Chicago City (part 20 of 57)

The first step in the establishment of a school for the instruction of deaf mute children was taken in September, 1870, when Mr. D. Greenberger organized a class in the LaSalle Street Primary School building near Lincoln Park, giving instruction in the use cf the vocal organs. Later, this class was taught in the new Franklin School building, and finally in one of the rooms of the board of education, where it remained up to the time of the great fire. It was carried on without expense to the city except for the use of rooms, Mr. Greenberger receiving a tuition fee from the parents of the children. The fire caused a suspension until January, 1875, when a class was organized in a building occupied by the Jones School, on East Van Buren street, Prof. Philip A. Emery, a teacher of experience, having been employed to take charge of it, at a salary of $1,000 a year. On the completion of the new Jones School, the class was removed to this building, and in 1877 the services of an additional teacher were found necessary. In 1878 it was removed to the Third Avenue School building, and in January, 1879, found temporary quarters in the Newsboy's Home, on Qnincy street.

The legislature of 1879 having made an appropriation of 815,000 for the education of the deaf and dumb children of the city, to be expended under direction of the board of education, a standing committee on Deaf Mute Schools was appointed, and Prof. Emery was elected principal. Branch schools were opened in each division of the city and four assistant, teachers employed. During the past twelve years the schools have been taught in different localities, usually in some of the public school buildings, chosen with reference to accessibility for the largest number of deaf and dumb children and the room to be spared from other uses. The number of pupils during this period has not varied materially, ranging between forty-five and sixty. These have been taught in four different schools (besides an advanced class), by a board of teachers, consisting, during the past year, of a principal and five assistants. Prof. Emery, who was appointed principal in 1875, still retains that position. The question of the introduction of vocal music as a special study into the schools subject was taken by the council in December, 1841, in accordance with a report of a committee of the board of inspectors. As a result of this action, Mr. N. Gilbert was employed as a teacher in this department at 116 a month. In September, 1842, the Board voted to continue Mr. Gilbert's services six months longer at the rate of $400 per annum, but at the end of this period, they were discontinued by order of the council. Unsuccessful attempts were made to revive the study in 1845 and again in April, 1846; but in September following, permission was given to a teacher to give instruction in music in the schools for a small remuneration to be paid by the scholars, and a Mr- Whitman gave lessons in several districts for some months. In March, 1847, the school committee of the Common Council reported adversely upon a recommendation of the board of inspectors in favor of reintroducing music as a permanent study, but in November of the same year, permission was granted to the Board to engage a teacher at $250 a year, and Mr. Frank Lombard was employed. In 1850, Mr. Lombard's salary was advanced to $400, and. in 1852, to $500. Mr. Lombard continued to serve in this capacity until 1853, when he was succeeded by Christopher Plagge; in March, 1854, Mr. Plagge resigned, giving place to J. L. Slayton, who retired at the close of the school year in 1856. With the opening of the next school year, William Tillinghast became the teacher at a salary of 11,000 per annum, remaining until October, I860. There was then a suspension of this branch of instruction on account of the condition of the school fund, until 1863, when the Board voted to pay $500 towards the salary of a teacher, the remainder to be made up by private subscription. Within a few months two teachers were employed under these terms. lu 1864, Mr. Orlando Blackman, who had been appointed teacher of music for the Grammar and Primary Schools during the previous year, began a course of instruction to the primary teachers. Mr. E. E. Whittemore was employed as an assistant teacher in 1865, and two years later took entire charsre of music in the Grammar department, retiring in 1875. A graded course of instruction went into effect in 1868, and with various changes in salaries and the number of teachers employed, this system has been continued in force since. The class instruction, which occupies a few minutes each day, is given entirely by the regular teachers, under the supervision of a special teacher of music. In 1891, there were three supervisors of singing (one each for the High School, the Grammar and the Primary departments), with fourteen assistants, employed at an aggregate for salaries of $16,- 050. Prof. William L. Tomlins (appointed in 1885) has charge of the instruction in the High School department, Prof. Blackman supervises the Grammar schools and Agnes ('ox, the Primary grades. Mr. Blackman has been identified with this branch of instruction since 1863.

The presence of a large German population in the city of Chicago early led to a Herman strong pressure for the introduction of the German language as a special study in the public schools. The initial step in this direction, with reference to schools below the rank of high school, was taken in May, 1865, as the result of a resolution introduced in the school board by the late Lorenz Brentano. A committee appointed at this time reported in favor of such introduction in one of the schools as an experiment, and the Washington School, in the West Division, was selected for that purpose. In October of the same year, Mrs. Pauline M. Reed commenced giving instructions to pupils in this school in all except the two lower grades. In April of the following year, Mrs. Heed having been transferred to the High School as instructor in French and German, Mrs. Caroline McFee took charge of the German classes in the Washington School. The experiment having proved successful, it was voted by the board of education, in July, 1866, to introduce the study in four additional schools, and the Franklin and the Newberry in the North Division; the Wells, in the West Division, and the Moseley, in the South Division, were selected. In 1868 two new schools were added (the Cottage Grove and the Kinzie schools); in 1869, one (the Carpenter); and in 1870, two (the LaSalle Street Primary and the Haven school). The number of pupils, which had been 115 the first year, was increased to 2,597 the year last mentioned. Four more schools (the Skinner, Scammon, Lincoln and Ogden) were added previous to the fire of October, 1871, when that event caused a suspension of the study till January following. During the year 1874, Miss llegina W. Shauer was elected superintendent of instruction in German, and a system of grading and examinations was adopted. The number of pupils had been reduced considerably, as compared with the year 1871, which was probably due to the changes caused by the fire. In 1875, instruction in German, which had been allowed in the primary grades, was restricted to the grammar grades, but has since been restored to the primary school classes, except the first and second grades.* Between 1874 ami 1879 this branch of instruction was in-

» A change was made by the School Board in the matter ot Instruction in German in 1893, which is explained in a subsequent section under the head of 'The Fads." See page 99.

University Of Illinuis

troduced into four additional schools, making eighteen in all, of which six were in the North Division, four in the South and eight in the West. In 1878, Mr. Gustav A. Zimmerman was elected special teacher of German in place of Miss Shauer, a position which he still retains. There has since been a steady increase in the number of schools in which this branch is taught, as well as the number of pupils. In his report for 1890-91 Mr. Zimmerman states the number of schools in which German was taught during the year to be 121, with 207 teachers and 36,133 pupils, of whom about one-half were of German parentage and over 10,000 of Anglo- American descent. In answer to the claim that the study of German has a tendency to retard the progress in other studies of pupils pursuing it, Mr. Zimmerman shows that the standing of pupils pursuing English and German studies jointly is much higher than that of pupils pursuing English studies alone.

While some attention appears to have been given to drawing as a branch of study in the public schools previous to 186C, it seems to have been unsystematic in character and chiefly voluntary on the part of the teachers. The report of the superintendent of schools for that year refers to the use of a series of drawing books by the teachers in the Brown school, and recommends the employment of a teacher in drawing for the grammar grades. In his report for the next year, the superintendent again recurs to the subject, and makes mention of the good results attained through the instruction of Miss A. E. Trimmingham, teacher of drawing in the High School, to teachers in the institute. In May, 1869, the board adopted Bartholomew's drawing book as a text-book for use in the public schools, but in the following year an order was adopted discontinuing the study as then taught. A few weeks later there seems to have been a reaction on the subject, for in December of the same year we find the board adopting an order for the employment of two teachers to give two lessons per week to each of the first six grades in the public schools. Misses Clara F. Currier and Mary Starr were employed under this order at salaries of 81,000 each. Having resigned during the summer vacation of 1872, their places were filled by Misses Carrie E. Powers and Julia II. Arms. After two years' service, Miss Arms was succeeded by Miss Roemheld, who filled the position until the close of the winter term of 1875. The Bartholomew series of drawing books was displaced in 1874 by the adoption of the " Walter Smith System of Free Hand Drawing," the publishers of the latter furnishing a teacher free of cost to the city to give instruction to the regular teachers. Mr. O. J. Pierce acted in this capacity for one year, meanwhile giving instruction in drawing in the Normal School, and in July, 1875, he was employed as superintendent of instruction in drawing at a salary of $2,000 per year. At the end of the next year, for economic reasons, his services were dispensed with, but in order to prevent a suspension of this branch of study, the publishers of the Smith series of textbooks employed Mrs. Elizabeth F. Dimock to give instruction gratuitously. A year later Mrs. Dimock was elected special teacher of drawing at a salary of $1,500 per annum. Mr. Hermann Hanstein has charge of this department in the high schools. The aggregate amount of salaries paid in this department for the year ending June, 1891, was $10,889.75. The number of pupils for the same year was 98,904, showing that twothirds of the pupils in the public schools received instruction in this branch. "Prang's Complete Course in Form and Drawing" is the text-book in use, having been adopted in September, 1890.*

Closely related to physical culture and the art of drawing as branches of instruction, is manual training, or instruction in the mechanic arts. After some years of discussion, and in the face of considerable hostile criticism, a

.school of this character was opened in the early part of the school year of 18S6-7, on Monroe street, near Halsted, for the benefit of pupils of the first year classes in the high schools. During the first year it was attended by about seventy-five pupils, receiving instruction in mechanical drawing and various forms of bench work in the afternoons of five days in the week. While the experiment appears to have been reasonably satisfactory in individual cases, it has not proved entirely so as a part of a system of education, probably because it created a divided responsibility, interfering, to some extent, with the regular studies of the course, while better opportunities were given for instruction in the manual arts in the Chicago Manual Training School, established under the auspices of the Chicago Commercial Club in 1883. At the close of the school year, in 1889, the plan was changed by the establishmeiit of an independent English High and Manual Training School with a three year's course, at the same place. In his report of 1891 Superintendent Howland speaks of the original plan as "a failure," while, of the revised scheme, he says: " The establishment of the English High and Manual Training School, as an independent school, under the charge of James F. Claflin, was a new departure in our system and has fully justified the thought of those who were most interested in the measure. The number of pupils has been greatly increased, the work thoroughly systematized and carried on with earnestness and most commendable interest and success, and the prospect is that, with larger accommodations and better appliances which have been provided by the board, the number of pupils will be more than doubled for the coming year." The whole number of pupils for the year ended June, 1891, was 147.

During the year 1885-6, a teacher of physical culture was employed, as an experi- Ph sicai men^ to give instruction to the culture, grammar grade pupils in four of the most important schools. The experiment was found so satisfactory that it was decided to employ eight teachers to give instructioi to the pupils in the grammar grades in al the schools. The system has since been ex tended to all the schools. In the priman schools the exercises consist of a light calls thenics, advancing in the grammar anc high school departments to exercises of t more vigorous character, calculated to in crease the vigor and strength of the pupil and promote his physical health. Thii department is under the direction of i supervisor of physical culture, assisted b\ twenty assistant teachers, with salaries aggregating $24,300.* classes of seven members each, each clasi remaining in office three years. Albert S. Trade, Esq., is president; Daniel E. Came ron, vice-president, and Shepherd Johnston secretary of the board. The following is '< list of the members, arranged in classes according to the time of their retiremenl from office:

Department. Howland, is the present superintendent of the Chicago public schools. He is assisted in the discharge of the duties of his department by a force of eight assist ant superintendents, each of whom is as igued to some special department of common 3hool work. The assistants are as follows: ]dward C. Delano, Alfred Kirk (in place of lev. John C. Burroughs, deceased), Albert 1. Sabin, Ella F. Young, Elizabeth L. Hartey, Leslie Lewis. James Kantian, and Liigustus F. Nightingale. These are still ided by the following list of supervisors: L. Henry Vanzwoll, supervisor, and James [. Brayton, assistant supervisor of evening ihools: Wm. L. Tomlins, supervisor of inging in high schools; Orlando Blackmail, upervisor of singing in grammar grades; ignes Cox, supervisor of singing in primary rades; Gustav A. Zimmerman, supervisor f German; Herman Hanstein, supervisor of rawing in high schools; Josephine C. Lock, iperintendent of drawing in grammar and rimary schools, and Henry Suder,supervisor f physical culture.

According to the report of the superinendent of schools for the school year ended June 30, 1892, there were 180 schools in the city at the lose of the year, of which 134 were grammar nd primary combined and 46 primary alone, 'here were also 12 high schools. These jhools were taught in 314 buildings, of rhich 230 were the property of the city and 4 were leased. The number of teachers '&s 3,300, of whom 219 were males and ,081 females. All the principals of the igh schools were males, but of the 180 ther schools 82 were males, 8G females. In several cases principals have charge of lore than one school, which accounts for he discrepancy between the number of rincipals and the number of separate 3hools.] The total enrollment of pupils for he year 1891-2 was 157,743.

In spite of the rapid increase in school uildings and the use of rented rooms since he fire, their number has hardly kept pace rith the increase in population. There has onsequentlybeen some complaint of lack of ccommodations in the schools, though the chool board claims that this has been exagerated somewhat. According to the school census of 1892 the number of children in the city between the ages of 6 and 14 years - of an age to be in school - was 191,367. At the same time the whole number of sittings (in buildings belonging to the city and rented) was 141,238. There was a surplus of sittings beyond the actual requirement in nine wards, while there was a deficiency in the other 25. If, therefore, all the children of school age were to present themselves at the doors of the public schools, there would be an excess of some 50,000, to say nothing of 138,616 between 14 and 21 years, some of wjiom are undoubtedly to be found in both the grammar and the high schools. An effort has been niade to afford relief in the crowded districts by establishing a system of half day divisions, by which the capacity of the schools is temporarily enlarged to an extent of nearly 18,000, by reducing the time to which twice this number of pupils are receiving instruction to one-half day each. The census of 1892, however, shows that over 72,000 were receiving instruction in the kindergartens, private and parochial or church schools and business colleges, 60,000 or more of whom are between 6 and 21 years. This would still leave a very large excess of those who h ive a right to claim admission to the public schools unprovided for, though the employment of large numbers of boys and girls between 14 and 21 in stores, factories and other branches of industry, diminishes the pressure that otherwise might be expected.

The total enrollment of all the public schools for the first month of the year 1892- 3 was 142,787, of which 5,684 were in the twelve high schools. The grammar and primary schools had been increased by six, making 186 in all - many of the schools having one or more branches - with a total seating capacity of 144,505. The total number of teachers at the same time was 3,363, of whom nineteen were in the kindergarten department - added during the year 1892 - and sixty-one "special teachers." That the school board is making an earnest effort to meet the wants of the city is shown by the fact that they now have under way, or are preparing to erect, some thirty additional buildings, which are expected to be completed and opened before the close of the present school year, furnishing approximately 20,000 additional seats. The value of school buildings, furniture', etc., according to the report of 1890-1 - the latest accessible - was $7,608,- 950, and of real estate $2,531,- 936, making a total of $10,140,880. In addition to this the city owns certain real estate which, during the same year, produced an income of $255,854.34 from rentals. The following statement of the condition of the school fund in June, 1891, is worthy of r.otice :

For Each Half-Decade From 1840

TABULAR STATEMENT SHOWING THE TOTAL POPULATION, POPULATION UNDER 21 YEARS, TOTAL ENROLLMENT IN THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS, NUMBER OF TEACHERS, WITH AMOUNT PAID FOR TUITION, AND TOTAL CURRENT EXPENSES OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS IN THE CITY OF CHICAGO FOR EACH HALF-DECADE FROM 1840: t Owing to a change in the time of closing the fiscal year from December to the termination of the school year, the report for 1865 covers eighteen months.

A noteworthy feature of the Chicago public school system is the prominence given Ladies and the to ladies, not only in the selec- Pubiic schools, tion of teachers but in the management of the schools. Of the twenty-one members of the school board, three are ladies. Two ladies fill positions as assistant superintendent; one is supervisor of singing in the primary grades; one is supervisor of drawing in the grammar and primary school department, and 3,081 occupied places in the school rooms for the school year of 1891-2 - of whom eighty-six were principals in grammar and primary schools - against a total of 219 male teachers of all grades. So marked has been the predominance of the "gentler sex" in the ranks of the teachers that it has called out a mild protest from some of the members of the board of education. Mr. Nettlehorst, president of the board, in his report for 1891, after referring to the argument that " at least one-half of the pupils in the schools are girls," says: "If this argument has any value whatever, if there is any good reason to have women on our board because there are female teachers and girls in our schools, the argument will also hold good that we should have a sufficient number of male teachers, because about one-half of our pupils are boys."

MISCELLANEOUS. - During the school year 893-4, a spirited discussion was maintained in the press and the school board in reference to continuing intruction in the special branches. These ncluded German, Physical Culture, Clay Modeling, Drawing, "Color Work/' " Pastng," and Vocal Music - popularly denomilated " the fads." On the one hand it was irgued that, while some of these branches vere practically useless, being rather of the iharacter of child's play, the benefits from ithers accrued only to a favored few - the emainder receiving no benefit or being ,bsolutely retarded in their more useful tudies by the consumption of time. On the ither hand, it was maintained that the puruit of the "special branches" trained the land, the eye and voice, besides educating he brain and improving the taste, while .ffording a means of needed relief from the nonotony of study. After a contest which it times assumed a heated character, it was lecided to eliminate several of these branches rom the course entirely, while the method if giving instruction in others was materially nodified. Clay modeling was discontinued ixcept in the deaf-mute schools and kindergartens. Drawing was taken from the first ;rade, and pasting from all grades; color rork was eliminated from all above the burth grade. Physical culture was retained n the primary and grammar schools, so far ts it might afford relaxation to the pupils - nstruction in this branch to be given by the jrade teachers, under the direction of the general superintendent of schools and the .ssistant superintendent of the school disrict. The employment of a supervisor of )hysical culture is continued, with a special eacher for each district for the instruction i grade teachers. German was abolished n the primary grades, but continued in the ligher grades. Singing was made a graded ourse from the first to the twelfth grades, nstruction in this branch in the high schools o extend no farther than the preparation of eachers for the public schools. Sewing as

A patriotic organization having preferred a request, during the fall of 1888, to be per- Fiass on school mi t ted to place the American Buildings. flag upon each of the principal school buildings in the city, it was voted by the board of education, in February following, that each public school building be furnished with a flag at the expense of the city. At a meeting held in May following, the committee on buildings and grounds was instructed to have all the new buildings provided with flag-staffs 30 feet in height.

of the schools. This was the killing of Francis Hanford, the first principal of the North Division High School, who had also been assistant superintendent. In a communication to the city council, a few days previous to the killing, he had used terms in reference to certain appointees of the board of education, which were construed as derogatory to Mrs. Sullivan, wife of Alexander Sullivan, then secretary of the board of public works. Sullivan, accompanied by his wife and a brother, went in a carriage to Hanford's house, but found him absent. After waiting some time Mr. Hanford came in, when Sullivan demanded a retraction of the charges complained of. This was refused, and in a melee which followed, Sullivan claimed that Hanford struck Mr. S., though this was denied. Sullivan then drew a revolver and shot Hanford, inflicting a wound from which he died in half an hour. Sullivan was tried on the charge of murder, but the jury failed to agree. On a second trial he was acquitted. On the first trial the prosecution was conducted by States Attorney Charles H. Eeed and the defense by Leonard Swett,W.W. O'Brien and Thomas Moran. On the second trial the prosecution was conducted by Luther Laflin Mills and

The frequency of State conventions in Illinois within the two decades following Educational the year 1833, to discuss plans of conventions. popu]ar education, indicate the interest felt by the people in this formative period of our State history on this subject. At first these conventions were usually held at the State Capital during the sessions of the general assembly, for the double purpose, no doubt, of securing a more general representation from distant parts of the State, and enlisting the interest of members in the subject under consideration. As soon as Chicago began to be known as a place of any importance - which it did about the year 1833 - its representatives were sure to be found in these conventions, taking an influential part in the deliberations. The first State convention of this character of which we have any record, was held at Vandalia (then the State capital) in February, 1833. Prof. James Hall, a popular writer of his day, delivered an address and a State Educational Society was organized. Sidney Breese (afterwards United States Senator and a justice of the Illinois Supreme Court) presided, and the indomitable Dr. John M. Peck, one of the most efficient friends the cause of religious and popular education the West ever had, was a leading spirit in the proceedings. The late Dr. L. D. Boone, of Chicago, was made recording secretary, and James M. Strode (then senator for nearly the whole of the region northwest of the Illinois river, under the name of Peoria, Putnam, Cook, LaSalle and JoDaviess counties, and afterwards Register of the Land Office here) was one of the vice-presidents. Other members of this convention were Cyrus Edwards, a nephew of Gov. Ninian Edwards; Samuel D. Lockwood, then a justice of the Supreme Court; Archibald Williams and 0. H. Browning, of Quincy; Wm. H. Brown, afterwards a leading citizen of Chicago; Benj. Mills, of Jo. Daviess county; Prof. John Russell, author of the little temperance classic,

" The Worm of the Still," and otheVs. Most of these were members of the legislature or in some other way connected with the State government. As a result of this convention a movement was started in the Legislature at this session (1832-3) for the incorporation of an institution to be called the " Illinois University," and Gov. Duncan urged the measure upon the legislature in his message to that body at the next session. This association met again in convention at Vandalia simultaneously with the meeting of the general assembly, December 5, 1834. Cyrus Edwards presided and Stephen A. Douglas (then a citizen of Morgan county) acted as secretary. Other delegates present were Col. E. D. Taylor, (then of Sangamon, afterwards of Chicago) Abraham Lincoln, Judge Lockwood, Col. John J. Hardin (killed at Buena Vista) and Dr. J. M. Peck. These details are dwelt upon in view of the subsequent prominence of many of these men in State and National affairs, and as indicating the class of men who were interested at that time in the cause of common schools.

A series of annual conventions of teachers was held at Jacksonville from 183G to 1839, inclusive, meeting at the time of the commencements of Illinois College (then occuring in September), which exerted a wide influence. At the first meeting a State Teachers' Association was formed - the first ever organized in the State - and the distinguished Dr. Edward Beecher, then president of Illinois College, was its first president. Other active members were Prof, (afterwards president) J. M. Sturtevant, Prof. T. M. Post, Prof. J. B. Turner (the latter still living) and Dr. R. W. Patterson, afterwards intimately identified with the history of Chicago.

December 16, 1840, a convention met at Springfield, which held an adjourned session December 28 and organized "The Illinois State Education Society." A committee appointed at this meeting prepared a memorial, which was presented to the gen- eral assembly then in session, asking among other things the appointment of a "superintendent of common schools/' which was probably the earliest movement in this direction made in the State.

About this time, Mr. John S. Wright, an enterprising and public spirited citizen of Chicago, was editor and publisher of the Prairie Farmer, which he used as a medium for the vigorous advocacy of radical amendments of the common school law. Two of the measures which he advocated with especial earnestness were the appointment of a superintendent of public instruction and the establishment of a teachers' seminary, both of which were ultimately carried into effect. At his suggestion a State convention was held at Peoria, October 9, 1844, in which Mr. Wright and J. P. Nichols appear as delegates from Cook county. The former was appointed at the head of a committee to draft a bill for a general school, law to be submitted to the legislature at its next session. This was done and, although the bill proposed was shorn of some of its most important provisions (including the creation of the office of State superintendent), it resulted in manV improvements and its most important recommendations were finally carried out. A meeting of the State Educational Society, held at Springfield in January, 1845, (during the session of the legislature), to promote the legislation recommended at Peoria, was attended by Mr. Wright and Rev. J. Ambrose Wight, of Chicago. In June following, in accordance with the recommendation of the Peoria convention, a meeting of teachers and friends of education was held at Jacksonville, which was attended by many of the prominent educators whose names have already been mentioned. Mr. Wright bore a conspicuous part in this convention also. A similar convention was held at Winchester, Scott county, in September of the same year, which appointed another to be held at Jacksonville in January, 1846.

This event excited much local interest and the members were met with a generous hospitality. Among the local committee appointed to arrange for their entertainment appear such names as J. Y. Scammon, R. J. Hamilton, B. W. Raymond, W. B. Ogden, Mark Skinner, Grant Goodrich, R. L. Wilson, Walter L. Dewberry, Azel Peck, Z. Eastman, F. 0. Sherman, N. B. Judd, Jesse B. Thomas and others of Chicago's most prominent citizens. Prof. Henry Barnard, superintendent of schools for Connecticut and Rhode Island, delivered an address, and essays were furnished by prominent educators. " The Northwestern Educational Society" was organized at this meeting with W. B. Ogden, president; G. W. Meeker, recording secretary, and John S. Wright corresponding secretary, and The Northwestern Educator, a monthly magazine, was established under its auspices at Chicago, with James L. Enos as editor. At its close a teacher's institute was organized, which continued in session one week, and the institute method of training teachers was strongly commended. This Chicago meeting recommended the holding of a convention at Springfield, December 16, 1846, which was done. John Dougherty (senator from Union county, afterwards Lieutenant- Governor) presided, in the latter and Cook county was represented. The State Educational Society again held its sessionin Springfield, January 14-16, 1849, Judge Jesse B. Thomas acting as president and William Bross secretary, and it again urged upon the legislature the measures which had been favored by its predecessors.

In 1851, an educational movement was begun which was debated with much zeal for several years, and which ultimately bore important results. This was the scheme of "industrial education," proposed by Prof. Jonathan B. Turner, of Jacksonville, first developed at a " Farmers' Convention," held at Granville, Putnam county, in November of that year. This movement, more than any other single influence, finally led to the donation, by Congress, of lands to the several States for the support of schools for instruction in agriculture and the practical arts, and to the establishment in this State of the University of Illinois at Champaign. [The Normal School, which was a part of Prof. Turner's plan, was established at a still earlier date (1857) at Normal.] Five conventions were held in the interest of the " Industrial League " - as the organization effected at Granville was called; the second at Springfield, June 8, 1852 ; a third at Chicago, November 24, 1852, and a fourth and fifth at Springfield, January 4, 1853, and January 1, 1855, respectively. It is not intended to pursue the history of these conventions in detail. It is sufficient to say that, at the convention held at Chicago, Prof. Turner still further elaborated and enforced his scheme of " industrial education," and while it was not immediately successful, so far as State legislation was concerned, it was indirectly and ultimately successful through the legislation by Congress already adverted to. In fact, it was in accordance with a memorial of the Springfield convention of January, 1853, addressed to the legislature then in session, that the latter body adopted a joint resolution of instruction to the senators and representatives in Congress from this State, outlining the measure finally adopted by Congress on this subject.*

*[NOTE.-In the preparation of this chapter, especially the portion relating to the early schools of Chicago, liberal use has been made of Superintendent Wm. H. Wells' History of the Chicago Public Schools in his report for 1857; " Historical Sketches of the Public School System of the City of Chicago," by Mr. Shepherd Johnston (1879); "A Brief Histoi-y of Early Education in Illinois," by Dr. Samuel Willard, printed in the Keuort of the State Superintendent of Public Instruction (1884); a paper on the same subject, by W. L. Pillsbury, printed in the State Superintendent's Heport (1886), and Andreas' "History ot Chicago."!

emigrated to South Carolina, whence he to came Kentucky at the age of twenty years, where he married. When Richard was about four years of age the family moved to Shelby county, where he spent his childhood and early youth. After sometime spent in an academy at Shelbyville, at the age of seventeen, he secured employment as clerk in a store at Shelbyville, and still later, at Jefferson, but in the year 1818 went to Louisville. There he engaged in the study of law, but two years later removed .to Jonesboro, Union county, 111., in company with Abner Field, who served as State treasurer from 1823 to 1827. The journey was made with one horse, the two travelers riding and walking alternately. At Jonesboro Mr. Hamilton continued his law studies with Charles Dunn, who afterwards became chief justice of Wisconsin territory. The second general assembly (1820-21) having established a state bank, Mr. Hamilton, was, the year after his arrival at Jonesboro, appointed cashier of a branch at Brownsville, Jackson county, retaining the position until the bank was discontinued, which appears to have been about 1829. The position does not appear to have been a lucrative one. Early in 1826 he was appointed' a justice of the peace for Jackson county, and in 1827 was admitted to the bar. The legislature having passed an act in January, 1831, organizing Cook county,1 he was offered by Gov. Reynolds the appointment of probate judge of the new county, and was also made a notary public. Arriving on the ground in March, 18S1, he took part in the organization of the new county government. During the same year he was appointed clerk of the circuit court, clerk of the county commissioners, court, recorder of deeds and commissioner of school lands - receiving the latter appointment in October as successor to Col. T. J. V. Owen, who had resigned. Besides the position of notary public, he held five offices at the same time. In 1835 he was elected to the office of recorder, to which he had been appointed in 1831. In a statement made by him before this election, he said that all his various offices had not netted him more than $1,500 in the four years during which he held them. He retired from the office of judge of probate in 1835, from the clerkship of the county court in 1837 and from the post, recorder of deeds in 1839. He appears to have held the office of school commissioner as late as 1841, though the custody of the Chicago school fund passed out of his hands, on the appointment of Hon. Wm. H. Brown school agent, in 1'ebruary, 1840, under an act passed by the legislature in the previous year.

In October, 1833, the Chicago school section was sold under the administration of Mr. Hamilton, in compliance with a petition of three-fourths of the legal voters of the township (as explained elsewhere in this chapter), realizing $38,895.

On the breaking out of the Black Hawk war in 1832, Col. Hamilton (who was connected with the State militia) took an active part in raising troops for defense and in aiding refugees. Previous to this time he had resided in the fort, but this having become crowded with refugees, he removed his family to the old agency house. [Col. Hamilton was also active in organizing troops for the Mexican war under the second call lor volunteers in April, 1847, and was a candidate for the colonelcy of the Fifth Regiment, but was defeated by Col. Edward AV. B. Newberry.]

In 1833, in conjunction with Col. T. J. V. Owen, he employed Mr. John Watkins, who has the reputation of having taught the first general school in Chicago. During the year, he removed from the agency house to a residence which he had erected on Michigan street, between Cass and Rush streets, where he continued to reside for 19 years. His name appears as one of the subscribing witnesses to the treaty concluded with the Indians at Chicago in September, 1833. In 1834 he was associated with Hiram

Pearson in laying out the town of Canalport, near that portion of Chicago known as Bridgeport, which was expected to be the terminus of the Illinois and Michigan Canal. Col. Hamilton was a heavy sufferer by the financial revulsion of 1837, but escaped without bankruptcy. Among other official positions held by him during his residence in Chicago, was that of president of the hoard of school trustees in 1834 ; director of the Chicago branch of the State Bank, to which he was appointed in 1835 ; member of the first board of school inspectors appointed on the organization of the city government in 1837 ; member of the city council, and presidential elector on the Democratic ticket in 1852. He was also Democratic candidate for lieutenant-governor in 1856, but was defeated by John Wood, of Quincy, the Republican nominee. In 1845 he formed a copartnership with J. S. Chamberlane, and in the following year was associated with Francis C. Moore, but his time was largely given to financial and real estate transactions. He proved himself the influential friend of nearly every young lawyer who came to Chicago in the early history of the city.

Col. Hamilton was married three times - the first time in 1822, while living in Jackson county, to Miss Diana W. Buckner, of the famous Buckner family of Ky., though she then resided in Cape Girardeau county, Missouri. She having died in 1835, he was married in the following year to Miss Harriette L. Hubbard, who died in February, 1842. The next year he married Mrs. Priscilla P. Tuley, of Louisville, Ky., mother of Judge Murray F. Tuley, of Chicago. His own death occurred from paralysis, December 26, 1860, in his 62d year. His later years were spent in a "suburban" home on West Madison street, near Hoyne avenue, to which he removed in 1852. Besides his wife he left five surviving children, one of them (his third child by his first wife) being Mrs. Ellen (Hamilton) Keenon, who was bprn in Fort Dearborn in 1832; said to be th,e first child of purely American parents born in Chicago, though this has been questioned. William H. Brown, an influential friend of the Chicago public schools, and the first custodian of the school fund appointed by the city, was born in Connecticut about the year 1795. His father, who was a lawyer, emigrated to Auburn, N. Y., about the beginning of the century, practicing there some twenty-five years, when he removed to New York city, where he spent the later years of his life. The subject of this sketch studied law and practiced for a short time with his father, but in the latter part of 1818, in company with the late Judge Samuel D. Lockwood and six or seven others, he took passage on a flat-boat at Olean Point, as it was then called, on the Allegheny river, for the West. Descending the Ohio river, they reached Shawneetown, 111., about December 20, where they debarked. After a short delay, Lockwood and Brown started for Kaskaskia,then the capital of the State, where they arrived December 26. On Christmas day they fell in with two other young men who afterwards became prominent in the history of the State, and the journey was completed in their company. These were Thomas Mather, afterwards a prominent business man of Kaskaskia, and later of Springfield; and Sidney Breese, afterwards United States Senator and a Justice of the Supreme Court. A few weeks later Mr. Brown was appointed clerk of the United States District Court by Judge Nathaniel Pope, who had just been appointed by President Monroe to the position, which he held until his death in 1850. In the following year (1820), the capital having been removed to Vandalia, his official duties required Mr. Brown's removal to that place, where he remained until 1835. At Vandalia he became a half -owner and editor of the Illinois Intelligencer, the oldest paper of the State, originally started at Kaskaskia. In December, 1822, he was married to Harriet C. Seward, daughter of Col. John Seward, of Montgomery county, 111.

During the year 1823, the controversy over the attempt to revise the State constitution in the interest of slavery having arisen, Mr. Brown, who had taken a strong position against the measure, disagreed with his partner, Mr. AVilliam Berry (a pro-slavery member of the legislature), with the result that he sold his interest to the latter. 'An incident in connection with this controversy showed the character of the young journalist. Members of the majority in the house having taken offense at his vigorous criticism of their high-handed acts, he was cited to appear before that body to answer for his course ; but he refused to do so, justly maintaining his rights on the ground of freedom of the press.

In the latter part of the year 1835, he was appointed cashier of the branch of the State bank to be established at Chicago, and in October removed to that city, taking part in the organization of the bank, December following. -The next year (1836) he built probably the finest residence at that time in Chicago, located on the northwest corner of Pine and Illinois streets.

In the month of February, 1840, Mr. Brown was elected by the city council to the position of school agent for the city of Chicago, and received from Col. E. J. Hamilton, Commissioner of school lands for Cook county, the sum of $38,625.47, which had accrued from the sale of the Chicago school section in October, 1833. The fund continued in his hands for thirteen years - for nine of them giving his services without compensation - and so successful was his management that not a dollar was lost from bad loans, and in February, 1853, having tendered his resignation, he was enabled to turn over to his successor the sum of $41,- 123.20 in cash and secured loans. He was also a member of the board of school inspectors a part of this time, and on his retirement was cordially thanked in a series of resolutions adopted by the city council.

the Galena & Chicago Union railroad from the estate of E. K. Hubbard. In 1857 he built a costly residence on Michigan avenue, being one of the finest on that popular thoroughfare. He was an ardent friend of Abraham Lincoln, as well as an earnest Republican, and in 18GO was elected a representative from Cook county to the State legislature, serving as the colleague of the late J. Y. Scammon, while W. B. Ogden and Hon. Henry W. Blodgett (now of the United States District Court) were members of the senate - the latter from Lake county- Mr. Brown served as president of the Chicago Historical Society from 1856 to 1863, and enriched the archives of that society with several addresses, the most valuable being one upon " The Early Movement in Illinois for the Legalization of Slavery," being a history of the attempt to secure a revision of the constitution, and to plant slavery in Illinois in 1823-4. He also delivered an instructive lecture before the Chicago Lyceum, December 8, 1840, on "The Early History of Illinois," and another, January 20, 1842, on " The Social and Legal Eights of Women."

During the war, Mr. Brown was' active in measures to sustain the government and support the troops in the field. At the close of the war he retired from active business, and in 1866, accompanied by Mrs. Brown, made a visit to Europe. While at Amsterdam the following summer, he was attacked by small-pox, but had passed through the crisis of the disease when he was stricken with paralysis, dying June 17, 1867, at the age of 72 years. Firm to stubbornness in matters of principle and business, he commanded respect as a discriminating philanthrophist, a liberal friend of education, and an earnest patriot.

upon a course of teaching with a view to educating himself. At the age of 21 he entered Dartmouth college, graduating with honors in 1847. About the same time he received an appointment as assistant teacher in a public school in Boston, and was soon promoted to the position of principal of the Boylston grammar school. In March, 1854, he was offered the position of superintendent of schools for the city of Chicago, and accepted, entering upon his duties in June following. Among his earliest acts was the adoption of a system of classification after the plan of the Boston schools. To him, therefore, belongs the credit of inaugurating the system which has since been carried out so successfully in the Chicago schools. After a service of two years, on March 15, 1856, Mr. Dore tendered his resignation, and his place was filled by William H. Wells, of the Massachusetts State Normal School at Westfield. Released from his responsibilities as an educator, Mr. Dore engaged in mercantile pursuits which he has prosecuted successfully, as shown by the fact that he has served as vice-president and president of the Board of Trade ; as president of the Commercial Insurance Company for several years, as well as president of the local board of underwriters; as president of the State Savings Institution, leaving that concern in a solvent and prosperous condition in 1873. In 1868, he was elected a State senator, serving four years, during which he was instrumental in framing and securing the enactment of some of the most beneficent laws on the statute books, including the charter of the Illinois Humane Society, which he assisted to organize, acting for a number of years as one of its directors and its president. He also served as a member of the board of education for some years after his retirement from the position of superintendent, and for a time officiated as its president, and has been a liberal patron and officer of the Newsboys' and Bootblacks Homo. Politically, Mr. Dore is a Republican, and enjoys in the evening of his life the

William Harvey Wells, the second superintendent of Chicago city schools, was born in Tolland, Conn., Feb. 27, 1812. The son of a farmer in moderate circumstances, his boyhood was spent in such duties as usually devolved upon farmers' boys of that period, working on the farm in summer and attending the district school in the winter, until he was the age of seventeen years. The fall and winter of 1829-30 was spent at an academy at Vernon, Conn., under the charge of Theodore L. Wright, A. M., (afterwards the distinguished principal of the Hartford grammar school), where he was first introduced to the mysteries of English grammar, developing those qualities which afterward made him an authority in this department. After two terms in an academy (the last year in his native town), he began teaching a district school at Vernon, at a salary of $10 a month, "boarding around." About this time, at the suggestion of Mr. Wright, he commenced preparation for college, for a part of the time assisting Mr. Wright, who had taken charge of an English and classical school at East Hartford. Here he defrayed his expenses teaching during the day, and studying evenings; but his health broke down, and after continuing the effort two years, he was compelled to abandon his scheme of a college course. He, however, determined to make teaching - in which he had shown marked ability - his profession, and under the advice of Mr. Wright he went to the Teachers' Seminary, at Andover, Mass. After eight months spent there in the study of English literature, grammar and composition, during which he developed a marked taste for geology and mineralogy, he returned to the school at East Hartford, and on the departure, sometime after, of Mr. Wright for Europe, he was retained as principal of the school. In less than two years he was invited to return to the seminary at Andover as an assistant teacher. Here he found a congenial field, remaining for eleven years - from 1836 to 1847. In 1845 Dartmouth college conferred on him the honorary degree of A. M. While connected with this school (1846) he published his "School Grammar," which had an immense sale. In April, 1848, he entered upon the duties of principal of the Putnam Free School (founded by Oliver Putnam), at Newburyport, Mass., remaining six years. During this period he assisted in founding the Massachusetts State Teachers' Association, serving as its president; was also president of the Essex County Teachers' Association for two years, and was one of the projectors and early editors of the Massachusetts Teacher. In 1854 he was elected by the Massachusetts Board of Education principal of the State Normal School, at Westfield, the last position held by him in the East, where he remained two years. It was at his suggestion while here that a convention of teachers of normal schools met in New York, August 30, 1856, out of which grew the "American Normal School Association."

These events attracted wide attention to Mr. Wells as a progressive teacher, and in May, 1856, he resigned his position at Westfield to accept that of superintendent of the city schools atx Chicago, which had been tendered him on the resignation of Mr. Dore in March previous, and upon which he entered on the 1st of June. He at once entered with enthusiasm upon the task of developing his system of graded schools. The Chicago High School, for the establishment of which steps had already been taken, was opened in October following, under plans devised by him, with its three distinct departments - English High, Classical and Normal. For the next eight years, the history of Mr. Wells was the history of the Chicago School System. He introduced many reforms and devised many improvements, imparting to the ieachers and pupils an enthusiasm and zeal which greatly beuefitted each. During this period he introduced many appliances of great value to the schools, delivered lectures and addresses; served as a member of the first State board of education for a period of six years, rendering valuable aid in the establishment of the Illinois State Normal School ; conducted teachers' institutes and associations, serving as president of the State teachers' association for one year (1863), etc. In later years he assisted in the organization of the Chicago Astronomical Society, being its vice-president and member of its executive committee from 1867 to the time of his death; served on the city school board, rendering valuable aid in reorganizing the schools after the fire ; was a member of the Chicago Historical Society and a director of the Public Library, and filled various positions of influence and trust in connection with business, scientific and benevolent associations. On July G, 1804, he retired by resignation from the position of superintendent, to the regret of the board, the teachers and citizens. The event was made the occasion of a meeting of the board of education and teachers, at which resolutions of regret were adopted by each, and Mr. Wells was made the recipient of a splendid gold watch (valued at $400) presented in the name of the teachers, by the late George Howland, who served as his successor from 1880 to 1891. In a speech which he delivered at this time, he stated that the number of teachers in the Chicago public schools when he entered upon his duties in 1856 was 47, and the pupils 2,785; when he retired in 1864, the number of the former was 223 and the latter 12,653.

Mr. Wells immediately became the State Agent of the Charter Oak Life Insurance Company, serving it to the best of his ability until its failure in 1876, and subsequently in winding up its affairs. At no time did any suggestion of dishonor in connection with this unfortunate affair attach to his name. In 1880 he became associated with the Provident Life of New York in a similar capacity, and in 1883, with the .3itna Life, with which he remained until his death, which occurred in Chicago, January 21, 1885. The honors paid to his memory by the various boards and associations with which he had been connected,by the teachers,the press and individuals of prominence and distinction throughout the country, were, in keeping with the life which he had lived.

Josiah L. Pickard, third superintendent of the Chicago Public Schools, was a native of Massachusetts, but spent a part of his boyhood in the State of Maine, being educated at Bowdoin College in the latter State. In 1846 he accepted the principalship ef the Platteville (Wisconsin) Academy, where he remained thirteen years, resigning in 1859 to accept the position of superintendent of public instruction for the State of Wisconsin, upon which he entered about the beginning of 1860. During a part of the time he was connected with the Academy at Platteville, he was one of the Regents of the State University at Madison. A local history, speaking of his labors at Platteville, says: "He was a zealous and efficient educator, and accomplished much in building up a reputation for the school far and near, until it attracted students from many of the Western and Southwestern States." He remained in the office of State superintendent until October, 1863, when he tendered his resignation three months before the expiration of his term. A few months later he was tendered the position of superintendent of schools at Chicago, as successor of William H. Wells, and entered upon the duties of the office at the beginning of the school year in September, 1864. He continued in this position until the close of the school year of 1877, when he tendered his resignation and it was accepted, and in September following Duane Doty was appointed to fill the vacancy. Not long after retiring from his connection with the Chicago schools, Mr. Pickard was offered and accepted a Professorship in the Iowa State University, at Iowa City, and still later was promoted to the presidency of that institution, which he occupied for some years. After retiring from the presidency he continued to discharge the duties of a professor for some time, but ultimately withdrew from all connection with the University, and is now, we believe, living in retirement at Iowa City.

Mr. Doty, Prof. Pickard's successor, had been superintendent of schools for the city of Detroit before coming to Chicago. He retired at the close of the school year, in June, 1880.

Professor George Howland, fifth school superintendent for the city of Chicago, was a native of Couway, Mass., born of Puritan (or Pilgrim) ancestry, July 30, 1824. His boyhood was spent on a small New England farm, laboring during the summer, and attending the district school in the winter. He also attended a select school in his youth, after which he spent some time at Williston Academy at East Hampton, and finally at the age of twenty-two entered the Freshman class of Amherst College, graduating in 1850. His rank as a student is indicated by the fact that he was awarded the salutatory address of his class at the commencement. After two years spent in teaching in the public schools of Massachusetts, he returned to Amherst to accept a position as tutor, and three years later was elected instructor in Latin, German and French, serving in that capacity for two years. He then spent some months in the study of law in the office of Beach & Bond, Springfield, Mass., but in December following (1857), he came to Chicago, and was immediately elected assistant principal of the Chicago High School, entering upon his duties, January, 1858. Two years later (January, 1860), he was elected principal of the same school, succeeding Mr. Charles A. Dupee, who had filled that position from the establishment of the High School in 1856. He continued to discharge the duties of principal until August 25, 1880, when without solicitation on his part, he was elected superintendent, to succeed Mr. Duane Doty, who had resigned. The public schools were never more prosperous or progressive than under Mr. Howland's administration. On the 26th of August, 1891, having filled out a period of eleven years as superintendent, and nearly thirty-five from his first connection with the Chicago schools, he tendered his resignation, to the great disappointment of members of the school board and teachers. A large proportion of the latter had been pupils in the High School during his connection with that department, and were devotedly attached to him. The effort was made to induce him to withdraw his resignation, coupled with offers of an extended vacation, but the step having been taken on account of ill-health (and, as the result showed, with good reason), they were unavailing. After his retirement he spent some months in Europe and at his old home at Conway, Mass., but continued to make his home in this city. On the day of the Columbian parade (October 20), he reached his home in an exhausted condition from being compelled to force his way through the crowded streets on foot. On Sunday morning following he was found dead in his room, his death having taken place the night previous, Saturday, October 22, 1892, as he was preparing to retire, presumably, from rheumatism of the heart, from which he was at times a sufferer.

In addition to his work in connection with the Chicago city schools, Professor Howlaud was elected a trustee of his Alma Mater, Amherst College, in 1879, and re-elected in 1884, He was also appointed a member of the State board of education in 1881, and was chosen president of the board in 1883. He had also done considerable literary work, chiefly connected with education, including a translation of the ./Eneid of Virgii in two volumes, the preparation of an English Grammar, a translation of the Odes of Horace, and partial translations of the Iliad and Odyssey of Homer, besides a number of papers on educational subjects.

in the county as early as 1836, but removed to the city soon after the birth of the son, where he was connected with the department of public buildings for seventeen years. The subject of this sketch received his primary education in the old Scammon School, and later in the High school, graduating with the first class from the latter in 1858. Educationally, therefore, he may be said to be a product of the Chicago school system. Immediately after graduating he was elected principal of the Franklin School in the North Division,entering upon the duties of this position before he was 18 years of age, and being the youngest school principal Chicago ever had. His success, however, is demonstrated by the fact that he retained the position until 1869, when having been elected county superintendent of schools as successor to J. F. Eberhart, he retired from his connection with the citv schools. In 1873, having failed of a re-election, he entered into the banking and brokerage business in a West Side bank, but four years later was renominated and re-elected county superintendent of schools on the Republican ticket. Since that time he has been re-elected three times, each time by increased majorities, making five terms in the same office. At the time of the great Chicago fire, Prof. Lane had a considerable sum of county school funds deposited in the old Franklin bank, which proved a loss on account of the failure of the bank. Although he might have made an adequate defence, he made the amount good, being compelled, however, to assume a considerable pecuniary burden in doing so. September 15, 1891, while serving his fifth term as county superintendent, Mr. Lane was elected superintendent of public schools for the city of Chicago, as successor to the late George Howland, who had resigned in August, previous. That his election was independent of political considerations is shown by the fact that he received 15 votes out of a total of 21 in the school board. Mr. Lane has been recognized as a -leader in the ranks of educators of the State for years, and has been prominent in the deliberations and discussions at the annual meetings of the State teachers' association.

Rev. John C. Burroughs, D.D., for nearly twenty-five years intimately identified with Rev John c *ne e(lucational interests of Burroughs, D.D. the city of Chicago, was a native of Stanford, Delaware county, N. Y., born December 7, 1818. On his father's side at least, he was descended from Puritan stock, one of his paternal ancestors (Rev. Joseph Burroughs) being one of the founders of Dartmouth college. When he was about two years of age, his father removed to Western New York, where he received such education as was afforded in a log school house of that period. He made good progress, however, and soon after reaching the age of twelve years, desiring to enter upon the study of natural philosophy, he earned the means of purchasing a copy of " Blake's Natural Philosophy " by cutting cord-wood at twenty-five cents a cord. At sixteen he was recommended by the inspectors for a position as teacher, engaging for four months at $12 per month. In this way he spent one-third of each of the next four years, filling up the intervals with manual labor on the farm. Then, resolving to study law, he entered the office of an attorney at Medina, Orleans county, N. Y., but soon realizing the deficiencies of his education, he began an academic course in Brockport Collegiate Institute, which was continued at Middlebury (now Wyoming) Academy, N.Y. Having spent three years in preparation, he entered Yale college as a sophomore in 1839, graduating in the class of 1842. While a student at Yale he determined to study for the ministry, and after a period of 18 months in the position of principal of Hamilton Academy, he entered Madison Theological Seminary, graduating in 1846. He then spent one year as pastor of the Baptist church at Waterford, N. Y., after which he accepted a call to West Troy where he remained five years. Then (1852) coming to Chicago he was soon after installed pastor of the First Baptist church. He had preached here about a year, when the church was destroyed by fire. A new $30,000 edifice was erected in its place some two years later. During his pastorate, he participated with other prominent Baptists of the city in the establishment of the Christian Times as the successor of the Watchman of the Prairies (and predecessor of The Standard"), which he edited for some time. In 1855 he was offered the presidency of Shurtleff College at Upper Alton, 111., which he declined. In the meantime, Senator Stephen A. Douglas having been induced to make a liberal donation of land for the founding of a University at Chicago, Mr. Burroughs became a member of the first board of trustees and its first president in 1857, and still later chancellor of the institution. He threw himself, from the start, with great zeal into this ill-fated enterprise whose history is a part of the history of education in Chicago, and took its final failure greatly to heart. In 1881 he was appointed a member of the board of education for the city of Chicago, and before the expiration of his term was elected the second assistant superintendent of schools, serving from 1884 until his death, which occurred April 21, 1892. After his removal to the West, Dr. Burroughs was honored with the degrees of D.D. and LL. D. by Rochester and Madison Universities. His devotion to the cause of education in Chicago made him many warm friends and was fittingly recognized by the board of education after his death.

John F. Eberhart, though not directly identified with Chicago city schools, yet from his connection with the history of education in Cook county, deserves mention in this place. He was born at Mercer, Pa., January 21, 1829. At the age of eight years his father's family removed to Big Bend, Pa., where he labored on a farm during the summer and attended school in winter until he had reached the age of sixteen years. He then went to Oil

Creek (now Oil City), where he taught one winter; still later spent two terms at College Hill Academy, Ellsworth, 0.; taught another year at his old home, Big Bend, after which he went to Allegheny College, Meadville, Pa., graduating from that institution in 1853. He next took charge of the Berlin Academy, but his health having been impaired by two years' of overwork, he came West in 1856, settling at Dixon, 111., where he bought the Dixon Transcript, which he edited for six months, after which he engaged in holding teachers' institutes. In the fall of 1857, he came to Chicago, and at the election of the following year was chosen county school commissioner - a position which was afterwards changed to county school superintendent. He held the office ten years, being repeatedly re-elected, during which he devoted his attention most faithfully to the duties of his office, holding teachers' institutes, delivering addresses and otherwise laboring to arouse the interest of the people in the public schools. The first Cook county teachers's institute was held under his direction at Oak Park in 1860, and through his efforts the Cook county Normal School was established on the basis of an act providing for county Normal Schools, which he had framed and been instrumental in getting passed. For a short time previous to his election to the position of school commissioner he hud owned and edited the Northwestern Home and School Journal, which was afterwards merged into the Illinois Teacher, the organ of the State teachers' association. Since retiring from office, Mr. Eberhart has been engaged in real estate business in this city, and is now associated with his son in that business.

UNIVERSITIES. - Extraordinary as has been the growth of the common school system of Chicago, as well as its commerce and manufactures, the progress made in the establishment here of higher institutions of learning has been no less remarkable, so that at no distant day it promises to become the greatest educational center of the country, as it already is the commercial center. There are no less than three universities established on broad bases, both as to endowment and plans and scope of instruction - one of them in the city proper and the other two in its Immediate vicinity - which owe their existence to the generosity and enterprise of citizens of Chicago, and all of which, in some of their departments, are identified with the city. These are the Northwestern University, with its principal buildings and literary and scientific departments at Evanston; Lake Forest University, similarly located at Lake Forest - but each with law and medical departments in the city of Chicago - and the new Chicago University, just laying the foundation of its vast system of schools in the old Hyde Park district. It is a noteworthy fact that all of these institutions are open to women on the same terms as to men. Besides these, the numerous theological and other professional schools are worthy of mention.

The Northwestern University, by virtue of the date of its establishment, is deserving of Northwestern Precedence in this history. The University. history of its origin cannot be better given than in the following quotation from Miss Frances E. Willard's little volume, entitled "A Classic Town:"

" On the 31st of May, 1850, half a dozen earnest Christian men met by appointment in the law office of the Hon. Grant Goodrich, in the city of Chicago. Their object, often talked and prayed about before, was the founding of a university that should be a fountain of Christian scholarship for the North west. The Rev. Zadoc Hall, pastor of the Indiana Street M. E. Church, led in prayer, and, if others did not pray audibly, I know that Richard Haney, pastor of Clark Street M. E. Church, and the Rev. R. H. Blanchard, pastor of Canal Street M. E. Church, were lifting up their hearts 1o God as they knelt there together; and I am equally sure that this was true of Judge Goodrich, Orrington Lunt, John Evans, J. K Botsford, Henry W. Clarke and Andrew J. Brown, the chief laymen with whom Chicago was then blessed in the M E. Church. So, as I said before, our town began in a prayer meeting, and that fact prophesied its beautiful career."

Out of this beginning grew a movement to secure a site for a preparatory school in the city of Chicago, which resulted in the purchase from P. F. W. Peck of the southwest corner of the block on which the Grand Pacific Hotel now stands. Dr. John Evans (now of Denver, Col.) and Orrington Lunt (both of whom are present members of the board of trustees) were appointed a committee to secure a location; the ground was purchased at a cost of $8,000, of which $1,000, to be paid in cash, was furnished by Mr. Lunt, Dr. Evans, J. K. Botsford, A. S. Sherman, Grant Goodrich, Geo. F. Foster, A. J. Brown and Dr. N. S. Davis, and the title was taken in Dr. Evans' name, a mortgage being given for the remainder of the purchase money. Although the ground was never used for the purpose originally intended, the transaction proved a most profitable one. The property, now estimated to be worth over $1,000,000, has been retained by the university, and has become a source of large revenue.

In 1853 the college was established under the auspices of the Methodist conferences of several Northwestern States, and the work of instruction was begun in the city of Chicago, but the following year (1854) the institution was removed to Evanston. The first president was the Rev. Clark W. Hinman, of the Michigan conference, appointed June 22, 1853. He was succeeded by Bishop Foster, and he, by Prof. Henry S. Noyes, who was acting president from 186'Oto 18o9. The successors of these have been: Charles H. Fowler (now Bishop Fowler) 1869-1876; Oliver Marcy, 1876-1881; Dr. Joseph Cummings, from 1881 to his death, May 7, 1890. In November, 1890, Henry Wade Rogers, LL. D., a graduate of Michigan University and successor to Judge Cooley as dean of the law department of that institution, was elected president, being the first layman to occupy the position. President Rogers is a comparatively young man, less than 40 years of age, earnest, progressive and fruitful in methods. The board of trustees -consists of 44 members, with the following officers: Joliu Evans, M.D., of Denver, Col., president; Orrington Lunt, first vice-president; William Deering, second vice-president; Frank P. Craudon, secretary; James G.Hamilton, assistant-secretary, and Thomas C. Hoag, treasurer. One of the generous benefactors of the institution was the late Daniel B. Payer weather, of New York, who left it a liberal bequest at his death, a some two years ago.

As enlarged in its scope to a university, the institution now includes the seven following departments, each having separate and distinct faculties with authority to confer degrees: (1) College of Liberal Arts; (2) Medical School; (3) Law School; (4) School of Pharmacy; (5) Dental School; (6) Women's Medical School, and (7) School of Theology. "The college of liberal arts represents the collegiate side of university work, as distinguished from the work of the professional schools of medicine, law, pharmacy, dentistry, theology and technology. Its courses of instruction are arranged to meet the wants of students who, having completed the work of an academy or high school, are prepared to take up a systematic or advanced course of study in the classics, or in science, or in in the modern languages. It is designed to afford such a disciplinary and general education as constitutes a most desirable foundation for future professional work. It is also intended to provide that liberal culture which is commended as an end in itself to men and women, whatever course of life they expect to pursue. It offers undergraduate and postgraduate courses of instruction."

Within the last twenty years, the faculty in the first department has increased from fifteen to thirty-two regularly employed professors, instructors and lecturers. The old department of natural history developed into three distinct professorships - natural history, physics and biology. The chair of English literature has had added assistant instructors in history and political economy. New departments in the German and Romance languages have been organized and equipped. The following is a list of the faculty in the liberal arts division as now organized: Henry Wade Rogers, LL.D., president; Daniel Bonbright, LL.D., professor of Latin; Oliver Marcy, LL.D., professorof geology; Julius P. Kellogg, A.M., professor of mathematics; Herbert F. Pisk, D.D., professor of pedagogics; Robert L. Cumnock, A.M., professor of rhetoric and elocution; Robert Baird, A.M., professorof Greek; Charles W. Pearson, A.M., professor of English literature; Robert D. Sheppard, D.D., professor of English and American history; Abram V. E. Young, Ph. B., professor of chemistry; George W. Hough, LL.D., professor of astronomy; James Taft Hatfield, Ph.D., professor of German; Charles B. Atwell, Ph. M., professor of zoology and botany; George A. Coe, Ph. D., acting professor of philosophy; Emily F. Wheeler, A.M., acting professorof Romance languages; Henry S. White, Ph. D., associate professorof mathematics; Henry Crew, Ph. D., professor of physics; J. Scott Clark, A.M., professor of the English language; John H. Gray, Ph. D., professor of political and social science; Henry Clay Stanclift, Ph. D., acting professor of the history of continental Europe; Peter C. Lutkin, professor of music; Charles Horswell, Ph. D., professor of Hebrew; George H. Horswell, Ph. D., assistant-professor of Latin; George W. Schmidt, Ph. M., instructor in German and French; John A. Scott, A. B., instructor in Greek; Albert Ericson, A.M., instructor in Swedish; Nels E. Simonson, A.M., B.D., instructor in Norwegian and Danish; Samuel Weir, Ph. D., instructor in mathematics; Milton S. Terry, D.D., lecturer on the English Bible; George E. Hale, B.S., lecturer on astronomy and physics; William A. Phillips, Ph. M., M.D., lecturer on comparative anatomy.

"Garrett Biblical Institute, the Norwegian- Danish Theological Seminary, and the Swedish Theological Seminary, while under distinct corporate government, constitute the theological schools of the university, and are situated on its grounds in Evanston. Garrett Biblical Institute has been in operation since 1856. It is open to all young men from any evangelical church who are proper persons to study in preparation for the Christian ministry. It was established especially as a seminary where young men of this class from the Methodist Episcopal church may be educated. It is supported by income from property in the city of Chicago, bequeathed as a perpetual foundation, by the late Mrs. Eliza Garrett."

The Norwegian-Danish and the Swedish Theological Seminj-.ries, as their names indicate, are intended to prepare young men of these several nationalities for the ministry, affording them opportunities for study in .the English as well as their own languages. They are all located at Evanston. The latter (established in 1872) is the only school of its kind under the control of the Methodist Episcopal church. At the head of the three theological schools stand respectively: Henry B. Eidgaway, D.D., LL.D.; Nels E. Simonson, A.M., B.D., and the Rev. Albert Ericson, A.M.

The first law school in Chicago was founded in 1859 as the law department of the old University of Chicago. In October, 1873, it passed under the joint management of the University of Chicago and Northwestern University, under the name of Union College of Law. On the suspension of the former the connection with the Northwestern was continued, and in 1891 it took the name of Northwestern University Law School. Its present location is at No. 40 Dearborn street, Chicago. Hon. Henry W. Blodgett, LL.D., late judge of the United States District Court, is dean of the faculty, which includes among its members such names as Justices John M. Harlan and David J. Brewer of the Supreme Court of the United States, Solicitor General Aldrich and a number of leading members of the Chicago bar.

The Chicago Medical School, originally established at Prairie avenue and Twentysixth street, in 1859, as the medical department of Lind University, ten years later became connected with the Northwestern University, but has recently been transferred to Evanston and has assumed the name of Northwestern University Medical School.

The Woman's Medical School, founded in 1870, by the late D«. Wm. H. Byford, under the name of the " Woman's Hospital Medical College," afterwards known as the "Woman's Medical College of Chicago," during the last year became a part of the University and will hereafter be known as the "Northwestern University Woman's Medical School." As indicated by its name, it is conducted as a medical school for the education of women alone. It has two large buildings at Nos. 333 and 339 S. Lincoln street, Chicago, opposite the Cook County Hospital.

The dental department of the University was opened in September, 1887, with Prof. John S. Marshall, M.D., as dean. The present location of the school is at the northwest corner of Indiana avenue and Twenty-second street.

While the University has been adding to its endowment, it has been multiplying its buildings and increasing its facilities for imparting a university education. To the two buildings which it possessed in 1870, five have been added, including Dearborn Observatory, erected through the liberality of James B. Hobbs ; Science Hall, a gift of the late Daniel B. Fayerweather, besides a dormitory, gymnasium and the Woman's College. It now has five thoroughly equipped laboratories - physical, biological and chemical ; an observatory well supplied with the most improved instruments, and the library, numbering 25,000 volumes, besides many thousand pamphlets, is shortly to be accommodated in a new building to be erected by Mr. Orriugton Lunt at a cost of $100,000.

The 120 pupils of 1870 were increased in October, 1892, to 486, besides 25 resident or postgraduates, with a total registration in all the departments of 2,400. The interests of the University are faithfully represented by The Northwestern University Pecord, a quarterly publication edited and published by the students.

Univertaty. ment was inaugurated looking to the founding of an institution of learning in the interest of the New School Presbyterian church in the vicinity of Chicago. Among its earliest projectors were Dr. E. W. Patterson, formerly of the Second Presbyterian church of Chicago, and Dr. Charles H. Quinlan, both now of Evanston. This led to the organization of the Lake Forest Land Association, which purchased 1,300 acres of land on the shore of Lake Michigan, 28 miles north of Chicago, and donated 650 acres of the tract to the proposed institution. A charter was obtained at the next session of the legislature (1857), and in the following year an academy for boys was opened. Eleven years later Ferry Hall, a seminary for young ladies, was started. It was not until 1876, however, that the college proper, with Dr. Patterson as president, was thrown open to students. Its beginnings were modest, but its foundations were firmly laid. In 1878 Dr. Patterson was succeeded in the presidency by Dr. D. S. Gregory. Under his administration a fund of $100,000 was raised, of which $86,000 was invested in the erection of buildings and the remaining $14,000 in scholarships. In 1886 Dr. Gregory retired? being succeeded by Dr. William C. Roberts. One of the conditions of Dr. Roberts' acceptance was that the trustees should raise an endowment of $1,000,000 for the institution within five years of his installation. Although this point has not been reached, it is claimed that $700,000 of the amount was secured before 1890. Whether or not the failure to raise the stipulated amount was the cause, Dr. Roberts tendered his resignation as president to accept the secretaryship of the Presbyterian Board of Home Missions in New York, and the institution remained for some months without a head. The first steps towards making the institution a university were taken in 1886 when Dr. Roberts assumed the presidency. As finally organized it consists of four departments - undergraduate, philosophical, medical and law - the first two located at Lake Forest, and the last two, as in the case of the Northwestern University, being located in Chicago.

The undergraduate department includes Lake Forest College (open to collegiate students of both sexes), Ferry Hall Seminary (a preparatory school for young ladies), and Lake Forest Academy (for boys), all located at Lake Forest.

The philosophical department offers an advanced course to post-graduates up to the degree of doctor of philosophy - contemplating a course of two years.

The medical department includes Rush Medical College and the Chicago College of Dental Surgery - both located in Chicago. In each of these a course of three years is contemplated. Rush Medical College is located at the corner of Wood and West Harrison streets, is the oldest medical school in Chicago, having been incorporated in 1837, though it did not commence practical operations until 1844. Among its original founders appear such well-known names as those of Dr. J. C. Good hue, Dr. John T. Temple, Drs. Brainerd, Blaney, Herrick, etc. It now occupies a commodious three-story building, with two large lecture rooms, in close proximity to the Presbyterian hospital, Cook County hospital and the Illinois Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary, offering favorable opportunities for clinical practice, besides the Central Free Dispensary in the college building, with many thousands of patients annually The College of Dental Surgery is at the corner of Wabash avenue and Madison street, where it has commodious lecture and faculty rooms, operating

The Chicago College of Law, with lecture rooms in the Athenaeum building on Van Buren street, Chicago, is the law department of Lake Forest University. It offers to students whose literary acquirements are deemed satisfactory, without distinction as to sex or color, opportunities for a course of study and instruction sufficient to fit them for admission to the bar. Lectures are given on special topics, with the usual exercises in debate and pleadings under the superinence of the faculty. Chief Justice J. M. Bailey, LL.D., of the supreme court of Illinois, is president of the board of trustees and head of the faculty, while Judge Moran, late of the Appellate Court, is one of its members.

The whole number of students in nil departments of the University, at the beginning of the year 1892, was something over 1,600, being an increase upon that of the previous year, when it was as follows:

The board of trustees, as now organized, consists of twenty-two members, with Ex- Senator Charles B. Farwellin the position of president, Rev. S. J. McPherson, vice-presi. dent, and such well-known names as C. M. Henderson, Dr. Herrick Johnson, Cyrus II. McCormick,Geo. M. Bogue,Marvin Hughitt and others in the membership.

The following constitute the faculty : James G. K. McClure, D. D., acting president and professor of ethics; John J. Halsey, i M. A., D.K.Pearsons professor of political and social science; Arthur C. Davvson, B. L., professor of French and German languages and literatures; William A. Locy, M. S., professor of biology; Malcolm McNeill, M. A., Ph. D., professor of mathematics and astronomy; M. Bross Thomas, M. A., William Bross professor of biblical instruction; Walter Smith, M. A., Ph. D., professor of psychology, logic and metaphysics; Eobert A. Harper, M.A., professor of botany and geology; Walter Ray Bridgrnan, M. A., professor of Greek language and literature; Frederick W. Stephens, B. S., Jacob Beidler professor of the physical sciences; Edgar Coit Morris, B. A., professor of rhetoric and English; Levi Seeley, M. A., Ph. D., professor of pedagogics; Hiram M. Stanley, M. A., instructor in philosophy and art, University librarian; Edward M. Booth, M. A., instructor in elocution.

The university now owns and has in use, for school purposes, twelve buildings at Lake Forest, whose aggregate value is estimated at $310,000. These buildings are situated on sixty five acres of inalienable lands, worth at least $85,000, besides a large tract of town lots, all of its property being exempt from taxation. The interest bearing endowment fund amounts to $600,000. This includes the endowment of three chairs of $50,000 each, namely: D. K. Pearsons professorship of political and social science; the William Bross professorship of biblical instruction, and the Jacob Beidler professorship of physical sciences. In addition to these there are fifteen scholarships amounting to $15,000, and the Pearsons scholarship endowment of $50,000. The trustees have recently decided to erect new buildings for the academic (or preparatory) department, towards which two Chicago men have already contributed $60,- 000 of the $125,000 needed. New buildings for the scientific schools are also projected, to be constructed of granite and brown stone at a cost of $100,000.

The institution possesses a valuable library, to which an important addition has recently been made in the purchase of the Reifferscheid library of 4,000 volumes, the property of the late Dr. Reifferscheid (formerly of the University of Breslau, later of Strasburg), containing many rare and valuable works.

No educational history of the city of Chicago would be complete which fails to make oidcwcaeo men';iOT1 °f the first "University university. Of Chicago," for some time known as "Douglas University." As early as 1854, Senator Stephen A. Douglas is said to have offered to donate a tract of land in the south part of the city - first indirectly to the Presbyterian church - for the purpose of founding an institution of learning, but it was not accepted. Still later, the offer was made to the Baptist Church through the late .Dr. J. C. Burroughs, and accepted. A donation of ten acres between Thirty-third and Thirty-fourth streets, near the lake shore, was made on the condition that buildings costing $100,000 be erected on the premises within a stipulated time. The corner-stone of the main building was laid July 4, 1857, but the financial reverses of that year impeded the work and the conditions were not complied with. Mr. Douglas, however, extended the time, and finally made a deed for the land to the board of trustees. A preparatory department was organized in 1858, Dr. Burroughs having resigned the pastorate of the First Baptist Church to accept the presidency. About the same time it was found necessary to effect a loan to prosecute the building, and an incumbrance of $25,000 was placed upon the property. Mr. Douglas was a member of the board of trustees and continued to be its president until his death in 1861, when he was succeeded by the late W. B. Ogden, who served until his death occurring in 1877. Dr. Burroughs resigned the presidency in 1873 to accept the position of chancellor, with a view to making an effort to raise funds and save the property, but his efforts were futile. The main building was completed in 1865, but financial difficulties continued to increase until 1885, vhen mortgages having accumulated to the amount of $320,000, the trustees abandoned the enterprise and allowed the property to be sold to liquidate the indebtedness. Dr. Burroughs was succeeded in the presidency by Dr. Lemuel Moss and he, at the expiration of a year, by the Hon. Alonzo Abernethy, who in turn gave place, two years later, to Dr. Galusha Anderson. The plan of the University included preparatory and general collegiate departments and the Union College of Law. The Baptist Theological Seminary was also, fora time, connected with the university. First discussed in 1858, a charter was obtained in 1865, and a class organized soon after in the Second Baptist Church, Dwight L. Moody being one of the earliest pupils. In the fall of 1866 the school was opened at the university, with Dr. Colver, Professor of Biblical Theology. The next year, Dr. G. W. Northrup, of Rochester Theological Seminary, accepted the presidency. The first class was graduated in 1809. In the next few years donations of land and money fco the value of $100,000 were received, and buildings costing $30,000 were erected. Among the leading contributors to the institution were Mr. E. Nelson Blake, Dr. Henry Sheldon, Rev. T. G. Goodspeed, C. N. Holden and James E. Tyler, while the late Dr. "W. W. Everts was one of its most active and influential friends. The seminary, however, becoming involved in the financial difficulties which affected the university, its property was sold and it was removed to Morgan Park, a suburb of Chicago, where ample buildings have been erected for it. The Ide and Hengstenbergh libraries, which had been purchased for it, were saved chiefly through the liberality of Mr. Blake and others, and are now the property of the new University of Chicago.

The new University of Chicago is the outgrowth of an attempt, under the auspices of the American Education Society, to supply the place which the older institution under the same name was intended to fill. The subject began to be agitated at the time of the organization of this society in Washington in May, 1888. One year later Mr. John D. Rockefeller, the Standard Oil capitalist, of Cleveland, made a tender of a contribution of $600,000 to the enterprise as an endowment fund, provided $400,000 more was pledged by responsible parties within ninety days. A committee was immediately appointed in Chicago, with E. Nelson Blake as its chairman and Rev. T. W. Goodspeed, secretary. The sum was furnished, besides a $125.000 site and several thousand dollars in books, apparatus, etc. Two and a half blocks were added by purchase for $282,500, to one and a half donated by Marshall Field; the streets running through the tract were vacated by ordinance of the city council, and the university was provided with a site of four compact blocks (about twenty-five acres) lying between Washington and Jackson Parks, east of Ellis avenue, and fronting on Midway Plaisance on the south. Application was made for a charter in the name of John D. Rockefeller, E. Nelson Blake, Marshall Field, Fred T. Gates, Francis E. Hincktey and T. W. Goodspeed as incorporators, and on September 10, 1890, an organization was effected with the following board of trustees : E. Nelson Blake, Ferd. W. Peck, Judge Joseph M. Bailey, H. II. Kohlsaat, F. E. Hinckley, C.L. Hutchinson, Prof. Wm. R. Harper, E. B. Felsenthal, Geo. A. Pillsbury, Martin A. Ryerson, Edward Goodman, D. L. Shorey, Alonzo K. Parker, D. U., Geo. C. Walker, J. W. Midgley, C. C. Bowen, Andrew McLeish, Elmer "L. Corthell, Fred A. Smith, Henry A. Rust and Chas. W. Needham.

Following these events, Prof. Harper, who had been in consultation with friends of the enterprise at nearly every stage of its progress, accepted the presidency, and Mr. Rockefeller added $1,000,000 to his original contribution, of which $800,000 was designated as an endowment for non-professional graduate instruction. A few months later the executors of the W. B. Ogden estate gave about $500,000 for a Scientific School in connection with the university. Before

July 10, 1891, an additional fund of $1,000,- 000 was raised, chiefly in donations of $50,000 to $182,000 each, based on a proposition of Mr. Marshall Field to contribute $100,000, provided $900,000 more was raised by the time indicated. Some of the largest donors to this fund were S. A. Kent, Silas B. Cobb. Martin A. Ryerson, Geo. C. Walker, Mrs. Elizabeth G. Kelley, Mrs. N. S. Foster, Mrs. Mary Beecher, Mrs. Henrietta Snell, Maj. H. A. Rust, and Mrs. Martin Ryerson - their "donations being made with reference to the erection of certain specified buildings. In this way the institution secures a chemical laboratory to cost $182,000 ; a lecture hall costing $150,000 ; a physical laboratory, $150,000 ; $100,000 for a museum ; $30,000 for an academy dormitory ; $150,000 for three dormitories for women ; $100,000 for two dormitories for men, etc. Besides these there were a number of donations of $1,000 and less, to which no specific conditions were attached. Within the next two years the institution will be in possession of one of the most complete and thoroughly appointed observatories in this country, if not in the world - the gift of Mr. Charles T. Yerkes, of the North and West Chicago Street Railway Company.