Chicago City (part 52 of 57)

The South Park system is now more than one thousand eight hundred and eighty- four acres in extent, or nearly sixty per cent of the entire park system. The territorial district covers more than ninetytwo square miles and embraces a population of 600.000. While there is a direct connection, by means of the city l)oulevards between the South, West and Lincoln Park systems, there is no continuous link between the northern and southern systems. This defective break has been under discussion for years. Many plans for the creation of a grand boulevard between Michigan avenue and the Lake Shore

Drive have been proposed, but so far none has forcibly appealed both to the practical sense and the esthetic sensibilities. The only material progress which has been made is in the passage of legislative acts which will enable the South Park and Lincoln Park commissioners to unite their efforts with those of the municipality in the realization of this much desired improvement.

The West Chicago parks, like those in the other divisions of the city, were systematized and the largest of them founded, under the legislative act of 1869, which provided for a board of coinmissioners and under whose authority the governor appointed Charles C. P. Holden, Henry Greenebaum, George W. Stanford, Eben F. Runyan, Isaac R. Hitt, Clarke Lipe and David Cole. The new board was authorized to expend $400,000 for the purchase of the present sites of Garfield, Douglas and Humboldt parks, with their connecting boulevards. The management of the West parks has overcome many embarrassments. The fire of 1871 and the panic of 1873 were drawbacks to progress which were common to all local enterprises, but the misfortunes of maladministration culminating in 1877 and the treasury defalcation in 1896 were troubles which especially affected the growth of the park system in this section of the city. The latter blow following so closely the depressions of 1893-4 almost paralyzed improvements for some time, but within the past decade, and especially within the past five years, the chief pleasure grounds of the West division have shown marked and rapid improvement.

Garfield Park, which was known as Central Park until 1881,^ is the most western of the system, and comprises over one hundred and eighty-seven acres, bounded east and west by Homan and Hamlin avenues and divided by Madison and Lake streets. *To the north of Garfield is Humboldt Park and to the south, Douglas, the three being connected by the boulevards planned in 1869. Douglas boulevard connects Garfield and Douglas parks, and Franklin boulevard joins Garfield and Humboldt parks. The largest of the parks is Humboldt, about twenty-eight acres larger than Garfield, and the latter is only about six acres larger than Douglas; so that the western, northwestern and southwestern sections of the city have an almost equal representation in park area.

Lake street is sparsely wooded, with winding roadways and shallow brooks, and contains not only the fly-casting pond but the new conservatory and propagating houses, one of the finest botanical establishments in the country. The middle section of Garfield Park, between Lake and Madison streets, embraces the boating lakes, and a beautiful boat landing pavilion, refectory and club hall, all under one roof. Further south and across a wide driveway is a magnificent water court (a miniature of the World's Fair Court of Honor), which is divided by Madison street and extends, on the southern side of that thoroughfare, between bright and fragrant beds of flowers and toward a fine music pavilion. Beyond the rolling hills and the bandstand, as it is popularly called, is a large expanse stretching toward the southern limits of the park on Colorado avenue. This was a circular park devoted for years to horse racing and bicycle riding, baseball and footfall, but it is now being transformed into tennis courts, golf links and finished baseball diamonds, or being restored to park purposes of an ornamental nature. A fine toboggan slide is also installed in this portion of the park.

Nearly two miles to the southeast is Douglas Park, stretching from Twelfth street on the north to Nineteenth street on the south, and from California avenue on the east to Albany avenue on the west. The natural gateway at the western, or Douglas boulevard entrance, consists of flowering shrubbery and trees, with a fountain basin placed at the intersection of the park and the boulevard, and the general efifect is extremely artistic and pleasing. The special inner attractions of the park are a fine boat landing and pavilion, a natatorium, a conservatory and a great winter garden. The latter is installed in a great building of iron and glass, 178 feet long by 62 feet wide, the central pavilion of which displays palms, ferns and medicinal plants. Li addition the park provides the usual facilities for baseball, boating and tennis, and such winter sports as skating and tobogganing.

Marshall boulevard extends from Douglas Park to the Illinois and Michigan canal, over two miles, and connects the \\'est antl the South Park systems at Western avenue. Completed at a comparatively recent date, it is the last link in the chain of boulevards thirty miles in length which binds the South, West and North svstems, leaving as the only section of the circuit incomplete one mile of the down-town district from Jackson boulevard to Ohio street.

Humboldt Park, which is the largest in the west division, contains nearly two hundred and six acres, and, proportionately an unusually large water surface. The park is bounded by North avenue on the north, California and Sacramento avenues on the east. Division and Augusta streets on. the south, and Kedzie avenue on the west. More than two hundred and forty thousand dollars was expended in the purchase of land within these limits, and of the liberal sums expended on improvements a large portion has been expended in excavating the lake basins and in the beautifying of the grounds immediately adjacent. The naming of the park was in deference to the distinctive Germanic element which prevails in the northwestern section of the city. Both Germans and Scandinavians largely predominate, and the characteristic pastimes of the latter element are given a larger measure at Humboldt Park than any other in the city. Not only are the principal skating tournaments held upon its lakes, but the best facilities for skeeing are provided. Grounds are furnished for the other prevailing outdoor sports of both summer and winter, and there is a wading pool and shelter building especially for children. One of its most striking summer features is a magnificent rose garden, with an elevated promenade around it and a garden hall connectingit with beautiful grounds beyond. At the eastern entrance of the park is an ornamental gateway, with garden lanterns, fountains and seats. Humboldt boulevard, nearly three miles in length, connects the park (and therefore the West Side system) with Lincoln park on the north.

The West Chicago parks also include Union, Jefferson, Vernon and Wicker - small tracts, which were originally in the outskirts of the city - as well as Logan square and Palmer place (on Humboldt boulevard), and numbers of smaller pleasure grounds of a still later creation. Three small parks have been founded and are being adapted to their purposes or furnishing recreation and relief to the crowded neighborhoods of the west side. On the eight-acre tract bounded by Chicago avenue, Cornell, Noble and Chase streets, and located in one of the most densely populated districts of the northwest side, men, women and children have been provided with such luxuries as gymnasiums, shower baths, swimming pools, and eating, library and reading rooms. Smaller parks and playgrounds are being improved

A general idea of the vastness of the work and tine problem entrusted to the West Chicago Park commissioners may be gained from the statement that the area of their district is 35.5 square miles; population, about 770,000; total area of parks, 626.38 acres, and of parks and boulevards (twenty-five miles) combined, 1,036 acres. In addition to the parks and squares under the management of the constituted boards there are about forty small areas which are cared for either by the city or by private parties. In this list is Douglas Monument, at the foot of Thirty-fifth street near the lake shore, the noble shaft and statue erected to the memory of the Little Giant of Illinois having an especially close significance to the earlier residents of Chicago. These scattered and independent tracts comprise more than one hundred and seventeen acres, bring the grand total of the park area of Chicago up to 3,191 acres. There are also several boards of park commissioners, whose jurisdiction is outside that of the three division boards. The North Shore Park commissioners are allotted a district bounded on the north by the city limits. They have no parks in their territory, but supervise about four miles of boulevards, including Sheridan road, Ashland avenue and Pratt boulevard. The Special Park Commission comprises members of the common council, prominent citizens and prominent architects and landscape engineers, and is charged with the development of the outer-belt system of parks and boulevards for the Chicago of the future. It is only possible to speak in general terms of the great enterprise, which is to so increase the lung capacity of the metropolis, the preliminary plans of a work of such magnitude being liable to even radical change. Briefly, the commission propose (as already stated) to make Grant Park, on the lake front, which is to be the grand aesthetic and educational center of the municipality, the topographic axis of half a gigantic wheel of parks and boulevards. It is proposed to make a grand boulevard of parks, picnic grounds and waterways from Jackson to Grant parks and transform the Hyde Park reefs into beautiful island reefs. With Grant Park and the Lake Shore Drive connected by that long-deferred boulevard, Lincoln Park would be a grand link in the belt which would be laid along Lake Michigan to the Evanston drainage canal. The wide strip along this waterway running toward the west would be beautified with resident parks and lagoons. The improvements in the northern system would, however, be chiefly made in a strip of country, three-eights of a mile wide, running along the north line of Cook county, from Lake Michigan for a distance of sixteen miles into what is known as the Skokie, a flat tract of country which is now usually covered with water in the spring or during especially rainy seasons. This section of the belt is designed to terminate at Bowmanville and cover an area of 8,320 acres. A beautiful country drive is planned from the Skokie to the Desplaines river; thence south through Wheeling, Desplaines, Franklin -Park, River Forest and Riverside to the Drainage canal, the twenty-five miles of parked boulevards embracing an area of 8,800 acres and some of the most restful and picturesque valley scenery in the middle west. A strip is projected along Salt creek, running west from Riverside to Western Springs and Willow Springs, on the Drainage canal, and the highlands and forest in the vicinity of the latter, the north half mile of the Palos hills and the intervening Sag valley are suggested as the natural basis of a great forest reserve and camping ground. It is, in fact, one of the principal aims of the special commission to prevent the destruction of the considerable tracts of native timber which still stand in the valley of the Desplaines. The central feature of the southern section of the belt will be Lake Calumet, whose shores are proposed to be a continuous chain of parks and boulevards, with a great tract of 1,500 acres south of the lake. The connection between the western and southern systems is to be the proposed South Chicago drainage canal, running from the main channel to Blue Island, and the Calumet river, the stream tributary to the lake. The acquisition and improvement of property bordering Lake Michigan from the Calumet district to Jackson park are to complete this great undertaking, in the full realization of which many years will probably pass.

It is a high tribute to the practical wisdom and the paternal forethought of the projectors of the canal which is tlie nucleus of the Sanitary District of Chicago, that they should first have perfected it as an agency for maintaining the purity of the water supply of two million and a half of people, before bringing prominently to the foreground its logical claim as the most important link" in the internal system of water-ways destined to be a vast and necessary outlet for the congested riches of the Mississippi valley and the west. For years the city has been pouring its money into a magnificent system of water works, with its supply drawn from the seemingly incorruptible bosom of Lake Michigan, but an unprecedented increase of population brought with it also a threatened, and ofttimes an actual, contamination. It was necessary to turn the sewage of the city away from the lake into some other catch basin, especially that which had been discharged from the northern and southern districts of the city and was the main source of the evil. The central districts had largely used the river for this purpose, with the result that no large city in the world had created such a standing nuisance and menace to public health. The comparatively level surface of the country gave the river, which was also clogged with the filth of a large portion of the city, a current which was often imperceptible. But this natural feature, which appeared the greatest obstacle to be overcome, proved eventually the saviour of the situation; for by the cutting of the slight divide between the headwaters of the Chicago river and those of the Desplaines at Lockport, nearly thirty miles away, as well as the blasting of a magnificent waterway through the intervening limestone, the waters of Lake Michigan were made to flush out the foul stream; those waters were drawn into the Illinois and thence into the Mississippi, and, through the alchemy of nature, so purified as to be healthful and sparkling when used by the large cities down the valley of the Mississippi.

of trustees was elected on December 12th of that year. As the proposed work was of tremendous proportions and quite new to most of the members, there were natural disagreements which resulted in many changes in the personnel of the board before earth was actually broken at Robey street, Chicago, on September 3, 1892. The term of the first trustees was six years, but after 1895 i^ was reduced to five. Under the act of 1889 the original sanitary district contained 185 square miles, but by the act of July 14, 1903, it was enlarged by the annexation of the North Shore district (78.6 square miles') and the Calumet district (94.48 square miles), which makes the total area 257.08 square miles. The North Shore district includes the towns of Evanston, Niles, New Trier and portions of the townships of Northfield and Main, as well as Norwood Park. The Calumet district includes the township of Calumet and portions of Worth, Bremen and Thornton, and is drained into the main canal by a reversal of the flow of the Calumet river. The North Shore district is to be drained into the Chicago river direct from Lake Michigan through a series of artificial channels, the pumping plants being erected near the lake. Important as they are to the suburban districts north and south of Chicago, these features are of course subordinate to the main canal, or backbone of the district, which extends from Robey street, Chicago, to Lockport, a distance of 28.05 miles; and a justification for adopting the title "Chicago Drainage and Ship Canal" is found in the fact that the population of the city proper is fully ninety-five per cent of that included in the entire sanitary district.

The main channel of the canal was completed and the waters of Lake Michigan turned into it on the 2nd of January, 1900. Thirteen days thereafter the magnificent channel was filled to the controlling works at Lockport; on January 17th the great dam at that point was lowered and the waters of Lake Michigan started on their long journey toward the Gulf of Mexico. This consummation marked the formal opening of the Sanitary District canal. From Robey street to Summit, nearly eight miles, the channel is no feet wide at the bottom and 198 feet at the water line, with a minimum depth of 22 feet of water; from Summit to Willow Springs, 5.3 miles, 202 feet at the bottom and 290 at the top, with the same depth; and from Willow Springs to Lockport, nearly fifteen miles (known as the rock section), the bottom of the channel is 160 feet and the top 162 feet. In the construction of this great channel were removed 20,693,000 cubic yards of glacial drift and 12,265,000 cubic yards of solid rock, the material being piled along the entire course in a massive ridge of hills. The retaining walls and brick masonry contained 457.777 cubic yards of stone, laid in cement mortar. Thirteen bridges were built over the canal proper. Outside of the main channel from Robey street to Lockport vast works were pushed to completion as parts of the general system. The controlling works at Lockport, with their i)owerful machinery, comprise seven sluice gates and one trap dam. the latter having an opening of 160 feet. The dam has been well described as "two great metal leaves hinged together and working between masonry bulkheads." Be3'ond the controlling works to Joliet the Desplaines river was also dredged, widened and otherwise improved to meet the new conditions, the entire work so vast in extent and complicated in details being directed primarily to the object of giving the waters a free sweep through natural and artificial channels. A magnificent pumping station was also erected at Thirty-ninth street, Chicago, to increase the current inland. An idea of the main cost incurred in the completion of the main channel from Lake Michigan to Lockport, thirty-four miles, may be gained from the last report of the board of trustees of the Sanitary District, the items of which partially tell this romance in engineering being as follows : Main channel construction (Robey street to Lockport), $18,600,195; bridge construction, main channel, $1,978,536.38; controlling works. Lockport, $331,253.65; Chicago river, dredging, docking, etc., $2,190,- 903.70; bridge construction, Chicago river, $2,970,707.76; Thirtyninth street pumping station, $229,702.00; river diversion construction, $1,000,186.38. These items amount to $27,071,782.87 of the total ($29,135,436.54) expended upon the actual construction and improvement of the main drainage canal from the commencement of work on Shovel Day (September 3, 1892) up to January i. i(jo8. Including water power development ($4,058,056), interest on bonds, land taxes, maintenance of bridges, and administration and operating expenses ($5,369,021), the expenditures up to that tlate were $58,- mention. But it is generally conceded that none were more prominent from the conception to the virtual completion of the system than Lvman E. Cooley, the eminent engineer, and Frank Wenter, the energetic and broad-minded president of the board, during the first three years of constructive work, and a trustee from the organization of the board until five years after the completion of the main canal. Mr. Cooley's record is even more of a pioneer nature; for, in his capacity as an engineer, as early as 1885, he commenced to agitate the necessity of a sanitary canal, and as a member of the Citizens' Association drew up the report which resulted in the crystalization of a drainage and water supply commission and finally the sanitary district itself. He was consulting engineer to the city and the sanitary district commission, and in 1889 represented both municipal and civic interests when the bill was passed by the legislature which created the Sanitary District. He determined the physical boundaries of the district; was its first engineer; afterward served five years (1891-5) as a member of the board; was consulting engineer in 1897; for a year previously was one of the experts who devised the system of intercepting sewers upon which depends the thorough flushing of the sewage into the drainage canal, and in 1901 was one of the eminent engineers engaged upon the scientific completion of the works of the Sanitary District. All in all, it would be impossible to find a man who has been earlier or more prominently identified with all phases of this remarkable project and accomplishment than Mr. Cooley.

The sanitary problem having been virtually solved at the expenditure of over fifty million dollars, the management of the canal system brought to the foreground the enormous earning power of the waters which had been drawn from Lake Michigan. Its current should be converted into electricity to assist Chicago in lighting her streets and structures and operating her manufactories. It is impossible, and would be useless, to give the details by which the Sanitary District of 'Chicago, in the face of opposition from the Economy Light and Power Company and even the municipality, acquired the right to sell the surplus power of the canal at rates which will soon net the board about $500,000. .The most complete and yet condensed statement of the situation, and also of the general progress of this feature of the canal enterprise, was made by the Citizens' Association in June, 1908.

After a thorough investigation of the whole matter, the committee made a report which uplield the sanitary board in all its main contentions. It narrated how in 1903 the Sanitary District was authorized by the legislature to develop the water power created by the flow of the drainage canal and as the first step erected the Lockport power plant at a cost of $4,000,000. Then came the negotiations and contentions with the city for permission to build transmission wires through its streets and alleys; the bringing of test cases in the courts and the final decision (after the report of the Citizen's' Association was made) upholding a former decision that the legislature had conferred upon the Sanitary District full authority to construct transmission wires anywhere within the city limits.

"Since January (1908) the Sanitary District has installed three generators capable of producing continuously 16,500 horse power and for peak service 20,600 horse power. It is installing two additional generators capable of producing continuously 11,000 additional horse power and with an estimated peak capacity of 13,000 horse power. In six months the plant should be capable of producing continuously 27,500 horse power, and for peak service 34.350 horse power. This will be increased to 30,000 and 37,500 horse power within two years when the flow is increased by widening the river. Within two years the district can safely contract for the sale of power aggregating 50,000 horse power.

"The district is supplying to the city and other customers at night 9,300 horse power and during the day 1,000 horse power. Its electrical energy now is being furnished to the city at the rate of $15 a horse power, which is less than one-half what it formerly cost the city to generate its lighting power by steam.

"There is no apparent reason why the Sanitary District cannot within a few years duplicate its power plant at Hickory creek. The only obstacle in the way of this plan is the plant <>[ the Economy Light and Power Company at Joliet, which company's lease from the state expires in 1916, after which time the Sanitary District, with the cooperation of the state, will be in a position to install a plant at Hickory creek and double its output of power.

forts to sell its surplus power its net income from the sale of power, by the time it has made arrangements for the sale of its whole product, should amount to at least $500,000 a year. This estimate is based upon the productive capacity which should be attained within the next six months. With the widening of the Chicago river this income can be largely increased, and ultimately, by the development of the power available at Hickory creek, the total capacity should be increased to 80,000 horse power, which should insure the Sanitary District a net revenue from its water power of at least $1,500,000 per year.

"We are informed by the trustees of the Sanitary District that it is and will continue to be their policy to furnish to the city and other municipalities within the borders of the Sanitary District all the power that can be used by them ; and to sell to private consumers only the surplus that remains after providing for municipal needs."

But the stretch of territory bordering the canal-way from Robey street to Joliet, thirty-two miles, has already been christened the "Valley of Manufactures," as it undoubtedly will be within the next decade. The district owns a right of way on either side of the canal varying from 270 to 1,000 feet, or nearly 6,000 acres of land, and the leases already made to manufactories bring an income of some $75,- 000 per year. As illustrative of the extent of some of the leaseholds - the Corn Products Company, which has plants in Chicago, Waukegan and Peoria, is perfecting a $5,000,000 establishment near Summit and building the town of Argo to provide homes for its 2,000 employes. At Lockport the Western United Gas and Electric Company has secured a site from which it will supply gas to forty towns and cities in the immediate territory. The International Harvester Company has over 20 acres under lease at an annual rental of $9,000 for fifty years, many of the leases covering this period. Farming lands have been leased for one to four years, and several railroads are paying for water privileges, by which tanks are supplied for filling locomotive boilers. Besides there are sixty miles of dockage to be leased. The railroads vie with the canal, also in furnishing transportation. Three main lines parallel the canal, and an electric line is in operation connecting the towns along the route - Summit, with a population of 700; Argo, which will probably be consolidated with it; Willow Springs, population about 400; Lemont, with 2,500 people; Lockport,

2,700, and Joliet, 40,000. At Summit the canal is adjacent to the clearing yards of three of the great railroads centering in Chicago, touching also the Chicago Junction, Chicago Terminal Transfer and the Indiana Harbor belt roads. The sanitary board is developing a plan for a huge warehouse at Summit, through which freight may be transferred from water to rail ; docks will also be built at intervals connecting railroads by car ferries, and a city warehouse is in contemplation at Washington street by which manufacturers in the canal zone may distribute their goods. Considering the further fact that millions of cubic yards of limestone are piled along the canal banks ready for the stone crusher and the builder, it is difficult to escape the conclusion that within the present generation the Chicago Drainage and Ship Canal will be the main artery of one of the grandest manufacturing districts in the world.

This transformation of the hydraulics of the canal into light and industrial power will eventually vastly add to the value of the real estate controlled or owned by the district. Even though this feature is of comparatively recent origin, since its development the valuation of the property, as equalized by the state board, has increased fully $100,000,000. In 1890, the year after the organization of the district, the valuation was given as $217,458,360.00; in 1900, the year of the formal opening of the canal, it was $269,287,109.00; in 1902, the year before the district was authorized to develop its water power, it had increased to $393,080,042.00, and in 1907, with the enterprise stiH in an unsettled state, it had taken a bound to $499,727,415.00.

The completion of the Illinois and IMichigan canal, in 1848, was the practical commencement of the grand system of internal waterways by which it is proposed eventually to bring the great lakes into connection with the Gulf of Mexico and make Chicago the greatest interior cosmopolis of history. The drainage canal of the twentieth century is the elder brother of the old water trough of sixty years ago, and is the great head or inlet of the projected inland waterway system which is to strive with the growing network of railways to relieve the congestion of riches so patent in the Mississippi valley. The canal is considered the first gigantic step in the construction of the fourteen-foot waterway from the lakes to the gulf. In 1907 practical steps were taken, both by Illinois and other interested states, looking to the active prosecution of the work, and in March of that year President Roosevelt appointed an Inland Waterways Commission and gave it his usual hearty and practical support. The estimated-cost of the Lakes-to-Gulf system is $100,000,000 (exclusive of what will be spent in the further development of the Chicago canal), of which $31,000,000 will be for the section from the terminus of the Chicago drainage district to St. Louis. Joliet will be a most important center of improvement in the grand scheme, and the horse power which will be developed at that point is estimated at 43,000, with an annual income of from two and a half to three million dollars. As the state of Illinois owns the major part of the interests in the Joliet level and the remainder is divided between the Chicago Sanitary District and the Economy Light and Power Company, it is believed that eventually the entire cost of the improvements contemplated by the grand waterway from the main channel of the district above Joliet to the head of the Illinois river at Utica (over sixty miles), can be paid from the sale of power and light. Thus it is planned that, with comparatively little burden to the taxpayers of Chicago or Illinois, the drainage canal shall be transformed into a ship, canal and become the commencement of a great national waterway.

mternational m their scope. He was born m Canandaigua, Ontario county. New York, on the 5th day of December, 1850, being the son of Albert B. and Aksah (Griswold) Cooley. The Cooleys (originally Cowleys or Cooleighs) are of English ancestry, a collateral branch being the Wellesleys, of which the first Duke of Wellington was the most distinguished member. The American ancestor came to New England prior to 1636, and the greatgrandfather, John Cooley, removed to western New York from Connecticut late in the eighteenth century. The late Judge Thomas M. Cooley, of Michigan, was also of this family.

After a course of study at the Canandaigua Academy, Mr. Cooley taught in that institution in 1870-2, and then pursued his professional studies at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute at Troy, New York, from which he graduated in 1874 with the degree of C. E. In 1874-7 he served as professor of engineering at Northwestern University, and in 1876-8 was associate editor of the Engineering Ncivs. In 1878 he performed his first active work of construction as assistant to Wilham Sooy Smith, on the construction of the railway bridge across the Missouri river at Glasgow, Missouri. From 1878 to 1884 he served as assistant United States engineer under Major Suter on the Missouri and Mississippi river improvements, with headquarters at St. Louis. During this period he had charge of local improvements and surveys in Nebraska, Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas and Tennessee, and was chief assistant in general charge of the work on the Missouri river below Yankton.

Returning to Chicago in 1884, Mr. Cooley became editor of the American Engineer, but in 1885 severed his connection with that journal and gave his attention largely to the great sanitary matters which agitated Chicago, and which required the best available engineering talent to solve them satisfactorily. As a member of a subcommittee of the Citizens' Association, in September, 1885, he drew the report which originated the public agitation in favor of a sanitary canal, and aided in securing the organization of a drainage and water supply commission, of which he was chief assistant, in 1886-7. ^^i 1888 he was appointed consulting engineer to the city and to the Sanitary District Commission, representing the city and its civic organizations at Springfield in 1889, when the bill was passed through the legislature. He acted as engineer to the commission which determined the boundaries of .the sanitary district in 1889, ^"*^ ^^ the following year served as its first chief engineer. In 189 1 he became a member of the board of trustees, serving until the expiration of his term in December, 1895, and acting as consulting engineer of the sanitary district in 1897. Previously (1888-91) he had also served as consulting engineer of the State Board of Health. In 1896-7 Mr. Cooley was a member of the expert committee appointed by Mayor Swift, which devised the system of intercepting sewers along the lake front now nearing completion, and in 1901 was also among the eminent experts engaged upon the comprehensive plan for the comjiletion of the works of the saiiitary district of Chicago.

There are few engineers in the countiy who have a more prominent connection with the internal waterways of the United States and the vast projects under way to make them international highways.

than Lyman E. Cooley. In 1895 he was appointed by President Cleveland a member of the International Deep Waterways Commission, his American associates being Dr. James B. Angell, of Michigan, and John E. Russell, of Massachusetts. Mr. Cooley had charge of the investigation, and surveys have since been made for ocean navigation from the Atlantic seaboard to Chicago and Duluth, via the Great Lakes. Of the association to promote this project, he is the American vice president. In 1897-8 he made an examination, in company with a group of contractors, of the Nicaragua canal project, and in the latter year acted as advisory engineer to Governor Black's commission, in the investigation of the $9,000,000 expenditure on the Erie canal. _

During the construction of the Cheesman dam, which controls the flow of the South Platte near the outlet of South Park, Mr. Cooley was consulting engineer of the Union Water Works Company of Denver, Colorado. This dam, which is of granite masonry and 225 feet high, required four years in its construction. He also projected the water power dam across the Mississippi river at the foot of the Des Moines rapids, Keokuk, Iowa, which is to be thirty-five feet high and over a mile long. He has reported upon water power projects in several states, and upon river improvements and flood protection, and has had much to do in economic investigations of transportation matterg and the appraisement of public utilities. He prepared the report of the Internal Improvement Commission of Illinois upon the Lakes and Gulf Waterway, and promoted the legislation passed by the general assembly in 1907 by which the state undertakes to cooperate in this enterprise.

Mr. Cooley has been a prolific and valued writer upon what has been called waterway literature, his work, entitled "The Lakes and Gulf Waterway," being the most complete and authoritative literary production on the subject. He is also in demand as a lecturer on technical subjects, having repeatedly appeared in this capacity at the Universities of Illinois, Wisconsin and Michigan. He is a member of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Western Society of Engineers, National Geographical Society, Chicago Academy of Sciences and the Chicago Press Club.

on a farm called New Market, Clarke county, Virginia, on the 25th of March, 1848, son of Robert C. and Lucy Nelson (Wei ford) Randolph. His father was a physician and his mother a woman of excellent education, both parents being people of unusual culture and strength of character. The boy was chiefly educated by his mother, outside of her gentle and effective instruction obtaining about two years of mental training in two private schools of his native state.

Mr. Randolph's tastes were early indicated, and by persistent study and actual work he eventuall}^ became remarkably proficient in his profession. From the position of axman in the employ of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Company he was advanced to an employe of the engineering corps, and after serving in various responsible positions, he was invited to become the chief engineer of the Chicago & Western Indiana Railroad; upon these duties he entered in May. 1880. In 1886 he assumed the same position with the Chicago. Madison & Northern Railway, and on June 7, 1893, was chosen chief engineer of the Sanitary District of Chicago. In this post of eminent responsibility he earned a national reputation, but this faithful and able service was accomplished at the expense of his private interests, and, to the deep regret of his associates and the public, he resigned his ofBce in August, 1907, to devote himself to private practice. His services with the great project which he has so materially furthered are still retained as consulting engineer.

On June 15, 1882, Mr. Randolph was united in marriage with Miss Mary H. Taylor, and the children born to them have been Robert Isham, Oscar DeWolf, Spotswood Wellford and George Taylor. The family have long had a pleasant home in the beautiful suburb of Riverside. Mr. Randolph stands very high with his professional co-workers, being a member and ex-president' of the Western Society of Engineers, and a member of the American Society of Civil Engineers and the Chicago Engineers' Club. He is also well kiKnvn as a valued contributor to the engineering journals of the country. He has been a member of the Episcopal church since 1875 and is senior warden of St. Paul's Episcopal Church at Riverside.

district since 1895 and for eight years was chairman of the finance committee of the sanitary board. He is thus one of the prominent figures in connection with the sanitary district both during the work of construction of that great enterprise and since it has become a sanitary and commercial feature of Chicago's life.

Zina R. Carter was born in a log- cabin in Jefferson county, New York, October 23, 1846, son of Benajah and Isabel (Cole) Carter. He was brought up on a farm and attended school for a brief period and after he came west worked on a farm in DuPage county, Illinois, for several years. His introduction to Chicago was signalized by the opening of a store on the west side, the firm of Zina R. Carter and Brother, being still in existence. His connection with public life is extended. In addition to his services with the canal board he was alderman from the old tenth ward, was candidate for mayor in 1899 and is now a member of the Civil Service Commission, having been appointed by Mayor Busse in 1907. He has been a member of the Chicago Board of Trade since 1872 and was president in 1898, having also filled all the other official positions of the board.

Carlyle often bewailed the machine-like tendencies of the age and the sinking- of the individual in the organization. His attitude was partially borne out by the facts, but was, at the same time, largely determined by his peculiar personality, which was distinctively exclusive, not to say repellant. He failed to place sufficient stress on the strength of the social instincts, which are far stronger and more general than the intellectual or reformatory. As this is a labor-saving age - that is, an age in which man aims to accomplish more with a given expenditure of labor than ever before - it is clearly perceived by thoughtful and active men and women that a greater influence in a far shorter period of time may be exercised upon a compact body of individuals than if it were separated into scattered units. In the formation of societies, either for sociability or co-operation, the fundamental truth is illustrated that "man is a gregarious animal," and thoroughly believes that in "union there is strength."

In the establishment of every new community, one of the first acts of its members is to "get together" and organize a church, a society, or other association, for the exchange of views and co-operation in work. It is of record that soon after the organization of the Methodists of Chicago into a religious class and before the formation of the old St. Mary's church by the Catholics, the few civilians outside Fort Dearborn joined with some of the choice representatives of the garrison in the formation of a debating society. Colonel J. B. Beaubien was its president. Diversion, as well as intellectual iniprovement, appears to have been within the scope first temperance organization was known as the Chicago Temperance Society, which was founded in 1832, and was the predecessor of many associations engaged in that field of reform, such as the Washington Temperance Society, instituted in 1840; the Bethel, or Mariners' Temperance Society of 1842, and the Junior Washington

Temperance Society, founded in 1843. The Wasliingtonian Home, one of the best known institutions for the reformation of inebriates in the country, was founded in 1864.

In 1834 the Chicago Lyceum was founded, and for a decade the cream of -Chicago's sociabiHty and intellectuahty gathered around it, and from it radiated many elevating influences. As stated by the late Thomas Hoyne, who was one of its early members, "Not a man of note, not a man in the city of any trade or profession, who had any taste for intellectual and social enjoyment, but who belonged to the Lyceum." Its meetings were generally held in the old court house, corner of Randolph and Clark streets, in the hall of the old Saloon building or in the Presbyterian church. The Lyceum was virtually merged, with its library, into the Young Men's Association, the latter becoming the father of the Chicago Public Library.

In the organization of the Chicago Harmonic Society, founded in 1835, the musical element in the city was first marked for signal encouragement and gratification, its concerts in the Presbyterian church and Saloon building being events among the cultured people of the city.

In 1837 the Chicago Mechanics' Institute was organized, the forerunner of those numerous organizations in Chicago designed to conserve the interests of the mechanical classes, both through education and co-operation. As set forth in its constitution, the objects of the society were "to diffuse knowledge and information throughout the mechanical classes; to found lectures on natural, mechanical and chemical philosophy and other scientific subjects; to create a .library and museum for the benefit of mechanics and others; and to establish schools for the benefit of their youth and to establish annual fairs." A good library was established, fairs were held under its auspices, evening schools were established for apprentices and sons of the members, but the panic of 1857 dissipated the resources of the institute, its library was absorbed by the Young Men's Association, and its influence waned; so that, although it still exists in name and as an organization, it is now chiefly interesting as a relic of a strong and useful institution of the early times.

The many societies of a secret and benevolent nature in Chicago had their origin in the early forties, when Masonry and Odd Fellowship were first locally represented. LaFavette was the first Masonic lodge to be organized in the city, its charter being granted by the grand lodge of the state October 2, 1843. It was represented by Lewis C. Kercheval, an eccentric public character who served the city both as inspector of customs and justice of the peace, besides being the first Chicago Mason to be admitted as representative of the grand lodge. From LaFayette Lodge came Apollo No. 32, in 1844, and Oriental Lodge No. 33, in 1845, and on October i, 1849, Masonry had gained so strong a foothold in Chicago that the grand lodge held its session here. On May 18, 1854, the corner-stone of the old Masonic Temple, 83-5 Dearborn street, was laid with characteristic ceremonies. It was dedicated on St. John's day, June 24, 1856. The grand master at this time was William B. Herrick, who delivered the principal address, the after-banquet continuing at Dearborn park, from 5 to 8 o'clock p. m. The Chicago Council was formed in 1854 and in 1857 the Occidental Consistory was created. In 1870 the so-called West Side Masonic Temple was completed, on the southwest corner of Halsted and Randolph streets. Oriental Hall, on LaSalle street, having been erected several years before. With the expansion of the order various halls were provided for the accommodation of the lodges and the higher bodies, but it was not until the late eighties that a strong movement was under way for the erection of such a real temple as should fitly represent the power of Masonry in Chicago and the west. In 1890, at the northeast corner of State and Randolph streets, was laid the stone upon which is inscribed the "Masonic Fraternity Temple," and the massive and lofty structure which was erected above and beyond it. within the following three years, is such a tribute to the power of the order as has carried its name around the world.

LaFayette, Washington and Corinthian chapters, of Chicago Masonry, were organized respectively in 1844. 1858 and 1864, and Apollo Commandery, established in 1845. was the fir.st organization of Knights Templar to be established in the northwest. Its first commander was Rev. IT. \\'alker. who. during his Masonic service in that office, was rector of St. James Episcopal cIuutIi. In 1866 Chicago

Commandery No. 19 was chartered to accommodate residents of the west side, and in 1870 the north division was hkewise favored in the chartering of St. Bernard No. 35. Masonry has expanded so rapidly in Chicago that there are now in the city twenty-three chapters subordinate to the 'Grand Chapter of Ilhnois, seven councils subordinate to the Grand Council of the state, and eleven commanderies subordinate to the Grand Encampment. The affiliated Order of the Eastern Star, which admits both men and women to its membership, has more than fifty subordinate chapters. The Order of the Eastern Star originated in France about 1765, and the first lodge in Chicago, known as Miriam Family No. iii, was organized in 1866. It should be added that the establishment of a large colored element in Chicago has resulted in the formation of numerous bodies (whose members are of that race), including the Eastern Star and those representing the progressive degrees of Masonry to the Ancient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine.

For a number of years the question of establishing an asylum or home for the widows and orphans of Illinois Masons was often under discussion, but did not result in definite action until March, 1885, when a preliminary organization was effected in Chicago, which, on the nth of that month, obtained a charter from the state for the establishm.ent of the Illinois Masonic Orphans' Home. By the following sum.mer sufficient money had been collected to purchase the old Hayes mansion at the corner of Carroll avenue and Sheldon street. This building was remodeled and adapted to its new purpose and was dedicated by the Grand Lodge of Illinois October 7, 1886. As expressed in the articles of the original organization, the aims of the home have since been well realized : "To provide and maintain, at or near the city of Chicago, a home for the nurture, and intellectual, moral and physical culture of indigent children of deceased Free Masons of the state of Illinois, and a temporary shelter and asylum for sick and indigent widows of such deceased Free Masons."

The first Odd Fellows' lodge in Chicago (Union No. 9) was instituted February 28, 1844, the year following the establishment of . Masonry in the city. Duane Lodge No. 1 1 followed a year later, and Excelsior Lodge No. 22 in 1847. The first encampment in the city was instituted in 1845 ^^ Illinois No. 3, but this was soon replaced by the present Chicago Encampment No. 10, which was found- ed in 1848. Germania Encampment No. 40. the first German organization of that grade, was formed in 1857. The first cantons, or units, of the Patriarchs MiHtant, the semi-mihtary order of Odd Fellowship, were mustered in November 11, 1885, ''^s Occidental No. i and Excelsior No. 7. There are now ten cantons in Chicago, forming a regiment with a commanding officer, as in other military organizations. The next higher rank in this military grade is the brigade, whose headquarters are also in Chicago. Subordinate to the gr^ind body are nineteen subordinate encampments; within the order here are also Rebekah lodges of female members and various bodies of the fraternity composed of colored citizens.

The Knights of Pythias, who constitute one of the strongest orders in Chicago, established Welcome Lodge No. i as their pioneer local body, its founding being effected in 1869. It has now more than forty lodges in the city, the membership of the uniform rank being very strong. This corresponds to the Knights Militant of Odd Fellowship and is also divided into brigades and regiments. The Uniform Knights in Chicago are organized into twelve companies and two regiments. There are also Pythian Sisters and Colored Knights of Pythias.

The Independent Order of Foresters has also been firmly planted in the local field for many years, and in 1878 it had so increased in membership that the High Court of Illinois was organized. The present membership in Chicago now embraces about seventy-five subordinate and forty companion courts. Other fraternities, secret and benevolent, well represented in Chicago, are the_ Ancient Ortler of United Workmen, with about sixty lodges; Royal League, with ninety-five; Modern Woodmen of America, with ninety subordinate lodges; Knights and Ladies of Honor, with about seventy; Royal Arcanum, with some sixty-five councils and the Tribe of Ben Hur, with fifty courts.

The Independent Order of B'nai B'rith is a strong Hebrew organization, which was organized in New York during 1843. '^'^^l "*^^ long after a lodge was formed in Chicago. District No. 6, with its headquarters in Chicago, embraces the states of Illinois. Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota and Kansas. The grand lodge of this district was instituted in 1868, there being eight subordinate lodges in the city of Chicago. The object of the order is to unite Israelites in educational, moral and philanthropic work; "alleviating the wants of the poor and needy; visiting and attending the sick; coming to the rescue of victims of persecution; providing for, protecting and assisting the widow and orphan on the broadest principles of humanity." Not only through the order of B'nai B'rith, but through numerous other associations and institutions, the representatives of this race and religion have instituted noble charities in Chicago. It is, in fact, their pride, which is jealously maintained by acts, that the Hebrew so cares for his poor brother that he is seldom thrown upon the community as a pauper. One of the strongest organizations of this character formed was the United Hebrew Relief Association, which came into existence as early as 1859. ^^s relief of the sick largely superseded the other work of the association, and prior to the great fire it maintained a small hospital. It was destroyed in 1 87 1, but no attempt was made to replace it until 1880, when the late Michael Reese bequeathed $97,000 to the association by which the fine hospital, which bears his name, was founded. Although Michael Reese Hospital is controlled by what is known as the United Hebrew Charities, that institution receives patients without regard to race or religion. Another of the Hebrew fraternities which merits special mention is the Independent Order of Free Sons of Israel, which has a grand lodge, with headquarters in Chicago, and nine subordinate lodges. The Associated Jewish Charities should also be mentioned as a general organization founded for the special relief of the Hebrews of Chicago.

The Germans of Chicago were among the first to organize on the basis of nationality. In 1854 the revolutions of their Fatherland sent them to America in large numbers, and Chicago became -so favorite a center of settlement that some of the leading citizens of the na- a year smce when the services of such an organization could be dispensed with. The German Maennerchor, which is among the strongest of all organizations in the city, was formed in 1865, ^s the result of a gathering of fellow countrymen at the funeral of Abraham Lincoln, upon which occasion they rendered a chorus. St. George's Benevolent Association was organized in i860 to assist English immigrants, and St. Patrick's Society, with rather a wider range of objects, was founded by the Irish-Americans of Chicago in 1865. Among other work accomphshed by the latter society, besides that of promoting Irish colonization, was the founding of the Hibernian Bank. These were the forerunners of innumerable societies which arose with the increase of various nationalities. One of the oldest of the Italian organizations, and still the strongest, is the Societa C. Columbo, founded in 1879.

Closely allied to this group are the many societies founded on state lines, like the Sons of Illinois, Sons of New York, etc. Genealogy is also responsible for a large class, represented by the societies of Colonial Wars, War of 1812, Mayflower Descendants, etc., while subsequent wars are responsible for such as the Grand Army of the Republic, Sons and Daughters of Veterans, Ladies of the G. A. R., Blue and Gray Legion, and Spanish-American War Veterans.

of applicants. The Chicago Relief and Aid Society is one of the oldest private agencies to enter the field, although the Chicago Orphan Asylum is an institution of 1849. Until 1850 the city had not grown beyond the relief powers of the county and city authorities, but a marked expansion of the population was followed by the panic and depression of 1857, and the demands for relief were too many for the constituted authorities. At this crisis the Chicago Relief and Aid Society was incorporated, and by its charter its directors have always been required to make an annual report to the city council. At the time of the Chicago fire it had really been established as a municipal agency for the distribution of charity, irrespective of sect, political faith or nationality, and when the gigantic fund for the relief of the victims of the fire had collected in the municipal treasury, it was naturally turned over to the Chicago Relief and Aid Society for distribution. During the following eighteen months nearly four million and a half dollars was distributed among about 160,000 people, besides quantities of clothing and food; and some $500,000 remained for future disbursements. In 1884 the entire fire fund was exhausted, and since then the society has relied upon voluntary contributions to carry on its charities. Its ordinary expenses are met by the income from several bequests. Rev. Charles G. Truesdell was appointed superintendent of the society in 1875 and thus served for nearly thirty years. Among the strongest features of the society which he did so much to develop, are its departments of information and visitation, designed to prevent fraud on the part of the recipients of charity and to place and keep the society in close touch with the objects of its assistance. The Bureau of Associated Charities, organized in 1894, occupies a similar but even a broader field. It is in the nature of an advisory and harmonizing board, which aims to so promote co-operation among the numerous city charities that there shall be no confusion or duplication of work. The thousands of cases which are annually brought to its notice are usually distributed to the proper relief agencies, the bureau itself . giving material assistance only in emergency cases. Like the Chicago Relief and Aid Society it maintains active departments of investigation and visitation.

The Illinois Humane Society of today had its origin in the Illinois Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, chartered by the state in 1869 and the scope of its work extended in 1882 so as tO' include cruelty to children. Its work and its spirit have been so broad and so beneficent as to be familiar to all intelligent people, and the name of John G. Shortall, one of its founders, its president for nearly thirty years and the organizer of the American Humane Association, is something treasured in the hearts of Chicago humanitarians.

Such institutions as the Foundlings' Home, founded by Dr. George E. Shipman in 1871; the Newsboys' and Bootblacks' Home, which was established somewhat later, and the Children's Aid Society, organized in 1890, are. also representative agencies which are protecting and caring for unfortunate juveniles. The old people's homes are also numerous and of long establishment, being founded by both general and religious societies.

Graceland, Calvary, Waldheim and Forest Home, and nothing is more representative of a high state of society than such tender care of mortality. The first of Chicago's burial grounds were set aside as a tract of about sixteen acres on the lake shure, at Twenty-sixth street, and a plat of about half that area east of Clark street, near Chicago avenue. This was in 1835. Five years afterward the south side cemetery was abandoned, as well as the ground at Chicago avenue, and a general city cemetery was established on the south sixty acres of what is now Lincoln Park. In 1854 the Jews of Chicago established the Chebra Kadisha Ubikar Cholim cemetery on North Clark street, near the present Graceland avenue, and its five acres represents the oldest burial ground in Chicago. Just south of Graceland "cemetery, five miles north on Clark street, is Wunder Churchyard, consecrated by the German Lutherans in 1856, and the pioneer of their burial grounds. The Hebrews of the city have separate plats assigned them at Rosehill and Oak Woods, and eight small burial places between Forest Home and Riverside, in the southwestern districts, which were laid out in 1876.

Rosehill, the largest and most elaborately improved of the Chicago cemeteries, was dedicated in 1859, and Calvary, the leading Catholic cemetery, was consecrated in the same year, although its site had been purchased three years before. Rosehill is seven miles north of the city hall and Calvary ten, while Graceland, founded in 1865, is five miles in the same general direction. When the city council forbid further interments at the old Lincoln Park cemetery and abolished the city burying ground there, these three cemeteries received most of the bodies which were removed.

Oak Woods, on Sixty-seventh street and Cottage Grove a\enue, is also one of the great and beautiful cemeteries, and was one of the first to be laid out on the south side. The cemetery association was incorporated in 1864. One of the noteworthy features of this cemetery is its Confederate burial ground, wherein (in a plat of ground purchased by the United States government) are interred nearly six thousand prisoners who died at old Camp Douglas during the Civil war. A beautiful Catholic cemetery is Mount Olivet, near Morgan Park, sixteen miles south of Chicago, which was consecrated in 1886. Waldheim, a German cemetery, ten miles from the city hall, on West Harrison street, was laid out in 1873. Its beauties are largely natural and it has a historic interest as being the burial place of the Haymarket anarchists. Forest Flome, still further to the south and west, is also a large and well improved cemetery. Alto- gether, there are about fifty cemeteries in Chicago and vicinity and among others well known may be mentioned Concordia, Montrose, Moses Montefiore, Mount Auburn, Mount Carmel and Oakland- Chicago numbers among its societies an unusually large number of social, political, literary and athletic organizations. The Chicago the old Dearborn Club. Its home is now the old Art Institute building, corner of Michigan avenue and Van Buren street. The Standard, the most influential Jewish club, was also organized in that year, and owns a house at the corner of Michigan avenue and Twenty- fourth street. In 1879 the widely known Union League Club was incorporated as "The Chicago Club of the Union of America," its present name being legally adopted on the 17th of January, 1882. Although the Union League Club has always been Republican, its tendencies have been broadly patriotic and its civic spirit of the strongest afid highest. Its handsome brick building is at Jackson boulevard and Custom House place. The Iroquois Club, formed in 1881, is equally typical of firm Democracy, with headquarters at 200 Clark street. The first really strong organization of women was formed- in 1876, as the Chicago Woman's Club, and it is still one of the leading organizations in the west devoted to philanthropic and literary work. The Fortnightly Club, organized in 1873, is more purely intellectual and social in its aims, and has the distinction of being the pioneer among the women's societies. The Chicago Literary Club, whose membership is open to both sexes, is the oldest organization of the kind in the city, being established in 1874. It holds its meetings in the Art Institute and maintains its high rank among the literary societies of Chicago. The Press Club has been alive since 1880. The Illinois Club, the leading social organization of the west side, was founded in 1878, and has a fine club house at the corner of Ashland avenue and Monroe street, while the Ashland Club, established eight years later, has its home on Washington boulevard. Among the old social Republican clubs should be mentioned the Lincoln and Marquette, and among the organizations of a later day, the Hamilton Club, which of late years has acquired a strong influence.

1889, and is the leading organization of the kind in the city, if not in the United States. Its ten-story cUibhouse on Michigan avenue is certainly as completely equipped as any establishment of a like nature in the world. Sociability and exercise are skillfully cf^mbined in the workings of this association, with its library and reading rooms, its bath and living rooms, its private apartments for special gatherings and its great banquet hall. The Turkish and Russian baths and natatorium are on the ground floor. The gymnasium proper occupies the fourth and fifth floors, the running track being arranged on a balcony occupying the outer rim of the great hall. The ninth and tenth stories are also thrown into one grand hall, which is divided into ball, racquet and tennis courts. The association's membership of some 2,000 includes many of the leading citizens of Chicago. The New Illinois Athletic Club, occupying a fine clubhouse on Michigan avenue, is also a strong organization, both from the social and athletic standpoint, and the old-time German "turn vereins" still maintain their high standing.

The Chicago societies given over to art and music are many and prosperous, one of the oldest in the latter class being the Apollo Club, organized in 1872 by Silas G. Pratt and George B. Upton and directed for nearly a quarter of a century by that enthusiastic genius. Professor William L. Tomlins. As a trainer of voices in chorus, especially of children's voices, he has never had a superior. He finally resigned the directorship of the Apollo Club fin 1898) to devote his entire time to the training of school teachers in voice culture, through them reaching millions of public school children.

From the very nature of the city and its population, from the fact that it is both a center of business and industry and a hotbed of economic reforms, Chicago has an imposing array of organizations representing combinations of both employes and employers, civic and professional clubs, trades unions and commercial associations. Among the youngest and strongest of the last named is the Association of Commerce. Although organized in 1905, it already has a membership of over a thousand, embracing some of the strongest representatives of the mercantile, financial, real estate antl commercial interests of the city. The association has secured an option on the corner of Jackson boulevard and Plymouth court and is planning to build thereon a fourteen-story structure at a cost of $700,000.

It is evident from the foregoing, which is httle more than an enumeration of some of the leading local societies and associations, that whatever the serious business, the taste or even the fad of the Chicagoan, he need not go far to find some combination of kindred workers and spirits. The list is so long and diverse, in fact, that it defies complete classification in a reasonable space, and all that has been historically attempted is to note the beginnings of some of the most vital organizations, which have endured to the present and from which have sprung strong and useful progenies.

of nearly four decades m connection with the protection of mute animals and helpless children from the brutality of hard masters and parents. As the founder of both the Illinois Humane and the national organization, with the incessant and able work which he bestowed upon this noble cause of humanity, Mr, Shortall's name was written high among the world's philanthropists at the time of his death, July 23, 1908. He had been president of the state society from 1877 to 1906, and since the latter year his only son, John L. Shortall, has well filled the office and continued his father's great work. John G. Shortall was born in Dublin, September 20, 1838, and when six years of age was brought to New York by his parents. His father died when the boy was very young and he passed several years in the employ of the New York Tribune before coming wxst, in [854. His first western employment was on the survey of the Illinois. Central Railway near Galena; afterward he spent some time in -the Chicago Tribune office, and then associated himself with J. Mason Parker in the compilation of real estate abstracts. Upon the completion of this work, in 1856, he leased the books and records of his former employer, and entered the abstract business as an independent operator. He afterward became connected with the firm of Greenebaum and Guthmann, and in~i86i purchased their books and records. In 1864 he became a member of the firm of Shortall and Hoard, and so remained until the merging of the property with Chase Brothers and Jones and Sellers, as a result of the fire of 1871. Subsequently the interests of these concerns were absorbed by the Title Guarantee and Trust Company, of which Mr. Shortall was a direclur lur many years. Besides being thus one of the main factors in the cstabhshm'ent of the abstract business on a firm basis, after the fire, he was .strongly instrumental in bringing about the adoption of the principles that the values of real property be based on its income-producing power. With Mark Kimball and Enos Ayres, he was the first to apply this i)rinciple in Chicago, as a representative of the city in the school property appraisals. In every way he was considered one of the highest judges of real estate values in the city.

Mr. Shortall w^as one of the founders of the Illinois Humane Society, in 1869, but its work was not conducted with system and effectiveness until he became president of the organization, in 1877. In 1879, at his earnest solicitation, the scope of the so-called /'Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals" was extended so as to include the protection of children, and its present name was adopted. In 1877, also at his suggestion, the American Humane Association was founded at Cleveland, Ohio. Mr. Shortall's broad and liberal spirit was manifest in numerous forms. He was always a moving spirit in the Municipal Refonn Club and the Citizens' Association; served in several official connections with such musical societies as the Chicago Philharmonic and Beethoven ; was a director for ten years, and three terms president of the Chicago Public Library, and was one of the founders and main supporters of the Central church, of which Professor David Swing was pastor until his death. Mr. Shortall retired from active connection with the abstract and real estate business in 1872, and for thirty-six years thereafter gave his life to the higher movements of the community. The deceased was married September 5, 1861, to Mary D. Staples, daughter of John N. Staples, of Chicago, by whom he had one child - John L. Shortall, who succeeded his father as president of the Illinois Humane Society.

By John Hamilcar Hollister, A.M., M.D.

The medical history of Chicago dates from the building of Fort Dearborn, which was completed in 1804. In the detachment detailed for that purpose one surgeon's mate is included, but there is neither record of his name, antecedents or subsequent history. He is only important to our purpose as the first representative of the medical profession in Chicago, from whom date the beginnings of its medical history. At that time only the families of John Kinzie and John Baptiste Beaubien were permanent residents at this place. For the present therefore, our history relates only to the surgeons who were stationed at the fort. For the next six years there is no record of medical and surgical service in the garrison, but when in 18 10 a transfer of troops was made and Captain Nathan Helm succeeded in command, the attending surgeon was Dr. John Cooper. After a brief period he resigned his position in the army and in 181 1 was succeeded by Dr. Isaac VanVoorhies. The latter was a native of Fishkill, New York, born in 1 790 of Dutch antecedents prominently related and finely educated. At the age of twenty-two he fell a victim when Ft. Dearborn was so blotted out that for four years the bones of the slain were unburied and left to bleach upon the sands of Lake Michigan at a point now in the center of a city of 2,000,000 inhabitants, and this only ninety-five years ago. At the conclusion of the war with England in 181 6 a detachment of troops commanded by Capt. Hezekiah Bradley was detailed to rebuild the fort. His attending surgeons were Dr. John Gale and Dr. McMahon. Dr. Gale was a native of New Hampshire. After serving at Ft. Dearborn he was transferred to Ft. Armstrong at Rock Island, 'where he died in 1830. Of Dr. McMahon's later service we fail to find any record.

At this point special mention should be made of Dr. Alexander Wolcott. He was a man of such prominence and so intimately associated with our medical history that our records would be incomplete without a somewhat extended reference to his life and eminent services.

expedition under Governor Cass, of Michigan, which that year, starting from Detroit, wended its way through the upper lakes to the sources of the Mississippi. The facility with which Dr. Wolcott acquired serviceable knowledge of the Indian dialects was remarkable. and the rapidit}- with which he gained commanding inlluence over the Indians has hardly a parallel. In 182 1, when Ciovernor Cass concluded an important treaty with the Indians at Chicago. Dr. Wolcott's services w^ere so valuable as to secure recognition of them by the government. Mr. Schoolcraft, the historian who accompanied Governor Cass, makes special mention of him. "as a gentleman commanding respect by his manners, judgment and intelligence." At the conclusion of the treaty he served as one of the witnesses to the signatures thereto. Though he was under appointment of the government as Indian agent, he was never officially identified with the ftirt. Soon after his arrival he completed the agency building which had been commenced by his predecessor, Mr. Jowett, on the north side of the ri\er. and. occupying it as he did, a bachelor, it was facetiously called '*Col> web Castle." But matters did not thus Ion"- remain. In Mav. 182;. the garrison was withdrawn and, as the property at this point was left in his charge, he occupied the officers' quarters and continued to do so until it was again occupied by troops in 1828. Two months after he was thus installed he was married to Miss Marion Kinzie, and a justice of the peace from Fulton county was summoned to perform the ceremon3^ ]\Iiss Marion was then sixteen years old, and is believed to have been the first white child born in Chicago. He occupied the quarters in the fort for five years, wdien in 182S they were again occupied by soldiers. Though not detailed for service at the fort, still through life he held the rank of army surgeon, and tloubtless as a consultant held intimate relation with those at the fort. TlKuigh not a matter of record, he must during the period of his residence here have contributed valuable service to such as had need. In 1827 he received the appointment of justice of the peace for IV^ria county, and at the election of the justice Un- the prc^inrt of rhicio-r, \vns ,mc of the judges. During the period of his agency large amounts of property were entrusted to his care, and such was the fidehty with which he executed that trust that he received emphatic approval by the government. He died at the agency in 1830.

Further reference to the surgeons at the fort must necessarily be brief. In 1828, when it was again occupied, Dr. J. B. Finley was made surgeon in charge. We have no knowledge of his history except that incidentally he was absent from his post in 1830, and the vacancy thus occasioned was filled by Dr. Elijah D. Harmon, who had just reached Chicago with a view to permanent settlement as a practicing physician.

From June 17, 1832, to May 31, 1833, Dr. S. G. F. Decamp was the surgeon at the fort. He received the appointment of assistant surgeon in 1823 and was promoted to the rank of surgeon in 1833. He continued in the United States service in that capacity twentynine years. He was retired in 1862 and died at Saratoga Springs, New York, in 187 1. -

The medical military history which commenced with the completion of Ft. Dearborn in 1804 and terminated with its close in 1836, forms an appropriate introductory chapter, prefacing those that relate to medical practice in civic life and to the medical institutions which have since been developed. As a fact illustrative of the rapid growth of a hamlet numbering two hundred inhabitants in 1830 to a city of over two millions of people in 1907, the writer ventures to state that he was permitted the honor of personal acquaintance with the first physician who settled in Chicago as a medical practitioner, and also with nearly all of his immediate associates, a number of whose biographical sketches are here included.

Biographical Sketches. In writing a medical history of Chicago it seems essential that special reference should be made to as many of the makers of that history as our limits will permit. Our regret is that the names of many others of like prominence must necessary be omitted. From these we are led to select a few of those who were not only conspicuous in private practice, but who were also largely instrumental in the formation of our medical institutions. We have not ventured to incorporate sketches of men now living, presuming that that work can be done better to their liking by other hands. From among those worthy of record we venture to select the following : born in Bennington, Vermont, in 1782. His school days were spent at that place. He studied medicine in Manchester in his native state, and for a few years was engaged in practice in Burlington. He entered the army as a surgeon at the outbreak of war with England in 18 12. At the memorable battle of Plattsburg he was surgeon on board the Saratoga, commanded by Capt. McDonough, during the terrific encounter in which the Saratoga bore so conspicuous a part. At the close of the war he resumed medical practice in Burlington. In 1829 he determiued to seek his fortune in the west. He came first to Jacksonville, then one of the most attractive locations in northern Illinois, but with a prescience peculiarly his own, soon made Chicago his objective point and located here in 1830. In 1 83 1 Dr. J. B. Finley, to whom reference has been made, being absent from the fort. Dr. Harmon was appointed to fill the vacancy, and he and his family became residents in the fort. In 1S32 the Black Hawk war occurred, and the pioneer settlers from the adjacent cmmtry thronged to the fort for protection. Here Dr. Harmon proved himself a master spirit, not only in caring for the sick, but also in ministering to the comfort of the homeless.

Gen. Winfield Scott, with a command of one thousand strong, had been ordered to reach this fort in the shortest possible time. He came by way of the lakes and arrived on the 8th of July, 1832. While on the way an epidemic of cholera raged fearfully among his troops. Hundreds were victims of the scourge and were buried at different ports along the lake, or over the rail at sea. When the command reached Chicago the mortality was at its height. A panic at once prevailed, and nearly every house was deserted. People tied in every direction leaving their doors unbolted and their effects unguarded. The soldiers previously stationed at the garrison were hurried to barracks hastily improvised, two miles distant from the fort. Dr. Harmon was detailed as their medical attendant. Not only was he assiduous in his care of the soldiers but gave his services unstinted to such of the citizens as remained. Against this gruff General Scott demurred and ordered him to confine his services to the barracks. This Dr. Harmon declined to do and, rather than obey, surrendered his position. While of the soldiers under General Scott's command every third man was suffering from the disease, so perfect had been their isolation that only three men under Dr. Harmon's care at the barracks died, and these from other causes than cholera. Having thus terminated his relations with the government he settled down in the old Kinzie house to engage in the practice of medicine among the returning settlers, to whom he had become greatly endeared. He is said to have been the first to perform a capital surgical operation in Chicago, having successfully amputated the feet of a man whose feet had been frozen. Dr. Harmon was a man of business affairs, and had such unbounded faith in tne future of Chicago that he predicted the time would come when the city would contain a million of inhabitants, and for this he was esteemed a little "off his base." True to his belief he located one hundred and thirty acres of government land on the lake shore, the north boundary of which was at i6th street, the present value of which, located as it is in the center of the city, in comparison with its value in 1833, seems fabulous. Like many another, he sold his land too soon. Harmon court was named for him. At the northwest corner of Harmon court and Michigan avenue stood the old Harmon mlansion in which in 1856 Mrs. Harmon died of cholera. The writer was consultant at the time of her death.

In 1834 Dr. Harmon had become largely interested in land grants in Texas, which, as a vast empire, was to become twelve years later one of the United States. For the proper supervision of these grants he became a resident of Texas while still holding relation with Chicago, and for many years made annual journeys betwe-en the two points. He died in Texas in 1869. He bore an honored name as the first physician of Chicago, and as the first physician of Chicago his name will be memorable.

fear of cholera had hiri^el} abated. A year hiler Chicago inmibcred two hundred inhabitants, and in the meantime eip^ht pliysicians. ow to every twenty-hve inhabitants, had come to make this their home. Their names and the order of their coming are as follows:

Between the years 1834 and 1836 a land-craze swept over the entire country the like of which was before unknown, has not been known since and will hardly be known in the future. Chicago soon became the great western storm-center. Banks issued money as fast as their bills could be printed, and millions of dollars thus issued changed hands with incredible speed. In like manner the population of Chicago had increased in numbe:* from 200 in -833 to 4,179 in 1836. and the physicians from eight to forty.

From this date the medical history of Chicago developed so rapidly and in so many ways, that it is impossible to compass them or rightly represent the labors of the many who contributed to its making. In this respect our history, arrange the matter as best we may. must be seriously imperfect.

versally popular. He had hardly settled ni medical practice in Sackctt's Harbor, New York, when he was electetl a member of the state legislature. Following this, having received the appointment of assistant surgeon in the United States army, he was assigned lor duty at Chicago in 1833. L^^ter he was promoted to the rank of surgeon and was transferred to tlie division of the army under the command of Gen. Zachary Taylor, with whom he servetl during the Florida war. In 1844 he resigned his j)osition in the army and came to reside in Chicago as a private practitioner, entering into a partnership with Dr. Brockhurst McVicker. Although devoted to his profession, he was none the less interesteil in the welfare of the com- munity at large. The people of Chicago were quick to appreciate him and he soon became a member of the Illinois state legislature. He made a record in the assembly creditable alike to himself and his constituency. He maintained close relations with his patients at home, who welcomed his return. While thus engaged in medical practice it was the writer's privilege to enjoy his personal acquaintance, and is able to speak of him from personal knowledge. Physically, Dr. Maxwell was a man of commanding presence, symmetrical and comely of form, he stood six feet and two inches in height, and weighed 275 pounds. While not on duty he was the soul of good fellowship, and as to wit and repartee scarcely had his equal. When he entered the sick room, however, there was a power of healing in his face; no footstep lighter than his ; none more gentle than his touch. Dr. Maxwell was an ardent lover of nature. He longed for a rural retreat where he might enjoy its pleasures to the full. Leaving many ardent friends to regret his going, he relinquished medical practice in 1855 and betook himself to the beautiful banks of Lake Geneva, in Wisconsin, now a famous resort. Here for four years he realized his fondest hopes and here in 1859, ^^ ^^^ ^§^ ^^ sixty years, he came to the close of an eventful life.

He received his diploma from Dublin LTniversity. Soon after his graduation he sailed for America and, landing at Quebec, was soon engaged in school teaching. ' Later he was employed in like manner in Montreal, in New York City, and finally in the University of Virginia. While employed as a teacher in the literary institutions. Dr. Eagan steadily pursued his medical studies. In 1830 the New Jersey State Medical Society granted him a license to practice medicine in that state, and he began his work in Newark. Two years later he was married to Miss Emeline Babbett, and the year following, in 1833, they came to reside in Chicago. They were soon numbered among the foremost citizens in the little hamlet. A man of such talent and of such unusual culture could not long remain unnoticed. Only a year after his arrival he was appointed to represent the South Di- vision of the city as a member of the health committee. He was often called to preside as master of assembles on puljlic occasions. As a presiding officer he rarely had an equal, and as a platform speaker was noted for his eloquence. When ground was to be broken for the building of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, the event was celebrated in a manner before unknown in Chicago, and on that occasion Dr. Eagan was the orator of the day.

He not only served as a medical practitioner, but in other capacities as well. In 1844 he was elected to the office of city recorder, and for a series of years was a prominent operator in real estate. In 1853 and 1854 he rendered important services as a member of the state legislature. In 1856 he was one of the prime movers in the organization of the Republican party, and when Anson Burlingame, the author of the celebrated Chinese Treaty, made his two memorable speeches, one at Chicago and the other at Morris, Dr. Eagan was the presiding officer. Dr. and Mrs. Eagan were noted for their hospitality. His home and his. grounds were conspicuous for their beauty, and for a long time presented one of the chief attractions in the West Division of the city. Here, surrounded by a devoted family, he passed peacefully to rest in i860, at the early age of fifty-two years.

fully at their post, and for a series of years was engaged in medical practice. In 1840 he was appointed assistant surgeon of the City Guards, then connected with the Sixteenth Regiment of the Illinois Volunteers. Of his later history we are not advised. Dr. Edmund Stoughton Kimberlee was still another of the early eight. He came to reside here in the fall of 1832. When the prelim- the year previous. Though continuing to practice medicine he was considered the leading druggist in the city, and was best known in connection with the drug" business. For many years he was closely identified with educational matters and served in many official capacities in that connection. While continuing in the drug business he was still' a practicing physician in the city for thirty years. His health becoming impaired he retired from active life in 1854, and went to reside at his country seat in Lake county. He lived a quiet, happy life for twenty years, and died October 25, 1874, aged seventy-two years.

States government to carry the mail between Chicago and Fort Howard at Green Bay. In the following year he was instrumental in erecting the first building to be used for schools and other public purposes. It was two stories in height and located near the corner of Franklin and South Water streets. The upper room was mainly used for religious assemblies; the lower one was for a long time occupied as the principal school in the village. It was known as the "Temple Building." Later he contracted with the government to carry the mail from this point to Ottawa, Illinois, and he drove the first mail coach between those points with his own hands. His first and only passenger was Judge Caton, and according to the Judge's statement carried not a single piece of mail. In his church connection he was an ardent Baptist and was the prime mover in the organization of the First Baptist church. He was an active member of the school board, also a trustee of Rush Medical College at the time of its organization. He adopted the Homeopathic medical treatment and becoming an ardent disciple of Hahnemann, he devoted himself to that method of practice. He first settled in Galena ; later he removed to St. Louis, where he built up a large and lucrative practice and became one of the founders of the St. Louis Homeopathic College, in which he served as a member of the faculty until his death, which occurred in 1877, in the seventy-seventh year of his age.

tlience came to reside in Chicago in 1834. He was a man of decided ability and especially pronounced in his opinions. He came from a family prominent for intellectual ability. R. P. Eldredge, Esq., a brother of his, was for many years one of the leading lawyers in Michigan and noted for his elocpence. When Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837, provision was made for the organization of a board of health, consisting of three commissioners. Of the three thus appointed Dr. Eldredge was chairman, and Dr. Brainard was the first city physician under the new organization. In 1S40, Dr. Eldredge was married to Miss Sophia Holton. Their only daughter became the wife of Mr. George C. Clark, a prominent business man of Chicago. Dr. Eldredge was one of the noted practitioners in the city for thirty-four years. He retired from practice in 1868 and died at his home January i, 1884. Eldredge court, the place of that home, remains to perpetuate his name.

Dr. Charles Volney Dyer was born in Clarendon, Vermont, in 1808. He graduated in medicine at Middlebury, in 1830, and commenced the practice of medicine in Newark, New .p^ ' Jersey. In 1835, he came to Chicago. The following" 3^ear he received the nomination for membership in the state legislature, but was ineligible, not having resided for the requisite time in the state. In 1837, he was elected judge of probate. In 1840, he was appointed surgeon of the city guards. He was married in 1837 to Miss Louise M. Gifiord, of Elgin. Their daughter, Mrs. Stella Louise Loring, has for years been celebrated for her development of one of the most popular young ladies' seminaries in this country. Dr. Dyer was always deeply interested in educational work. When Bell's Commercial College was organized in 1853, he was one of its trustees. He was also a trustee in a popular private school known as the Garden City Institute. While yet an active practitioner of medicine he was also interested in many outside matters. He was one of the corporate members of the Chicago Eye and Ear Infirmary in 1858. In 1859, he was a corporate member of the North Chicago City Railway. The same year he was a charter member of the Rosehill Cemetery. He was a leading Abolitionist and knew all the ins. and outs of the "underground railroad," and harbored many a fugitive slave in Chicago. His home was one of the most prominent residences north of Lincoln Park. Dr. Dyer died in 1878 at the age of seventy years.

The 3^ear 1837 was one of the most eventful in the early history of Chicago, in which, as before stated, the whole country was absorbed in w^ld speculation, and Chicago was one of the principal centers. It was incorporated as a village in 1833, and contained at that time three hundred inhabitants. Four years later it was incorporated as a city and the number had increased to 4,179. In connection with this rapid influx of population there was a proportionate, or rather excessive increase of doctors of every name and creed. Some came but for a day and were known no more. Others became the stalwart representatives of the profession, achieving not only local but national reputations: They were to be the founders of our colleges and hospitals which would make this city such a center for uncle, Daniel Boone, the famous Kentucky pioneer. He was a graduate of Pennsylvania University and saw service as a captain in the Black Hawk war in 1832. Tn 1839, he was a partner of Dr. Volney C. Dyer, of whom mention has been made. He served as city physician for three vears and for the next three vears was one of the city aldermen. In 1855, he was elected mayor of Chicago, the only physician who in the seventy years since its incorporation has attained to that position. \Vhile thus allied with civic interests during his earlier years, he was in close touch with his profession. When the Cook County Medical Society w-as organized October 3, 1836, the same year of his arrival, he was elected secretary, and when, in 1850, it was re-organized and took the name of Chicago Medical Society, he was its first president. During this period Dr. Boone was also interested in educational matters and was associated with his former partner as a trustee of Garden City Listitute. He was also at that time, 1853, one of the publishers of the Christian Times, theii one of the leading Baptist publications in this country. In his earlier years he was a decided pro-slavery man, in strong contrast with his partner, Dr. Dyer, who was one of the most pronounced Abolitionists. He delivered a series of lectures to proxe the scriptural warrant for human slavery. Such was the intensity of feeling on that subject and the difference of views that it led to a withdrawal of a portion oi the members of the First, and the organization of the Second Baptist church. Notwithstanding his \-iews concerning slavery, he was a kindly mannered man, gentle and courteous to all. of perfect integrity, hospitable as became his Southern origin, and much beloved by all who knew him. . \\nicn Chicago L^niversity was first organized under the auspices of the Baptist denomination, Dr. Boone was one of its incorporators. He was eminently a man of business affairs. As early as 1837, he was the secretary of the banking institution known as the Chicago Fire and Alarine Insurance Company, and in

1852 was the president of the Merchants and Mechanics Bank of Chicago. At the age of sixty years, Dr. Boone relinquished medical practice and became extensively engaged in real estate and insurance business, in which he was largely successful. His benefactions were many and unostentatious. He is said to have contributed $100,000 to one religious organization. He passed peacefully to rest, surrounded by a devoted family, in 1884, aged seventy-four years.