of chik and sage.

The National Commission will, in due time, take ap propriate action t niching the formal acceptance ft th< buildings provided under their direction by the World's Columbian Exposition Company for this National am: International fair, and to you, Mr. President, as th< highest representative of the nation, is assigned the homn of dedicating them to the purposes determined and de clared by the Congress of the United States. * * *

In behalf of the men and women who have devotee themselves to this great work; of the rich, who have givei of their abundance, and the poor, who have given of theii necessities, in behalf of the architects who have rfren t< theirideals a local habitation and a n me, and the artisb who have brought hither the three graces of modern life form, color and melody, to decorate and inspire; of tin workmen who have prepared the grounds and reared tin walls; in behalf of the chiefs who have organized tht w rk of the exhibitors; in behalf of the city of Chicago which has munificently voted aid; of the Congress whicli h»s generously given of the national moneys; in behal of the World's Columbian Commission, the World's Col umbian Exposition Company, and the Board of Lsdj Managers, I ask you to dedicate these buildings am grounds to humanity, to the end that all men and women of every clime, may feel that the evidence of material pro g' ess wnich may here meet the eye is good only so far a: . it may promote that higher life which is the true aim o civilization - that the evidences of wealth here exhibitei and the stimulus herein given to industry are good on ; so far as they may extend the area of human happine e

The vice-president in reply, after alhulin: to the regretted absence of the president spoke in fitting terms of the great occasion in part as follows:

I am here in behalf of the government of the t'niti'i States, in behalf of nil the peonle, to bid ail hail to Ch cago, all hail to the Columbian Exposition.

From the St. Lawrence to the Gulf, and from the peerless cosmopolitan capital by the sea to the Golden Gate of California, there is no longer a rival city to Chicago, except to emulate her in promoting the success of this work.

New York has signalized the opening of the new e*a by a commemorative function, instructive to the ttudent, encouraginur to the philanthropist, and admonitory to the forces arraved against liberty.

Her houses of worship, without distinction of creed, have voiced their thanks to Almighty God for religious freedom; her children to the amount of five and twenty thousand have marched under the inspiration of a light far broader than Columbus, with all his thirst for knowledge, enjoyed at the University of Pavia; and for three successive days and nights processional progresses on land and water, aided by Spain, and Italy, and France, saluted the memory of the great pilot with the fruits of the great discovery in a pageant more bi illiant than that at Barcelona, when upon a throne of Persian fabrics, Ferdinand and Isabella disregarded the etiquette of Castile and Arag u, received him standing, attended by the most splendid court of Christendom,

And what a spectacle is presented to us here. As we gaze upon those magnificent trections. with their columns and arches, their entablatures and adornments, when we consider their beauty and rapidity of reali7ation, they would seem to be evoked at a wizard's touch of Aladdin's lamp.

Praise for the organization and accomplishment, for the architect and builder, for the artist and artisan, may not now detain me, for in the years to come, in the mouths of all men it will be unstinted. * * *

Columbus lived in the age of great events. When he was a child in 1440 printing was first done with movable types; seven years later, the Vatican library, the great fountain of learning, was founded by Nicholas the b'ifth; and 1*5."> is given as the probable date of the BCamrine Bible the earliest printed book known. It was not until a hundred years after the discovery, that Galileo, pointing his little telescope to the sky, found the satellites of Jupiter, and was hailed as the Columbus of the heavens.

We near the beginning of another century, and if no serious change occurs in our present growth, in the year 1935, ill the lifetime of many now in manhood, the English sinking republicans of America will number more than IW.OOO 0(10. And for them John Bright, in a bur&t of impassioned eloquence, predicts one people, one language, ooe law and one faith; and all over the wide continent the home of freedom and a refuge for the oppressed uf every nice and every clime.

The tr nscendent feature in the character of Columbus was his faith. That sustained him in days of trial a_nd ilarKness, and finally gave him the great discovery. Like him let us have faith in our future. To insure that future the fountains must be kept pure, public integrity must be preserved. While we reverence what Garibaldi and Viet r Emma<'uel fought for, the union of peoples, we must secure above all else win t^teuhen and Ko«ciuskn aided our fathers to establish - liberty regulated by law.

Mr. President, in the name of the Government o the United States, I hereby dedicate these buildings and their appurtenances, intended by the Congress of the United suites for the use of the World's Columbian Expo^itio", to the world's progress in art, ia science, in agriculture and in manufactures.

The curse of slavery is dead. It was a joint heritage of woe, to be w.ped out and expatiated in blood and flam -. The mirage of the confederacy has vanished. It was essentially bucolic, a vision of Arcadia, the dream of a most attractive economic fallacy. The Constitution is no longer a rope- of sand. The exact relation of the Stutes to the Federal Government, left open to double construction by the authors of our organic being, because they could not aaree among themselves, and union was the paramount object, hus been clearly and definitely fixed by the three last amendments to the original chart, which constitute the real treaty of peace between the North and the South and seal our bonds as a nation forever.

The republic represents at last the letter and the spiiit of the sublime declaration. The fetters that bound her to the earth are burst asunder. The rags that degraded her beauty are cast aside. Like the enchanted princess in the legend, clad in spotless raiment and wearing a crown of living light, she steps in the perfec'ion of her maturity upon the sceneof this, the latest and proudest of her victories, to bid a welcome to the world.

Need I pursue the theme? This vast assemblage speaks with a resonance and meaning which words can never reach. It speaks from the fields that arc blessed by the never-failing waters of the Kennebec and from the forms that sprinkle the valley of the Connecticut with mimic principalities more potent and lasting than the real; it speaks in the whirr of the mills in Pennsylvania and in the ring of the wood-cutter's ax from the forests of the lake peninsulas; it speaks from the great plantations of the South and West, teeming with staples that insure us wealth and power and stability, yes, and from the mines and forests of Michigan and Wisconsin, of Alabama and Georgia, of Tennessee and Kentucky, far away to the regions of sliver and gold, that have linked the Colorado and the Rio Grande in close embrace, and annihilated time and space between the Atlantic and Pacific; it speaks in one word from the hearthstone in Iowa and Illinois, from the home in Missis«i- pi and Arkansas, from the heart* of seventy millions of fearless, free-born men and women, and that one word is "Union !"

There is no geography in American manhood. There are no sections to American fraternity. It needs but six weeks to change a Vennouter into a Texan, and there never has been a time when, upon the battle-field or the frontier, puritan and cavalier were not convertible terms, having >n the beginning a common origin and so diffused and diluted on American soil as no longer to possess a local habitation or a nativity except in the national u it.

The men who planted the signals of American civilization upon that sacred rock by Plymouth Bay were Englishmen, and so were the men who struck the coast a little lower down, calling their haven of rest after thegrej-t Republican commoner, and founding by Hampton roads * a race of heroes and statesmen, the mention of whose names brings a thrill to every heart. The South claims Lincoln, the immortal, for its own; the North has no riirl't, to reject Stonewell Jackson, the one typical puritan soldier of the war, for its own! Nor will it! The time is coming, is almost here, when hanging above many a mantel-board in fair New England - glorifying many a cottage in the sunny South - shall be seen bound together.in everlasting love and honor, twocross- swords carried to bittlo respectively by the grandfather who wore the blue and the grandfa'her who wore the gray.

I cannot trust myself to proceed. We have come here not so much to recall bygone sorrows and glories as to bask in the sunshine of present prosperity and happiness, to interchange p ttriotic greetings ami indulge good auguries, and. above all, to meet upon the thresho d the stranger with! -i ourVntc. not as a foreigner, but as a friend and guest, for whom nothing that we have is too good.

From wheresoever he cometh we welcome him with all our hearts; the son of the Rhone and the Garrone, or of our god-mother, France, to whom we owe so much, he shall be our Lafayette; the son of the Khine and tiie Moselle, he shall be our Goethe and our Wagner; the son of the Campagna and the Vesuvian bay, he shall be our Michael Angelo and our Garibaldi; the son of Arragon and the Indes, he shall be our Christopher Columbus, fitly honored at last throughout the world.

Our good cousin of Enu-land needs no words of special civility and courtesy from us. For him the latch-string is ever on the outer side; though whether it. be or not we are sure that he will enter and make himself at h"me. A common language enables us to do full justice to one another at the festive board or in the arena of debate, warning both of us, in equal tones, against further parley on the field of arms.

All nations and all creeds be welcome here; from the Rosphorus and the Black soil, the Viennese woods and the Dniubian plains, from Holland dyke to Alpine crag; from Belgrade and Calcutta, and round to * hina se >s mid the busy marts of Jap»n, the isles of the Pacific u id the far away capes of Africa- Armenian, Christ an and Jew - the American, lovinir no country except his own, but loving all mankind as his brother, bids you enter and fear not; bids you partake of these fruits of four hundred years of American civilization and development, and behold these trophies of one hundred years of American independence and freedom.

At thi* moment in every part of the American union, the children ar< taking up the wondrous tale of the discovery, and from llost'Mi t - Galveston, from the little log school-house in the wilderness to the towering academy m the city and the town, may be witnessed the unprece- dented spe -tacle of a powerful nation captured by an army of liUiputians. of embryo men and women, of toddling boys and girls and tiny elves, scarce big enough to lisp the numbers of the national anthem ; scarce strong enough to lift the miniature flags that make of arid street and autumn wood an emblematic garden, to gladden the sight and to glorify the red, white and blue. See

"Our young barbarians all at play," for better than these we have nothing to exhibit. They, indeed, are our crown jewels ; the truest, though the inevitable, offspring of our civilization and developme -t ; the representatives of a manhood vitalized and ivigorated by toil and care, of a womanhood elevated and inspired by liberty and education. God bless the children and their mothers! God bless our country's flag! And God be with us now and ever, God in the roof-tree's shade and God on the highway, God in the wind and waves, and God in all our hearts!

The concluding address was delivered by that distinguished orator and statesman, Hon. Chauncey M. Depew, of New York, from which the following eloquent and instructive extracts are made:

This day belongs not to America, but to the world. The results of the eventit commemorates are the heritage of the peoples of every race and clime. We celebrate the emancipation of man. The preparation was the work of almost countless centuries, the realization was the revelation of one. The Cross of Calvary was hope; the cross raised on San Salvador was opportunity. But for the first Columbus would never have sailed: but for the second, there would have been no place for the planting, the nurture and the expansion of civil and reliidous liberty. Ancient history is a dreary record of unstable civilizations. Each reached its zenith of material splendor, and perished. The Assyrian, Persian, Egyptian Grecian and Roman Empires were proofs of the possibilities and limitations of man for conquest and intellectual development. Their destruction involved a sum of misery and relapse, which made their creation rather a curse than a blessing. Force was the factor in the government of the world when Christ was born, and force was the sole source and exercise of authority, both by church and State, when Columbus sailed from Pslos. They w^re men traveled from the East toward the West, under the guidance of thn Star of Bethlehem. The spirit of equality of all men before God and the law, moved Westward from Calvary, with its revolutionary influence upon old institutions, to the Atlantic ocean. Columous carried it westward across the seas. The immigrants from England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales, from Germany ana Holland, from Sweden and Denmarg, from Prance and Italy, have, under its guidance and inspiration, moved westand agai i west, building States and founding cities until the Pacific limited their march. The exhibition of arts and sciences, of industry and inventions, of education and civilization, which the republic of the United States will here present, and to which, through its chief magistrate, it invites all nations, condenses and displays the flower and fruitage of this transceidaut miracle. * * *

Trie northern continent was divided between England, France and Spain, and the southern between Spain and Portugal. Frince, wanting the capacity for colonization which still characterizes her, gave up tier western possessions and le;t the English, who have the genius of universal empire, masters of North America. The development of the experiment in the English domain makes this day memorable It is due to the wisdom and courage.the faith and virtue of the inhabitants of this territory that government of the people, forthe people and by the people was inaugurated, and has become a triumphant success. The Puritan settled in New England and the C* valier in the South. They represent the opposites of spiritual and temporal life and opinions. The processes of liberty liberalized the one and elevated the other. Washington and Adams were the new types. Their union in a common cause gave the world a Republic both st Me and free. It possessed conservatism without bigotry, and liberty without license. It founded institutions strong enojgh to resist revolution, and elastic enough for indefinite extension to meet the requirements in government of ever enlarging areas of population, and the needs of progress and growth.

The Mayflower, with the Pi grims, and a Dutch ship laden with African slaves, were on the ocean at the same time, the one sailing for Massachusetts, and the oth-r fur Virginia- This company of saints, the first cargo of slaves.

represented the forces which were to peril and rescue free government. The slaver was the product of the commercial spirit of Great Britain, and the greed of the times to stimulate production in the colonies. The men who wrote in the cabin of the Mayflower the first charter of freedoru, a government of just and equal laws, w-re a little band of protestants against every form of injustice and tyranny. The leaven of their principles made possible the Declaration of Independence, liberated the slaves, and founded the free commonwealthswhich form the Hepublic of the United States. * * *

The scope and limitations of this idea of freedom have neither been misinterpreted nor misunderstood. The laws of nature in their application to the rise and recognition of men according to their mental, moral, spiritual and physical endowments are left undisturbed. But the accident of birth giv^8 no rank and confers no privilege. Equal rights and common opportun.ty for all have I ecn the spurs of ambition and the motors of progress. They have established the common schools and built the public libraries. A sovereign people have learned and enforced the lesson of free education. The practice of government is itself a liberal education. People who make their own laws need no law-givers. After a century of successful trial the system has passed the period of experiment, and its demonstrated permanency and power are revolutionizing the governments of the world. It has raised the largest armies of modern times for self-preservation, a' d at the successful termination of the war returned the soldiers to the pursuits of peace. It has so adjusted itself to the pride and patriotism of the defeated that they vie with the victors in their support and enthusiasm for the old flag and our common country. Imported anarchists have preached their baleful doctrine', but have made no converts. They have tried to inaugurate a reign of terror under the bannerol' the violent seizure and distribution of property, only to be defeated, imprisoned and executed by the law made|by the people and enforced by the juries selected from the people, and judgesand prosecuting officers elected by the people. Socialism finds disciples only among those who were its votaries before they were forced to fly from their native land, but itdoesuot lake root upon American soil. The State neither supports nor permits taxation to maintain the Church. The citizen can worship God according to his belief and conscience, or he may neither reverence nor recognize the Almighty. And yet religion has flourished, churches abound, the ministry is sustained, and millions of dollars are contributed annually forthe evangelization of the W9rld. The United States is a Christian country, an 1 a living and practical Christianity is the characteristic of its people.

The sum of human happiness has been infinitely increased by the millions from the Old World who have improved their conditions in the New, and the returning tide of lesson and experience has incalculably enriched i he Fatherlands. The divine right of kings nas taken its place with the instruments of medifevat torture among the curiosities of the antiquary. Only the shadow of kingly authority stands between the government of themselves by themselves and the people of Norway and Sweden. The union in one empire of States of Germany is the symbol of Teutonic power and the hope of German liberalism. The petty despotisms of Italy have be' n merged into a nationality which has centralized its authority in its ancient capit d on the hills ot btome. France was rudely roused from the sullen submission of centuries to intolerable tyranny by her soldiers returning from service in the American Revolution. The wild orgies of the reign of terror were the revenges and excesses of a people who had discovered their power but were not prepared for in beneficent use. She fled from herself into the arms of Napoleon. He, too, was a product of the American experiment. He played with kings as with toys, and educated France for liberty. In thu processes of her evolution from darkness to light she tried Bourbon, and Orleanist and the third Napolean. and cast them aside. Nowin the fullness of time, ami through the training in the school of hardest experience, the French people have reared and enjoy a permanent republic. England of the Mayflower and of James the Second, England of George the Third and of Lord North, has enlarged suffrage and is to-day animated and governed by the democratic spirit. She has her throne, admirably occunied by one of the wisest of sovereigns and best of women,but it would not survive one dissilute and unworthy successor. She has her hereditary peers, but the House of Lords will be brushed aside the moment it resists the will of the people, t » *

If interest in the affairs of this world be vouchsafed to those who have gone before, the spirit of Columbus hovers over us to-day. Only by celestial intelligence can it grasp the full significance of this spectacle and ceremonial.

From the first century to the (If iccmh counts for litt.e in the history of progress, but in th* period between the fifteenth and twentieth is crowded the romance and reality of human development. Life has been prolonged and its enjoyment intensified. The powers of the air and water, the resistless forces of the elements, which in the time of the discoverer were the visible terrors of the wrath of God, have been subdued to the service ot man. Art and luxuries which could be possessed and enjoyed only by the r eh and noble, the works of genius which were retad and understood by the learned few, domestic comforts and surroundings beyond the reach of lord or bishop now adorn and illumine the homes of our citizens. Serfs are sovereigns and the peopli are kings. The trophies and splendors of their reign are commonwealths, rich in every attribute of great 8 ates and united in a republic whose power and prosperity, and liberty and enlightenment are the wonder and admiration of the world.

All hail Columbus, discoverer, dreamer, hero and apostle. We here, of every race and country, recognize the horizon, which bounded his vision and the infinite scope ot' his genius. The voice of gratitude and praise for all the blessings which have showered upon mankind by his adventure Is limited to no language, but is uttered in every tongue. Neither mnr le nor brass can fitly form his statue. Continents are his monuments, an d unnum- 1 ered millions, past, present and to come, who enjoy in their liberties and their happiness the fruits of his faith, will reverently guard and preserve from century to century his name and fame.

This memorable occasion closed by a prayer by his Eminence, Cardinal Gibbons, the grand chorusfrom Beethoven, "In Praise of God;" and the benediction by Rev. H. C. McCook. And amid the beating of drums and the booming of cannon, the great throng moved out upon the grounds just as the sun disappeared beneath the western horizon.

The fire works at night were the most brilliant and gorgeous display of the kind yet seen in this country: They were under the direction of James Pain and Sons, and cost $25,000.

The speeches were of a high order and did honor to the occasion. Of course they were not heard by a tenth part of the audience, which, however, remained patiently seated, preserving the best of order and looking on with the interest excited by a grand rehearsal as in pantomime.

The improvement of the grounds to their present condition had been an herculean task, well performed; and although the buildings were sufficiently advanced to.be accepted for the purposes of dedication they were far from being completed.

ued through the long winter with extraordinary dispatch and vigor. The department of construction comprehended the task before it perfectly, and flew to the work with a determination which admitted of no denial. The first day of November, 1892, was named as the last on which exhibits were to be received for installation in the several department buildings, and the Administration Building was occupied by the principal officers the same month.

At the annual meeting of stockholders in April, 1893, the old board of directors was re-elected, as were also, subsequently, the old officers. The executive committee was now constituted as follows:

May 1, 1893, appointed as the 'opening day of the great Exposition, came in with raw winds and a cloudy sky, with ng' occasional showers of rain, interspersed with brief glimpses of the sun. A procession, with Grover Cleveland, President of the United States, and the Duke de Veragua, the lineal descendant of Columbus, representing old Spain, other officials and dignitaries, left the Lexington Hotel for Jackson Park at 9 o'clock, a.m., arriving on the grounds at noon, in the presence of a quarter-million of people already assembled.

The ceremonies took place in the Court of Honor, where a raised platform had been erected for the occasion. The exercises began by the orchestra of 500 pieces playing the Columbian March, after which prayer was offered by the Rev. William H. Millburn, the blind chaplain of Congress. A poem by W. D. Croffert, entitled "The Prophecy," was then recited by Miss Jessie Coutheni, after which Director General Davis delivered a brief address, and, turning to the President, he concluded as follows:

"And now, in this central city of the great republic, on the continent discovered by, Columbus, it only remains for you, Mr. President, if in your opinion the Exposition here presented is commensurate in dignity with what the world should expect of our great country, to direct that it shall be opened to the public, and when you touch this magic key the ponderous machinery will start in its revolutions, and the activities of this Exposition will begin."

I am here to join my fellow-citizens in the congratulations which bent this occasion. Surrounded by the stupendous results of American enterprise and activity, and in view of these magnificent evidences of American skill and intelligence, we need not fear that these congratulations will be exaggerated. We stand to-day in the presence of the oldest nations of the world and point to the great achievements we here exhibit, asking no allowance on the score ot youth.

The enthusiasm with which we contemplate our work intensifies the warmth of the greeting we extend to those who have come from foreign lands to illustrate with us the growth and progress of human endeavor in the direction of a higher civilization.

We, who believe that popular education and the stimulation of the best impulses of our citizens lead the way to a realization of the proud national destiny which our 1'aith promises, gladly welcome the opportunity here afforded us' to seethe results accomplished by efforts which have been exerted longer than ours iti the field of man's improvement, while in appreciative return we exhibit the unparalleled advancement and wonderful accomplishments of a young nation, and present the triumphs of a vigorous, se.f-reliant and independent people. We have built these splendid edifices, but we have also built the magnificent fabric of a popular government, whose grand proportions are seen throughout the world. We have made and here gathered together objects of use and beauty, the products of American skill and invention. We have also made men who rule themselves.

It is an exalted mission in which we and our guests from other lands are engaged, and we co-operate in the inauguration of an enterprise devoted to human enlightment; and in the undertaking we here enter upon we exemplify in the noblest sense the brotherhood of nations.

Let us hold fast to the meaning that underlies this ceremony, and let us not lose the impressiveness of this moment. As by a touch the machinery that gives life to this va&t Exposition is now set in motion, so at the same instant let our hopes and aspirations awaken forces which in all time to come shall influence the welfare, the dignity, and the freedom of mankind.

As the President finished his address he touched an electric key directly connected with the Allis engine, which set the machinery in motion, as also the Worthington force pump in the pumping station and the three fountains it supplied in front of the Administration Building. Simultaneously with the revolving of the wheels of the great engine, from the flag-staffs in front of the stand "Old Glory," the standard of the United States, and the red and yellow flag of Spain were unfurled to the breeze, and the sun, breaking through the clouds, smiled benignly on the splendid scenes of the opening day. To the enthusiastic cheers of the exultant throng numbering over 300,000 were added the pandemonium of whistles from a hundred boats in the lagoons and lake, while salvos of artillery belched forth their approving roar from the government steamer "Andy Johnson," and the Columbian Exposition of 1893 was opened to the world.

with the name of its chief, were as follows: Agriculture, W. I. Buchanan; Horticultural, J. M. Samuels; Live Stock, W. I. Buchanan; Fish and Fisheries, J. W. Collins; Mines and Mining, Fied J. V. Skiff; Machinery, L. W. Eobinson; Transportation, AVillard A. Smith; Manufactures, James Allison; Electricity, John P. Barrett; Fine Arts, Halsey C. Ives; Liberal Arts, Selim H. Peabody; Ethnology, Frederic W. Putnam; Publicity and Promotion, Moses P. Handy. The great Manufactures and Liberal Arts building contained the products of over eighty different nations and colonies, as well as the educational exhibits in the department of Liberal Arts.

Cost

The number of acres under roof of the main buildings was 150, and nearly 50 acres were occupied by concessionaires. The cost of other buildings and construction outlays appears, in all its immensity, in the following build two Brooklyn bridges, and there were 1,400 tons more of metal in it than in the great St. Louis bridge. In the skylights were eleven acres of glass - forty carloads. Its aisles were laid off as streets and lighted with ornamental lamp-posts bearing arc lights. The roof of the central hall was 212 feet 9 inches high, the truss span 368 feet. The weight of the truss with purliues, was 400,000 pounds. In the central hall the Vendome Column at Paris could have been mounted on a seventy-four foot pedestal without touching the roof, which was only eleven feet lower than Bunker Hill monument at Boston. It was but six feet lower than the top of the spire of Grace church, New York, and ten feet lower than the great chimney of the New York Steam Heating Company. Its ground plan was more than twice the size of the great pyramid of Cheops.

The French Exposition of 1889 had one tremendous building - its Palace of Mechanical Arts; but that structure might have been placed in this building and the Eiffel tower laid flat upon its roof without touching the enveloping structure except on the floor. The standing army of Russia could have been mobilized under its roof. The building was nearly two and a half times as long and more than two and a half times as wide as the Capitol at Washington. Its architect is Mr. George B. Post, of New Yrork. Its design was severely simple, yet massive and beautiful. The motive in its architectural inspiration was undoubtedly to impress the beholder with its solidity and grandeur, and not to subordinate these to considerations of mere beauty.

The aggregate was about $6,000,000. The several States made appropriations to cover the cost of their buildings and other expenses, as reported by the director general, as follows :

The whole number of buildings on the grounds proper and on the Midway Plaisance was about 400. To undertake a description of the "White" or "Dream" city, as it has been variously designated, in all the beauty of its architecture, would require a volume by itself. It was the combination of the arrangement of the buildings, with reference to each other, and the grounds, with their avenues, the wooded island, the lagoons and the splendid architectural effects, which produced such a remarkable result of symmetry and beauty, in its entirety. The conception of this wonderful achievement was mainly due to Frederick Law Olmsted, landscape architect, and his assistant, H. S. Cod man, who laid out the site and determined the position of the buildings. The genius to create must be supplemented by the ability to execute, and this was happily found in D. H. Burnham, chief of con-